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Tunc-Ozdemir M, Urano D, Jaiswal DK, Clouse SD, Jones AM. Direct Modulation of Heterotrimeric G Protein-coupled Signaling by a Receptor Kinase Complex. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:13918-13925. [PMID: 27235398 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.c116.736702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants and some protists have heterotrimeric G protein complexes that activate spontaneously without canonical G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). In Arabidopsis, the sole 7-transmembrane regulator of G protein signaling 1 (AtRGS1) modulates the G protein complex by keeping it in the resting state (GDP-bound). However, it remains unknown how a myriad of biological responses is achieved with a single G protein modulator. We propose that in complete contrast to G protein activation in animals, plant leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases (LRR RLKs), not GPCRs, provide this discrimination through phosphorylation of AtRGS1 in a ligand-dependent manner. G protein signaling is directly activated by the pathogen-associated molecular pattern flagellin peptide 22 through its LRR RLK, FLS2, and co-receptor BAK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meral Tunc-Ozdemir
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Daisuke Urano
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Dinesh Kumar Jaiswal
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Steven D Clouse
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7609
| | - Alan M Jones
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599; Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599.
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302
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Zhu C, Ai L, Wang L, Yin P, Liu C, Li S, Zeng H. De novo Transcriptome Analysis of Rhizoctonia solani AG1 IA Strain Early Invasion in Zoysia japonica Root. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:708. [PMID: 27242730 PMCID: PMC4870862 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Zoysia japonica brown spot was caused by necrotrophic fungus Rhizoctonia solani invasion, which led to severe financial loss in city lawn and golf ground maintenance. However, little was known about the molecular mechanism of R. solani pathogenicity in Z. japonica. In this study we examined early stage interaction between R. solani AG1 IA strain and Z. japonica cultivar “Zenith” root by cell ultra-structure analysis, pathogenesis-related proteins assay and transcriptome analysis to explore molecular clues for AG1 IA strain pathogenicity in Z. japonica. No obvious cell structure damage was found in infected roots and most pathogenesis-related protein activities showedg a downward trend especially in 36 h post inoculation, which exhibits AG1 IA strain stealthy invasion characteristic. According to Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database classification, most DEGs in infected “Zenith” roots dynamically changed especially in three aspects, signal transduction, gene translation, and protein synthesis. Total 3422 unigenes of “Zenith” root were predicted into 14 kinds of resistance (R) gene class. Potential fungal resistance related unigenes of “Zenith” root were involved in ligin biosynthesis, phytoalexin synthesis, oxidative burst, wax biosynthesis, while two down-regulated unigenes encoding leucine-rich repeat receptor protein kinase and subtilisin-like protease might be important for host-derived signal perception to AG1 IA strain invasion. According to Pathogen Host Interaction (PHI) database annotation, 1508 unigenes of AG1 IA strain were predicted and classified into 37 known pathogen species, in addition, unigenes encoding virulence, signaling, host stress tolerance, and potential effector were also predicted. This research uncovered transcriptional profiling during the early phase interaction between R. solani AG1 IA strain and Z. japonica, and will greatly help identify key pathogenicity of AG1 IA strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhu
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University Beijing, China
| | - Lin Ai
- Ecology Department, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University Beijing, China
| | - Li Wang
- Silviculture Forestry Department, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University Beijing, China
| | - Pingping Yin
- Turfgrass Management Department, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University Beijing, China
| | - Chenglan Liu
- Turfgrass Management Department, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University Beijing, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- Turfgrass Management Department, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University Beijing, China
| | - Huiming Zeng
- Turfgrass Management Department, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University Beijing, China
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303
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Pfeilmeier S, Saur IML, Rathjen JP, Zipfel C, Malone JG. High levels of cyclic-di-GMP in plant-associated Pseudomonas correlate with evasion of plant immunity. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2016; 17:521-31. [PMID: 26202381 PMCID: PMC4982027 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The plant innate immune system employs plasma membrane-localized receptors that specifically perceive pathogen/microbe-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs/MAMPs). This induces a defence response called pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) to fend off pathogen attack. Commensal bacteria are also exposed to potential immune recognition and must employ strategies to evade and/or suppress PTI to successfully colonize the plant. During plant infection, the flagellum has an ambiguous role, acting as both a virulence factor and also as a potent immunogen as a result of the recognition of its main building block, flagellin, by the plant pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), including FLAGELLIN SENSING2 (FLS2). Therefore, strict control of flagella synthesis is especially important for plant-associated bacteria. Here, we show that cyclic-di-GMP [bis-(3'-5')-cyclic di-guanosine monophosphate], a central regulator of bacterial lifestyle, is involved in the evasion of PTI. Elevated cyclic-di-GMP levels in the pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pto) DC3000, the opportunist P. aeruginosa PAO1 and the commensal P. protegens Pf-5 inhibit flagellin synthesis and help the bacteria to evade FLS2-mediated signalling in Nicotiana benthamiana and Arabidopsis thaliana. Despite this, high cellular cyclic-di-GMP concentrations were shown to drastically reduce the virulence of Pto DC3000 during plant infection. We propose that this is a result of reduced flagellar motility and/or additional pleiotropic effects of cyclic-di-GMP signalling on bacterial behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Pfeilmeier
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Isabel Marie-Luise Saur
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - John Paul Rathjen
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Jacob George Malone
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
- University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
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304
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Mo HJ, Sun YX, Zhu XL, Wang XF, Zhang Y, Yang J, Yan GJ, Ma ZY. Cotton S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase-mediated spermine biosynthesis is required for salicylic acid- and leucine-correlated signaling in the defense response to Verticillium dahliae. PLANTA 2016; 243:1023-39. [PMID: 26757733 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-015-2463-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Cotton S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase-, rather than spermine synthase-, mediated spermine biosynthesis is required for salicylic acid- and leucine-correlated signaling in the defense response to Verticillium dahliae. Spermine (Spm) signaling is correlated with plant resistance to the fungal pathogen Verticillium dahliae. We identified genes for key rate-limiting enzymes in the biosynthesis of Spm, namely S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (GhSAMDC) and Spm synthase (GhSPMS). These were found by screening suppression subtractive hybridization and cDNA libraries of cotton (Gossypium) species tolerant to Verticillium wilt. Both were induced early and strongly by inoculation with V. dahliae and application of plant hormones. Silencing of GhSPMS or GhSAMDC in cotton leaves led to a significant accumulation of upstream substrates and, ultimately, enhanced plant susceptibility to Verticillium infection. Exogenous supplementation of Spm to the silenced cotton plants improved resistance. When compared with the wild type (WT), constitutive expression of GhSAMDC in Arabidopsis thaliana was associated with greater Verticillium wilt resistance and higher accumulations of Spm, salicylic acid, and leucine during the infection period. By contrast, transgenic Arabidopsis plants that over-expressed GhSPMS were unexpectedly more susceptible than the WT to V. dahliae and they also had impaired levels of putrescine (Put) and salicylic acid (SA). The susceptibility exhibited in GhSPMS-overexpressing Arabidopsis plants was partially reversed by the exogenous supply of Put or SA. In addition, the responsiveness of those two transgenic Arabidopsis lines to V. dahliae was associated with an alteration in transcripts of genes involved in plant resistance to epidermal penetrations and amino acid signaling. Together, these results suggest that GhSAMDC-, rather than GhSPMS-, mediated spermine biosynthesis contributes to plant resistance against V. dahliae through SA- and leucine-correlated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Juan Mo
- North China Key Laboratory for Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Yan-Xiang Sun
- Institute of Genetics and Breeding, Langfang Teachers University, Langfang, 065000, China
| | - Xiao-Li Zhu
- North China Key Laboratory for Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Xing-Fen Wang
- North China Key Laboratory for Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- North China Key Laboratory for Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Jun Yang
- North China Key Laboratory for Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Gui-Jun Yan
- North China Key Laboratory for Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
- School of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science and The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, 6009, Australia
| | - Zhi-Ying Ma
- North China Key Laboratory for Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China.
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305
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Gkizi D, Lehmann S, L'Haridon F, Serrano M, Paplomatas EJ, Métraux JP, Tjamos SE. The Innate Immune Signaling System as a Regulator of Disease Resistance and Induced Systemic Resistance Activity Against Verticillium dahliae. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2016; 29:313-23. [PMID: 26780421 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-11-15-0261-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In the last decades, the plant innate immune responses against pathogens have been extensively studied, while biocontrol interactions between soilborne fungal pathogens and their hosts have received much less attention. Treatment of Arabidopsis thaliana with the nonpathogenic bacterium Paenibacillus alvei K165 was shown previously to protect against Verticillium dahliae by triggering induced systemic resistance (ISR). In the present study, we evaluated the involvement of the innate immune response in the K165-mediated protection of Arabidopsis against V. dahliae. Tests with Arabidopsis mutants impaired in several regulators of the early steps of the innate immune responses, including fls2, efr-1, bak1-4, mpk3, mpk6, wrky22, and wrky29 showed that FLS2 and WRKY22 have a central role in the K165-triggered ISR, while EFR1, MPK3, and MPK6 are possible susceptibility factors for V. dahliae and bak1 shows a tolerance phenomenon. The resistance induced by strain K165 is dependent on both salicylate and jasmonate-dependent defense pathways, as evidenced by an increased transient accumulation of PR1 and PDF1.2 transcripts in the aerial parts of infected plants treated with strain K165.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danai Gkizi
- 1 Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos str., 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Silke Lehmann
- 2 School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill, CV4 7AL Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Floriane L'Haridon
- 3 Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 10 chemin du Musée, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; and
| | - Mario Serrano
- 4 Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, 62210, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Epaminondas J Paplomatas
- 1 Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos str., 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Jean-Pierre Métraux
- 3 Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 10 chemin du Musée, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; and
| | - Sotirios E Tjamos
- 1 Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos str., 11855 Athens, Greece
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306
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Carvalho TLG, Ballesteros HGF, Thiebaut F, Ferreira PCG, Hemerly AS. Nice to meet you: genetic, epigenetic and metabolic controls of plant perception of beneficial associative and endophytic diazotrophic bacteria in non-leguminous plants. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 90:561-74. [PMID: 26821805 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-016-0435-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
A wide range of rhizosphere diazotrophic bacteria are able to establish beneficial associations with plants, being able to associate to root surfaces or even endophytically colonize plant tissues. In common, both associative and endophytic types of colonization can result in beneficial outcomes to the plant leading to plant growth promotion, as well as increase in tolerance against biotic and abiotic stresses. An intriguing question in such associations is how plant cell surface perceives signals from other living organisms, thus sorting pathogens from beneficial ones, to transduce this information and activate proper responses that will finally culminate in plant adaptations to optimize their growth rates. This review focuses on the recent advances in the understanding of genetic and epigenetic controls of plant-bacteria signaling and recognition during beneficial associations with associative and endophytic diazotrophic bacteria. Finally, we propose that "soil-rhizosphere-rhizoplane-endophytes-plant" could be considered as a single coordinated unit with dynamic components that integrate the plant with the environment to generate adaptive responses in plants to improve growth. The homeostasis of the whole system should recruit different levels of regulation, and recognition between the parties in a given environment might be one of the crucial factors coordinating these adaptive plant responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L G Carvalho
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Bl. L-29ss, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP: 21941-599, Brazil
| | - H G F Ballesteros
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Bl. L-29ss, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP: 21941-599, Brazil
| | - F Thiebaut
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Bl. L-29ss, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP: 21941-599, Brazil
| | - P C G Ferreira
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Bl. L-29ss, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP: 21941-599, Brazil
| | - A S Hemerly
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Bl. L-29ss, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP: 21941-599, Brazil.
