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Yang M, Fan Z, Xie Y, Fang L, Wang X, Yuan Y, Li R. Transcriptome analysis of the effect of bisphenol A exposure on the growth, photosynthetic activity and risk of microcystin-LR release by Microcystis aeruginosa. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 397:122746. [PMID: 32473499 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA), one of the most abundant endocrine-disrupting compounds, is frequently detected in diverse aquatic environments, which imposes a substantial burden on the aquatic ecosystem. However, the correlation between BPA levels and the outbreak of a cyanobacterial bloom remains largely unknown. In this study, the cellular and transcriptomic responses to BPA exposure were investigated. Exposure to a high concentration of BPA (50 μM) significantly inhibited the growth of cyanobacterial cells, with the highest inhibition ratio of 51.3%, photosynthesis, and the release of extracellular microcystin-LR (MC-LR) (p < 0.05). However, exposure to low concentrations of BPA (0.1 and 1 μM) also affected these indicators, but the differences were closely related to the growth phase of the cyanobacterial cells. In addition, an imbalance between the antioxidant system and oxidative stress was observed in cyanobacteria under BPA stress. Folate biosynthesis, ABC transporters and ubiquinone and other terpenoid-quinone biosynthesis were the central metabolic pathways triggered by BPA stress. The up-regulated genes, including queC, VTE3 and PsbO were the controller of cellular growth and photosynthesis. The down-regulated genes, including VET4, MlaE and DnaA were potential biomarkers of oxidative damage. The up- and down-regulated genes, including CA, Ppc and CyoE were the main regulators of energy generation. The findings will provide important insights into the role of endocrine disruptors in the frequent outbreak of cyanobacterial blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Yang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Zhengqiu Fan
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yujing Xie
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Lei Fang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xiangrong Wang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Rongxi Li
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
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302
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Li C, Li L, Yang M, Zeng L, Sun L. PACS-2: A key regulator of mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs). Pharmacol Res 2020; 160:105080. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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303
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Ueda S, Tamura N, Mima J. Membrane Tethering Potency of Rab-Family Small GTPases Is Defined by the C-Terminal Hypervariable Regions. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:577342. [PMID: 33102484 PMCID: PMC7554592 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.577342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane tethering is a crucial step to determine the spatiotemporal specificity of secretory and endocytic trafficking pathways in all eukaryotic endomembrane systems. Recent biochemical studies by a chemically-defined reconstitution approach reveal that, in addition to the structurally-diverse classic tethering factors such as coiled-coil tethering proteins and multisubunit tethering complexes, Rab-family small GTPases also retain the inherent membrane tethering functions to directly and physically bridge two distinct lipid bilayers by themselves. Although Rab-mediated membrane tethering reactions are fairly efficient and specific in the physiological context, its mechanistic basis is yet to be understood. Here, to explore whether and how the intrinsic tethering potency of Rab GTPases is controlled by their C-terminal hypervariable region (HVR) domains that link the conserved small GTPase domains (G-domains) to membrane anchors at the C-terminus, we quantitatively compared tethering activities of two representative Rab isoforms in humans (Rab5a, Rab4a) and their HVR-deleted mutant forms. Strikingly, deletion of the HVR linker domains enabled both Rab5a and Rab4a isoforms to enhance their intrinsic tethering potency, exhibiting 5- to 50-fold higher initial velocities of tethering for the HVR-deleted mutants than those for the full-length, wild-type Rabs. Furthermore, we revealed that the tethering activity of full-length Rab5a was significantly reduced by the omission of anionic lipids and cholesterol from membrane lipids and, however, membrane tethering driven by HVR-deleted Rab5a mutant was completely insensitive to the headgroup composition of lipids. Reconstituted membrane tethering assays with the C-terminally-truncated mutants of Rab4a further uncovered that the N-terminal residues in the HVR linker, located adjacent to the G-domain, are critical for regulating the intrinsic tethering activity. In conclusion, our current findings establish that the non-conserved, flexible C-terminal HVR linker domains define membrane tethering potency of Rab-family small GTPases through controlling the close attachment of the globular G-domains to membrane surfaces, which confers the active tethering-competent state of the G-domains on lipid bilayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanae Ueda
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Naoki Tamura
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Joji Mima
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
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304
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Fujita K, Koide N, Somiya M, Kuroda S, Hinuma S. A regulatory role of scavenger receptor class B type 1 in endocytosis and lipid droplet formation induced by liposomes containing phosphatidylethanolamine in HEK293T cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1868:118859. [PMID: 32956759 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We have recently reported that phosphatidylethanolamine (PE)-containing liposomes are endocytosed and then induce lipid droplets (LDs) in HEK293T cells. In this study, we elucidated a mechanism responsible for endocytosis of PE-containing liposomes and induction of LDs. By using fluorescence-labeled liposomes and flow cytometry, we found that PE-containing liposomes were very efficiently internalized in HEK293T cells. However, Block lipid transporter-1 (BLT-1) only marginally suppressed the uptake of these liposomes, indicating that entire liposomes were mostly taken up in these cells. They were therefore inferred to express abundant PE receptors responsible for endocytosis of PE-containing liposomes. We examined the expression of 52 candidate genes through transcriptomic analyses and eventually narrowed it down to four candidate genes, which were abundantly expressed in HEK293T cells. Among siRNAs targeting these candidates, scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SR-B1) siRNA showed the most profound reduction in PE liposomal uptake. Conversely, the expression of SR-B1 by transfection of an expression plasmid enhanced the uptake of PE-containing liposomes. After the internalization of PE-containing liposomes, they were colocalized with endosomes/lysosomes and SR-B1, which indicates that these liposomes are taken up in HEK293T cells at least partially through the endosomal/lysosomal pathway. A specific anti-SR-B1-antibody blocked the uptake of PE-containing liposomes in HEK293T cells while LD formation in these cells induced by PE-containing liposomes was suppressed by treatment with SR-B1 siRNA. These results demonstrate that SR-B1 functions as a receptor for the endocytosis of PE-containing liposomes and regulates the formation of LDs induced by PE-containing liposomes in HEK293T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyo Fujita
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan; Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan; Faculty of Human Life Science, Senri Kinran University, Suita, Osaka 565-0873, Japan.
| | - Narumi Koide
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan; Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Masaharu Somiya
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan.
| | - Shun'ichi Kuroda
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan; Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan; Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Shuji Hinuma
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan.
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305
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Molecular mechanism of mitochondrial phosphatidate transfer by Ups1. Commun Biol 2020; 3:468. [PMID: 32843686 PMCID: PMC7447767 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01121-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiolipin, an essential mitochondrial physiological regulator, is synthesized from phosphatidic acid (PA) in the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM). PA is synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum and transferred to the IMM via the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) under mediation by the Ups1/Mdm35 protein family. Despite the availability of numerous crystal structures, the detailed mechanism underlying PA transfer between mitochondrial membranes remains unclear. Here, a model of Ups1/Mdm35-membrane interaction is established using combined crystallographic data, all-atom molecular dynamics simulations, extensive structural comparisons, and biophysical assays. The α2-loop, L2-loop, and α3 helix of Ups1 mediate membrane interactions. Moreover, non-complexed Ups1 on membranes is found to be a key transition state for PA transfer. The membrane-bound non-complexed Ups1/ membrane-bound Ups1 ratio, which can be regulated by environmental pH, is inversely correlated with the PA transfer activity of Ups1/Mdm35. These results demonstrate a new model of the fine conformational changes of Ups1/Mdm35 during PA transfer.
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306
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López-Gambero AJ, Sanjuan C, Serrano-Castro PJ, Suárez J, Rodríguez de Fonseca F. The Biomedical Uses of Inositols: A Nutraceutical Approach to Metabolic Dysfunction in Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8090295. [PMID: 32825356 PMCID: PMC7554709 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8090295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Inositols are sugar-like compounds that are widely distributed in nature and are a part of membrane molecules, participating as second messengers in several cell-signaling processes. Isolation and characterization of inositol phosphoglycans containing myo- or d-chiro-inositol have been milestones for understanding the physiological regulation of insulin signaling. Other functions of inositols have been derived from the existence of multiple stereoisomers, which may confer antioxidant properties. In the brain, fluctuation of inositols in extracellular and intracellular compartments regulates neuronal and glial activity. Myo-inositol imbalance is observed in psychiatric diseases and its use shows efficacy for treatment of depression, anxiety, and compulsive disorders. Epi- and scyllo-inositol isomers are capable of stabilizing non-toxic forms of β-amyloid proteins, which are characteristic of Alzheimer’s disease and cognitive dementia in Down’s syndrome, both associated with brain insulin resistance. However, uncertainties of the intrinsic mechanisms of inositols regarding their biology are still unsolved. This work presents a critical review of inositol actions on insulin signaling, oxidative stress, and endothelial dysfunction, and its potential for either preventing or delaying cognitive impairment in aging and neurodegenerative diseases. The biomedical uses of inositols may represent a paradigm in the industrial approach perspective, which has generated growing interest for two decades, accompanied by clinical trials for Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio J. López-Gambero
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Campus de Teatinos s/n, Universidad de Málaga, Andalucia Tech, 29071 Málaga, Spain;
- UGC Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Pedro Jesús Serrano-Castro
- UGC Neurología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain;
| | - Juan Suárez
- UGC Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.S.); (F.R.d.F.); Tel.: +34-952614012 (J.S.)
| | - Fernando Rodríguez de Fonseca
- UGC Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.S.); (F.R.d.F.); Tel.: +34-952614012 (J.S.)
