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Serum Galectin-9 Levels Are Associated with Coronary Artery Disease in Chinese Individuals. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:457167. [PMID: 26663989 PMCID: PMC4667018 DOI: 10.1155/2015/457167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. Recently, several studies suggest that galectin-9 (Gal-9) might play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. However, the exact role of Gal-9 in atherosclerosis remains to be elucidated. Methods. Serum Gal-9, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), interferon- (IFN-) γ, interleukin- (IL-) 4, IL-17, and transforming growth factor- (TGF-) β1 were measured. The effect of Gal-9 on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) was investigated in patients with normal coronary artery (NCA). Results. The lowest level of Gal-9 was found in the ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) group, followed by the non-ST-segment elevation ACS (NSTEACS), the NCA, and the stable angina pectoris (SAP) groups, respectively. Additionally, Gal-9 was found to be independently associated with hs-CRP, lipoprotein(a), and creatinine. Notably, Gal-9 was also noted to be an independent predictor of the Gensini score. Moreover, Gal-9 suppressed T-helper 17 (Th17) and expanded regulatory T cells (Tregs), resulting in decreased IL-17 production and increased secretion of TGF-β1. Conclusions. Serum Gal-9 is associated with not only coronary artery disease (CAD), but also the severity of coronary arteries stenosis. Gal-9 can expand Tregs and suppress Th17 development in activated PBMC, implying that Gal-9 has the potential to dampen the development of atherosclerosis and may be a new therapy for CAD.
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302
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Gonzalez SM, Zapata W, Rugeles MT. Role of Regulatory T Cells and Inhibitory Molecules in the Development of Immune Exhaustion During Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection. Viral Immunol 2015; 29:2-10. [PMID: 26566019 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2015.0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the key hallmarks of chronic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection is the persistent immune activation triggered since early stages of the infection, followed by the development of an exhaustion phenomena, which leads to the inability of immune cells to respond appropriately to the virus and other pathogens, constituting the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS); this exhausting state is characterized by a loss of effector functions of immune cells such as proliferation, production of cytokine, as well as cytotoxic potential and it has been attributable to an increased response of regulatory T cells and recently also to the expression in different cell populations of inhibitory molecules, such as programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1), cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4), T cell immunoglobulin-3 (Tim-3), and lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3). The importance of these molecules relies on the possibility to restore the immune response once these molecules are blocked, constituting a potential therapeutic target for treatment during HIV infection. In this regard, we explored the available data evaluating the functional role of Treg cells and inhibitory molecules during the infection in both blood and gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) and their contribution to the development of immune exhaustion and progression to AIDS, as well as their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Milena Gonzalez
- 1 Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA , Medellín, Colombia
| | - Wildeman Zapata
- 1 Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA , Medellín, Colombia .,2 Grupo Infettare, Facultad de Medicina, Sede Medellín, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia , Medellín, Colombia
| | - María Teresa Rugeles
- 1 Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA , Medellín, Colombia
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303
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Kikushige Y, Miyamoto T. Identification of TIM-3 as a Leukemic Stem Cell Surface Molecule in Primary Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Oncology 2015; 89 Suppl 1:28-32. [PMID: 26551150 DOI: 10.1159/000431062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) originates from self-renewing leukemic stem cells (LSCs), an ultimate therapeutic target in AML. Eradication of LSCs should be a critical and efficient therapeutic approach for the cure of AML. T-cell immunoglobulin mucin-3 (TIM-3) is expressed in most types of AML LSCs, but not in normal hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs); therefore, TIM-3 would be one of the promising therapeutic targets to specifically kill AML LSCs, sparing normal HSCs. In xenograft models reconstituted with human AML LSCs or human normal HSCs, an anti-human TIM-3 mouse antibody with cytotoxic activities exerts a potent anti-leukemic effect by targeting AML LSCs but does not affect normal human hematopoiesis in vivo. Here, we would like to introduce the recent studies on TIM-3 in normal and malignant hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikane Kikushige
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Sciences, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
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304
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Li X, Hu W, Zheng X, Zhang C, Du P, Zheng Z, Yang Y, Wu J, Ji M, Jiang J, Wu C. Emerging immune checkpoints for cancer therapy. Acta Oncol 2015; 54:1706-13. [PMID: 26361073 DOI: 10.3109/0284186x.2015.1071918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors has emerged as promising treatment modality for cancer based on the success of anti-CTLA-4 and -PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies. LAG-3 and TIM-3 are two new immune checkpoints. The aim of this work is to review the role and application of LAG-3 and TIM-3 for cancer immunotherapy. MATERIAL AND METHODS Literatures were searched and collected in Medline/PubMed. RESULTS LAG-3 is presented as a CD4 homolog type I transmembrane protein which binds MHC class II molecules. LAG-3 negatively regulates T cell proliferation, homeostasis and function. IMP321 is formed of an extracellular portion of human LAG-3 fused to the Fc fraction of human IgG1 and has shown increased T cell responses and tolerability in phase I studies on advanced renal cell cancer. When combined with paclitaxel, IMP321 has exerted immune enhancement and tumor inhibition with no significant IMP321-related adverse events. TIM-3 belongs to the TIM family and mainly negatively regulates Th1 immunity. The TIM-3/galectin-9 pathway contributes to the suppressive tumor microenvironment. TIM-3 overexpression is associated with poor prognosis in a variety of cancers. Both LAG-3 and TIM-3 are coexpressed with other immune checkpoints. The application of LAG-3 or TIM-3 does play an important role in anti-tumor responses, and maybe better when combing with anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1/L1 antibodies. CONCLUSIONS These two immune checkpoints play crucial roles in cancer development and may be used in future clinical practice of cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Li