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307
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Li W, Liu Y, Wang J, He M, Zhou X, Yang C, Yuan C, Wang J, Chern M, Yin J, Chen W, Ma B, Wang Y, Qin P, Li S, Ronald P, Chen X. The durably resistant rice cultivar Digu activates defence gene expression before the full maturation of Magnaporthe oryzae appressorium. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2016; 17:354-68. [PMID: 26095454 PMCID: PMC6638526 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Rice blast caused by the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae is one of the most destructive diseases worldwide. Although the rice-M. oryzae interaction has been studied extensively, the early molecular events that occur in rice before full maturation of the appressorium during M. oryzae invasion are unknown. Here, we report a comparative transcriptomics analysis of the durably resistant rice variety Digu and the susceptible rice variety Lijiangxintuanheigu (LTH) in response to infection by M. oryzae (5, 10 and 20 h post-inoculation, prior to full development of the appressorium). We found that the transcriptional responses differed significantly between these two rice varieties. Gene ontology and pathway analyses revealed that many biological processes, including extracellular recognition and biosynthesis of antioxidants, terpenes and hormones, were specifically activated in Digu shortly after infection. Forty-eight genes encoding receptor kinases (RKs) were significantly differentially regulated by M. oryzae infection in Digu. One of these genes, LOC_Os08g10300, encoding a leucine-rich repeat RK from the LRR VIII-2 subfamily, conferred enhanced resistance to M. oryzae when overexpressed in rice. Our study reveals that a multitude of molecular events occur in the durably resistant rice Digu before the full maturation of the appressorium after M. oryzae infection and that membrane-associated RKs play important roles in the early response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weitao Li
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Ya Liu
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Min He
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Xiaogang Zhou
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Chao Yang
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Can Yuan
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Jichun Wang
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Mawsheng Chern
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Junjie Yin
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Weilan Chen
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Bingtian Ma
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Yuping Wang
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Hybrid Rice in Yangtze River Basin at Sichuan, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Peng Qin
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Shigui Li
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Hybrid Rice in Yangtze River Basin at Sichuan, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Pamela Ronald
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Xuewei Chen
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Hybrid Rice in Yangtze River Basin at Sichuan, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
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308
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Kaloshian I, Walling LL. Hemipteran and dipteran pests: Effectors and plant host immune regulators. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 58:350-61. [PMID: 26467026 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Hemipteran and dipteran insects have behavioral, cellular and chemical strategies for evading or coping with the host plant defenses making these insects particularly destructive pests worldwide. A critical component of a host plant's defense to herbivory is innate immunity. Here we review the status of our understanding of the receptors that contribute to perception of hemipteran and dipteran pests and highlight the gaps in our knowledge in these early events in immune signaling. We also highlight recent advances in identification of the effectors that activate pattern-triggered immunity and those involved in effector-triggered immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isgouhi Kaloshian
- Institute of Integrative Genome Biology and Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
- Department of Nematology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
| | - Linda L Walling
- Institute of Integrative Genome Biology and Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
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309
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Li YB, Han LB, Wang HY, Zhang J, Sun ST, Feng DQ, Yang CL, Sun YD, Zhong NQ, Xia GX. The Thioredoxin GbNRX1 Plays a Crucial Role in Homeostasis of Apoplastic Reactive Oxygen Species in Response to Verticillium dahliae Infection in Cotton. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 170:2392-406. [PMID: 26869704 PMCID: PMC4825149 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Examining the proteins that plants secrete into the apoplast in response to pathogen attack provides crucial information for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying plant innate immunity. In this study, we analyzed the changes in the root apoplast secretome of the Verticillium wilt-resistant island cotton cv Hai 7124 (Gossypium barbadense) upon infection with Verticillium dahliae Two-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis identified 68 significantly altered spots, corresponding to 49 different proteins. Gene ontology annotation indicated that most of these proteins function in reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism and defense response. Of the ROS-related proteins identified, we further characterized a thioredoxin, GbNRX1, which increased in abundance in response to V. dahliae challenge, finding that GbNRX1 functions in apoplastic ROS scavenging after the ROS burst that occurs upon recognition of V. dahliae Silencing of GbNRX1 resulted in defective dissipation of apoplastic ROS, which led to higher ROS accumulation in protoplasts. As a result, the GbNRX1-silenced plants showed reduced wilt resistance, indicating that the initial defense response in the root apoplast requires the antioxidant activity of GbNRX1. Together, our results demonstrate that apoplastic ROS generation and scavenging occur in tandem in response to pathogen attack; also, the rapid balancing of redox to maintain homeostasis after the ROS burst, which involves GbNRX1, is critical for the apoplastic immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Bao Li
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (Y.-B.L., L.-B.H., H.-Y.W., J.Z., S.-T.S., D.-Q.F., C.-L.Y., Y.-D.S., N.-Q.Z., G.-X.X.); State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing 100101, China (Y.-B.L., L.-B.H., H.-Y.W., J.Z., C.-L.Y., Y.-D.S., N.-Q.Z., G.-X.X.); and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China (Y.-B.L., Y.-D.S.)
| | - Li-Bo Han
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (Y.-B.L., L.-B.H., H.-Y.W., J.Z., S.-T.S., D.-Q.F., C.-L.Y., Y.-D.S., N.-Q.Z., G.-X.X.); State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing 100101, China (Y.-B.L., L.-B.H., H.-Y.W., J.Z., C.-L.Y., Y.-D.S., N.-Q.Z., G.-X.X.); and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China (Y.-B.L., Y.-D.S.)
| | - Hai-Yun Wang
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (Y.-B.L., L.-B.H., H.-Y.W., J.Z., S.-T.S., D.-Q.F., C.-L.Y., Y.-D.S., N.-Q.Z., G.-X.X.); State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing 100101, China (Y.-B.L., L.-B.H., H.-Y.W., J.Z., C.-L.Y., Y.-D.S., N.-Q.Z., G.-X.X.); and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China (Y.-B.L., Y.-D.S.)
| | - Jie Zhang
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (Y.-B.L., L.-B.H., H.-Y.W., J.Z., S.-T.S., D.-Q.F., C.-L.Y., Y.-D.S., N.-Q.Z., G.-X.X.); State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing 100101, China (Y.-B.L., L.-B.H., H.-Y.W., J.Z., C.-L.Y., Y.-D.S., N.-Q.Z., G.-X.X.); and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China (Y.-B.L., Y.-D.S.)
| | - Shu-Tao Sun
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (Y.-B.L., L.-B.H., H.-Y.W., J.Z., S.-T.S., D.-Q.F., C.-L.Y., Y.-D.S., N.-Q.Z., G.-X.X.); State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing 100101, China (Y.-B.L., L.-B.H., H.-Y.W., J.Z., C.-L.Y., Y.-D.S., N.-Q.Z., G.-X.X.); and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China (Y.-B.L., Y.-D.S.)
| | - De-Qin Feng
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (Y.-B.L., L.-B.H., H.-Y.W., J.Z., S.-T.S., D.-Q.F., C.-L.Y., Y.-D.S., N.-Q.Z., G.-X.X.); State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing 100101, China (Y.-B.L., L.-B.H., H.-Y.W., J.Z., C.-L.Y., Y.-D.S., N.-Q.Z., G.-X.X.); and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China (Y.-B.L., Y.-D.S.)
| | - Chun-Lin Yang
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (Y.-B.L., L.-B.H., H.-Y.W., J.Z., S.-T.S., D.-Q.F., C.-L.Y., Y.-D.S., N.-Q.Z., G.-X.X.); State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing 100101, China (Y.-B.L., L.-B.H., H.-Y.W., J.Z., C.-L.Y., Y.-D.S., N.-Q.Z., G.-X.X.); and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China (Y.-B.L., Y.-D.S.)
| | - Yong-Duo Sun
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (Y.-B.L., L.-B.H., H.-Y.W., J.Z., S.-T.S., D.-Q.F., C.-L.Y., Y.-D.S., N.-Q.Z., G.-X.X.); State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing 100101, China (Y.-B.L., L.-B.H., H.-Y.W., J.Z., C.-L.Y., Y.-D.S., N.-Q.Z., G.-X.X.); and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China (Y.-B.L., Y.-D.S.)
| | - Nai-Qin Zhong
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (Y.-B.L., L.-B.H., H.-Y.W., J.Z., S.-T.S., D.-Q.F., C.-L.Y., Y.-D.S., N.-Q.Z., G.-X.X.); State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing 100101, China (Y.-B.L., L.-B.H., H.-Y.W., J.Z., C.-L.Y., Y.-D.S., N.-Q.Z., G.-X.X.); and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China (Y.-B.L., Y.-D.S.)
| | - Gui-Xian Xia
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (Y.-B.L., L.-B.H., H.-Y.W., J.Z., S.-T.S., D.-Q.F., C.-L.Y., Y.-D.S., N.-Q.Z., G.-X.X.); State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing 100101, China (Y.-B.L., L.-B.H., H.-Y.W., J.Z., C.-L.Y., Y.-D.S., N.-Q.Z., G.-X.X.); and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China (Y.-B.L., Y.-D.S.)