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307
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Wang RZ, Yang YX, Li HQ, Shen XN, Chen SD, Dong Q, Wang Y, Yu JT. Genome-Wide Association Study of Brain Alzheimer's Disease-Related Metabolic Decline as Measured by [18F] FDG-PET Imaging. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 77:401-409. [PMID: 32804141 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypometabolism detected by fluorodeoxyglucose F18 positron emission tomography ([18F] FDG PET) is an early neuropathologic changes in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and provides important pathologic staging information. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to discover genetic interactions that regulate longitudinal glucose metabolic decline in AD-related brain regions. METHODS A total of 586 non-Hispanic white individuals from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) 1/GO/2 cohorts that met all quality control criteria were included in this study. Genome-wide association study of glucose metabolic decline in regions of interest (ROIs) was performed with linear regression under the additive genetic model. RESULTS We identified two novel variants that had a strong association with longitudinal metabolic decline in different ROI. Rs4819351-A in gene 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase 3 (AGPAT3) demonstrated reduced metabolic decline in right temporal gyrus (p = 3.97×10-8, β= -0.016), while rs13387360-T in gene LOC101928196 demonstrated reduced metabolic decline in left angular gyrus (p = 1.69×10-8, β= -0.027). CONCLUSION Our results suggest two genome-wide significant SNPs (rs4819351, rs13387360) in AGPAT3 and LOC101928196 as protective loci that modulate glucose metabolic decline. These two genes should be further investigated as potential therapeutic target for neurodegeneration diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Ze Wang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Xiang Yang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-Qi Li
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue-Ning Shen
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shi-Dong Chen
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Dong
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin-Tai Yu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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308
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Delfosse V, Bourguet W, Drin G. Structural and Functional Specialization of OSBP-Related Proteins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/2515256420946627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Lipids are precisely distributed in the eukaryotic cell where they help to define organelle identity and function, in addition to their structural role. Once synthesized, many lipids must be delivered to other compartments by non-vesicular routes, a process that is undertaken by proteins called Lipid Transfer Proteins (LTPs). OSBP and the closely-related ORP and Osh proteins constitute a major, evolutionarily conserved family of LTPs in eukaryotes. Most of these target one or more subcellular regions, and membrane contact sites in particular, where two organelle membranes are in close proximity. It was initially thought that such proteins were strictly dedicated to sterol sensing or transport. However, over the last decade, numerous studies have revealed that these proteins have many more functions, and we have expanded our understanding of their mechanisms. In particular, many of them are lipid exchangers that exploit PI(4)P or possibly other phosphoinositide gradients to directionally transfer sterol or PS between two compartments. Importantly, these transfer activities are tightly coupled to processes such as lipid metabolism, cellular signalling and vesicular trafficking. This review describes the molecular architecture of OSBP/ORP/Osh proteins, showing how their specific structural features and internal configurations impart unique cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Delfosse
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale, Inserm, CNRS, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - William Bourguet
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale, Inserm, CNRS, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Guillaume Drin
- CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Côte d’Azur, Valbonne, France
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309
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Avery JC, Yamazaki Y, Hoffmann FW, Folgelgren B, Hoffmann PR. Selenoprotein I is essential for murine embryogenesis. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 689:108444. [PMID: 32502470 PMCID: PMC7363539 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Selenoprotein I (SELENOI) is an ethanolamine phosphotransferase that catalyzes the third reaction of the Kennedy pathway for the synthesis of phosphatidylethanolamine. Since the role of SELENOI in murine embryogenesis has not been investigated, SELENOI-/+ mating pairs were used to generate global KO offspring. Of 323 weanling pups, no homozygous KO genotypes were found. E6.5-E18.5 embryos (165 total) were genotyped, and only two E18.5 KO embryos were detected with no discernable anatomical defects. To screen embryos prior to uterine implantation that occurs ~ E6, blastocyst embryos (E3.5-E4.4) were flushed from uteruses of pregnant females and analyzed for morphology and genotype. KO embryos were detected in 5 of 6 pregnant females, and 7 of the 32 genotyped embryos were found to be SELENOI KO that exhibited no overt pathological features. Overall, these results demonstrate that, except for rare cases (2/490 = 0.4%), global SELENOI deletion leads to early embryonic lethality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C Avery
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Yukiko Yamazaki
- Institute for Biogenesis Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - FuKun W Hoffmann
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Benjamin Folgelgren
- Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry and Physiology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Peter R Hoffmann
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA.
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310
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The Lysophosphatidylserines-An Emerging Class of Signalling Lysophospholipids. J Membr Biol 2020; 253:381-397. [PMID: 32767057 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-020-00133-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Lysophospholipids are potent hormone-like signalling biological lipids that regulate many important biological processes in mammals (including humans). Lysophosphatidic acid and sphingosine-1-phosphate represent the best studied examples for this lipid class, and their metabolic enzymes and/or cognate receptors are currently under clinical investigation for treatment of various neurological and autoimmune diseases in humans. Over the past two decades, the lysophsophatidylserines (lyso-PSs) have emerged as yet another biologically important lysophospholipid, and deregulation in its metabolism has been linked to various human pathophysiological conditions. Despite its recent emergence, an exhaustive review summarizing recent advances on lyso-PSs and the biological pathways that this bioactive lysophospholipid regulates has been lacking. To address this, here, we summarize studies that led to the discovery of lyso-PS as a potent signalling biomolecule, and discuss the structure, its detection in biological systems, and the biodistribution of this lysophospholipid in various mammalian systems. Further, we describe in detail the enzymatic pathways that are involved in the biosynthesis and degradation of this lipid and the putative lyso-PS receptors reported in the literature. Finally, we discuss the various biological pathways directly regulated by lyso-PSs in mammals and prospect new questions for this still emerging biomedically important signalling lysophospholipid.
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311
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Ruiz GCM, Pazin WM, do Carmo Morato LF, Oliveira ON, Constantino CJL. Correlating mono- and bilayers of lipids to investigate the pronounced effects of steroid hormone 17α-ethynylestradiol on membrane models of DPPC/cholesterol. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.113324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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312
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Chang W, Fa H, Xiao D, Wang J. Targeting phosphatidylserine for Cancer therapy: prospects and challenges. Theranostics 2020; 10:9214-9229. [PMID: 32802188 PMCID: PMC7415799 DOI: 10.7150/thno.45125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Despite major improvements in current therapeutic methods, ideal therapeutic strategies for improved tumor elimination are still lacking. Recently, immunotherapy has attracted much attention, and many immune-active agents have been approved for clinical use alone or in combination with other cancer drugs. However, some patients have a poor response to these agents. New agents and strategies are needed to overcome such deficiencies. Phosphatidylserine (PS) is an essential component of bilayer cell membranes and is normally present in the inner leaflet. In the physiological state, PS exposure on the external leaflet not only acts as an engulfment signal for phagocytosis in apoptotic cells but also participates in blood coagulation, myoblast fusion and immune regulation in nonapoptotic cells. In the tumor microenvironment, PS exposure is significantly increased on the surface of tumor cells or tumor cell-derived microvesicles, which have innate immunosuppressive properties and facilitate tumor growth and metastasis. To date, agents targeting PS have been developed, some of which are under investigation in clinical trials as combination drugs for various cancers. However, controversial results are emerging in laboratory research as well as in clinical trials, and the efficiency of PS-targeting agents remains uncertain. In this review, we summarize recent progress in our understanding of the physiological and pathological roles of PS, with a focus on immune suppressive features. In addition, we discuss current drug developments that are based on PS-targeting strategies in both experimental and clinical studies. We hope to provide a future research direction for the development of new agents for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenguang Chang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital, College of medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hongge Fa
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital, College of medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, College of medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Dandan Xiao
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital, College of medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, College of medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jianxun Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, College of medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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313
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Lipp NF, Ikhlef S, Milanini J, Drin G. Lipid Exchangers: Cellular Functions and Mechanistic Links With Phosphoinositide Metabolism. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:663. [PMID: 32793602 PMCID: PMC7385082 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids are amphiphilic molecules that self-assemble to form biological membranes. Thousands of lipid species coexist in the cell and, once combined, define organelle identity. Due to recent progress in lipidomic analysis, we now know how lipid composition is finely tuned in different subcellular regions. Along with lipid synthesis, remodeling and flip-flop, lipid transfer is one of the active processes that regulates this intracellular lipid distribution. It is mediated by Lipid Transfer Proteins (LTPs) that precisely move certain lipid species across the cytosol and between the organelles. A particular subset of LTPs from three families (Sec14, PITP, OSBP/ORP/Osh) act as lipid exchangers. A striking feature of these exchangers is that they use phosphatidylinositol or phosphoinositides (PIPs) as a lipid ligand and thereby have specific links with PIP metabolism and are thus able to both control the lipid composition of cellular membranes and their signaling capacity. As a result, they play pivotal roles in cellular processes such as vesicular trafficking and signal transduction at the plasma membrane. Recent data have shown that some PIPs are used as energy by lipid exchangers to generate lipid gradients between organelles. Here we describe the importance of lipid counter-exchange in the cell, its structural basis, and presumed links with pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas-Frédéric Lipp
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS, Université Côte d'Azur, Valbonne, France
| | - Souade Ikhlef
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS, Université Côte d'Azur, Valbonne, France
| | - Julie Milanini
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS, Université Côte d'Azur, Valbonne, France
| | - Guillaume Drin
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS, Université Côte d'Azur, Valbonne, France
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314
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Horibata Y, Ando H, Sugimoto H. Locations and contributions of the phosphotransferases EPT1 and CEPT1 to the biosynthesis of ethanolamine phospholipids. J Lipid Res 2020; 61:1221-1231. [PMID: 32576654 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.ra120000898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The final step of the CDP-ethanolamine pathway is catalyzed by ethanolamine phosphotransferase 1 (EPT1) and choline/EPT1 (CEPT1). These enzymes are likely involved in the transfer of ethanolamine phosphate from CDP-ethanolamine to lipid acceptors such as 1,2-diacylglycerol (DAG) for PE production and 1-alkyl-2-acyl-glycerol (AAG) for the generation of 1-alkyl-2-acyl-glycerophosphoethanolamine. Here, we investigated the intracellular location and contribution to ethanolamine phospholipid (EP) biosynthesis of EPT1 and CEPT1 in HEK293 cells. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed that EPT1 localizes to the Golgi apparatus and CEPT1 to the ER. We created EPT1-, CEPT1-, and EPTI-CEPT1-deficient cells, and labeling of these cells with radio- or deuterium-labeled ethanolamine disclosed that EPT1 is more important for the de novo biosynthesis of 1-alkenyl-2-acyl-glycerophosphoethanolamine than is CEPT1. EPT1 also contributed to the synthesis of PE species containing the fatty acids 36:1, 36:4, 38:5, 38:4, 38:3, 40:6, 40:5, and 40:4. In contrast, CEPT1 was important for PE formation from shorter fatty acids such as 32:2, 32:1, 34:2, and 34:1. Brefeldin A treatment did not significantly affect the levels of the different PE species, indicating that the subcellular localization of the two enzymes is not responsible for their substrate preferences. In vitro enzymatic analysis revealed that EPT1 prefers AAG 16-20:4 > DAG 18:0-20:4 > DAG 16:0-18:1 = AAG 16-18:1 as lipid acceptors and that CEPT1 greatly prefers DAG 16:0-18:1 to other acceptors. These results suggest that EPT1 and CEPT1 differ in organelle location and are responsible for the biosynthesis of distinct EP species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Horibata
- Department of Biochemistry, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Mibu, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan
| | - Hiromi Ando
- Department of Biochemistry, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Mibu, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sugimoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Mibu, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan
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315
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Humphries BA, Cutter AC, Buschhaus JM, Chen YC, Qyli T, Palagama DSW, Eckley S, Robison TH, Bevoor A, Chiang B, Haley HR, Sahoo S, Spinosa PC, Neale DB, Boppisetti J, Sahoo D, Ghosh P, Lahann J, Ross BD, Yoon E, Luker KE, Luker GD. Enhanced mitochondrial fission suppresses signaling and metastasis in triple-negative breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2020; 22:60. [PMID: 32503622 PMCID: PMC7275541 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-020-01301-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondrial dynamics underlies malignant transformation, cancer progression, and response to treatment. Current research presents conflicting evidence for functions of mitochondrial fission and fusion in tumor progression. Here, we investigated how mitochondrial fission and fusion states regulate underlying processes of cancer progression and metastasis in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). METHODS We enforced mitochondrial fission and fusion states through chemical or genetic approaches and measured migration and invasion of TNBC cells in 2D and 3D in vitro models. We also utilized kinase translocation reporters (KTRs) to identify single cell effects of mitochondrial state on signaling cascades, PI3K/Akt/mTOR and Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK, commonly activated in TNBC. Furthermore, we determined effects of fission and fusion states on metastasis, bone destruction, and signaling in mouse models of breast cancer. RESULTS Enforcing mitochondrial fission through chemical or genetic approaches inhibited migration, invasion, and metastasis in TNBC. Breast cancer cells with predominantly fissioned mitochondria exhibited reduced activation of Akt and ERK both in vitro and in mouse models of breast cancer. Treatment with leflunomide, a potent activator of mitochondrial fusion proteins, overcame inhibitory effects of fission on migration, signaling, and metastasis. Mining existing datasets for breast cancer revealed that increased expression of genes associated with mitochondrial fission correlated with improved survival in human breast cancer. CONCLUSIONS In TNBC, mitochondrial fission inhibits cellular processes and signaling pathways associated with cancer progression and metastasis. These data suggest that therapies driving mitochondrial fission may benefit patients with breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brock A Humphries
- Center for Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Alyssa C Cutter
- Center for Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Johanna M Buschhaus
- Center for Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Yu-Chih Chen
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Forbes Institute for Cancer Discovery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Tonela Qyli
- Center for Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Dilrukshika S W Palagama
- Center for Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Samantha Eckley
- Unit for Laboratory Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Tanner H Robison
- Center for Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Avinash Bevoor
- Center for Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Benjamin Chiang
- Center for Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Henry R Haley
- Center for Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Saswat Sahoo
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Phillip C Spinosa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Dylan B Neale
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jagadish Boppisetti
- Center for Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Debashis Sahoo
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jacob's School of Engineering, Rebecca and John Moore Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Pradipta Ghosh
- Department of Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Rebecca and John Moore Comprehensive Cancer Center, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Joerg Lahann
- Biointerfaces Institute, Departments of Chemical Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, and Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Brian D Ross
- Center for Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Eusik Yoon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kathryn E Luker
- Center for Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Gary D Luker
- Center for Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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316
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Sowton AP, Padmanabhan N, Tunster SJ, McNally BD, Murgia A, Yusuf A, Griffin JL, Murray AJ, Watson ED. Mtrr hypomorphic mutation alters liver morphology, metabolism and fuel storage in mice. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2020; 23:100580. [PMID: 32257815 PMCID: PMC7109458 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2020.100580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with dietary folate deficiency and mutations in genes required for one‑carbon metabolism. However, the mechanism through which this occurs is unclear. To improve our understanding of this link, we investigated liver morphology, metabolism and fuel storage in adult mice with a hypomorphic mutation in the gene methionine synthase reductase (Mtrr gt ). MTRR enzyme is a key regulator of the methionine and folate cycles. The Mtrr gt mutation in mice was previously shown to disrupt one‑carbon metabolism and cause a wide-spectrum of developmental phenotypes and late adult-onset macrocytic anaemia. Here, we showed that livers of Mtrr gt/gt female mice were enlarged compared to control C57Bl/6J livers. Histological analysis of these livers revealed eosinophilic hepatocytes with decreased glycogen content, which was associated with down-regulation of genes involved in glycogen synthesis (e.g., Ugp2 and Gsk3a genes). While female Mtrr gt/gt livers showed evidence of reduced β-oxidation of fatty acids, there were no other associated changes in the lipidome in female or male Mtrr gt/gt livers compared with controls. Defects in glycogen storage and lipid metabolism often associate with disruption of mitochondrial electron transfer system activity. However, defects in mitochondrial function were not detected in Mtrr gt/gt livers as determined by high-resolution respirometry analysis. Overall, we demonstrated that adult Mtrr gt/gt female mice showed abnormal liver morphology that differed from the NAFLD phenotype and that was accompanied by subtle changes in their hepatic metabolism and fuel storage.