- a Department of Oncology , The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Changzhou , China
- b Department of Tumor Biological Treatment , The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Changzhou , China
- c Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy , Changzhou , China
| | - Wenwei Hu
- a Department of Oncology , The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Changzhou , China
- b Department of Tumor Biological Treatment , The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Changzhou , China
- c Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy , Changzhou , China
| | - Xiao Zheng
- b Department of Tumor Biological Treatment , The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Changzhou , China
- c Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy , Changzhou , China
| | - Chu Zhang
- a Department of Oncology , The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Changzhou , China
| | - Peng Du
- b Department of Tumor Biological Treatment , The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Changzhou , China
- c Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy , Changzhou , China
| | - Zhuojun Zheng
- d Department of Hematology , The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Changzhou , China
| | - Yan Yang
- a Department of Oncology , The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Changzhou , China
| | - Jun Wu
- a Department of Oncology , The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Changzhou , China
| | - Mei Ji
- a Department of Oncology , The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Changzhou , China
| | - Jingting Jiang
- b Department of Tumor Biological Treatment , The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Changzhou , China
- c Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy , Changzhou , China
| | - Changping Wu
- a Department of Oncology , The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Changzhou , China
- b Department of Tumor Biological Treatment , The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Changzhou , China
- c Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy , Changzhou , China
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305
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Tomkowicz B, Walsh E, Cotty A, Verona R, Sabins N, Kaplan F, Santulli-Marotto S, Chin CN, Mooney J, Lingham RB, Naso M, McCabe T. TIM-3 Suppresses Anti-CD3/CD28-Induced TCR Activation and IL-2 Expression through the NFAT Signaling Pathway. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140694. [PMID: 26492563 PMCID: PMC4619610 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
TIM-3 (T cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing protein 3) is a member of the TIM family of proteins that is preferentially expressed on Th1 polarized CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Recent studies indicate that TIM-3 serves as a negative regulator of T cell function (i.e. T cell dependent immune responses, proliferation, tolerance, and exhaustion). Despite having no recognizable inhibitory signaling motifs, the intracellular tail of TIM-3 is apparently indispensable for function. Specifically, the conserved residues Y265/Y272 and surrounding amino acids appear to be critical for function. Mechanistically, several studies suggest that TIM-3 can associate with interleukin inducible T cell kinase (ITK), the Src kinases Fyn and Lck, and the p85 phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) adaptor protein to positively or negatively regulate IL-2 production via NF-κB/NFAT signaling pathways. To begin to address this discrepancy, we examined the effect of TIM-3 in two model systems. First, we generated several Jurkat T cell lines stably expressing human TIM-3 or murine CD28-ECD/human TIM-3 intracellular tail chimeras and examined the effects that TIM-3 exerts on T cell Receptor (TCR)-mediated activation, cytokine secretion, promoter activity, and protein kinase association. In this model, our results demonstrate that TIM-3 inhibits several TCR-mediated phenotypes: i) NF-kB/NFAT activation, ii) CD69 expression, and iii) suppression of IL-2 secretion. To confirm our Jurkat cell observations we developed a primary human CD8+ cell system that expresses endogenous levels of TIM-3. Upon TCR ligation, we observed the loss of NFAT reporter activity and IL-2 secretion, and identified the association of Src kinase Lck, and PLC-γ with TIM-3. Taken together, our results support the conclusion that TIM-3 is a negative regulator of TCR-function by attenuating activation signals mediated by CD3/CD28 co-stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Tomkowicz
- Janssen BioTherapeutics, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, United States of America
- * E-mail: (BT); (TM)
| | - Eileen Walsh
- Janssen BioTherapeutics, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, United States of America
| | - Adam Cotty
- Janssen BioTherapeutics, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, United States of America
| | - Raluca Verona
- Janssen BioTherapeutics, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, United States of America
| | - Nina Sabins
- Janssen BioTherapeutics, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, United States of America
| | - Fred Kaplan
- Janssen BioTherapeutics, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, United States of America
| | - Sandy Santulli-Marotto
- Janssen BioTherapeutics, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, United States of America
| | - Chen-Ni Chin
- Janssen BioTherapeutics, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, United States of America