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310
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Postma J, Liebrand TWH, Bi G, Evrard A, Bye RR, Mbengue M, Kuhn H, Joosten MHAJ, Robatzek S. Avr4 promotes Cf-4 receptor-like protein association with the BAK1/SERK3 receptor-like kinase to initiate receptor endocytosis and plant immunity. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 210:627-42. [PMID: 26765243 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The first layer of plant immunity is activated by cell surface receptor-like kinases (RLKs) and proteins (RLPs) that detect infectious pathogens. Constitutive interaction with the SUPPRESSOR OF BIR1 (SOBIR1) RLK contributes to RLP stability and kinase activity. As RLK activation requires transphosphorylation with a second associated RLK, it remains elusive how RLPs initiate downstream signaling. We employed live-cell imaging, gene silencing and coimmunoprecipitation to investigate the requirement of associated kinases for functioning and ligand-induced subcellular trafficking of Cf RLPs that mediate immunity of tomato against Cladosporium fulvum. Our research shows that after elicitation with matching effector ligands Avr4 and Avr9, BRI1-ASSOCIATED KINASE 1/SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS RECEPTOR KINASE 3 (BAK1/SERK3) associates with Cf-4 and Cf-9. BAK1/SERK3 is required for the effector-triggered hypersensitive response and resistance of tomato against C. fulvum. Furthermore, Cf-4 interacts with SOBIR1 at the plasma membrane and is recruited to late endosomes upon Avr4 trigger, also depending on BAK1/SERK3. These observations indicate that RLP-mediated resistance and endocytosis require ligand-induced recruitment of BAK1/SERK3, reminiscent of BAK1/SERK3 interaction and subcellular fate of the FLAGELLIN SENSING 2 (FLS2) RLK. This reveals that diverse classes of cell surface immune receptors share common requirements for initiation of resistance and endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelle Postma
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Thomas W H Liebrand
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Guozhi Bi
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Alexandre Evrard
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Ruby R Bye
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Malick Mbengue
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Hannah Kuhn
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biology I, RWTH Aachen, Worringerweg 1, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Matthieu H A J Joosten
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Silke Robatzek
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
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311
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Choi HW, Manohar M, Manosalva P, Tian M, Moreau M, Klessig DF. Activation of Plant Innate Immunity by Extracellular High Mobility Group Box 3 and Its Inhibition by Salicylic Acid. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005518. [PMID: 27007252 PMCID: PMC4805298 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Damage-associated molecular pattern molecules (DAMPs) signal the presence of tissue damage to induce immune responses in plants and animals. Here, we report that High Mobility Group Box 3 (HMGB3) is a novel plant DAMP. Extracellular HMGB3, through receptor-like kinases BAK1 and BKK1, induced hallmark innate immune responses, including i) MAPK activation, ii) defense-related gene expression, iii) callose deposition, and iv) enhanced resistance to Botrytis cinerea. Infection by necrotrophic B. cinerea released HMGB3 into the extracellular space (apoplast). Silencing HMGBs enhanced susceptibility to B. cinerea, while HMGB3 injection into apoplast restored resistance. Like its human counterpart, HMGB3 binds salicylic acid (SA), which results in inhibition of its DAMP activity. An SA-binding site mutant of HMGB3 retained its DAMP activity, which was no longer inhibited by SA, consistent with its reduced SA-binding activity. These results provide cross-kingdom evidence that HMGB proteins function as DAMPs and that SA is their conserved inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyong Woo Choi
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Murli Manohar
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Patricia Manosalva
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Miaoying Tian
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Magali Moreau
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Daniel F. Klessig
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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312
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Saur IML, Kadota Y, Sklenar J, Holton NJ, Smakowska E, Belkhadir Y, Zipfel C, Rathjen JP. NbCSPR underlies age-dependent immune responses to bacterial cold shock protein in Nicotiana benthamiana. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:3389-94. [PMID: 26944079 PMCID: PMC4812737 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1511847113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants use receptor kinases (RKs) and receptor-like proteins (RLPs) as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to sense pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are typical of whole classes of microbes. After ligand perception, many leucine-rich repeat (LRR)-containing PRRs interact with the LRR-RK BRI1-ASSOCIATED KINASE 1 (BAK1). BAK1 is thus expected to interact with unknown PRRs. Here, we used BAK1 as molecular bait to identify a previously unknown LRR-RLP required for the recognition of the csp22 peptide derived from bacterial cold shock protein. We established a method to identify proteins that interact with BAK1 only after csp22 treatment. BAK1 was expressed transiently in Nicotiana benthamiana and immunopurified after treatment with csp22. BAK1-associated proteins were identified by mass spectrometry. We identified several proteins including known BAK1 interactors and a previously uncharacterized LRR-RLP that we termed RECEPTOR-LIKE PROTEIN REQUIRED FOR CSP22 RESPONSIVENESS (NbCSPR). This RLP associates with BAK1 upon csp22 treatment, and NbCSPR-silenced plants are impaired in csp22-induced defense responses. NbCSPR confers resistance to bacteria in an age-dependent and flagellin-induced manner. As such, it limits bacterial growth and Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of flowering N. benthamiana plants. Transgenic expression of NbCSPR into Arabidopsis thaliana conferred responsiveness to csp22 and antibacterial resistance. Our method may be used to identify LRR-type RKs and RLPs required for PAMP perception/responsiveness, even when the active purified PAMP has not been defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel M L Saur
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Yasuhiro Kadota
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Sklenar
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J Holton
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Elwira Smakowska
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology GmbH, Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Youssef Belkhadir
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology GmbH, Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom;
| | - John P Rathjen
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia;
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313
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Shang Y, Dai C, Lee MM, Kwak JM, Nam KH. BRI1-Associated Receptor Kinase 1 Regulates Guard Cell ABA Signaling Mediated by Open Stomata 1 in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT 2016; 9:447-460. [PMID: 26724418 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2015.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Stomatal movements are critical in regulating gas exchange for photosynthesis and water balance between plant tissues and the atmosphere. The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) plays key roles in regulating stomatal closure under various abiotic stresses. In this study, we revealed a novel role of BAK1 in guard cell ABA signaling. We found that the brassinosteroid (BR) signaling mutant bak1 lost more water than wild-type plants and showed ABA insensitivity in stomatal closure. ABA-induced OST1 expression and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were also impaired in bak1. Unlike direct treatment with H2O2, overexpression of OST1 did not completely rescue the insensitivity of bak1 to ABA. We demonstrated that BAK1 forms a complex with OST1 near the plasma membrane and that the BAK1/OST1 complex is increased in response to ABA in planta. Brassinolide, the most active BR, exerted a negative effect on ABA-induced formation of the BAK1/OST1 complex and OST1 expression. Moreover, we found that BAK1 and ABI1 oppositely regulate OST1 phosphorylation in vitro, and that ABI1 interacts with BAK1 and inhibits the interaction of BAK1 and OST1. Taken together, our results suggest that BAK1 regulates ABA-induced stomatal closure in guard cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Shang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 140-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Changbo Dai
- Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong Min Lee
- Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - June M Kwak
- Department of New Biology, Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu 711-873, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Hee Nam
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 140-742, Republic of Korea.
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314
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Meng X, Zhou J, Tang J, Li B, de Oliveira MVV, Chai J, He P, Shan L. Ligand-Induced Receptor-like Kinase Complex Regulates Floral Organ Abscission in Arabidopsis. Cell Rep 2016; 14:1330-1338. [PMID: 26854226 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Abscission is a developmental process that enables plants to shed unwanted organs. In Arabidopsis, the floral organ abscission is regulated by a signaling pathway consisting of the peptide ligand IDA, the receptor-like kinases (RLKs) HAE and HSL2, and a downstream MAP kinase (MAPK) cascade. However, little is known about the molecular link between ligand-receptor pairs and intracellular signaling. Here, we report that the SERK family RLKs function redundantly in regulating floral organ abscission downstream of IDA and upstream of the MAPK cascade. IDA induces heterodimerization of HAE/HSL2 and SERKs, which transphosphorylate each other. The SERK3 residues mediating its interaction with the immune receptor FLS2 and the brassinosteroid receptor BRI1 are also required for IDA-induced HAE/HSL2-SERK3 interaction, suggesting SERKs serve as co-receptors of HAE/HSL2 in perceiving IDA. Thus, our study reveals the signaling activation mechanism in floral organ abscission by IDA-induced HAE/HSL2-SERK complex formation accompanied by transphosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangzong Meng
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Jinggeng Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Jiao Tang
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Marcos V V de Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Jijie Chai
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ping He
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Libo Shan
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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315
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Du J, Gao Y, Zhan Y, Zhang S, Wu Y, Xiao Y, Zou B, He K, Gou X, Li G, Lin H, Li J. Nucleocytoplasmic trafficking is essential for BAK1- and BKK1-mediated cell-death control. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 85:520-31. [PMID: 26775605 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BRI1-ASSOCIATED KINASE 1 (BAK1) was initially identified as a co-receptor of the brassinosteroid (BR) receptor BRI1. Genetic analyses also revealed that BAK1 and its closest homolog BAK1-LIKE 1 (BKK1) regulate a BR-independent cell-death control pathway. The double null mutant bak1 bkk1 displays a salicylic acid- and light-dependent cell-death phenotype even without pathogen invasion. Molecular mechanisms of the spontaneous cell death mediated by BAK1 and BKK1 remain unknown. Here we report our identification of a suppressor of bak1 bkk1 (sbb1-1). Genetic analyses indicated that cell-death symptoms in a weak double mutant, bak1-3 bkk1-1, were completely suppressed by the loss-of-function mutation in SBB1, which encodes a nucleoporin (NUP) 85-like protein. Genetic analyses also demonstrated that individually knocking out three other nucleoporin genes from the SBB1-located sub-complex was also able to rescue the cell-death phenotype of bak1-3 bkk1-1. In addition, a DEAD-box RNA helicase, DRH1, was identified in the same protein complex as SBB1 via a proteomic approach. The drh1 mutation also rescues the cell-death symptoms of bak1-3 bkk1-1. Further analyses indicated that export of poly(A)(+) RNA was greatly blocked in the nup and drh1 mutants, resulting in accumulation of significant levels of mRNAs in the nuclei. Over-expression of a bacterial NahG gene to inactivate salicylic acid also rescues the cell-death phenotype of bak1-3 bkk1-1. Mutants suppressing cell-death symptoms always showed greatly reduced salicylic acid contents. These results suggest that nucleocytoplasmic trafficking, especially of molecules directly or indirectly involved in endogenous salicylic acid accumulation, is critical in BAK1- and BKK1-mediated cell-death control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junbo Du
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yanyan Zhan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Shasha Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yujun Wu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yao Xiao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Bo Zou
- College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China
| | - Kai He
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xiaoping Gou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Guojing Li
- College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China
| | - Honghui Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Jia Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
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316
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Wu Y, Xun Q, Guo Y, Zhang J, Cheng K, Shi T, He K, Hou S, Gou X, Li J. Genome-Wide Expression Pattern Analyses of the Arabidopsis Leucine-Rich Repeat Receptor-Like Kinases. MOLECULAR PLANT 2016; 9:289-300. [PMID: 26712505 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2015.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Receptor-like protein kinases (RLKs) are a large group of transmembrane proteins playing critical roles in cell-cell and cell-environment communications. Based on extracellular domain structures, RLKs were classified into more than 21 subfamilies, among which leucine-rich repeat RLKs (LRR-RLKs) belong to the largest subfamily in plants such as Arabidopsis and rice. In Arabidopsis, there are approximately 223 LRR-RLKs, but only about 60 of which have been functionally described to date. To systematically investigate the roles of LRR-RLKs in regulating plant growth, development, and stress adaptations, we generated promoter::GUS transgenic plants for all 223 LRR-RLK genes in Arabidopsis and analyzed their detailed expression patterns at various developmental stages. The results provide valuable resources for functionally elucidating this large and essential signaling protein subfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunzhe Wu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Qingqing Xun
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yi Guo
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jinghua Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Kaili Cheng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Tao Shi
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Kai He
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Suiwen Hou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiaoping Gou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jia Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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317
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de Oliveira MVV, Xu G, Li B, de Souza Vespoli L, Meng X, Chen X, Yu X, de Souza SA, Intorne AC, de A. Manhães AME, Musinsky AL, Koiwa H, de Souza Filho GA, Shan L, He P. Specific control of Arabidopsis BAK1/SERK4-regulated cell death by protein glycosylation. NATURE PLANTS 2016; 2:15218. [PMID: 27250875 PMCID: PMC5572757 DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2015.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Precise control of cell death is essential for the survival of all organisms. Arabidopsis thaliana BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1-associated receptor kinase 1 (BAK1) and somatic embryogenesis receptor kinase 4 (SERK4) redundantly and negatively regulate cell death through elusive mechanisms. By deploying a genetic screen for suppressors of cell death triggered by virus-induced gene silencing of BAK1/SERK4 on Arabidopsis knockout collections, we identified STT3a, a protein involved in N-glycosylation modification, as an important regulator of bak1/serk4 cell death. Systematic investigation of glycosylation pathway and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) quality control (ERQC) components revealed distinct and overlapping mechanisms of cell death regulated by BAK1/SERK4 and their interacting protein BIR1. Genome-wide transcriptional analysis revealed the activation of members of cysteine-rich receptor-like kinase (CRK) genes in the bak1/serk4 mutant. Ectopic expression of CRK4 induced STT3a/N-glycosylation-dependent cell death in Arabidopsis and Nicotiana benthamiana. Therefore, N-glycosylation and specific ERQC components are essential to activate bak1/serk4 cell death, and CRK4 is likely to be among client proteins of protein glycosylation involved in BAK1/SERK4-regulated cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos V. V. de Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Institute for Plant Genomics & Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics & Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Guangyuan Xu
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Institute for Plant Genomics & Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
- Molecular and Environmental Plant Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics & Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Luciano de Souza Vespoli
- Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics & Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
- Center of Biosciences & Biotechnology, Darcy Ribeiro State University of North Rio de Janeiro, 28013-602 Brazil
| | - Xiangzong Meng
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Institute for Plant Genomics & Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics & Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Xiao Yu
- Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics & Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Suzane Ariádina de Souza
- Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics & Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
- Center of Biosciences & Biotechnology, Darcy Ribeiro State University of North Rio de Janeiro, 28013-602 Brazil
| | - Aline C. Intorne
- Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics & Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
- Center of Biosciences & Biotechnology, Darcy Ribeiro State University of North Rio de Janeiro, 28013-602 Brazil
| | - Ana Marcia E. de A. Manhães
- Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics & Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
- Center of Biosciences & Biotechnology, Darcy Ribeiro State University of North Rio de Janeiro, 28013-602 Brazil
| | - Abbey L. Musinsky
- Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics & Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology Major, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Hisashi Koiwa
- Molecular and Environmental Plant Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Gonçalo A. de Souza Filho
- Center of Biosciences & Biotechnology, Darcy Ribeiro State University of North Rio de Janeiro, 28013-602 Brazil
| | - Libo Shan
- Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics & Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
- Molecular and Environmental Plant Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
- Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to L.S. ; and P.H.
| | - Ping He
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Institute for Plant Genomics & Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
- Molecular and Environmental Plant Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
- Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to L.S. ; and P.H.