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Key Words
- 5-methyl-THF, 5-methyltetrahydofolate
- Agl, amylo-alpha-1,6-glucosidase,4-alpha-glucanotransferase gene
- BCA, bicinchoninic acid
- Bhmt, betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase gene
- CE, cholesteryl-ester
- Cebpa, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP), alpha gene
- Cer, ceramide
- DAG, diacylglycerol
- Ddit3, DNA damage inducible transcript 3 gene
- ETS, electron transport system
- FCCP, p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl hydrazine
- FFA, free fatty acid
- G6pc, glucose 6-phophastase gene
- Gbe1, glycogen branching enzyme 1 gene
- Glycogen
- Gsk3, glycogen synthase kinase gene
- Gyg, glycogenin gene
- Gys2, glycogen synthase 2 gene
- HOAD, 3-hydoxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase
- Hepatic fuel storage
- Isca1, iron‑sulfur cluster assembly 1 gene
- JO2, oxygen flux
- LC-MS, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry
- LPC, lysophosphatidylcholine
- Lipidomics
- Liver metabolism
- Mitochondrial function
- Mthfr, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene
- Mtr, methionine synthase gene (also MS)
- Mtrr, methionine synthase reductase gene (also MSR)
- Myc, myelocytomatosis oncogene
- NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- NASH, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
- Ndufs, NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit (ETS complex I) gene
- OXPHOS, oxidative phosphorylation
- One‑carbon metabolism
- PA, phosphatidic acid
- PAS, periodic acid Schiff
- PC, phosphatidylcholine
- PE, phosphatidylethanolamine
- PG, phosphatidylglycerol
- PI, phosphatidylinositol
- PIP, phosphatidylinositol phosphate(s)
- PL, phospholipid
- PS, phosphatidylserine
- RIPA, Radioimmunoprecipitation assay
- SAH, S-adenosylhomocysteine
- SAM, S-adenosylmethionine
- SM, sphingomyelin
- TAG, triacylglycerol
- Ugp2, UDP-glucose pyrophophorylase 2 gene
- gt, gene-trap
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice P. Sowton
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Nisha Padmanabhan
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Simon J. Tunster
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Ben D. McNally
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Antonio Murgia
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Aisha Yusuf
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Julian L. Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
- Section of Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Andrew J. Murray
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Erica D. Watson
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
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317
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Nilsson I, Lee SY, Sawyer WS, Baxter Rath CM, Lapointe G, Six DA. Metabolic phospholipid labeling of intact bacteria enables a fluorescence assay that detects compromised outer membranes. J Lipid Res 2020; 61:870-883. [PMID: 32156718 PMCID: PMC7269758 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.ra120000654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Gram-negative bacteria possess an asymmetric outer membrane (OM) composed primarily of lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) on the outer leaflet and phospholipids (PLs) on the inner leaflet. The loss of this asymmetry due to mutations in the LPS biosynthesis or transport pathways causes the externalization of PLs to the outer leaflet of the OM and leads to OM permeability defects. Here, we used metabolic labeling to detect a compromised OM in intact bacteria. Phosphatidylcholine synthase expression in Escherichia coli allowed for the incorporation of exogenous propargylcholine into phosphatidyl(propargyl)choline and exogenous 1-azidoethyl-choline (AECho) into phosphatidyl(azidoethyl)choline (AEPC), as confirmed by LC/MS analyses. A fluorescent copper-free click reagent poorly labeled AEPC in intact wild-type cells but readily labeled AEPC from lysed cells. Fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry analyses confirmed the absence of significant AEPC labeling from intact wild-type E. coli strains and revealed significant AEPC labeling in an E. coli LPS transport mutant (lptD4213) and an LPS biosynthesis mutant (E. coli lpxC101). Our results suggest that metabolic PL labeling with AECho is a promising tool for detecting a compromised bacterial OM, revealing aberrant PL externalization, and identifying or characterizing novel cell-active inhibitors of LPS biosynthesis or transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Nilsson
- Infectious Diseases Area Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, CA; Global Discovery Chemistry Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, CA
| | - Sheng Y Lee
- Infectious Diseases Area Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, CA
| | - William S Sawyer
- Infectious Diseases Area Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, CA
| | | | - Guillaume Lapointe
- Global Discovery Chemistry Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, CA
| | - David A Six
- Infectious Diseases Area Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, CA. mailto:
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318
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Harper CE, Hernandez CJ. Cell biomechanics and mechanobiology in bacteria: Challenges and opportunities. APL Bioeng 2020; 4:021501. [PMID: 32266323 PMCID: PMC7113033 DOI: 10.1063/1.5135585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical forces play a profound role in the survival and function of all known forms of life. Advances in cell biomechanics and mechanobiology have provided key insights into the physiology of eukaryotic organisms, but much less is known about the roles of physical forces in bacterial physiology. This review is an introduction to bacterial mechanics intended for persons familiar with cells and biomechanics in mammalian cells. Bacteria play a major role in human health, either as pathogens or as beneficial commensal organisms within the microbiome. Although bacteria have long been known to be sensitive to their mechanical environment, understanding the effects of physical forces on bacterial physiology has been limited by their small size (∼1 μm). However, advancements in micro- and nano-scale technologies over the past few years have increasingly made it possible to rigorously examine the mechanical stress and strain within individual bacteria. Here, we review the methods currently used to examine bacteria from a mechanical perspective, including the subcellular structures in bacteria and how they differ from those in mammalian cells, as well as micro- and nanomechanical approaches to studying bacteria, and studies showing the effects of physical forces on bacterial physiology. Recent findings indicate a large range in mechanical properties of bacteria and show that physical forces can have a profound effect on bacterial survival, growth, biofilm formation, and resistance to toxins and antibiotics. Advances in the field of bacterial biomechanics have the potential to lead to novel antibacterial strategies, biotechnology approaches, and applications in synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine E. Harper
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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319
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Deng X, Ali-Adeeb R, Andrews JL, Shreeves P, Lum JJ, Brolo A, Jirasek A. Monitor Ionizing Radiation-Induced Cellular Responses with Raman Spectroscopy, Non-Negative Matrix Factorization, and Non-Negative Least Squares. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 74:701-711. [PMID: 32098482 DOI: 10.1177/0003702820906221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Radiation therapy (RT) is one of the most commonly prescribed cancer treatments. New tools that can accurately monitor and evaluate individual patient responses would be a major advantage and lend to the implementation of personalized treatment plans. In this study, Raman spectroscopy (RS) was applied to examine radiation-induced cellular responses in H460, MCF7, and LNCaP cancer cell lines across different dose levels and times post-irradiation. Previous Raman data analysis was conducted using principal component analysis (PCA), which showed the ability to extract biological information of glycogen. In the current studies, the use of non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) allowed for the discovery of multiplexed biological information, specifically uncovering glycogen-like and lipid-like component bases. The corresponding scores of glycogen and previously unidentified lipids revealed the content variations of these two chemicals in the cellular data. The NMF decomposed glycogen and lipid-like bases were able to separate the cancer cell lines into radiosensitive and radioresistant groups. A further lipid phenotype investigation was also attempted by applying non-negative least squares (NNLS) to the lipid-like bases decomposed individually from three cell lines. Qualitative differences found in lipid weights for each lipid-like basis suggest the lipid phenotype differences in the three tested cancer cell lines. Collectively, this study demonstrates that the application of NMF and NNLS on RS data analysis to monitor ionizing radiation-induced cellular responses can yield multiplexed biological information on bio-response to RT not revealed by conventional chemometric approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinchen Deng
- Department of Physics, I.K. Barber School of Arts and Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Canada
| | - Ramie Ali-Adeeb
- Department of Physics, I.K. Barber School of Arts and Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Canada
| | - Jeffrey L Andrews
- Department of Statistics, I.K. Barber School of Arts and Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Canada
| | - Phillip Shreeves
- Department of Statistics, I.K. Barber School of Arts and Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Canada
| | - Julian J Lum
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
- Trev and Joyce Deeley Research Centre, BC Cancer, Victoria, Canada
| | - Alexandre Brolo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
| | - Andrew Jirasek
- Department of Physics, I.K. Barber School of Arts and Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Canada
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320
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Cornacchione LP, Hu LT. Hydrogen peroxide-producing pyruvate oxidase from Lactobacillus delbrueckii is catalytically activated by phosphotidylethanolamine. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:128. [PMID: 32448120 PMCID: PMC7245740 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-01788-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pyruvate oxidase (Pox) is an important enzyme in bacterial metabolism for increasing ATP production and providing a fitness advantage via hydrogen peroxide production. However, few Pox enzymes have been characterized from bacterial species. The tetrameric non-hydrogen-peroxide producing Pox from E. coli is activated by phospholipids, which is important for its function in vivo. Results We characterized the hydrogenperoxide-producing Pox from L. delbrueckii strain STYM1 and showed it is specifically activated by phosphotidylethanolamine (16:0–18:1), but not by phosphotidylcholine or phosphotidylglycerol. This activation is a mixture of K- and V-type activation as both km and enzyme turnover are altered. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the L. delbrueckii Pox forms pentamers and either decamers or dimers of pentamers in solution, which is different from other characterized Pox enzymes. Lastly, we generated a C-terminal truncation mutant that was only weakly activated by phosphotidylethanolamine, which suggests the C-terminus is important for lipid activation. Conclusions To our knowledge this is the first known hydrogenperoxide-producing Pox enzyme that is activated by phospholipids. Our results suggest that there are substantial differences between Pox enzymes from different bacterial species, which could be important for their role in biological systems as well as in the development of Pox-based biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis P Cornacchione
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
| | - Linden T Hu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
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321
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Super-Resolution Localisation of Nuclear PI(4)P and Identification of Its Interacting Proteome. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051191. [PMID: 32403279 PMCID: PMC7291030 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoinositides are glycerol-based phospholipids, and they play essential roles in cellular signalling, membrane and cytoskeletal dynamics, cell movement, and the modulation of ion channels and transporters. Phosphoinositides are also associated with fundamental nuclear processes through their nuclear protein-binding partners, even though membranes do not exist inside of the nucleus. Phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI(4)P) is one of the most abundant cellular phosphoinositides; however, its functions in the nucleus are still poorly understood. In this study, we describe PI(4)P localisation in the cell nucleus by super-resolution light and electron microscopy, and employ immunoprecipitation with a specific anti-PI(4)P antibody and subsequent mass spectrometry analysis to determine PI(4)P’s interaction partners. We show that PI(4)P is present at the nuclear envelope, in nuclear lamina, in nuclear speckles and in nucleoli and also forms multiple small foci in the nucleoplasm. Nuclear PI(4)P undergoes re-localisation to the cytoplasm during cell division; it does not localise to chromosomes, nucleolar organising regions or mitotic interchromatin granules. When PI(4)P and PI(4,5)P2 are compared, they have different nuclear localisations during interphase and mitosis, pointing to their functional differences in the cell nucleus. Mass spectrometry identified hundreds of proteins, including 12 potentially novel PI(4)P interactors, most of them functioning in vital nuclear processes such as pre-mRNA splicing, transcription or nuclear transport, thus extending the current knowledge of PI(4)P’s interaction partners. Based on these data, we propose that PI(4)P also plays a role in essential nuclear processes as a part of protein–lipid complexes. Altogether, these observations provide a novel insight into the role of PI(4)P in nuclear functions and provide a direction for further investigation.