| | - Jill Mooney
- Janssen BioTherapeutics, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, United States of America
| | - Russell B. Lingham
- Janssen BioTherapeutics, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, United States of America
| | - Michael Naso
- Janssen BioTherapeutics, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, United States of America
| | - Timothy McCabe
- Janssen BioTherapeutics, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, United States of America
- * E-mail: (BT); (TM)
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306
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Duran PLH, Padiernos RBC, Abella EA, Konnai S, Mingala CN. Molecular characterization of T-cell immunoglobulin mucin domain-3 and Galectin-9 genes of swamp- and riverine-type water buffaloes. Int J Immunogenet 2015; 42:469-78. [PMID: 26441033 DOI: 10.1111/iji.12235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Molecular characterization of T-cell immunoglobulin mucin domain-3 (TIM-3) and Galectin-9 (GAL-9) genes of swamp- and riverine-type water buffaloes was conducted to compare these genes with other species; determine the unique characteristic specific in water buffalo; and provide baseline information for the assessment of disease progression in buffalo species. TIM-3 and GAL-9 genes were amplified, purified, sequenced and characterized. The sequence result of TIM-3 in both types of water buffaloes contained 843 nucleotides encoding to 280 amino acids while GAL-9 of swamp-type and riverine-type water buffaloes contained 1023 and 972 nucleotides encoding to 340 and 323 amino acids, respectively. Meanwhile, the nucleotide and amino sequence of TIM-3 in water buffalo were 83-98% and 94-97% identical with other artiodactyl species, respectively. On the other hand, GAL-9 nucleotide and amino acid sequence in water buffalo were 85-98% and 76-96% identical with other artiodactyl species. The tyrosine-kinase phosphorylation motif and potential glycosylation sites were conserved within the tribe Bovinae. It is imperative to have further studies in the assessment of the role of these genes in disease progression in water buffalo during chronic infection. The study is the first report that describes the genetic characteristic of TIM-3 and GAL-9 genes in water buffalo.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L H Duran
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Central Luzon State University, Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
| | - R B C Padiernos
- Animal Health Unit, Philippine Carabao Center National Headquarters and Gene Pool, Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
| | - E A Abella
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Central Luzon State University, Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
| | - S Konnai
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - C N Mingala
- Animal Health Unit, Philippine Carabao Center National Headquarters and Gene Pool, Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija, Philippines.,Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Central Luzon State University, Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
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307
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Feto-maternal immune regulation by TIM-3/galectin-9 pathway and PD-1 molecule in mice at day 14.5 of pregnancy. Placenta 2015; 36:1153-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2015.07.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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308
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Yan W, Liu X, Ma H, Zhang H, Song X, Gao L, Liang X, Ma C. Tim-3 fosters HCC development by enhancing TGF-β-mediated alternative activation of macrophages. Gut 2015; 64:1593-604. [PMID: 25608525 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2014-307671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) and their alternative activation contribute greatly to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Tim-3 is highly expressed on macrophages and regulates macrophage functions in several conditions. However, whether Tim-3 is involved in the activation and the function of TAMs has not been reported. DESIGN Tim-3 expression in HCC samples was evaluated by flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry and confocal analysis. We analysed the effects of Tim-3 knockdown on macrophages in growth of H22 tumour homografts in BALB/c mice. Tim-3 interference was performed by neutralising antibody, small interfering RNA or short hairpin RNA-expressing lentivirus. Cytokine production was evaluated by reverse transcription PCR, ELISA or Cytometric Bead Array. The effects of Tim-3 interference in macrophages were examined with regard to alternative activation of macrophages and proliferation and migration of Hepa1-6 cells. Cell growth curve, colony formation and transwell assays were involved to estimate cell proliferation and migration. RESULTS Tim-3 expression was significantly increased in both peripheral blood monocytes and TAMs in patients with HCC. The Tim-3 expression in monocytes/TAMs strongly correlated with higher tumour grades and the poor survival of patients with HCC. Consistently, HCC conditioned medium or transforming growth factor-β fostered Tim-3 expression and the alternative activation of macrophages. Moreover, Tim-3 interference in macrophages significantly inhibited the alternative activation of macrophages and suppressed HCC cell growth both in vitro and in vivo. Blocking interleukin 6 reversed the Tim-3-mediated effects on HCC cell growth in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Tim-3 displays critical roles in microenvironment-induced activation and protumoral effects of TAMs in HCC. Interference of Tim-3 might be great potential in HCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjiang Yan
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education and Department of Immunology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education and Department of Immunology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Hongxin Ma
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education and Department of Immunology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Hualin Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education and Department of Immunology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaojia Song