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318
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Shin SY, Chung H, Kim SY, Nam KH. BRI1-EMS-suppressor 1 gain-of-function mutant shows higher susceptibility to necrotrophic fungal infection. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 470:864-9. [PMID: 26809089 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.01.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant-specific steroids that are involved in plant growth and defense responses. However, the exact roles of BR in plant defense are unclear. We used the bes1-D gain-of-function mutant to define the underlying relationship between plant growth and defense through BR signaling and innate immunity. In bes1-D, further downstream component BES1 transcription factor is stabilized, leading to the activation of BR signaling. Previous reports on BES1 target genes showed that approximately 10% are related to biotic stress responses. Therefore, the bes1-D PTI responses were examined. The bes1-D mutant was specifically susceptible to Alternaria brassicicola, a necrotrophic fungus, which successfully produced spore, resulting in considerable cell death. However, it was not affected by a biotrophic pathogen, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000. Instead of a ROS burst, a representative initial PTI responses, higher ROS accumulation was sustained in bes1-D than in the wild type plant. PDF1.2 expression was not induced in response to fungal pathogen infection in bes1-D. These results suggest that BES1 is also involved in JA-related defense responses, especially in response to necrotrophic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo Youn Shin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Hayung Chung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Young Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Hee Nam
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea.
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319
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Taylor I, Wang Y, Seitz K, Baer J, Bennewitz S, Mooney BP, Walker JC. Analysis of Phosphorylation of the Receptor-Like Protein Kinase HAESA during Arabidopsis Floral Abscission. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147203. [PMID: 26784444 PMCID: PMC4718614 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor-like protein kinases (RLKs) are the largest family of plant transmembrane signaling proteins. Here we present functional analysis of HAESA, an RLK that regulates floral organ abscission in Arabidopsis. Through in vitro and in vivo analysis of HAE phosphorylation, we provide evidence that a conserved phosphorylation site on a region of the HAE protein kinase domain known as the activation segment positively regulates HAE activity. Additional analysis has identified another putative activation segment phosphorylation site common to multiple RLKs that potentially modulates HAE activity. Comparative analysis suggests that phosphorylation of this second activation segment residue is an RLK specific adaptation that may regulate protein kinase activity and substrate specificity. A growing number of RLKs have been shown to exhibit biologically relevant dual specificity toward serine/threonine and tyrosine residues, but the mechanisms underlying dual specificity of RLKs are not well understood. We show that a phospho-mimetic mutant of both HAE activation segment residues exhibits enhanced tyrosine auto-phosphorylation in vitro, indicating phosphorylation of this residue may contribute to dual specificity of HAE. These results add to an emerging framework for understanding the mechanisms and evolution of regulation of RLK activity and substrate specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaiah Taylor
- Division of Biological Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Ying Wang
- Division of Biological Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Kati Seitz
- Division of Biological Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - John Baer
- Division of Biological Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Stefan Bennewitz
- Division of Biological Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Brian P. Mooney
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Charles W. Gehrke Proteomics Center and Division of Biochemistry, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - John C. Walker
- Division of Biological Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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320
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Yamada K, Yamashita-Yamada M, Hirase T, Fujiwara T, Tsuda K, Hiruma K, Saijo Y. Danger peptide receptor signaling in plants ensures basal immunity upon pathogen-induced depletion of BAK1. EMBO J 2016; 35:46-61. [PMID: 26574534 PMCID: PMC4718002 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201591807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogens infect a host by suppressing defense responses induced upon recognition of microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs). Despite this suppression, MAMP receptors mediate basal resistance to limit host susceptibility, via a process that is poorly understood. The Arabidopsis leucine-rich repeat (LRR) receptor kinase BAK1 associates and functions with different cell surface LRR receptors for a wide range of ligands, including MAMPs. We report that BAK1 depletion is linked to defense activation through the endogenous PROPEP peptides (Pep epitopes) and their LRR receptor kinases PEPR1/PEPR2, despite critical defects in MAMP signaling. In bak1-knockout plants, PEPR elicitation results in extensive cell death and the prioritization of salicylate-based defenses over jasmonate-based defenses, in addition to elevated proligand and receptor accumulation. BAK1 disruption stimulates the release of PROPEP3, produced in response to Pep application and during pathogen challenge, and renders PEPRs necessary for basal resistance. These findings are biologically relevant, since specific BAK1 depletion coincides with PEPR-dependent resistance to the fungal pathogen Colletotrichum higginsianum. Thus, the PEPR pathway ensures basal resistance when MAMP-triggered defenses are compromised by BAK1 depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohji Yamada
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Misuzu Yamashita-Yamada
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Taishi Hirase
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Tadashi Fujiwara
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Kenichi Tsuda
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kei Hiruma
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Yusuke Saijo
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan JST, PRESTO, Kawaguchi, Japan
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321
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Jordá L, Sopeña-Torres S, Escudero V, Nuñez-Corcuera B, Delgado-Cerezo M, Torii KU, Molina A. ERECTA and BAK1 Receptor Like Kinases Interact to Regulate Immune Responses in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:897. [PMID: 27446127 PMCID: PMC4923796 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
ERECTA (ER) receptor-like kinase (RLK) regulates Arabidopsis thaliana organ growth, and inflorescence and stomatal development by interacting with the ERECTA-family genes (ERf) paralogs, ER-like 1 (ERL1) and ERL2, and the receptor-like protein (RLP) TOO MANY MOUTHS (TMM). ER also controls immune responses and resistance to pathogens such as the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pto) and the necrotrophic fungus Plectosphaerella cucumerina BMM (PcBMM). We found that er null-mutant plants overexpressing an ER dominant-negative version lacking the cytoplasmic kinase domain (ERΔK) showed an enhanced susceptibility to PcBMM, suggesting that ERΔK associates and forms inactive complexes with additional RLKs/RLPs required for PcBMM resistance. Genetic analyses demonstrated that ER acts in a combinatorial specific manner with ERL1, ERL2, and TMM to control PcBMM resistance. Moreover, BAK1 (BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1-associated kinase 1) RLK, which together with ERf/TMM regulates stomatal patterning and resistance to Pto, was also found to have an unequal contribution with ER in regulating immune responses and resistance to PcBMM. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments in Nicotiana benthamiana further demonstrated BAK1-ER protein interaction. The secreted epidermal pattern factor peptides (EPF1 and EPF2), which are perceived by ERf members to specify stomatal patterning, do not seem to regulate ER-mediated immunity to PcBMM, since their inducible overexpression in A. thaliana did not impact on PcBMM resistance. Our results indicate that the multiproteic receptorsome formed by ERf, TMM and BAK1 modulates A. thaliana resistance to PcBMM, and suggest that the cues underlying ERf/TMM/BAK1-mediated immune responses are distinct from those regulating stomatal pattering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Jordá
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Universidad Politécnica de MadridMadrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de MadridMadrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Lucía Jordá,
| | - Sara Sopeña-Torres
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Universidad Politécnica de MadridMadrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de MadridMadrid, Spain
| | - Viviana Escudero
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Universidad Politécnica de MadridMadrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de MadridMadrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Nuñez-Corcuera
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Universidad Politécnica de MadridMadrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de MadridMadrid, Spain
| | - Magdalena Delgado-Cerezo
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Universidad Politécnica de MadridMadrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de MadridMadrid, Spain
| | - Keiko U. Torii
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, SeattleWA, USA
| | - Antonio Molina
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Universidad Politécnica de MadridMadrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de MadridMadrid, Spain
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322
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Ye W, Murata Y. Microbe Associated Molecular Pattern Signaling in Guard Cells. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:583. [PMID: 27200056 PMCID: PMC4855242 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Stomata, formed by pairs of guard cells in the epidermis of terrestrial plants, regulate gas exchange, thus playing a critical role in plant growth and stress responses. As natural openings, stomata are exploited by microbes as an entry route. Recent studies reveal that plants close stomata upon guard cell perception of molecular signatures from microbes, microbe associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), to prevent microbe invasion. The perception of MAMPs induces signal transduction including recruitment of second messengers, such as Ca(2+) and H2O2, phosphorylation events, and change of transporter activity, leading to stomatal movement. In the present review, we summarize recent findings in signaling underlying MAMP-induced stomatal movement by comparing with other signalings.
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323
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Immunoprecipitation of Plasma Membrane Receptor-Like Kinases for Identification of Phosphorylation Sites and Associated Proteins. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1363:133-44. [PMID: 26577786 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3115-6_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Membrane proteins are difficult to study for numerous reasons. The surface of membrane proteins is relatively hydrophobic and sometimes very unstable, additionally requiring detergents for their extraction from the membrane. This leads to challenges at all levels, including expression, solubilization, purification, identification of associated proteins, and the identification of post-translational modifications. However, recent advances in immunoprecipitation technology allow to isolate membrane proteins efficiently, facilitating the study of protein-protein interactions, the identification of novel associated proteins, and to identify post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation. Here, we describe an optimized immunoprecipitation protocol for plant plasma membrane receptor-like kinases.
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324
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Sun T, Zhang Y, Li Y, Zhang Q, Ding Y, Zhang Y. ChIP-seq reveals broad roles of SARD1 and CBP60g in regulating plant immunity. Nat Commun 2015; 6:10159. [PMID: 27206545 PMCID: PMC4703862 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recognition of pathogens by host plants leads to rapid transcriptional reprogramming and activation of defence responses. The expression of many defence regulators is induced in this process, but the mechanisms of how they are controlled transcriptionally are largely unknown. Here we use chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing to show that the transcription factors SARD1 and CBP60g bind to the promoter regions of a large number of genes encoding key regulators of plant immunity. Among them are positive regulators of systemic immunity and signalling components for effector-triggered immunity and PAMP-triggered immunity, which is consistent with the critical roles of SARD1 and CBP60g in these processes. In addition, SARD1 and CBP60g target a number of genes encoding negative regulators of plant immunity, suggesting that they are also involved in negative feedback regulation of defence responses. Based on these findings we propose that SARD1 and CBP60g function as master regulators of plant immune responses. SARD1 and CBP60g are two plant transcription factors that regulate salicylic acid biosynthesis in response to pathogens. Here, Sun et al. show that they bind a wide array of loci related to multiple defence signalling pathways suggesting a broader role as regulators of the plant immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongjun Sun
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Yaxi Zhang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yan Li
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Yuli Ding
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Yuelin Zhang
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
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325
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An Allelic Series of bak1 Mutations Differentially Alter bir1 Cell Death, Immune Response, Growth, and Root Development Phenotypes in Arabidopsis thaliana. Genetics 2015; 202:689-702. [PMID: 26680657 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.115.180380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptor-like kinases (RLKs) mediate cell-signaling pathways in Arabidopsis thaliana, including those controlling growth and development, immune response, and cell death. The RLK coreceptor BRI1-ASSOCIATED KINASE-1 (BAK1) partners with multiple ligand-binding RLKs and contributes to their signaling in diverse pathways. An additional RLK, BAK1-INTERACTING RECEPTOR-1 (BIR1), physically interacts with BAK1, and loss-of-function mutations in BIR1 display constitutive activation of cell death and immune response pathways and dwarfism and a reduction in lateral root number. Here we show that bir1 plants display defects in primary root growth, characterize bir1 lateral root defects, and analyze expression of BIR1 and BAK1 promoters within the root. Using an allelic series of bak1 mutations, we show that loss of BAK1 function in immune response pathways can partially suppress bir1 cell death, immune response, and lateral root phenotypes and that null bak1 alleles enhance bir1 primary root phenotypes. Based on our data, we propose a model in which BIR1 functions to regulate BAK1 participation in multiple pathways.