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322
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Jennings W, Epand RM. CDP-diacylglycerol, a critical intermediate in lipid metabolism. Chem Phys Lipids 2020; 230:104914. [PMID: 32360136 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2020.104914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The roles of lipids expand beyond the basic building blocks of biological membranes. In addition to forming complex and dynamic barriers, the thousands of different lipid species in the cell contribute to essentially all the processes of life. Specific lipids are increasingly identified in cellular processes, including signal transduction, membrane trafficking, metabolic control and protein regulation. Tight control of their synthesis and degradation is essential for homeostasis. Most of the lipid molecules in the cell originate from a small number of critical intermediates. Thus, regulating the synthesis of intermediates is essential for lipid homeostasis and optimal biological functions. Cytidine diphosphate diacylglycerol (CDP-DAG) is an intermediate which occupies a branch point in lipid metabolism. CDP-DAG is incorporated into different synthetic pathways to form distinct phospholipid end-products depending on its location of synthesis. Identification and characterization of CDP-DAG synthases which catalyze the synthesis of CDP-DAG has been hampered by difficulties extracting these membrane-bound enzymes for purification. Recent developments have clarified the cellular localization of the CDP-DAG synthases and identified a new unrelated CDP-DAG synthase enzyme. These findings have contributed to a deeper understanding of the extensive synthetic and signaling networks stemming from this key lipid intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Jennings
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Richard M Epand
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada.
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323
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Eikelberg D, Lehmbecker A, Brogden G, Tongtako W, Hahn K, Habierski A, Hennermann JB, Naim HY, Felmy F, Baumgärtner W, Gerhauser I. Axonopathy and Reduction of Membrane Resistance: Key Features in a New Murine Model of Human G M1-Gangliosidosis. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9041004. [PMID: 32252429 PMCID: PMC7230899 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9041004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
GM1-gangliosidosis is caused by a reduced activity of β-galactosidase (Glb1), resulting in intralysosomal accumulations of GM1. The aim of this study was to reveal the pathogenic mechanisms of GM1-gangliosidosis in a new Glb1 knockout mouse model. Glb1−/− mice were analyzed clinically, histologically, immunohistochemically, electrophysiologically and biochemically. Morphological lesions in the central nervous system were already observed in two-month-old mice, whereas functional deficits, including ataxia and tremor, did not start before 3.5-months of age. This was most likely due to a reduced membrane resistance as a compensatory mechanism. Swollen neurons exhibited intralysosomal storage of lipids extending into axons and amyloid precursor protein positive spheroids. Additionally, axons showed a higher kinesin and lower dynein immunoreactivity compared to wildtype controls. Glb1−/− mice also demonstrated loss of phosphorylated neurofilament positive axons and a mild increase in non-phosphorylated neurofilament positive axons. Moreover, marked astrogliosis and microgliosis were found, but no demyelination. In addition to the main storage material GM1, GA1, sphingomyelin, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylserine were elevated in the brain. In summary, the current Glb1−/− mice exhibit a so far undescribed axonopathy and a reduced membrane resistance to compensate the functional effects of structural changes. They can be used for detailed examinations of axon–glial interactions and therapy trials of lysosomal storage diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Eikelberg
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, D-30559 Hannover, Germany; (D.E.); (A.L.); (W.T.); (K.H.); (A.H.); (I.G.)
| | - Annika Lehmbecker
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, D-30559 Hannover, Germany; (D.E.); (A.L.); (W.T.); (K.H.); (A.H.); (I.G.)
| | - Graham Brogden
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, D-30559 Hannover, Germany; (G.B.); (H.Y.N.)
| | - Witchaya Tongtako
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, D-30559 Hannover, Germany; (D.E.); (A.L.); (W.T.); (K.H.); (A.H.); (I.G.)
- c/o Faculty of Veterinary Science, Prince of Sonkla University, 5 Karnjanavanich Rd., Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Kerstin Hahn
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, D-30559 Hannover, Germany; (D.E.); (A.L.); (W.T.); (K.H.); (A.H.); (I.G.)
| | - Andre Habierski
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, D-30559 Hannover, Germany; (D.E.); (A.L.); (W.T.); (K.H.); (A.H.); (I.G.)
| | - Julia B. Hennermann
- Villa Metabolica, University of Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 2, D-55131 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Hassan Y. Naim
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, D-30559 Hannover, Germany; (G.B.); (H.Y.N.)
| | - Felix Felmy
- Department for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, D-30559 Hannover, Germany; (D.E.); (A.L.); (W.T.); (K.H.); (A.H.); (I.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Ingo Gerhauser
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, D-30559 Hannover, Germany; (D.E.); (A.L.); (W.T.); (K.H.); (A.H.); (I.G.)