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education and Department of Immunology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Lifen Gao
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education and Department of Immunology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaohong Liang
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education and Department of Immunology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Chunhong Ma
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education and Department of Immunology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
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309
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Targeting immune checkpoints: New opportunity for mesothelioma treatment? Cancer Treat Rev 2015; 41:914-24. [PMID: 26433514 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Malignant pleural mesothelioma is an aggressive cancer linked to asbestos exposure in most patients. Due to the long latency between exposure and presentation, incidence is expected to further increase in the next decade, despite the ban on asbestos import which occurred at the end of last century in industrialized countries. Platinum-based palliative chemotherapy is the only treatment with proven benefit on outcome, resulting in selected patients in a median overall survival of about 1 year. Therefore, there is room for therapeutic improvement using a new strategy to prolong survival. Dealing with cancer cell induced immunosuppression is a promising approach. Reactivating immune responses that are silenced by immune checkpoints recently gained a lot of interest. Checkpoint blockade has already shown promising preclinical and clinical results in several cancer types and is currently also being investigated in mesothelioma. Here, we discuss the expression patterns and mechanisms of action of CTLA-4 and PD-1 as the two most studied and of TIM-3 and LAG-3 as two interesting upcoming immune checkpoints. Furthermore, we review the clinical results of molecules blocking these immune checkpoints and point out their future opportunities with a special focus on mesothelioma.
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310
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Ren F, Li J, Jiang X, Xiao K, Zhang D, Zhao Z, Ai J, Hou C, Jia Y, Han G, Xie L. Plasma soluble Tim-3 emerges as an inhibitor in sepsis: sepsis contrary to membrane Tim-3 on monocytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 86:325-32. [PMID: 26373631 DOI: 10.1111/tan.12653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Immune dysfunction is the main characteristic of sepsis. T cell Ig and mucin domain protein 3 (Tim-3) on the monocytes has been reported to promote immune homeostasis during sepsis, but the influences of plasm soluble Tim-3 (sTim-3) on the immune system during sepsis remain unknown. Here, 100 patients with different severities of sepsis (40 sepsis, 42 severe sepsis, and 18 septic shock) were enrolled in this study. The Tim-3 and human leukocyte antigen-DR (HLA-DR) on the circulating monocytes were detected using flow cytometry. Plasma sTim-3 was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Inflammatory factors and two kinds of A disintegrin and metalloprotease (ADAM) - ADAM10 and ADAM17 were assessed. The Tim-3 and HLA-DR on the monocytes decreased with increasing sepsis severity. The sTim-3 was reduced in the sepsis and severe sepsis patients but was elevated in the septic shock patients who exhibited significant immunosuppression as predicted by HLA-DR. sTim-3 levels were negatively correlated with IL-12 and TNF-α. ADAM10 and ADAM17, sheddases of Tim-3, exhibited trends toward elevations in the septic shock group. In conclusion, sTim-3 was involved in the development of sepsis. The homeostasis-promoting role of the Tim-3 on the monocytes was disrupted, while the inhibitory role of sTim-3 emerged during sepsis-induced immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ren
- Department of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,Joint Logistics Department of Beijing Military Resion, Health Clinic, Beijing First Sanatorium for Retired Officers, Beijing, China
| | - J Li
- Department of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - X Jiang
- Department of Immunology, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - K Xiao
- Department of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - D Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Z Zhao
- Department of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - J Ai
- Department of Biochemistry, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - C Hou
- Department of Immunology, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Y Jia
- Department of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - G Han
- Department of Immunology, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - L Xie
- Department of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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311
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Re-wiring regulatory cell networks in immunity by galectin-glycan interactions. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:3407-18. [PMID: 26352298 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Programs that control immune cell homeostasis are orchestrated through the coordinated action of a number of regulatory cell populations, including regulatory T cells, regulatory B cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, alternatively-activated macrophages and tolerogenic dendritic cells. These regulatory cell populations can prevent harmful inflammation following completion of protective responses and thwart the development of autoimmune pathology. However, they also have a detrimental role in cancer by favoring escape from immune surveillance. One of the hallmarks of regulatory cells is their remarkable plasticity as they can be positively or negatively modulated by a plethora of cytokines, growth factors and co-stimulatory signals that tailor their differentiation, stability and survival. Here we focus on the emerging roles of galectins, a family of highly conserved glycan-binding proteins in regulating the fate and function of regulatory immune cell populations, both of lymphoid and myeloid origins. Given the broad distribution of circulating and tissue-specific galectins, understanding the relevance of lectin-glycan interactions in shaping regulatory cell compartments will contribute to the design of novel therapeutic strategies aimed at modulating their function in a broad range of immunological disorders.