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326
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Genomic and Post-Translational Modification Analysis of Leucine-Rich-Repeat Receptor-Like Kinases in Brassica rapa. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142255. [PMID: 26588465 PMCID: PMC4654520 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Among several receptor-like kinases (RLKs), leucine-rich-repeat receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLKs) are a major group of genes that play crucial roles in growth, development and stress responses in plant systems. Given that they have several functional roles, it is important to investigate their roles in Brassica rapa. In the present study, 303 LRR-RLKs were identified in the genome of B. rapa and comparative phylogenetic analysis of 1213 combined LRR-RLKs of B. rapa, Arabidopsis thaliana, Oryza sativa and Populus trichocarpa helped us to categorize the gene family into 15 subfamilies based on their sequence and structural similarities. The chromosome localizations of 293 genes allowed the prediction of duplicates, and motif conservation and intron/exon patterns showed differences among the B. rapa LRR-RLK (BrLRR-RLK) genes. Additionally, computational function annotation and expression analysis was used to predict their possible functional roles in the plant system. Biochemical results for 11 selected genes showed variations in phosphorylation activity. Interestingly, BrBAK1 showed strong auto-phosphorylation and trans-phosphorylation on its tyrosine and threonine residues compared with AtBAK1 in previous studies. The AtBAK1 receptor kinase is involved in plant growth and development, plant innate immunity, and programmed cell death, and our results suggest that BrBAK1 might also be involved in the same functions. Another interesting result was that BrBAK1, BrBRI1, BrPEPR1 and BrPEPR2 showed activity with both anti-phosphotyrosine and anti-phosphothreonine antibodies, indicating that they might have dual-specificity kinase activity. This study provides comprehensive results for the BrLRR-RLKs, revealing expansion of the gene family through gene duplications, structural similarities and variations among the genes, and potential functional roles according to gene ontology, transcriptome profiling and biochemical analysis.
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327
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Machado JPB, Brustolini OJB, Mendes GC, Santos AA, Fontes EPB. NIK1, a host factor specialized in antiviral defense or a novel general regulator of plant immunity? Bioessays 2015; 37:1236-42. [PMID: 26335701 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201500066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
NIK1 is a receptor-like kinase involved in plant antiviral immunity. Although NIK1 is structurally similar to the plant immune factor BAK1, which is a key regulator in plant immunity to bacterial pathogens, the NIK1-mediated defenses do not resemble BAK1 signaling cascades. The underlying mechanism for NIK1 antiviral immunity has recently been uncovered. NIK1 activation mediates the translocation of RPL10 to the nucleus, where it interacts with LIMYB to fully down-regulate translational machinery genes, resulting in translation inhibition of host and viral mRNAs and enhanced tolerance to begomovirus. Therefore, the NIK1 antiviral immunity response culminates in global translation suppression, which represents a new paradigm for plant antiviral defenses. Interestingly, transcriptomic analyses in nik1 mutant suggest that NIK1 may suppress antibacterial immune responses, indicating a possible opposite effect of NIK1 in bacterial and viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joao P B Machado
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, BIOAGRO, National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Otavio J B Brustolini
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, BIOAGRO, National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Giselle C Mendes
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, BIOAGRO, National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Anésia A Santos
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, BIOAGRO, National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth P B Fontes
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, BIOAGRO, National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
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328
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Bao Z, Meng F, Strickler SR, Dunham DM, Munkvold KR, Martin GB. Identification of a Candidate Gene in Solanum habrochaites for Resistance to a Race 1 Strain of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato. THE PLANT GENOME 2015; 8:eplantgenome2015.02.0006. [PMID: 33228271 DOI: 10.3835/plantgenome2015.02.0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial speck disease caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) is a persistent problem on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Resistance against race 0 Pst strains is conferred by the Pto protein, which recognizes either of two pathogen effectors: AvrPto or AvrPtoB. However, current tomato varieties do not have resistance to the increasingly common race 1 strains, which lack these effectors. We identified accessions of Solanum habrochaites S. Knapp & D. M. Spooner that are resistant to the race 1 strain T1. Genome sequence comparisons of T1 and two Pst strains that are virulent on these accessions suggested that known microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) or effectors are not involved in the resistance. We developed an F2 population from a cross between one T1-resistant accession, LA2109, and a susceptible tomato cultivar to investigate the genetic basis of this resistance. Linkage analysis using whole-genome sequence of 58 F2 plants identified quantitative trait loci (QTL), qRph1, in a 5.8-Mb region on chromosome 2, and qRph2, in a 52.4-Mb region on chromosome 8, which account for 24 and 26% of the phenotypic variability, respectively. High-resolution mapping of qRph1 confirmed it contributed to T1 resistance and delimited it to a 1060-kb region containing 139 genes, including three encoding receptor-like proteins (RLPs) and 17 encoding receptor-like protein kinases (RLKs). One RLK gene, Solyc02g072470, is a promising candidate for qRph1, as it is highly expressed in LA2109 and induced on treatment with MAMPs. qRph1 might be useful for enhancing resistance to race 1 strains and its future characterization could provide insights into the plant immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilong Bao
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY, 14853
| | - Fanhong Meng
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY, 14853
| | | | - Diane M Dunham
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY, 14853
| | | | - Gregory B Martin
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY, 14853
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY, 14853
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329
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Guzel Deger A, Scherzer S, Nuhkat M, Kedzierska J, Kollist H, Brosché M, Unyayar S, Boudsocq M, Hedrich R, Roelfsema MRG. Guard cell SLAC1-type anion channels mediate flagellin-induced stomatal closure. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 208:162-73. [PMID: 25932909 PMCID: PMC4949714 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
During infection plants recognize microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), and this leads to stomatal closure. This study analyzes the molecular mechanisms underlying this MAMP response and its interrelation with ABA signaling. Stomata in intact Arabidopsis thaliana plants were stimulated with the bacterial MAMP flg22, or the stress hormone ABA, by using the noninvasive nanoinfusion technique. Intracellular double-barreled microelectrodes were applied to measure the activity of plasma membrane ion channels. Flg22 induced rapid stomatal closure and stimulated the SLAC1 and SLAH3 anion channels in guard cells. Loss of both channels resulted in cells that lacked flg22-induced anion channel activity and stomata that did not close in response to flg22 or ABA. Rapid flg22-dependent stomatal closure was impaired in plants that were flagellin receptor (FLS2)-deficient, as well as in the ost1-2 (Open Stomata 1) mutant, which lacks a key ABA-signaling protein kinase. By contrast, stomata of the ABA protein phosphatase mutant abi1-1 (ABscisic acid Insensitive 1) remained flg22-responsive. These data suggest that the initial steps in flg22 and ABA signaling are different, but that the pathways merge at the level of OST1 and lead to activation of SLAC1 and SLAH3 anion channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysin Guzel Deger
- Molecular Plant Physiology and BiophysicsJulius‐von‐Sachs Institute for BiosciencesBiocenterUniversity of WürzburgJulius‐von‐Sachs‐Platz 2D‐97082WürzburgGermany
- Faculty of Science and LettersDepartment of BiologyUniversity of Mersin33343MersinTurkey
| | - Sönke Scherzer
- Molecular Plant Physiology and BiophysicsJulius‐von‐Sachs Institute for BiosciencesBiocenterUniversity of WürzburgJulius‐von‐Sachs‐Platz 2D‐97082WürzburgGermany
| | - Maris Nuhkat
- Institute of TechnologyUniversity of TartuNooruse 1Tartu50411Estonia
| | - Justyna Kedzierska
- Molecular Plant Physiology and BiophysicsJulius‐von‐Sachs Institute for BiosciencesBiocenterUniversity of WürzburgJulius‐von‐Sachs‐Platz 2D‐97082WürzburgGermany
| | - Hannes Kollist
- Institute of TechnologyUniversity of TartuNooruse 1Tartu50411Estonia
| | - Mikael Brosché
- Institute of TechnologyUniversity of TartuNooruse 1Tartu50411Estonia
- Division of Plant BiologyDepartment of BiosciencesUniversity of HelsinkiPO box 65FI‐00014HelsinkiFinland
| | - Serpil Unyayar
- Faculty of Science and LettersDepartment of BiologyUniversity of Mersin33343MersinTurkey
| | - Marie Boudsocq
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris‐SaclayUMR9213/UMR1403 CNRS‐INRA‐Université Paris Sud‐Université Evry Val d'Essonne‐Université Paris DiderotSaclay Plant SciencesBat 630, rue Noetzlin91405OrsayFrance
| | - Rainer Hedrich
- Molecular Plant Physiology and BiophysicsJulius‐von‐Sachs Institute for BiosciencesBiocenterUniversity of WürzburgJulius‐von‐Sachs‐Platz 2D‐97082WürzburgGermany
| | - M. Rob G. Roelfsema
- Molecular Plant Physiology and BiophysicsJulius‐von‐Sachs Institute for BiosciencesBiocenterUniversity of WürzburgJulius‐von‐Sachs‐Platz 2D‐97082WürzburgGermany
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330
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Chaparro-Garcia A, Schwizer S, Sklenar J, Yoshida K, Petre B, Bos JIB, Schornack S, Jones AME, Bozkurt TO, Kamoun S. Phytophthora infestans RXLR-WY Effector AVR3a Associates with Dynamin-Related Protein 2 Required for Endocytosis of the Plant Pattern Recognition Receptor FLS2. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137071. [PMID: 26348328 PMCID: PMC4562647 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogens utilize effectors to suppress basal plant defense known as PTI (Pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity). However, our knowledge of PTI suppression by filamentous plant pathogens, i.e. fungi and oomycetes, remains fragmentary. Previous work revealed that the co-receptor BAK1/SERK3 contributes to basal immunity against the potato pathogen Phytophthora infestans. Moreover BAK1/SERK3 is required for the cell death induced by P. infestans elicitin INF1, a protein with characteristics of PAMPs. The P. infestans host-translocated RXLR-WY effector AVR3a is known to supress INF1-mediated cell death by binding the plant E3 ligase CMPG1. In contrast, AVR3aKI-Y147del, a deletion mutant of the C-terminal tyrosine of AVR3a, fails to bind CMPG1 and does not suppress INF1-mediated cell death. Here, we studied the extent to which AVR3a and its variants perturb additional BAK1/SERK3-dependent PTI responses in N. benthamiana using the elicitor/receptor pair flg22/FLS2 as a model. We found that all tested variants of AVR3a suppress defense responses triggered by flg22 and reduce internalization of activated FLS2. Moreover, we discovered that AVR3a associates with the Dynamin-Related Protein 2 (DRP2), a plant GTPase implicated in receptor-mediated endocytosis. Interestingly, silencing of DRP2 impaired ligand-induced FLS2 internalization but did not affect internalization of the growth receptor BRI1. Our results suggest that AVR3a associates with a key cellular trafficking and membrane-remodeling complex involved in immune receptor-mediated endocytosis. We conclude that AVR3a is a multifunctional effector that can suppress BAK1/SERK3-mediated immunity through at least two different pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simon Schwizer
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Sklenar
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Kentaro Yoshida
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin Petre
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Jorunn I. B. Bos
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Tolga O. Bozkurt
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Sophien Kamoun
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
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331
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Meng X, Chen X, Mang H, Liu C, Yu X, Gao X, Torii KU, He P, Shan L. Differential Function of Arabidopsis SERK Family Receptor-like Kinases in Stomatal Patterning. Curr Biol 2015; 25:2361-72. [PMID: 26320950 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.07.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Plants use cell-surface-resident receptor-like kinases (RLKs) to sense diverse extrinsic and intrinsic cues and elicit distinct biological responses. In Arabidopsis, ERECTA family RLKs recognize EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTORS (EPFs) to specify stomatal patterning. However, little is known about the molecular link between ERECTA activation and intracellular signaling. We report here that the SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS RECEPTOR KINASE (SERK) family RLKs regulate stomatal patterning downstream of EPF ligands and upstream of a MAP kinase cascade. EPF ligands induce the heteromerization of ERECTA and SERK family RLKs. SERK and ERECTA family RLKs transphosphorylate each other. In addition, SERKs associate with the receptor-like protein (RLP) TMM, a signal modulator of stomata development, in a ligand-independent manner, suggesting that ERECTA, SERKs, and TMM form a multiprotein receptorsome consisting of different RLKs and RLP perceiving peptide ligands to regulate stomatal patterning. In contrast to the differential requirement of individual SERK members in plant immunity, cell-death control, and brassinosteroid (BR) signaling, all four functional SERKs are essential but have unequal genetic contributions to stomatal patterning, with descending order of importance from SERK3/BAK1 to SERK2 to SERK1 to SERK4. Although BR signaling connects stomatal development via multiple components, the function of SERKs in stomatal patterning is uncoupled from their involvement in BR signaling. Our results reveal that the SERK family is a shared key module in diverse Arabidopsis signaling receptorsomes and that different combinatorial codes of individual SERK members regulate distinct functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangzong Meng
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology and Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Hyunggon Mang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Chenglong Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology and Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Xiao Yu
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology and Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Xiquan Gao
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology and Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Keiko U Torii
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Ping He
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Libo Shan
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology and Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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332
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Bartels S, Boller T. Quo vadis, Pep? Plant elicitor peptides at the crossroads of immunity, stress, and development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:5183-93. [PMID: 25911744 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The first line of inducible plant defence, pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), is activated by the recognition of exogenous as well as endogenous elicitors. Exogenous elicitors, also called microbe-associated molecular patterns, signal the presence of microbes. In contrast, endogenous elicitors seem to be generated and recognized under more diverse circumstances, making the evaluation of their biological relevance much more complex. Plant elicitor peptides (Peps) are one class of such endogenous elicitors, which contribute to immunity against attack by bacteria, fungi, as well as herbivores. Recent studies indicate that the Pep-triggered signalling pathways also operate during the response to a more diverse set of stresses including starvation stress. In addition, in silico data point to an involvement in the regulation of plant development, and a study on Pep-mediated inhibition of root growth supports this indication. Importantly, Peps are neither limited to the model plant Arabidopsis nor to a specific plant family like the previously intensively studied systemin peptides. On the contrary, they are present and active in angiosperms all across the phylogenetic tree, including many important crop plants. Here we summarize the progress made in research on Peps from their discovery in 2006 until now. We discuss the two main models which describe their likely function in plant immunity, highlight the studies supporting additional roles of Pep-triggered signalling and identify urgent research tasks to further uncover their biological relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Bartels
- Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Basel, Department of Environmental Sciences, Botany, Hebelstrasse 1, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Boller
- Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Basel, Department of Environmental Sciences, Botany, Hebelstrasse 1, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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333
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Lori M, van Verk MC, Hander T, Schatowitz H, Klauser D, Flury P, Gehring CA, Boller T, Bartels S. Evolutionary divergence of the plant elicitor peptides (Peps) and their receptors: interfamily incompatibility of perception but compatibility of downstream signalling. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:5315-25. [PMID: 26002971 PMCID: PMC4526913 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant elicitor peptides (Peps) are potent inducers of pattern-triggered immunity and amplify the immune response against diverse pathogens. Peps have been discovered and studied extensively in Arabidopsis and only recently orthologues in maize were also identified and characterized in more detail.Here, the presence of PROPEPs, the Pep precursors, and PEPRs, the Pep receptors, was investigated within the plant kingdom. PROPEPs and PEPRs were identified in most sequenced species of the angiosperms. The conservation and compatibility of the Pep-PEPR-system was analysed by using plants of two distantly related dicot families, Brassicaceae and Solanaceae, and a representative family of monocot plants, the Poaceae. All three plant families contain important crop plants, including maize, rice, tomato, potato, and canola. Peps were not recognized by species outside of their plant family of origin, apparently because of a divergence of the Pep sequences. Three family-specific Pep motifs were defined and the integration of such a motif into the Pep sequence of an unrelated Pep enabled its perception. Transient transformation of Nicotiana benthamiana with the coding sequences of the AtPEPR1 and ZmPEPR1a led to the recognition of Pep peptides of Brassicaceae or Poaceae origin, respectively, and to the proper activation of downstream signalling. It was concluded that signalling machinery downstream of the PEPRs is highly conserved whereas the leucine-rich repeat domains of the PEPRs co-evolved with the Peps, leading to distinct motifs and, with it, interfamily incompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Lori
- Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 1, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marcel C van Verk
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands Bioinformatics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tim Hander
- Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 1, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hendrik Schatowitz
- Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 1, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dominik Klauser
- Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 1, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pascale Flury
- Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 1, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christoph A Gehring
- Division of Biological & Environmental Science & Engineering, 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Thomas Boller
- Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 1, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Bartels
- Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 1, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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334
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Kadota Y, Shirasu K, Zipfel C. Regulation of the NADPH Oxidase RBOHD During Plant Immunity. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 56:1472-80. [PMID: 25941234 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 362] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Pathogen recognition induces the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by NADPH oxidases in both plants and animals. ROS have direct antimicrobial properties, but also serve as signaling molecules to activate further immune outputs. However, ROS production has to be tightly controlled to avoid detrimental effects on host cells, but yet must be produced in the right amount, at the right place and at the right time upon pathogen perception. Plant NADPH oxidases belong to the respiratory burst oxidase homolog (RBOH) family, which contains 10 members in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. The perception of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) leads to a rapid, specific and strong production of ROS, which is dependent on RBOHD. RBOHD is mainly controlled by Ca(2+) via direct binding to EF-hand motifs and phosphorylation by Ca(2+)-dependent protein kinases. Recent studies have, however, revealed a critical role for a Ca(2+)-independent regulation of RBOHD. The plasma membrane-associated cytoplasmic kinase BIK1 (BOTRYTIS-INDUCED KINASE1), which is a direct substrate of the PRR complex, directly interacts with and phosphorylates RBOHD upon PAMP perception. Impairment of these phosphorylation events completely abolishes the function of RBOHD in immunity. These results suggest that RBOHD activity is tightly controlled by multilayered regulations. In this review, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms controlling RBOHD activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Kadota
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Plant Immunity Research Group, Suehiro-cho 1-7-22 Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Ken Shirasu
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Plant Immunity Research Group, Suehiro-cho 1-7-22 Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
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335
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Peng KC, Wang CW, Wu CH, Huang CT, Liou RF. Tomato SOBIR1/EVR Homologs Are Involved in Elicitin Perception and Plant Defense Against the Oomycete Pathogen Phytophthora parasitica. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2015; 28:913-26. [PMID: 25710821 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-12-14-0405-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
During host-pathogen interactions, pattern recognition receptors form complexes with proteins, such as receptor-like kinases, to elicit pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), an evolutionarily conserved plant defense program. However, little is known about the components of the receptor complex, as are the molecular events leading to PTI induced by the oomycete Phytophthora pathogen. Here, we demonstrate that tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) SlSOBIR1 and SlSOBIR1-like genes are involved in defense responses to Phytophthora parasitica. Silencing of SlSOBIR1 and SlSOBIR1-like enhanced susceptibility to P. parasitica in tomato. Callose deposition, reactive oxygen species production, and PTI marker gene expression were compromised in SlSOBIR1- and SlSOBIR1-like-silenced plants. Interestingly, P. parasitica infection and elicitin (ParA1) treatment induced the relocalization of SlSOBIR1 from the plasma membrane to endosomal compartments and silencing of NbSOBIR1 compromised ParA1-mediated cell death on Nicotiana benthamiana. Moreover, the SlSOBIR1 kinase domain is indispensable for ParA1 to trigger SlSOBIR1 internalization and plant cell death. Taken together, these results support the idea of participation of solanaceous SOBIR1/EVR homologs in the perception of elicitins and indicate their important roles in plant basal defense against oomycete pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Chun Peng
- 1 Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Wen Wang
- 2 Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hang Wu
- 1 Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Tzu Huang
- 1 Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ruey-Fen Liou
- 1 Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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336
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Manosalva P, Manohar M, von Reuss SH, Chen S, Koch A, Kaplan F, Choe A, Micikas RJ, Wang X, Kogel KH, Sternberg PW, Williamson VM, Schroeder FC, Klessig DF. Conserved nematode signalling molecules elicit plant defenses and pathogen resistance. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7795. [PMID: 26203561 PMCID: PMC4525156 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant-defense responses are triggered by perception of conserved microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), for example, flagellin or peptidoglycan. However, it remained unknown whether plants can detect conserved molecular patterns derived from plant-parasitic animals, including nematodes. Here we show that several genera of plant-parasitic nematodes produce small molecules called ascarosides, an evolutionarily conserved family of nematode pheromones. Picomolar to micromolar concentrations of ascr#18, the major ascaroside in plant-parasitic nematodes, induce hallmark defense responses including the expression of genes associated with MAMP-triggered immunity, activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases, as well as salicylic acid- and jasmonic acid-mediated defense signalling pathways. Ascr#18 perception increases resistance in Arabidopsis, tomato, potato and barley to viral, bacterial, oomycete, fungal and nematode infections. These results indicate that plants recognize ascarosides as a conserved molecular signature of nematodes. Using small-molecule signals such as ascarosides to activate plant immune responses has potential utility to improve economic and environmental sustainability of agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Manosalva
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, USA
| | - Murli Manohar
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | | | - Shiyan Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Aline Koch
- Research Centre for BioSystems, Land Use, and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University, Giessen D-35392, Germany
| | - Fatma Kaplan
- Kaplan Schiller Research, LLC, Gainesville, Florida 32604, USA
| | - Andrea Choe
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Biology Division, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Robert J. Micikas
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, US Department of Agricultural Research Service, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Karl-Heinz Kogel
- Research Centre for BioSystems, Land Use, and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University, Giessen D-35392, Germany
| | - Paul W. Sternberg
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Biology Division, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Valerie M. Williamson
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Frank C. Schroeder
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Daniel F. Klessig
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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337
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Manosalva P, Manohar M, von Reuss SH, Chen S, Koch A, Kaplan F, Choe A, Micikas RJ, Wang X, Kogel KH, Sternberg PW, Williamson VM, Schroeder FC, Klessig DF. Conserved nematode signalling molecules elicit plant defenses and pathogen resistance. Nat Commun 2015. [PMID: 26203561 DOI: 10.1038/ncomss8795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant-defense responses are triggered by perception of conserved microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), for example, flagellin or peptidoglycan. However, it remained unknown whether plants can detect conserved molecular patterns derived from plant-parasitic animals, including nematodes. Here we show that several genera of plant-parasitic nematodes produce small molecules called ascarosides, an evolutionarily conserved family of nematode pheromones. Picomolar to micromolar concentrations of ascr#18, the major ascaroside in plant-parasitic nematodes, induce hallmark defense responses including the expression of genes associated with MAMP-triggered immunity, activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases, as well as salicylic acid- and jasmonic acid-mediated defense signalling pathways. Ascr#18 perception increases resistance in Arabidopsis, tomato, potato and barley to viral, bacterial, oomycete, fungal and nematode infections. These results indicate that plants recognize ascarosides as a conserved molecular signature of nematodes. Using small-molecule signals such as ascarosides to activate plant immune responses has potential utility to improve economic and environmental sustainability of agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Manosalva
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, USA
| | - Murli Manohar
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | | | - Shiyan Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Aline Koch
- Research Centre for BioSystems, Land Use, and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University, Giessen D-35392, Germany
| | - Fatma Kaplan
- Kaplan Schiller Research, LLC, Gainesville, Florida 32604, USA
| | - Andrea Choe
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Biology Division, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Robert J Micikas
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, US Department of Agricultural Research Service, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Karl-Heinz Kogel
- Research Centre for BioSystems, Land Use, and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University, Giessen D-35392, Germany
| | - Paul W Sternberg
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Biology Division, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Valerie M Williamson
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Frank C Schroeder
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Daniel F Klessig
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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Domínguez-Ferreras A, Kiss-Papp M, Jehle AK, Felix G, Chinchilla D. An Overdose of the Arabidopsis Coreceptor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1-ASSOCIATED RECEPTOR KINASE1 or Its Ectodomain Causes Autoimmunity in a SUPPRESSOR OF BIR1-1-Dependent Manner. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 168:1106-21. [PMID: 25944825 PMCID: PMC4741324 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The membrane-bound Brassinosteroid insensitive1-associated receptor kinase1 (BAK1) is a common coreceptor in plants and regulates distinct cellular programs ranging from growth and development to defense against pathogens. BAK1 functions through binding to ligand-stimulated transmembrane receptors and activating their kinase domains via transphosphorylation. In the absence of microbes, BAK1 activity may be suppressed by different mechanisms, like interaction with the regulatory BIR (for BAK1-interacting receptor-like kinase) proteins. Here, we demonstrated that BAK1 overexpression in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) could cause detrimental effects on plant development, including growth arrest, leaf necrosis, and reduced seed production. Further analysis using an inducible expression system showed that BAK1 accumulation quickly stimulated immune responses, even under axenic conditions, and led to increased resistance to pathogenic Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000. Intriguingly, our study also revealed that the plasma membrane-associated BAK1 ectodomain was sufficient to induce autoimmunity, indicating a novel mode of action for BAK1 in immunity control. We postulate that an excess of BAK1 or its ectodomain could trigger immune receptor activation in the absence of microbes through unbalancing regulatory interactions, including those with BIRs. Consistently, mutation of suppressor of BIR1-1, which encodes an emerging positive regulator of transmembrane receptors in plants, suppressed the effects of BAK1 overexpression. In conclusion, our findings unravel a new role for the BAK1 ectodomain in the tight regulation of Arabidopsis immune receptors necessary to avoid inappropriate activation of immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Domínguez-Ferreras
- University of Basel, Plant Science Center, Department of Environmental Sciences, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland (A.D.-F., M.K.-P., D.C.); andUniversity of Tuebingen, Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Department of Plant Biochemistry, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany (A.K.J., G.F.)