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324
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Bjerregaard VA, Schönewolf-Greulich B, Juel Rasmussen L, Desler C, Tümer Z. Mitochondrial Function in Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome Patients With and Without Intragenic IMMP2L Deletions. Front Neurol 2020; 11:163. [PMID: 32265818 PMCID: PMC7105681 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by motor and vocal tics. The underlying etiology remains largely unknown, and GTS is considered as a complex multifactorial disorder associated with effects of several genes in combination with environmental factors. The inner mitochondrial membrane peptidase, subunit 2 (IMMP2L) has been suggested as one of the susceptibility genes for GTS, and IMMP2L-deficient mouse and human cells show increased levels of mitochondrial oxidative stress and altered cell fate programming. Hence, a potential involvement of IMMP2L-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in GTS pathology is yet to be elucidated. To address this, we investigated mitochondrial function in a group of GTS patients with intragenic IMMP2L deletions and compared with GTS without IMMP2L deletions and healthy controls. Methods: Mitochondrial function in fibroblasts from GTS patients and non-GTS parents (with and without IMMP2L deletions) compared to healthy controls were evaluated by measuring mitochondrial superoxide production, mitochondrial membrane potential, mitochondrial mass, and mitochondrial respiration. In addition, we evaluated apoptosis and senescence. Results: None of the mitochondrial parameters assessed in this study were significantly distinctive when comparing GTS patients with and without IMMP2L deletions against healthy controls or parents with or without IMMP2L deletions, and we did not observe altered cell programming. Conclusion: This study suggests that IMMP2L deletions do not lead to a substantial general mitochondrial dysfunction in GTS fibroblasts. Assessing a large cohort of controls and patients of similar age and gender would possibly reveal small differences in mitochondrial function. However, it is possible that IMMP2L variants affect mitochondrial function during specific instances of stress stimuli or in brain regions suggested to be affected in GTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A Bjerregaard
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Kennedy Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Bitten Schönewolf-Greulich
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Kennedy Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Lene Juel Rasmussen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claus Desler
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Zeynep Tümer
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Kennedy Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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325
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Castellanos-Castro S, Bolaños J, Orozco E. Lipids in Entamoeba histolytica: Host-Dependence and Virulence Factors. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:75. [PMID: 32211340 PMCID: PMC7075943 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids are essential players in parasites pathogenesis. In particular, the highly phagocytic trophozoites of Entamoeba histolytica, the causative agent of amoebiasis, exhibit a dynamic membrane fusion and fission, in which lipids strongly participate; particularly during the overstated motility of the parasite to reach and attack the epithelia and ingest target cells. Synthesis and metabolism of lipids in this protozoan present remarkable difference with those performed by other eukaryotes. Here, we reviewed the current knowledge on lipids in E. histolytica. Trophozoites synthesize phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine by the Kennedy pathway; and sphingolipids, phosphatidylserine, and phosphatidylinositol, by processes similar to those used by other eukaryotes. However, trophozoites lack enzymes for cholesterol and fatty acids synthesis, which are scavenged from the host or culture medium by specific mechanisms. Cholesterol, a fundamental molecule for the expression of virulence, is transported from the medium into the trophozoites by EhNPC1 and EhNPC2 proteins. Inside cells, lipids are distributed by different pathways, including by the participation of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT), involved in vesicle fusion and fission. Cholesterol interacts with the phospholipid lysobisphosphatidic acid (LBPA) and EhADH, an ALIX family protein, also involved in phagocytosis. In this review, we summarize the known information on phospholipids synthesis and cholesterol transport as well as their metabolic pathways in E. histolytica; highlighting the mechanisms used by trophozoites to dispose lipids involved in the virulence processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Castellanos-Castro
- College of Sciences and Humanities, Autonomous University of Mexico City, Mexico City, Mexico.,BioImage Analysis Unit, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
| | - Jeni Bolaños
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City, Mexico.,Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, FMVZ, Universidad Michoacana de San Nnicolás Hidalgo, Morelia, Mexico
| | - Esther Orozco
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City, Mexico
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326
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Abstract
It is unclear how phosphatidylinositol (PI), the precursor of polyphosphoinositides, is distributed within cell membranes. Pemberton et al. (2020. J. Cell. Biol.https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201906130) and Zewe et al. (2020. J. Cell. Biol.https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201906127) describe new approaches to map the subcellular PI abundance and clarify how polyphosphoinositide metabolism relates to PI distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Drin
- Université Côte d’Azur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne, France
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327
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Tei R, Baskin JM. Spatiotemporal control of phosphatidic acid signaling with optogenetic, engineered phospholipase Ds. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:e201907013. [PMID: 31999306 PMCID: PMC7054994 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201907013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidic acid (PA) is both a central phospholipid biosynthetic intermediate and a multifunctional lipid second messenger produced at several discrete subcellular locations. Organelle-specific PA pools are believed to play distinct physiological roles, but tools with high spatiotemporal control are lacking for unraveling these pleiotropic functions. Here, we present an approach to precisely generate PA on demand on specific organelle membranes. We exploited a microbial phospholipase D (PLD), which produces PA by phosphatidylcholine hydrolysis, and the CRY2-CIBN light-mediated heterodimerization system to create an optogenetic PLD (optoPLD). Directed evolution of PLD using yeast membrane display and IMPACT, a chemoenzymatic method for visualizing cellular PLD activity, yielded a panel of optoPLDs whose range of catalytic activities enables mimicry of endogenous, physiological PLD signaling. Finally, we applied optoPLD to elucidate that plasma membrane, but not intracellular, pools of PA can attenuate the oncogenic Hippo signaling pathway. OptoPLD represents a powerful and precise approach for revealing spatiotemporally defined physiological functions of PA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeremy M. Baskin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
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328
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Garcia-Bermudez J, Williams RT, Guarecuco R, Birsoy K. Targeting extracellular nutrient dependencies of cancer cells. Mol Metab 2020; 33:67-82. [PMID: 31926876 PMCID: PMC7056928 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer cells rewire their metabolism to meet the energetic and biosynthetic demands of their high proliferation rates and environment. Metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells may result in strong dependencies on nutrients that could be exploited for therapy. While these dependencies may be in part due to the nutrient environment of tumors, mutations or expression changes in metabolic genes also reprogram metabolic pathways and create addictions to extracellular nutrients. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review summarizes the major nutrient dependencies of cancer cells focusing on their discovery and potential mechanisms by which metabolites become limiting for tumor growth. We further detail available therapeutic interventions based on these metabolic features and highlight opportunities for restricting nutrient availability as an anti-cancer strategy. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Strategies to limit nutrients required for tumor growth using dietary interventions or nutrient degrading enzymes have previously been suggested for cancer therapy. The best clinical example of exploiting cancer nutrient dependencies is the treatment of leukemia with l-asparaginase, a first-line chemotherapeutic that depletes serum asparagine. Despite the success of nutrient starvation in blood cancers, it remains unclear whether this approach could be extended to other solid tumors. Systematic studies to identify nutrient dependencies unique to individual tumor types have the potential to discover targets for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Garcia-Bermudez
- Laboratory of Metabolic Regulation and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Robert T Williams
- Laboratory of Metabolic Regulation and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Rohiverth Guarecuco
- Laboratory of Metabolic Regulation and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Kıvanç Birsoy
- Laboratory of Metabolic Regulation and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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329
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Loschwitz J, Olubiyi OO, Hub JS, Strodel B, Poojari CS. Computer simulations of protein-membrane systems. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2020; 170:273-403. [PMID: 32145948 PMCID: PMC7109768 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2020.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The interactions between proteins and membranes play critical roles in signal transduction, cell motility, and transport, and they are involved in many types of diseases. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have greatly contributed to our understanding of protein-membrane interactions, promoted by a dramatic development of MD-related software, increasingly accurate force fields, and available computer power. In this chapter, we present available methods for studying protein-membrane systems with MD simulations, including an overview about the various all-atom and coarse-grained force fields for lipids, and useful software for membrane simulation setup and analysis. A large set of case studies is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Loschwitz
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-7: Structural Biochemistry), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Olujide O Olubiyi
- Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-7: Structural Biochemistry), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | - Jochen S Hub
- Theoretical Physics and Center for Biophysics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Birgit Strodel
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-7: Structural Biochemistry), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Chetan S Poojari
- Theoretical Physics and Center for Biophysics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.
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330
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Knockdown of TFAM in Tumor Cells Retarded Autophagic Flux through Regulating p53 Acetylation and PISD Expression. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12020493. [PMID: 32093281 PMCID: PMC7072172 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) is required for mitochondrial DNA replication and transcription, which are essential for mitochondrial biogenesis. Previous studies reported that depleting mitochondrial functions by genetic deletion of TFAM impaired autophagic activities. However, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. In the current study, we identified that knockdown of TFAM repressed the synthesis of autophagy bio-marker LC3-II in tumor cells and decreased the expression of phosphatidyl-serine decarboxylase (PISD). Besides, downregulation of PISD with siRNA reduced the level of LC3-II, indicating that depletion of TFAM retarded autophagy via inhibiting PISD expression. Furthermore, it was found that the tumor repressor p53 could stimulate the transcription and expression of PISD by binding the PISD enhancer. Additionally, the protein stability and transcriptional activity of p53 in TFAM knockdown tumor cells was attenuated, and this was associated with decreased acetylation, especially the acetylation of lysine 382 of p53. Finally, we identified that TFAM knockdown increased the NAD+/NADH ratio in tumor cells. This led to the upregulation of Sirtuin1 (SIRT1), a NAD-dependent protein deacetylase, to deacetylate p53 and attenuated its transcriptional activation on PISD. In summary, our study discovered a new mechanism regarding disturbed autophagy in tumor cells with mitochondrial dysfunction due to the depletion of TFAM.
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331
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Horibata Y, Mitsuhashi S, Shimizu H, Maejima S, Sakamoto H, Aoyama C, Ando H, Sugimoto H. The phosphatidylcholine transfer protein StarD7 is important for myogenic differentiation in mouse myoblast C2C12 cells and human primary skeletal myoblasts. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2845. [PMID: 32071354 PMCID: PMC7029042 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59444-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
StarD7 is a phosphatidylcholine (PC)-specific lipid transfer protein essential for the maintenance of mitochondrial PC composition, morphogenesis, and respiration. Here, we studied the role of StarD7 in skeletal myoblast differentiation using mouse myoblast C2C12 cells and human primary myoblasts. Immunofluorescence and immuno-electron microscopy revealed that StarD7 was distributed in the cytosol, inner mitochondria space, and outer leaflet of the outer mitochondrial membrane in C2C12 cells. Unlike human kidney embryonic cell line HEK293 cells, the mitochondrial proteinase PARL was not involved in the processing and maturation of StarD7 in C2C12 cells. StarD7 was constantly expressed during myogenic differentiation of C2C12 cells. The siRNA-mediated knockdown of StarD7 in C2C12 cells and human primary myoblasts significantly impaired myogenic differentiation and reduced the expression of myomaker, myomerger and PGC-1α. The reduction in mitochondrial PC levels and oxygen consumption rates, decreased expression of myomaker, myomerger and PGC-1α, as well as impaired myogenic differentiation, were completely restored when the protein was reintroduced into StarD7-knockout C2C12 cells. These results suggest that StarD7 is important for skeletal myogenesis in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Horibata
- Department of Biochemistry, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, 880 Kitakobayashi, Mibu, Tochigi, 321-0293, Japan
| | - Satomi Mitsuhashi
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Fukuura 3-9, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Shimizu
- Department of Biochemistry, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, 880 Kitakobayashi, Mibu, Tochigi, 321-0293, Japan
| | - Sho Maejima
- Ushimado Marine Institute (UMI), Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Ushimado, Setouchi, Okayama, 701-4303, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Sakamoto
- Ushimado Marine Institute (UMI), Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Ushimado, Setouchi, Okayama, 701-4303, Japan
| | - Chieko Aoyama
- Department of Biochemistry, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, 880 Kitakobayashi, Mibu, Tochigi, 321-0293, Japan
| | - Hiromi Ando
- Department of Biochemistry, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, 880 Kitakobayashi, Mibu, Tochigi, 321-0293, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sugimoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, 880 Kitakobayashi, Mibu, Tochigi, 321-0293, Japan.
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332
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Iadarola DM, Basu Ball W, Trivedi PP, Fu G, Nan B, Gohil VM. Vps39 is required for ethanolamine-stimulated elevation in mitochondrial phosphatidylethanolamine. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158655. [PMID: 32058032 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial membrane biogenesis requires the import of phospholipids; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying this process remain elusive. Recent work has implicated membrane contact sites between the mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and vacuole in phospholipid transport. Utilizing a genetic approach focused on these membrane contact site proteins, we have discovered a 'moonlighting' role of the membrane contact site and vesicular fusion protein, Vps39, in phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) transport to the mitochondria. We show that the deletion of Vps39 prevents ethanolamine-stimulated elevation of mitochondrial PE levels without affecting PE biosynthesis in the ER or its transport to other sub-cellular organelles. The loss of Vps39 did not alter the levels of other mitochondrial phospholipids that are biosynthesized ex situ, implying a PE-specific role of Vps39. The abundance of Vps39 and its recruitment to the mitochondria and the ER is dependent on PE levels in each of these organelles, directly implicating Vps39 in the PE transport process. Deletion of essential subunits of Vps39-containing complexes, vCLAMP and HOPS, did not abrogate ethanolamine-stimulated PE elevation in the mitochondria, suggesting an independent role of Vps39 in intracellular PE trafficking. Our work thus identifies Vps39 as a novel player in ethanolamine-stimulated PE transport to the mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna M Iadarola
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, MS 3474, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Writoban Basu Ball
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, MS 3474, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Prachi P Trivedi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, MS 3474, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Guo Fu
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Beiyan Nan
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Vishal M Gohil
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, MS 3474, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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333
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Nagata S, Sakuragi T, Segawa K. Flippase and scramblase for phosphatidylserine exposure. Curr Opin Immunol 2020; 62:31-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2019.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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334
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Watanabe Y, Tamura Y, Kakuta C, Watanabe S, Endo T. Structural basis for interorganelle phospholipid transport mediated by VAT-1. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:3257-3268. [PMID: 32005660 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells are compartmentalized to form organelles, whose functions rely on proper phospholipid and protein transport. Here we determined the crystal structure of human VAT-1, a cytosolic soluble protein that was suggested to transfer phosphatidylserine, at 2.2 Å resolution. We found that VAT-1 transferred not only phosphatidylserine but also other acidic phospholipids between membranes in vitro Structure-based mutational analyses showed the presence of a possible lipid-binding cavity at the interface between the two subdomains, and two tyrosine residues in the flexible loops facilitated phospholipid transfer, likely by functioning as a gate to this lipid-binding cavity. We also found that a basic and hydrophobic loop with two tryptophan residues protruded from the molecule and facilitated binding to the acidic-lipid membranes, thereby achieving efficient phospholipid transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Watanabe
- Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8566, Japan; Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo-Motoyama, Kita-ku, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan
| | - Yasushi Tamura
- Department of Material and Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-8560, Japan
| | - Chika Kakuta
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo-Motoyama, Kita-ku, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan
| | - Seiya Watanabe
- Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8566, Japan; Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Toshiya Endo
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo-Motoyama, Kita-ku, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan; Research Center for Protein Dynamics, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo-Motoyama, Kita-ku, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan.