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312
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Hao H, He M, Li J, Zhou Y, Dang J, Li F, Yang M, Deng D. Upregulation of the Tim-3/Gal-9 pathway and correlation with the development of preeclampsia. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2015; 194:85-91. [PMID: 26342682 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2015.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It is well documented that an imbalance in immune tolerance at the maternal-fetal interface is likely to play an essential role in the etiology of preeclampsia. However, the mechanisms underlying immune tolerance during preeclampsia are still poorly understood. Tim-3, a Th1-specific cell surface molecule, is a relatively newly described molecule with important immunological functions. It can regulate Th1 responses with its ligand galectin-9 (Gal-9), and has become an attractive candidate for exploring the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. STUDY DESIGN Twenty normal pregnancies and 20 preeclamptic pregnancies were enrolled in the present study. We examined the expression and function of Tim-3/Gal-9 in decidual tissue at the RNA and protein levels. In order to analyze their correlation with the development of preeclampsia, we measured the expression of Tim-3 on peripheral blood leukocytes using flow cytometry. IFN-γ, IL-10, and IL-17 in the peripheral blood plasma were measured by ELISA. RESULTS Tim-3/Gal-9 was upregulated in decidual tissue of preeclamptic vs. normotensive pregnancies. There was a significantly increased Th1 and Th17 response in PE as demonstrated by the upregulated levels of IFN-γ/IL-17, whereas IL-10 secreted by Th2 cells was sharply reduced. CONCLUSIONS The present study showed that an abnormal Tim-3/Gal-9 pathway was able to facilitate the development of preeclampsia. Our data uncovered a novel mechanism by which the Tim-3/Gal-9 pathway regulates immune responses, and we now identify this pathway as a potential therapeutic target in preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Hao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; People's Hospital of Dancheng County, Zhoukou, Henan, PR China
| | - Mengzhou He
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Faculty of Reproductive Medical Center of the Third Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Jing Dang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Fanfan Li
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Meitao Yang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Dongrui Deng
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China.
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313
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Le Mercier I, Lines JL, Noelle RJ. Beyond CTLA-4 and PD-1, the Generation Z of Negative Checkpoint Regulators. Front Immunol 2015; 6:418. [PMID: 26347741 PMCID: PMC4544156 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last two years, clinical trials with blocking antibodies to the negative checkpoint regulators CTLA-4 and PD-1 have rekindled the hope for cancer immunotherapy. Multiple negative checkpoint regulators protect the host against autoimmune reactions but also restrict the ability of T cells to effectively attack tumors. Releasing these brakes has emerged as an exciting strategy for cancer treatment. Conversely, these pathways can be manipulated to achieve durable tolerance for treatment of autoimmune diseases and transplantation. In the future, treatment may involve combination therapy to target multiple cell types and stages of the adaptive immune responses. In this review, we describe the current knowledge on the recently discovered negative checkpoint regulators, future targets for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Le Mercier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth , Lebanon, NH , USA
| | - J Louise Lines
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth , Lebanon, NH , USA
| | - Randolph J Noelle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth , Lebanon, NH , USA
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314
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A TIM-3/Gal-9 Autocrine Stimulatory Loop Drives Self-Renewal of Human Myeloid Leukemia Stem Cells and Leukemic Progression. Cell Stem Cell 2015; 17:341-52. [PMID: 26279267 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2015.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 05/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Signaling mechanisms underlying self-renewal of leukemic stem cells (LSCs) are poorly understood, and identifying pathways specifically active in LSCs could provide opportunities for therapeutic intervention. T-cell immunoglobin mucin-3 (TIM-3) is expressed on the surface of LSCs in many types of human acute myeloid leukemia (AML), but not on hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Here, we show that TIM-3 and its ligand, galectin-9 (Gal-9), constitute an autocrine loop critical for LSC self-renewal and development of human AML. Serum Gal-9 levels were significantly elevated in AML patients and in mice xenografted with primary human AML samples, and neutralization of Gal-9 inhibited xenogeneic reconstitution of human AML. Gal-9-mediated stimulation of TIM-3 co-activated NF-κB and β-catenin signaling, pathways known to promote LSC self-renewal. These changes were further associated with leukemic transformation of a variety of pre-leukemic disorders and together highlight that targeting the TIM-3/Gal-9 autocrine loop could be a useful strategy for treating myeloid leukemias.