| | - Marta Kiss-Papp
- University of Basel, Plant Science Center, Department of Environmental Sciences, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland (A.D.-F., M.K.-P., D.C.); andUniversity of Tuebingen, Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Department of Plant Biochemistry, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany (A.K.J., G.F.)
| | - Anna Kristina Jehle
- University of Basel, Plant Science Center, Department of Environmental Sciences, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland (A.D.-F., M.K.-P., D.C.); andUniversity of Tuebingen, Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Department of Plant Biochemistry, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany (A.K.J., G.F.)
| | - Georg Felix
- University of Basel, Plant Science Center, Department of Environmental Sciences, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland (A.D.-F., M.K.-P., D.C.); andUniversity of Tuebingen, Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Department of Plant Biochemistry, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany (A.K.J., G.F.)
| | - Delphine Chinchilla
- University of Basel, Plant Science Center, Department of Environmental Sciences, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland (A.D.-F., M.K.-P., D.C.); andUniversity of Tuebingen, Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Department of Plant Biochemistry, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany (A.K.J., G.F.)
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Liu ZQ, Qiu AL, Shi LP, Cai JS, Huang XY, Yang S, Wang B, Shen L, Huang MK, Mou SL, Ma XL, Liu YY, Lin L, Wen JY, Tang Q, Shi W, Guan DY, Lai Y, He SL. SRC2-1 is required in PcINF1-induced pepper immunity by acting as an interacting partner of PcINF1. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:3683-98. [PMID: 25922484 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Elicitins are elicitors that can trigger hypersensitive cell death in most Nicotiana spp., but their underlying molecular mechanism is not well understood. The gene Phytophthora capsici INF1 (PcINF1) coding for an elicitin from P. capsici was characterized in this study. Transient overexpression of PcINF1 triggered cell death in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) and was accompanied by upregulation of the hypersensitive response marker, Hypersensitive Induced Reaction gene 1 (HIR1), and the pathogenesis-related genes SAR82, DEF1, BPR1, and PO2. A putative PcINF1-interacting protein, SRC2-1, was isolated from a pepper cDNA library by yeast two-hybrid screening and was observed to target the plasma membrane. The interaction between PcINF1 and SRC2-1 was confirmed by bimolecular fluorescence complementation and co-immunoprecipitation. Simultaneous transient overexpression of SRC2-1 and PcINF1 in pepper plants triggered intensive cell death, whereas silencing of SRC2-1 by virus-induced gene silencing blocked the cell death induction of PcINF1 and increased the susceptibility of pepper plants to P. capsici infection. Additionally, membrane targeting of the PcINF1-SRC2-1 complex was required for cell death induction. The C2 domain of SRC2-1 was crucial for SRC2-1 plasma membrane targeting and the PcINF1-SRC2-1 interaction. These results suggest that SRC2-1 interacts with PcINF1 and is required in PcINF1-induced pepper immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-qin Liu
- National Education Minster Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China
| | - Ai-lian Qiu
- National Education Minster Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China
| | - Lan-ping Shi
- National Education Minster Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China
| | - Jin-sen Cai
- National Education Minster Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China
| | - Xue-ying Huang
- National Education Minster Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China
| | - Sheng Yang
- National Education Minster Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China
| | - Bo Wang
- National Education Minster Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China
| | - Lei Shen
- National Education Minster Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China
| | - Mu-kun Huang
- National Education Minster Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China
| | - Shao-liang Mou
- National Education Minster Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China
| | - Xiao-Ling Ma
- National Education Minster Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China
| | - Yan-yan Liu
- National Education Minster Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China
| | - Lin Lin
- National Education Minster Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China
| | - Jia-yu Wen
- National Education Minster Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China
| | - Qian Tang
- National Education Minster Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China
| | - Wei Shi
- National Education Minster Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China
| | - De-yi Guan
- National Education Minster Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China
| | - Yan Lai
- National Education Minster Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China
| | - Shui-lin He
- National Education Minster Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China
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340
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Alazem M, Lin NS. Roles of plant hormones in the regulation of host-virus interactions. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2015; 16:529-40. [PMID: 25220680 PMCID: PMC6638471 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Hormones are tuners of plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. They are involved in various complicated networks, through which they modulate responses to different stimuli. Four hormones primarily regulate plant defence to pathogens: salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), ethylene (Et) and abscisic acid (ABA). In susceptible plants, viral infections result in hormonal disruption, which manifests as the simultaneous induction of several antagonistic hormones. However, these antagonistic hormones may exhibit some sequential accumulation in resistant lines. Virus propagation is usually restricted by the activation of the small interfering RNA (siRNA) antiviral machinery and/or SA signalling pathway. Several studies have investigated these two systems, using different model viruses. However, the roles of hormones other than SA, especially those with antagonistic properties, such as ABA, have been neglected. Increasing evidence indicates that hormones control components of the small RNA system, which regulates many processes (including the siRNA antiviral machinery and the microRNA system) at the transcriptional or post-transcriptional level. Consequently, cross-talk between the antagonistic SA and ABA pathways modulates plant responses at multiple levels. In this review, we summarize recent findings on the different roles of hormones in the regulation of plant-virus interactions, which are helping us to elucidate the fine tuning of viral and plant systems by hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazen Alazem
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec. 2, Academia Rd, Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
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341
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Zhou J, Lu D, Xu G, Finlayson SA, He P, Shan L. The dominant negative ARM domain uncovers multiple functions of PUB13 in Arabidopsis immunity, flowering, and senescence. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:3353-66. [PMID: 25873653 PMCID: PMC4449551 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Regulating the intensity and duration of immune responses is crucial to combat infections without deleterious side effects. Arabidopsis FLS2, the receptor for bacterial flagellin, activates immune signalling by association with its partner BAK1. Upon flagellin (flg22) perception, the plant U-box E3 ubiquitin ligases PUB12 and PUB13 complex with FLS2 in a BAK1-dependent manner, and ubiquitinate FLS2 for protein degradation, thereby down-regulating flagellin signalling. Domain deletion analysis indicates that the ARM domain of PUB13 interacts with the FLS2-BAK1 complex and is phosphorylated by BAK1. Overexpression of the PUB13 ARM domain alone inhibits flg22-induced FLS2-PUB13 association and PUB12/13-mediated FLS2 ubiquitination and degradation in Arabidopsis, suggesting that ectopic expression of the ARM domain in planta generates a dominant negative effect via blocking the ubiquitination activity. Similar to the pub12pub13 double mutant, transgenic plants expressing the PUB13 ARM domain display enhanced immune responses compared with wild-type plants. Moreover, PUB13ARM transgenic plants and the pub12pub13 mutant are more sensitive to stress-induced leaf senescence accompanied by elevated expression of stress-induced senescence marker genes. The resemblance between PUB13ARM transgenic plants and the pub12pub13 mutant provides genetic evidence that ectopic expression of the PUB ARM domain serves as an alternative approach to dissect the overlapping functions of closely related PUB genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinggeng Zhou
- Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Dongping Lu
- Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Guangyuan Xu
- Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA Molecular and Environmental Plant Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Scott A Finlayson
- Molecular and Environmental Plant Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Ping He
- Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA Molecular and Environmental Plant Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Libo Shan
- Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA Molecular and Environmental Plant Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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342
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Datta R, Chattopadhyay S. Changes in the proteome of pad2-1, a glutathione depleted Arabidopsis mutant, during Pseudomonas syringae infection. J Proteomics 2015; 126:82-93. [PMID: 26032221 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The involvement of glutathione (GSH) in plant defense against pathogen invasion is an established fact. However, the molecular mechanism conferring this tolerance remains to be explored. Here, proteomic analysis of pad2-1, an Arabidopsis thaliana GSH-depleted mutant, in response to Pseudomonas syringae infection has been performed to explore the intricate position of GSH in defense against biotrophic pathogens. The pad2-1 mutant displayed severe susceptibility to P. syringae infection compared to the wild-type (Col-0) thus re-establishing a fundamental role of GSH in defense. Apart from general up-accumulation of energy metabolism-related protein-species in both infected Col-0 and pad2-1, several crucial defense-related protein-species were identified to be differentially accumulated. Leucine-rich repeat-receptor kinase (LRR-RK) and nucleotide-binding site-leucine-rich repeat resistance protein (NBS-LRR), known to play a pioneering role against pathogen attack, were only weakly up-accumulated in pad2-1 after infection. Transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulators like MYB-P1 and glycine-rich repeat RNA-binding protein (GRP) and several other stress-related protein-species like heat shock protein 17 (HSP17) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) were also identified to be differentially regulated in pad2-1 and Col-0 in response to infection. Together, the present investigation reveals that the optimum GSH-level is essential for the efficient activation of plant defense signaling cascades thus conferring resistance to pathogen invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riddhi Datta
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Drug Development/Diagnostics & Biotechnology Division, CSIR - Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C.Mullick Road, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Sharmila Chattopadhyay
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Drug Development/Diagnostics & Biotechnology Division, CSIR - Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C.Mullick Road, Kolkata 700 032, India.