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335
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Taniguchi S, Toyoshima M, Takamatsu T, Mima J. Curvature-sensitive trans-assembly of human Atg8-family proteins in autophagy-related membrane tethering. Protein Sci 2020; 29:1387-1400. [PMID: 31960529 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In macroautophagy, de novo formation of the double membrane-bound organelles, termed autophagosomes, is essential for engulfing and sequestering the cytoplasmic contents to be degraded in the lytic compartments such as vacuoles and lysosomes. Atg8-family proteins have been known to be responsible for autophagosome formation via membrane tethering and fusion events of precursor membrane structures. Nevertheless, how Atg8 proteins act directly upon autophagosome formation still remains enigmatic. Here, to further gain molecular insights into Atg8-mediated autophagic membrane dynamics, we study the two representative human Atg8 orthologs, LC3B and GATE-16, by quantitatively evaluating their intrinsic potency to physically tether lipid membranes in a chemically defined reconstitution system using purified Atg8 proteins and synthetic liposomes. Both LC3B and GATE-16 retained the capacities to trigger efficient membrane tethering at the protein-to-lipid molar ratios ranging from 1:100 to 1:5,000. These human Atg8-mediated membrane-tethering reactions require trans-assembly between the membrane-anchored forms of LC3B and GATE-16 and can be reversibly and strictly controlled by the membrane attachment and detachment cycles. Strikingly, we further uncovered distinct membrane curvature dependences of LC3B- and GATE-16-mediated membrane tethering reactions: LC3B can drive tethering more efficiently than GATE-16 for highly curved small vesicles (e.g., 50 nm in diameter), although GATE-16 turns out to be a more potent tether than LC3B for flatter large vesicles (e.g., 200 and 400 nm in diameter). Our findings establish curvature-sensitive trans-assembly of human Atg8-family proteins in reconstituted membrane tethering, which recapitulates an essential subreaction of the biogenesis of autophagosomes in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saki Taniguchi
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Tomoyo Takamatsu
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Joji Mima
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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336
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Gobeil Odai K, O’Dwyer C, Steenbergen R, Shaw TA, Renner TM, Ghorbani P, Rezaaifar M, Han S, Langlois MA, Crawley AM, Russell RS, Pezacki JP, Tyrrell DL, Fullerton MD. In Vitro Hepatitis C Virus Infection and Hepatic Choline Metabolism. Viruses 2020; 12:v12010108. [PMID: 31963173 PMCID: PMC7019665 DOI: 10.3390/v12010108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Choline is an essential nutrient required for normal neuronal and muscular development, as well as homeostatic regulation of hepatic metabolism. In the liver, choline is incorporated into the main eukaryotic phospholipid, phosphatidylcholine (PC), and can enter one-carbon metabolism via mitochondrial oxidation. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a hepatotropic positive-strand RNA virus that similar to other positive-strand RNA viruses and can impact phospholipid metabolism. In the current study we sought to interrogate if HCV modulates markers of choline metabolism following in vitro infection, while subsequently assessing if the inhibition of choline uptake and metabolism upon concurrent HCV infection alters viral replication and infectivity. Additionally, we assessed whether these parameters were consistent between cells cultured in fetal bovine serum (FBS) or human serum (HS), conditions known to differentially affect in vitro HCV infection. We observed that choline transport in FBS- and HS-cultured Huh7.5 cells is facilitated by the intermediate affinity transporter, choline transporter-like family (CTL). HCV infection in FBS, but not HS-cultured cells diminished CTL1 transcript and protein expression at 24 h post-infection, which was associated with lower choline uptake and lower incorporation of choline into PC. No changes in other transporters were observed and at 96 h post-infection, all differences were normalized. Reciprocally, limiting the availability of choline for PC synthesis by use of a choline uptake inhibitor resulted in increased HCV replication at this early stage (24 h post-infection) in both FBS- and HS-cultured cells. Finally, in chronic infection (96 h post-infection), inhibiting choline uptake and metabolism significantly impaired the production of infectious virions. These results suggest that in addition to a known role of choline kinase, the transport of choline, potentially via CTL1, might also represent an important and regulated process during HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaelan Gobeil Odai
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (K.G.O.); (C.O.); (T.M.R.); (P.G.); (M.R.); (S.H.); (M.-A.L.); (A.M.C.); (J.P.P.)
- University of Ottawa Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation and Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Conor O’Dwyer
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (K.G.O.); (C.O.); (T.M.R.); (P.G.); (M.R.); (S.H.); (M.-A.L.); (A.M.C.); (J.P.P.)
- University of Ottawa Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation and Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Rineke Steenbergen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology and Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada; (R.S.); (D.L.T.)
| | - Tyler A. Shaw
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada;
| | - Tyler M. Renner
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (K.G.O.); (C.O.); (T.M.R.); (P.G.); (M.R.); (S.H.); (M.-A.L.); (A.M.C.); (J.P.P.)
- University of Ottawa Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation and Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Peyman Ghorbani
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (K.G.O.); (C.O.); (T.M.R.); (P.G.); (M.R.); (S.H.); (M.-A.L.); (A.M.C.); (J.P.P.)
- University of Ottawa Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation and Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Mojgan Rezaaifar
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (K.G.O.); (C.O.); (T.M.R.); (P.G.); (M.R.); (S.H.); (M.-A.L.); (A.M.C.); (J.P.P.)
- University of Ottawa Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation and Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Shauna Han
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (K.G.O.); (C.O.); (T.M.R.); (P.G.); (M.R.); (S.H.); (M.-A.L.); (A.M.C.); (J.P.P.)
- University of Ottawa Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation and Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Marc-André Langlois
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (K.G.O.); (C.O.); (T.M.R.); (P.G.); (M.R.); (S.H.); (M.-A.L.); (A.M.C.); (J.P.P.)
- University of Ottawa Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation and Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Angela M. Crawley
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (K.G.O.); (C.O.); (T.M.R.); (P.G.); (M.R.); (S.H.); (M.-A.L.); (A.M.C.); (J.P.P.)
- University of Ottawa Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation and Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
- Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Rodney S. Russell
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1B 3V6, Canada;
| | - John P. Pezacki
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (K.G.O.); (C.O.); (T.M.R.); (P.G.); (M.R.); (S.H.); (M.-A.L.); (A.M.C.); (J.P.P.)
- University of Ottawa Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation and Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada;
| | - D. Lorne Tyrrell
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology and Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada; (R.S.); (D.L.T.)
| | - Morgan D. Fullerton
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (K.G.O.); (C.O.); (T.M.R.); (P.G.); (M.R.); (S.H.); (M.-A.L.); (A.M.C.); (J.P.P.)
- University of Ottawa Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation and Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +(1)-613-562-5800 (ext. 8310)
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337
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Yu R, Lendahl U, Nistér M, Zhao J. Regulation of Mammalian Mitochondrial Dynamics: Opportunities and Challenges. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:374. [PMID: 32595603 PMCID: PMC7300174 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles and important for a variety of cellular functions. They constantly undergo fission and fusion events, referred to as mitochondrial dynamics, which affects the shape, size, and number of mitochondria in the cell, as well as mitochondrial subcellular transport, mitochondrial quality control (mitophagy), and programmed cell death (apoptosis). Dysfunctional mitochondrial dynamics is associated with various human diseases. Mitochondrial dynamics is mediated by a set of mitochondria-shaping proteins in both yeast and mammals. In this review, we describe recent insights into the potential molecular mechanisms underlying mitochondrial fusion and fission, particularly highlighting the coordinating roles of different mitochondria-shaping proteins in the processes, as well as the roles of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the actin cytoskeleton and membrane phospholipids in the regulation of mitochondrial dynamics. We particularly focus on emerging roles for the mammalian mitochondrial proteins Fis1, Mff, and MIEFs (MIEF1 and MIEF2) in regulating the recruitment of the cytosolic Drp1 to the surface of mitochondria and how these proteins, especially Fis1, mediate crosstalk between the mitochondrial fission and fusion machineries. In summary, this review provides novel insights into the molecular mechanisms of mammalian mitochondrial dynamics and the involvement of these mechanisms in apoptosis and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Yu
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Urban Lendahl
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Monica Nistér
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Monica Nistér
| | - Jian Zhao
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
- Jian Zhao
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338
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Vallese F, Barazzuol L, Maso L, Brini M, Calì T. ER-Mitochondria Calcium Transfer, Organelle Contacts and Neurodegenerative Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1131:719-746. [PMID: 31646532 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-12457-1_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It is generally accepted that interorganellar contacts are central to the control of cellular physiology. Virtually, any intracellular organelle can come into proximity with each other and, by establishing physical protein-mediated contacts within a selected fraction of the membrane surface, novel specific functions are acquired. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) contacts with mitochondria are among the best studied and have a major role in Ca2+ and lipid transfer, signaling, and membrane dynamics.Their functional (and structural) diversity, their dynamic nature as well as the growing number of new players involved in the tethering concurred to make their monitoring difficult especially in living cells. This review focuses on the most established examples of tethers/modulators of the ER-mitochondria interface and on the roles of these contacts in health and disease by specifically dissecting how Ca2+ transfer occurs and how mishandling eventually leads to disease. Additional functions of the ER-mitochondria interface and an overview of the currently available methods to measure/quantify the ER-mitochondria interface will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Vallese
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Lucia Barazzuol
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Maso
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Marisa Brini
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
| | - Tito Calì
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy. .,Padua Neuroscience Center (PNC), Padua, Italy.
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339
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Valentine WJ, Hashidate-Yoshida T, Yamamoto S, Shindou H. Biosynthetic Enzymes of Membrane Glycerophospholipid Diversity as Therapeutic Targets for Drug Development. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1274:5-27. [PMID: 32894505 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-50621-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Biophysical properties of membranes are dependent on their glycerophospholipid compositions. Lysophospholipid acyltransferases (LPLATs) selectively incorporate fatty chains into lysophospholipids to affect the fatty acid composition of membrane glycerophospholipids. Lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferases (LPAATs) of the 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase (AGPAT) family incorporate fatty chains into phosphatidic acid during the de novo glycerophospholipid synthesis in the Kennedy pathway. Other LPLATs of both the AGPAT and the membrane bound O-acyltransferase (MBOAT) families further modify the fatty chain compositions of membrane glycerophospholipids in the remodeling pathway known as the Lands' cycle. The LPLATs functioning in these pathways possess unique characteristics in terms of their biochemical activities, regulation of expressions, and functions in various biological contexts. Essential physiological functions for LPLATs have been revealed in studies using gene-deficient mice, and important roles for several enzymes are also indicated in human diseases where their mutation or dysregulation causes or contributes to the pathological condition. Now several LPLATs are emerging as attractive therapeutic targets, and further understanding of the mechanisms underlying their physiological and pathological roles will aid in the development of novel therapies to treat several diseases that involve altered glycerophospholipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Valentine
- Department of Lipid Signaling, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. .,Department of Molecular Therapy, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | - Shota Yamamoto
- Department of Lipid Signaling, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideo Shindou
- Department of Lipid Signaling, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. .,Department of Lipid Science, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. .,Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, Japan.