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315
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de Aquino MTP, Malhotra A, Mishra MK, Shanker A. Challenges and future perspectives of T cell immunotherapy in cancer. Immunol Lett 2015; 166:117-33. [PMID: 26096822 PMCID: PMC4499494 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2015.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2015] [Revised: 05/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Since the formulation of the tumour immunosurveillance theory, considerable focus has been on enhancing the effectiveness of host antitumour immunity, particularly with respect to T cells. A cancer evades or alters the host immune response by various ways to ensure its development and survival. These include modifications of the immune cell metabolism and T cell signalling. An inhibitory cytokine milieu in the tumour microenvironment also leads to immune suppression and tumour progression within a host. This review traces the development in the field and attempts to summarize the hurdles that the approach of adoptive T cell immunotherapy against cancer faces, and discusses the conditions that must be improved to allow effective eradication of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa P de Aquino
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, School of Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
| | - Anshu Malhotra
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, School of Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
| | - Manoj K Mishra
- Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36101, USA
| | - Anil Shanker
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, School of Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA; Tumor-Host Interactions Research Program, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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316
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Wang Z, Zhu J, Gu H, Yuan Y, Zhang B, Zhu D, Zhou J, Zhu Y, Chen W. The Clinical Significance of Abnormal Tim-3 Expression on NK Cells from Patients with Gastric Cancer. Immunol Invest 2015. [PMID: 26214042 DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2015.1052145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the clinical significance of Tim-3 (T-cell immunoglobulin- and mucin-domain-containing molecule 3) expression in natural killer (NK) cells from patients with gastric cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty-two patients with gastric cancer and 32 healthy controls were recruited for this study. Tim-3 expression in peripheral blood samples was analyzed using flow cytometry. The expression pattern of Tim-3 on NK cells was also confirmed using a gastric cancer-bearing mouse model. To further investigate the mechanisms that regulate Tim-3 expression, T-bet(-/-), Eomes(-/-), and Eomes/T-bet double knockout mice were utilized. Additionally, we statistically analyzed the clinical significance of Tim-3 expression on NK cells. RESULTS We found that the levels of Tim-3 in NK cells obtained from patients with gastric cancer were significantly higher than the levels in healthy controls. Clinical analyses showed that Tim-3 levels on NK cells were associated with advanced tumor stage. In a tumor-bearing mouse model, Tim-3 levels in NK cells increased with tumor growth, indicating that tumor progression could induce Tim-3 expression in NK cells. Finally, we report that T-bet is a key factor involved in regulating Tim-3 expression. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that Tim-3 expression on NK cells is regulated by T-bet, and that Tim-3 levels correlate with advanced stages of gastric cancer.
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317
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Shi Y, Wu W, Yang Y, Yang Q, Song G, Wu Y, Wei L, Chen Z. Decreased Tim-3 expression is associated with functional abnormalities of monocytes in decompensated cirrhosis without overt bacterial infection. J Hepatol 2015; 63:60-7. [PMID: 25701694 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Patients with advanced cirrhosis usually exhibit altered monocyte function. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the functional changes of monocytes are poorly understood. METHODS We investigated the role of T-cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain-containing molecule-3 (Tim-3) in regulating monocyte function in 94 patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis (DC-LC) (decompensation was defined by ascites, hepatic encephalopathy or upper gastrointestinal bleeding), 58 with compensated liver cirrhosis (C-LC) and 52 healthy controls (HC) by characterizing the frequency of Tim-3(+) monocytes, their phagocytosis capacity, HLA-DR expression, cytokine secretion and MAP kinase activation induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). RESULTS Tim-3 expression on CD14(+) monocytes in DC-LC group were significantly lower than that in C-LC and HC and were associated with increased levels of plasma endotoxin, enhanced cytokine production, decreased phagocytic capacity, and reduced HLA-DR expression. Tim-3 expression on monocytes and monocyte function did not differ between C-LC and HC group. Tim-3(+)CD14(+) cells had more potent phagocytic capacity, higher levels of HLA-DR, CD86, CD80, CD163, and CD206 expression, but lower levels of CD1a and CD83, related to that of Tim-3(-)CD14(+) monocytes. In addition, Tim-3(+)CD14(+) cells produced less TNF-α but higher levels of IL-10 in response to LPS. Treatment with anti-Tim-3 antibody significantly reduced phagocytic capacity, but enhanced LPS-stimulated TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10 secretion. Furthermore, blocking Tim-3 signaling increased p38 MAP kinase phosphorylation in monocytes upon LPS stimulation. CONCLUSIONS Downregulation of Tim-3 expression was associated with endotoxemia and functional alterations of monocytes in patients with decompensated cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Shi
- State Key Lab of Diagnostic and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Wu
- State Key Lab of Diagnostic and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Yang
- State Key Lab of Diagnostic and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guangzhong Song
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhejiang Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yihua Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Healthy Statistics, Zhejiang University School of Public Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Wei
- State Key Lab of Diagnostic and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- State Key Lab of Diagnostic and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