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343
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Aan den Toorn M, Albrecht C, de Vries S. On the Origin of SERKs: Bioinformatics Analysis of the Somatic Embryogenesis Receptor Kinases. MOLECULAR PLANT 2015; 8:762-82. [PMID: 25864910 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2015.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Somatic embryogenesis receptor-like kinases (SERKs) are leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases involved in several, seemingly unrelated, plant-signaling pathways. In Arabidopsis thaliana, functional and genetic analysis of four SERK proteins has indicated that they are only partly redundant; their functions overlap but each performs a specific subset of signaling roles. The molecular basis for the functional specificity within this highly homologous protein family is currently not known. Sequence analysis of SERK proteins from different plant species indicates that the SERKs are a highly conserved protein family present in monocots, dicots, and non-vascular plants. Residues in the extracellular domain that are important for interaction with other receptor kinases are highly conserved, even among SERK members without a function in the corresponding pathways. SERK2, for instance, does not function in the brassinosteroid pathway, does not interact with BRI1, but is conserved in its BRI1-interacting domain. Further sequence analysis indicates that SERK3/BAK1 and SERK4/BKK1 have diverged from the original SERK protein in both their extracellular and cytoplasmic domains. Functional analysis of chimeric SERK proteins shows that different domains provide the SERK proteins with different functional specificity. For instance, the SERK1 or SERK2 extracellular domains are essential for SERK function in male sporogenesis, while the SERK3 extracellular and cytoplasmic domains are essential for SERK3 activity in brassinosteroid and flagellin signaling. The emerging picture is that SERKs are ancient genes, whose products have been recruited as co-receptors in the newly evolved signaling pathways. The SERK ligand-binding and protein-protein interaction domains are highly conserved, allowing all SERKs to form complexes, albeit with different affinity. However, specific functional residues must have been altered, in both the extracellular and intracellular domains, to allow for the observed differences in functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marije Aan den Toorn
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 3, 6703 HA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Catherine Albrecht
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 3, 6703 HA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Sacco de Vries
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 3, 6703 HA Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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344
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Macho AP, Lozano-Durán R, Zipfel C. Importance of tyrosine phosphorylation in receptor kinase complexes. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 20:269-272. [PMID: 25795237 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosine phosphorylation is an important post-translational modification that is known to regulate receptor kinase (RK)-mediated signaling in animals. Plant RKs are annotated as serine/threonine kinases, but recent work has revealed that tyrosine phosphorylation is also crucial for the activation of RK-mediated signaling in plants. These initial observations have paved the way for subsequent detailed studies on the mechanism of activation of plant RKs and the biological relevance of tyrosine phosphorylation for plant growth and immunity. In this Opinion article we review recent reports on the contribution of RK tyrosine phosphorylation in plant growth and immunity; we propose that tyrosine phosphorylation plays a major regulatory role in the initiation and transduction of RK-mediated signaling in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto P Macho
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK.
| | - Rosa Lozano-Durán
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK.
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345
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Schoonbeek HJ, Wang HH, Stefanato FL, Craze M, Bowden S, Wallington E, Zipfel C, Ridout CJ. Arabidopsis EF-Tu receptor enhances bacterial disease resistance in transgenic wheat. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 206:606-13. [PMID: 25760815 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Perception of pathogen (or microbe)-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs/MAMPs) by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) is a key component of plant innate immunity. The Arabidopsis PRR EF-Tu receptor (EFR) recognizes the bacterial PAMP elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) and its derived peptide elf18. Previous work revealed that transgenic expression of AtEFR in Solanaceae confers elf18 responsiveness and broad-spectrum bacterial disease resistance. In this study, we developed a set of bioassays to study the activation of PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) in wheat. We generated transgenic wheat (Triticum aestivum) plants expressing AtEFR driven by the constitutive rice actin promoter and tested their response to elf18. We show that transgenic expression of AtEFR in wheat confers recognition of elf18, as measured by the induction of immune marker genes and callose deposition. When challenged with the cereal bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. oryzae, transgenic EFR wheat lines had reduced lesion size and bacterial multiplication. These results demonstrate that AtEFR can be transferred successfully from dicot to monocot species, further revealing that immune signalling pathways are conserved across these distant phyla. As novel PRRs are identified, their transfer between plant families represents a useful strategy for enhancing resistance to pathogens in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henk-Jan Schoonbeek
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
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Cecchini NM, Jung HW, Engle NL, Tschaplinski TJ, Greenberg JT. ALD1 Regulates Basal Immune Components and Early Inducible Defense Responses in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2015; 28:455-66. [PMID: 25372120 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-06-14-0187-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Robust immunity requires basal defense machinery to mediate timely responses and feedback cycles to amplify defenses against potentially spreading infections. AGD2-LIKE DEFENSE RESPONSE PROTEIN 1 (ALD1) is needed for the accumulation of the plant defense signal salicylic acid (SA) during the first hours after infection with the pathogen Pseudomonas syringae and is also upregulated by infection and SA. ALD1 is an aminotransferase with multiple substrates and products in vitro. Pipecolic acid (Pip) is an ALD1-dependent bioactive product induced by P. syringae. Here, we addressed roles of ALD1 in mediating defense amplification as well as the levels and responses of basal defense machinery. ALD1 needs immune components PAD4 and ICS1 (an SA synthesis enzyme) to confer disease resistance, possibly through a transcriptional amplification loop between them. Furthermore, ALD1 affects basal defense by controlling microbial-associated molecular pattern (MAMP) receptor levels and responsiveness. Vascular exudates from uninfected ALD1-overexpressing plants confer local immunity to the wild type and ald1 mutants yet are not enriched for Pip. We infer that, in addition to affecting Pip accumulation, ALD1 produces non-Pip metabolites that play roles in immunity. Thus, distinct metabolite signals controlled by the same enzyme affect basal and early defenses versus later defense responses, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás M Cecchini
- 1 Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street GCIS 524W, Chicago 60637, U.S.A
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347
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Tkacz A, Poole P. Role of root microbiota in plant productivity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:2167-75. [PMID: 25908654 PMCID: PMC4986727 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The growing human population requires increasing amounts of food, but modern agriculture has limited possibilities for increasing yields. New crop varieties may be bred to have increased yields and be more resistant to environmental stress and pests. However, they still require fertilization to supplement essential nutrients that are normally limited in the soil. Soil microorganisms present an opportunity to reduce the requirement for inorganic fertilization in agriculture. Microorganisms, due to their enormous genetic pool, are also a potential source of biochemical reactions that recycle essential nutrients for plant growth. Microbes that associate with plants can be considered to be part of the plant's pan-genome. Therefore, it is essential for us to understand microbial community structure and their 'metagenome' and how it is influenced by different soil types and crop varieties. In the future we may be able to modify and better utilize the soil microbiota potential for promoting plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Tkacz
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Philip Poole
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
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348
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Bigeard J, Colcombet J, Hirt H. Signaling mechanisms in pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). MOLECULAR PLANT 2015; 8:521-39. [PMID: 25744358 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2014.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 533] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In nature, plants constantly have to face pathogen attacks. However, plant disease rarely occurs due to efficient immune systems possessed by the host plants. Pathogens are perceived by two different recognition systems that initiate the so-called pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI), both of which are accompanied by a set of induced defenses that usually repel pathogen attacks. Here we discuss the complex network of signaling pathways occurring during PTI, focusing on the involvement of mitogen-activated protein kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Bigeard
- Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale (URGV), UMR INRA/CNRS/Université d'Evry Val d'Essonne/Saclay Plant Sciences, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, 91057 Evry, France
| | - Jean Colcombet
- Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale (URGV), UMR INRA/CNRS/Université d'Evry Val d'Essonne/Saclay Plant Sciences, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, 91057 Evry, France
| | - Heribert Hirt
- Center for Desert Agriculture, 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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349
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Hwang EE, Wang MB, Bravo JE, Banta LM. Unmasking host and microbial strategies in the Agrobacterium-plant defense tango. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:200. [PMID: 25873923 PMCID: PMC4379751 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Coevolutionary forces drive adaptation of both plant-associated microbes and their hosts. Eloquently captured in the Red Queen Hypothesis, the complexity of each plant-pathogen relationship reflects escalating adversarial strategies, but also external biotic and abiotic pressures on both partners. Innate immune responses are triggered by highly conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns, or PAMPs, that are harbingers of microbial presence. Upon cell surface receptor-mediated recognition of these pathogen-derived molecules, host plants mount a variety of physiological responses to limit pathogen survival and/or invasion. Successful pathogens often rely on secretion systems to translocate host-modulating effectors that subvert plant defenses, thereby increasing virulence. Host plants, in turn, have evolved to recognize these effectors, activating what has typically been characterized as a pathogen-specific form of immunity. Recent data support the notion that PAMP-triggered and effector-triggered defenses are complementary facets of a convergent, albeit differentially regulated, set of immune responses. This review highlights the key players in the plant's recognition and signal transduction pathways, with a focus on the aspects that may limit Agrobacterium tumefaciens infection and the ways it might overcome those defenses. Recent advances in the field include a growing appreciation for the contributions of cytoskeletal dynamics and membrane trafficking to the regulation of these exquisitely tuned defenses. Pathogen counter-defenses frequently manipulate the interwoven hormonal pathways that mediate host responses. Emerging systems-level analyses include host physiological factors such as circadian cycling. The existing literature indicates that varying or even conflicting results from different labs may well be attributable to environmental factors including time of day of infection, temperature, and/or developmental stage of the host plant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lois M. Banta
- *Correspondence: Lois M. Banta, Thompson Biology Lab, Department of Biology, Williams College, 59 Lab Campus Drive, Williamstown, MA 01267, USA
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350
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Transgenic expression of the dicotyledonous pattern recognition receptor EFR in rice leads to ligand-dependent activation of defense responses. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004809. [PMID: 25821973 PMCID: PMC4379099 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant plasma membrane localized pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) detect extracellular pathogen-associated molecules. PRRs such as Arabidopsis EFR and rice XA21 are taxonomically restricted and are absent from most plant genomes. Here we show that rice plants expressing EFR or the chimeric receptor EFR::XA21, containing the EFR ectodomain and the XA21 intracellular domain, sense both Escherichia coli- and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo)-derived elf18 peptides at sub-nanomolar concentrations. Treatment of EFR and EFR::XA21 rice leaf tissue with elf18 leads to MAP kinase activation, reactive oxygen production and defense gene expression. Although expression of EFR does not lead to robust enhanced resistance to fully virulent Xoo isolates, it does lead to quantitatively enhanced resistance to weakly virulent Xoo isolates. EFR interacts with OsSERK2 and the XA21 binding protein 24 (XB24), two key components of the rice XA21-mediated immune response. Rice-EFR plants silenced for OsSERK2, or overexpressing rice XB24 are compromised in elf18-induced reactive oxygen production and defense gene expression indicating that these proteins are also important for EFR-mediated signaling in transgenic rice. Taken together, our results demonstrate the potential feasibility of enhancing disease resistance in rice and possibly other monocotyledonous crop species by expression of dicotyledonous PRRs. Our results also suggest that Arabidopsis EFR utilizes at least a subset of the known endogenous rice XA21 signaling components. Plants possess multi-layered immune recognition systems. Early in the infection process, plants use receptor proteins to recognize pathogen molecules. Some of these receptors are present in only in a subset of plant species. Transfer of these taxonomically restricted immune receptors between plant species by genetic engineering is a promising approach for boosting the plant immune system. Here we show the successful transfer of an immune receptor from a species in the mustard family, called EFR, to rice. Rice plants expressing EFR are able to sense the bacterial ligand of EFR and elicit an immune response. We show that the EFR receptor is able to use components of the rice immune signaling pathway for its function. Under laboratory conditions, this leads to an enhanced resistance response to two weakly virulent isolates of an economically important bacterial disease of rice.
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