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340
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Li F, Xiang B, Jin Y, Li C, Ren S, Wu Y, Li J, Luo Q. Hepatotoxic effects of inhalation exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on lipid metabolism of C57BL/6 mice. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 134:105000. [PMID: 31699440 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Inhalation from ambient air and cigarette smoke is a common route of human exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Little information is available regarding hepatotoxicities of inhaled PAHs so for. In this study, we evaluated the toxic effects of intratracheally instilled benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) on hepatic lipid metabolism of C57BL/6 mice at relevant environmental exposure levels by using two different mass-based lipidomics approaches. The results of mass spectrometry imaging analysis showed that both the abundance and spatial distribution of several lysophosphatidylcholine (LysoPC), phosphatidylcholine (PC) and sphingomyelin (SM) in the liver section were different and changed after inhalation exposure to B[a]P. Liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry-based lipidomics analysis and multivariate statistical analysis found that B[a]P exposure markedly altered glycerophospholipids, glycerolipids, and fatty acid metabolism in the mouse liver, with increasing of triacylglycerol (TG), phosphatidylinositol (PI) and PC, and decreasing of LysoPCs phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs), lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPEs), free fatty acids (FFAs) and eicosanoids. B[a]P-induced lipid metabolic disorders showed a time-dependent effect, which generated three response trajectories with different change trends. Consequently, B[a]P exposure induced alteration of hepatic lipids by promoting the uptake from blood or the biosynthesis and transformation in the liver, might contribute to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, hepatocyte membrane injury, inflammation, and signal system disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Li
- Bionic Sensing and Intelligence Center, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Binbin Xiang
- Bionic Sensing and Intelligence Center, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yan Jin
- Bionic Sensing and Intelligence Center, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Chao Li
- Bionic Sensing and Intelligence Center, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Songlei Ren
- Bionic Sensing and Intelligence Center, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yongning Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China
| | - Jingguang Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China.
| | - Qian Luo
- Bionic Sensing and Intelligence Center, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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341
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Imbs AB, Grigorchuk VP. Lipidomic study of the influence of dietary fatty acids on structural lipids of cold-water nudibranch molluscs. Sci Rep 2019; 9:20013. [PMID: 31882931 PMCID: PMC6934475 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56746-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nudibranch molluscs occur in marine ecosystems worldwide and prey on numerous invertebrate species. During feeding, dietary fatty acids (FAs) unusual for nudibranchs are transferred to their lipids. Normal biomembrane functions require stable composition of structural polar lipids (PL), but the pathways of dietary FA utilization to PL in nudibranchs still remain unknown. A combination of chromatography and tandem high-resolution mass spectrometry was used to determine total lipid, PL, FA, and PL molecular species composition of two cold-water species of Dendronotus, which then were compared with those of Tritonia tetraquetra. The use of FA trophic markers showed that Dendronotus sp. and T. tetraquetra prey on different soft corals, while D. robustus may consumes hydrocorals and bryozoans. Nudibranch FA profiles were strongly modified by dietary FAs but their PL profilers were similar. Dietary FAs are not included in ceramide aminoethylphosphonate and inositol glycerophospholipids, but directed to ethanolamine, choline, and serine glycerophospholipids and, in some cases, form isobaric molecular species with different FA chain lengths. For such isobaric species, nudibranchs reduce the length of alkyl groups when very-long-chain FAs are obtained with diet. This molecular mechanism may explain the adaptation of nudibranch membrane structure to dietary input of unusual FAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey B Imbs
- National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 17 Palchevskogo str., 690041, Vladivostok, Russian Federation.
| | - Valeria P Grigorchuk
- Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity (Institute of Biology and Soil Science), Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 159 Stoletija Str., 690022, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
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342
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Pemberton JG, Kim YJ, Balla T. Integrated regulation of the phosphatidylinositol cycle and phosphoinositide-driven lipid transport at ER-PM contact sites. Traffic 2019; 21:200-219. [PMID: 31650663 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Among the structural phospholipids that form the bulk of eukaryotic cell membranes, phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) is unique in that it also serves as the common precursor for low-abundance regulatory lipids, collectively referred to as polyphosphoinositides (PPIn). The metabolic turnover of PPIn species has received immense attention because of the essential functions of these lipids as universal regulators of membrane biology and their dysregulation in numerous human pathologies. The diverse functions of PPIn lipids occur, in part, by orchestrating the spatial organization and conformational dynamics of peripheral or integral membrane proteins within defined subcellular compartments. The emerging role of stable contact sites between adjacent membranes as specialized platforms for the coordinate control of ion exchange, cytoskeletal dynamics, and lipid transport has also revealed important new roles for PPIn species. In this review, we highlight the importance of membrane contact sites formed between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and plasma membrane (PM) for the integrated regulation of PPIn metabolism within the PM. Special emphasis will be placed on non-vesicular lipid transport during control of the PtdIns biosynthetic cycle as well as toward balancing the turnover of the signaling PPIn species that define PM identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua G Pemberton
- Section on Molecular Signal Transduction, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Yeun Ju Kim
- Section on Molecular Signal Transduction, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Tamas Balla
- Section on Molecular Signal Transduction, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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343
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Gonzalez-Uarquin F, Rodehutscord M, Huber K. Myo-inositol: its metabolism and potential implications for poultry nutrition-a review. Poult Sci 2019; 99:893-905. [PMID: 32036985 PMCID: PMC7587644 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2019.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Myo-inositol (MI) has gained relevance in physiology research during the last decade. As a constituent of animal cells, MI was proven to be crucial in several metabolic and regulatory processes. Myo-inositol is involved in lipid signaling, osmolarity, glucose, and insulin metabolism. In humans and rodents, dietary MI was assessed to be important for health so that MI supplementation appeared to be a valuable alternative for treatment of several diseases as well as for improvements in metabolic performance. In poultry, there is a lack of evidence not only related to specific species-linked metabolic processes but also about the effects of dietary MI on performance and health. This review intends to provide information about the meaning of dietary MI in animal metabolism as well as to discuss potential implications of dietary MI in poultry health and performance with the aim to identify open questions in poultry research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Markus Rodehutscord
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Korinna Huber
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
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344
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Pohl EE, Jovanovic O. The Role of Phosphatidylethanolamine Adducts in Modification of the Activity of Membrane Proteins under Oxidative Stress. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24244545. [PMID: 31842328 PMCID: PMC6943717 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24244545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and their derivatives, reactive aldehydes (RAs), have been implicated in the pathogenesis of many diseases, including metabolic, cardiovascular, and inflammatory disease. Understanding how RAs can modify the function of membrane proteins is critical for the design of therapeutic approaches in the above-mentioned pathologies. Over the last few decades, direct interactions of RA with proteins have been extensively studied. Yet, few studies have been performed on the modifications of membrane lipids arising from the interaction of RAs with the lipid amino group that leads to the formation of adducts. It is even less well understood how various multiple adducts affect the properties of the lipid membrane and those of embedded membrane proteins. In this short review, we discuss a crucial role of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and PE-derived adducts as mediators of RA effects on membrane proteins. We propose potential PE-mediated mechanisms that explain the modulation of membrane properties and the functions of membrane transporters, channels, receptors, and enzymes. We aim to highlight this new area of research and to encourage a more nuanced investigation of the complex nature of the new lipid-mediated mechanism in the modification of membrane protein function under oxidative stress.
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345
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de Vries WC, Kudruk S, Grill D, Niehues M, Matos ALL, Wissing M, Studer A, Gerke V, Ravoo BJ. Controlled Cellular Delivery of Amphiphilic Cargo by Redox-Responsive Nanocontainers. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2019; 6:1901935. [PMID: 31871866 PMCID: PMC6918114 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201901935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The specific transport of amphiphilic compounds such as fluorescently labeled phospholipids into cells is a prerequisite for the analysis of highly dynamic cellular processes involving these molecules, e.g., the intracellular distribution and metabolism of phospholipids. However, cellular delivery remains a challenge as it should not affect the physiological integrity and morphology of the cell membrane. To address this, polymer nanocontainers based on redox-responsive cyclodextrin (CD) amphiphiles are prepared, and their potential to deliver fluorescently labeled phospholipids to intracellular membrane compartments is analyzed. It is shown that mixtures of reductively degradable cyclodextrin amphiphiles and different phospholipids form liposome-like vesicles (CD-lipid vesicles, CSSLV) with a homogeneous distribution of each lipid. Host-guest-mediated self-assembly of a cystamine-crosslinked polymer shell on these CSSLV produces polymer-shelled liposomal vesicles (PSSCSSLV) with the unique feature of a redox-sensitive CSSLV core and reductively degradable polymer shell. PSSCSSLV show high stability and a redox-sensitive release of the amphiphilic cargo. Live cell experiments reveal that the novel PSSCSSLV are readily internalized by primary human endothelial cells and that the reductive microenvironment of the cells' endosomes triggers the release of the amphiphilic cargo into the cytosol. Thus, PSSCSSLV represent a highly efficient system to transport lipid-like amphiphilic cargo into the intracellular environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilke C. de Vries
- Center for Soft Nanoscience and Organic Chemistry InstituteWestfälische Wilhelms‐Universität MünsterBusso‐Peus‐Str. 10Münster48149Germany
| | - Sergej Kudruk
- Institute of Medical BiochemistryCenter for Molecular Biology of InflammationWestfälische Wilhelms‐Universität MünsterVon‐Esmarch‐Str. 56Münster48149Germany
| | - David Grill
- Institute of Medical BiochemistryCenter for Molecular Biology of InflammationWestfälische Wilhelms‐Universität MünsterVon‐Esmarch‐Str. 56Münster48149Germany
| | - Maximilian Niehues
- Center for Soft Nanoscience and Organic Chemistry InstituteWestfälische Wilhelms‐Universität MünsterBusso‐Peus‐Str. 10Münster48149Germany
| | - Anna Livia Linard Matos
- Institute of Medical BiochemistryCenter for Molecular Biology of InflammationWestfälische Wilhelms‐Universität MünsterVon‐Esmarch‐Str. 56Münster48149Germany
| | - Maren Wissing
- Center for Soft Nanoscience and Organic Chemistry InstituteWestfälische Wilhelms‐Universität MünsterBusso‐Peus‐Str. 10Münster48149Germany
| | - Armido Studer
- Center for Soft Nanoscience and Organic Chemistry InstituteWestfälische Wilhelms‐Universität MünsterBusso‐Peus‐Str. 10Münster48149Germany
| | - Volker Gerke
- Institute of Medical BiochemistryCenter for Molecular Biology of InflammationWestfälische Wilhelms‐Universität MünsterVon‐Esmarch‐Str. 56Münster48149Germany
| | - Bart Jan Ravoo
- Center for Soft Nanoscience and Organic Chemistry InstituteWestfälische Wilhelms‐Universität MünsterBusso‐Peus‐Str. 10Münster48149Germany
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346
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Johnson AA, Stolzing A. The role of lipid metabolism in aging, lifespan regulation, and age-related disease. Aging Cell 2019; 18:e13048. [PMID: 31560163 PMCID: PMC6826135 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An emerging body of data suggests that lipid metabolism has an important role to play in the aging process. Indeed, a plethora of dietary, pharmacological, genetic, and surgical lipid‐related interventions extend lifespan in nematodes, fruit flies, mice, and rats. For example, the impairment of genes involved in ceramide and sphingolipid synthesis extends lifespan in both worms and flies. The overexpression of fatty acid amide hydrolase or lysosomal lipase prolongs life in Caenorhabditis elegans, while the overexpression of diacylglycerol lipase enhances longevity in both C. elegans and Drosophila melanogaster. The surgical removal of adipose tissue extends lifespan in rats, and increased expression of apolipoprotein D enhances survival in both flies and mice. Mouse lifespan can be additionally extended by the genetic deletion of diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1, treatment with the steroid 17‐α‐estradiol, or a ketogenic diet. Moreover, deletion of the phospholipase A2 receptor improves various healthspan parameters in a progeria mouse model. Genome‐wide association studies have found several lipid‐related variants to be associated with human aging. For example, the epsilon 2 and epsilon 4 alleles of apolipoprotein E are associated with extreme longevity and late‐onset neurodegenerative disease, respectively. In humans, blood triglyceride levels tend to increase, while blood lysophosphatidylcholine levels tend to decrease with age. Specific sphingolipid and phospholipid blood profiles have also been shown to change with age and are associated with exceptional human longevity. These data suggest that lipid‐related interventions may improve human healthspan and that blood lipids likely represent a rich source of human aging biomarkers.