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318
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Kouser L, Madhukaran SP, Shastri A, Saraon A, Ferluga J, Al-Mozaini M, Kishore U. Emerging and Novel Functions of Complement Protein C1q. Front Immunol 2015; 6:317. [PMID: 26175731 PMCID: PMC4484229 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Complement protein C1q, the recognition molecule of the classical pathway, performs a diverse range of complement and non-complement functions. It can bind various ligands derived from self, non-self, and altered self and modulate the functions of immune and non-immune cells including dendritic cells and microglia. C1q involvement in the clearance of apoptotic cells and subsequent B cell tolerance is more established now. Recent evidence appears to suggest that C1q plays an important role in pregnancy where its deficiency and dysregulation can have adverse effects, leading to preeclampsia, missed abortion, miscarriage or spontaneous loss, and various infections. C1q is also produced locally in the central nervous system, and has a protective role against pathogens and possible inflammatory functions while interacting with aggregated proteins leading to neurodegenerative diseases. C1q role in synaptic pruning, and thus CNS development, its anti-cancer effects as an immune surveillance molecule, and possibly in aging are currently areas of extensive research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubna Kouser
- Centre for Infection, Immunity and Disease Mechanisms, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London , Uxbridge , UK
| | - Shanmuga Priyaa Madhukaran
- Centre for Infection, Immunity and Disease Mechanisms, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London , Uxbridge , UK ; Centre for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jawaharlal Nehru Institute for Advanced Studies, School of Life Sciences , Secunderabad , India
| | - Abhishek Shastri
- St. Ann's Hospital, Dorset Healthcare University NHS Foundation Trust , Poole , UK
| | - Anuvinder Saraon
- Centre for Infection, Immunity and Disease Mechanisms, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London , Uxbridge , UK
| | - Janez Ferluga
- Centre for Infection, Immunity and Disease Mechanisms, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London , Uxbridge , UK
| | - Maha Al-Mozaini
- Department of Infection and Immunity, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
| | - Uday Kishore
- Centre for Infection, Immunity and Disease Mechanisms, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London , Uxbridge , UK
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319
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Kim MJ, Lee WY, Choe YH. Expression of TIM-3, Human β-defensin-2, and FOXP3 and Correlation with Disease Activity in Pediatric Crohn's Disease with Infliximab Therapy. Gut Liver 2015; 9:370-80. [PMID: 25071071 PMCID: PMC4413971 DOI: 10.5009/gnl13408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS This study investigated the expression of T cell immunoglobulin- and mucin-domain-containing molecule 3 (TIM-3), human β-defensin (HBD)-2, forkhead box protein 3 (FOXP3), and the frequency of CD4(+) CD25(+) FOXP3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) in children with Crohn's disease (CD) during infliximab therapy. METHODS We enrolled 20 CD patients who received infliximab treatment for 1 year. Peripheral blood and colonic mucosal specimens were collected from all CD patients and from healthy control individuals. RESULTS A significant difference in TIM-3 mRNA expression was evident in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and colonic mucosa between CD patients before infliximab therapy and the healthy controls (p<0.001 and p=0.005, respectively). A significant difference in HBD-2 mRNA expression was found in colonic mucosa between CD patients before infliximab therapy and the healthy controls (p=0.013). In the active phase of CD, at baseline, the median percentage of T cells that were CD25(+) FOXP3(+) was 1.5% (range, 0.32% to 3.49%), which increased after inflixmab treatment for 1 year to 2.2% (range, 0.54% to 5.02%) (p=0.008). CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that both the adaptive and innate immune systems are closely linked to each other in CD pathogenesis. And the results of our study indicate that it could be a useful therapeutic tool, where restoration of TIM-3, HBD-2 and the function of Tregs may repair the dysfunctional immunoregulation in CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Jin Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Ilsan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Goyang,
Korea
| | - Woo Yong Lee
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Yon Ho Choe
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
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320
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Tim-3 induces Th2-biased immunity and alternative macrophage activation during Schistosoma japonicum infection. Infect Immun 2015; 83:3074-82. [PMID: 25987707 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00517-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell immunoglobulin- and mucin-domain-containing molecule 3 (Tim-3) has been regarded as an important regulatory factor in both adaptive and innate immunity. Recently, Tim-3 was reported to be involved in Th2-biased immune responses in mice infected with Schistosoma japonicum, but the exact mechanism behind the involvement of Tim-3 remains unknown. The present study aims to understand the role of Tim-3 in the immune response against S. japonicum infection. Tim-3 expression was determined by flow cytometry, and increased Tim-3 expression was observed on CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, NK1.1(+) cells, and CD11b(+) cells from the livers of S. japonicum-infected mice. However, the increased level of Tim-3 was lower in the spleen than in the liver, and no increase in Tim-3 expression was observed on splenic CD8(+) T cells or CD11b(+) cells. The schistosome-induced upregulation of Tim-3 on natural killer (NK) cells was accompanied by reduced NK cell numbers in vitro and in vivo. Tim-3 antibody blockade led to upregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase and interleukin-12 (IL-12) mRNA in CD11b(+) cells cocultured with soluble egg antigen and downregulation of Arg1 and IL-10, which are markers of M2 macrophages. In summary, we observed schistosome-induced expression of Tim-3 on critical immune cell populations, which may be involved in the Th2-biased immune response and alternative activation of macrophages during infection.