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347
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Holm LJ, Haupt-Jorgensen M, Giacobini JD, Hasselby JP, Bilgin M, Buschard K. Fenofibrate increases very-long-chain sphingolipids and improves blood glucose homeostasis in NOD mice. Diabetologia 2019; 62:2262-2272. [PMID: 31410530 PMCID: PMC6861358 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-019-04973-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Sphingolipid metabolism regulates beta cell biology and inflammation and is abnormal at the onset of type 1 diabetes. Fenofibrate, a regulator of sphingolipid metabolism, is known to prevent diabetes in NOD mice. Here, we aimed to investigate the effects of fenofibrate on the pancreatic lipidome, pancreas morphology, pancreatic sympathetic nerves and blood glucose homeostasis in NOD mice. METHODS We treated female NOD mice with fenofibrate from 3 weeks of age. The pancreatic lipidome was analysed using MS. Analysis of pancreas and islet volume was performed by stereology. Islet sympathetic nerve fibre volume was evaluated using tyrosine hydroxylase staining. The effect on blood glucose homeostasis was assessed by measuring non-fasting blood glucose from age 12 to 30 weeks. Furthermore, we measured glucose tolerance, fasting insulin and glucagon levels, and insulin tolerance. RESULTS We found that fenofibrate selectively increases the amount of very-long-chain sphingolipids in the pancreas of NOD mice. In addition, we found that fenofibrate causes a remodelling of the pancreatic lipidome with an increased amount of lysoglycerophospholipids. Fenofibrate did not affect islet or pancreas volume, but led to a higher volume of islet sympathetic nerve fibres and tyrosine hydroxylase-positive cells. Fenofibrate-treated NOD mice had a more stable blood glucose, which was associated with reduced non-fasting and increased fasting blood glucose. Furthermore, fenofibrate improved glucose tolerance, reduced fasting glucagon levels and prevented fasting hyperinsulinaemia. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These data indicate that fenofibrate alters the pancreatic lipidome to a more anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic state. The beneficial effects on islet sympathetic nerve fibres and blood glucose homeostasis indicate that fenofibrate could be used as a therapeutic approach to improve blood glucose homeostasis and prevent diabetes-associated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurits J Holm
- The Bartholin Institute, Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen Biocenter, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Martin Haupt-Jorgensen
- The Bartholin Institute, Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen Biocenter, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Jano D Giacobini
- Cell Death and Metabolism Unit, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jane P Hasselby
- Department of Pathology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mesut Bilgin
- Cell Death and Metabolism Unit, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karsten Buschard
- The Bartholin Institute, Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen Biocenter, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark.
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348
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Vial T, Tan WL, Wong Wei Xiang B, Missé D, Deharo E, Marti G, Pompon J. Dengue virus reduces AGPAT1 expression to alter phospholipids and enhance infection in Aedes aegypti. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008199. [PMID: 31815960 PMCID: PMC6922471 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
More than half of the world population is at risk of dengue virus (DENV) infection because of the global distribution of its mosquito vectors. DENV is an envelope virus that relies on host lipid membranes for its life-cycle. Here, we characterized how DENV hijacks the mosquito lipidome to identify targets for novel transmission-blocking interventions. To describe metabolic changes throughout the mosquito DENV cycle, we deployed a Liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) workflow including spectral similarity annotation in cells, midguts and whole mosquitoes at different times post infection. We revealed a major aminophospholipid reconfiguration with an overall early increase, followed by a reduction later in the cycle. We phylogenetically characterized acylglycerolphosphate acyltransferase (AGPAT) enzyme isoforms to identify those that catalyze a rate-limiting step in phospholipid biogenesis, the acylation of lysophosphatidate to phosphatidate. We showed that DENV infection decreased AGPAT1, but did not alter AGPAT2 expression in cells, midguts and mosquitoes. Depletion of either AGPAT1 or AGPAT2 increased aminophospholipids and partially recapitulated DENV-induced reconfiguration before infection in vitro. However, only AGPAT1 depletion promoted infection by maintaining high aminophospholipid concentrations. In mosquitoes, AGPAT1 depletion also partially recapitulated DENV-induced aminophospholipid increase before infection and enhanced infection by maintaining high aminophospholipid concentrations. These results indicate that DENV inhibition of AGPAT1 expression promotes infection by increasing aminophospholipids, as observed in the mosquito's early DENV cycle. Furthermore, in AGPAT1-depleted mosquitoes, we showed that enhanced infection was associated with increased consumption/redirection of aminophospholipids. Our study suggests that DENV regulates aminophospholipids, especially phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine, by inhibiting AGPAT1 expression to increase aminophospholipid availability for virus multiplication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Vial
- UMR 152 PHARMADEV-IRD, Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Wei-Lian Tan
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | | | - Dorothée Missé
- MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Eric Deharo
- UMR 152 PHARMADEV-IRD, Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France
| | - Guillaume Marti
- UMR 152 PHARMADEV-IRD, Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France
| | - Julien Pompon
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
- MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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349
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Abstract
Synthesis and regulation of lipid levels and identities is critical for a wide variety of cellular functions, including structural and morphological properties of organelles, energy storage, signaling, and stability and function of membrane proteins. Proteolytic cleavage events regulate and/or influence some of these lipid metabolic processes and as a result help modulate their pleiotropic cellular functions. Proteins involved in lipid regulation are proteolytically cleaved for the purpose of their relocalization, processing, turnover, and quality control, among others. The scope of this review includes proteolytic events governing cellular lipid dynamics. After an initial discussion of the classic example of sterol regulatory element-binding proteins, our focus will shift to the mitochondrion, where a range of proteolytic events are critical for normal mitochondrial phospholipid metabolism and enforcing quality control therein. Recently, mitochondrial phospholipid metabolic pathways have been implicated as important for the proliferative capacity of cancers. Thus, the assorted proteases that regulate, monitor, or influence the activity of proteins that are important for phospholipid metabolism represent attractive targets to be manipulated for research purposes and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingdewinde N. Sam
- Department of Physiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Erica Avery
- Department of Physiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Steven M. Claypool
- Department of Physiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
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350
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Naito T, Ercan B, Krshnan L, Triebl A, Koh DHZ, Wei FY, Tomizawa K, Torta FT, Wenk MR, Saheki Y. Movement of accessible plasma membrane cholesterol by the GRAMD1 lipid transfer protein complex. eLife 2019; 8:51401. [PMID: 31724953 PMCID: PMC6905856 DOI: 10.7554/elife.51401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is a major structural component of the plasma membrane (PM). The majority of PM cholesterol forms complexes with other PM lipids, making it inaccessible for intracellular transport. Transition of PM cholesterol between accessible and inaccessible pools maintains cellular homeostasis, but how cells monitor the accessibility of PM cholesterol remains unclear. We show that endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-anchored lipid transfer proteins, the GRAMD1s, sense and transport accessible PM cholesterol to the ER. GRAMD1s bind to one another and populate ER-PM contacts by sensing a transient expansion of the accessible pool of PM cholesterol via their GRAM domains. They then facilitate the transport of this cholesterol via their StART-like domains. Cells that lack all three GRAMD1s exhibit striking expansion of the accessible pool of PM cholesterol as a result of less efficient PM to ER transport of accessible cholesterol. Thus, GRAMD1s facilitate the movement of accessible PM cholesterol to the ER in order to counteract an acute increase of PM cholesterol, thereby activating non-vesicular cholesterol transport. The human body contains trillions of cells. At the outer edge of each cell is the plasma membrane, which protects the cell from the external environment. This membrane is mostly made of fatty molecules known as lipids and about half of these lipids are specifically cholesterol. Human cells can either take up cholesterol that were obtained via the diet or produce it within a compartment of the cell called the endoplasmic reticulum. Cells need to monitor the cholesterol levels in both the endoplasmic reticulum and the plasma membrane in order to regulate the uptake or production of this lipid. For example, if there is too much of cholesterol in the plasma membrane, then the cell transports some to the endoplasmic reticulum to tell it to shut down cholesterol production. However, how these different areas of the cell communicate with each other, and transport cholesterol, has remained unclear. Naito et al. set out to look for key regulators of cholesterol transport and identified a group of endoplasmic reticulum proteins called GRAMD1 proteins. Cholesterol in the plasma membrane is either accessible or inaccessible, meaning it either can or cannot be moved back into the cell. The GRAMD1 proteins sense accessible cholesterol, and experiments with human cells grown in the laboratory showed that, specifically, the GRAMD1 proteins work together in a complex to sense accessible cholesterol at or near the plasma membrane. One particular part of the protein senses when the amount of accessible cholesterol reaches a certain level at the plasma membrane; when this threshold is reached, the complex flips a switch to start the transport of cholesterol to the endoplasmic reticulum and tell it to shut down cholesterol production. This coupling of sensing and transporting lipids by one protein complex also helps maintain the right ratio of accessible and inaccessible cholesterol in the plasma membrane to prevent cells from activating unwanted cell-signaling events. Getting rid of the GRAMD1 proteins in cells, or removing sensing part of these proteins, leads to inefficient transport of cholesterol. A better understanding of how GRAMD1 proteins sense the accessibility of cholesterol could potentially help identify new approaches to control cholesterol transport inside cells. This may in turn eventually lead to new treatments that counteract the defects in cholesterol metabolism seen in some forms of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Naito
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bilge Ercan
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Logesvaran Krshnan
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alexander Triebl
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dylan Hong Zheng Koh
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Fan-Yan Wei
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Tomizawa
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Federico Tesio Torta
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Markus R Wenk
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yasunori Saheki
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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