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321
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Lhuillier C, Barjon C, Niki T, Gelin A, Praz F, Morales O, Souquere S, Hirashima M, Wei M, Dellis O, Busson P. Impact of Exogenous Galectin-9 on Human T Cells: CONTRIBUTION OF THE T CELL RECEPTOR COMPLEX TO ANTIGEN-INDEPENDENT ACTIVATION BUT NOT TO APOPTOSIS INDUCTION. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:16797-811. [PMID: 25947381 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.661272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-9 (gal-9) is a multifunctional β-galactoside-binding lectin, frequently released in the extracellular medium, where it acts as a pleiotropic immune modulator. Despite its overall immunosuppressive effects, a recent study has reported bimodal action of gal-9 on human resting blood T cells with apoptosis occurring in the majority of them, followed by a wave of activation and expansion of Th1 cells in the surviving population. Our knowledge of the signaling events triggered by exogenous gal-9 in T cells remains limited. One of these events is cytosolic calcium (Ca(2+)) release reported in some murine and human T cells. The aim of this study was to investigate the contribution of Ca(2+) mobilization to apoptotic and nonapoptotic effects of exogenous gal-9 in human T cells. We found that the T cell receptor (TCR)-CD3 complex and the Lck kinase were required for Ca(2+) mobilization but not for apoptosis induction in Jurkat cells. These data were confirmed in human CD4(+) T cells from peripheral blood as follows: a specific Lck chemical inhibitor abrogated Ca(2+) mobilization but not apoptosis induction. Moreover, Lck activity was also required for the production of Th1-type cytokines, i.e. interleukin-2 and interferon-γ, which resulted from gal-9 stimulation in peripheral CD4(+) T cells. These findings indicate that gal-9 acts on T cells by two distinct pathways as follows: one mimicking antigen-specific activation of the TCR with a mandatory contribution of proximal elements of the TCR complex, especially Lck, and another resulting in apoptosis that is independent of this complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Lhuillier
- From the Université Paris-Sud, 15 Rue Georges Clémenceau, 91400, Orsay, France, the CNRS, UMR 8126, Institut Gustave Roussy, 114 Rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France, the Cellvax, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 7 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Clément Barjon
- From the Université Paris-Sud, 15 Rue Georges Clémenceau, 91400, Orsay, France, the CNRS, UMR 8126, Institut Gustave Roussy, 114 Rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France, the Cellvax, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 7 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Toshiro Niki
- the Department of Immunology and Immunopathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan, the GalPharma Co., Ltd., Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-0301, Japan
| | - Aurore Gelin
- the CNRS, UMR 8126, Institut Gustave Roussy, 114 Rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France
| | - Françoise Praz
- INSERM, UMR-S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, 75012, Paris, France, the Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR-S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Morales
- CNRS, UMR 8161 Groupe IRCV, Institut de Biologie de Lille, 1 Rue du Pr. Calmette, 59021 Lille, France
| | - Sylvie Souquere
- From the Université Paris-Sud, 15 Rue Georges Clémenceau, 91400, Orsay, France, UMR 8122, Institut Gustave Roussy, 114 Rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France, and
| | - Mitsuomi Hirashima
- the Department of Immunology and Immunopathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan, the GalPharma Co., Ltd., Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-0301, Japan
| | - Ming Wei
- the Cellvax, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 7 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Olivier Dellis
- From the Université Paris-Sud, 15 Rue Georges Clémenceau, 91400, Orsay, France, INSERM, UMR-S 757, Bâtiment 440/443, Rue des Adèles, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Pierre Busson
- From the Université Paris-Sud, 15 Rue Georges Clémenceau, 91400, Orsay, France, the CNRS, UMR 8126, Institut Gustave Roussy, 114 Rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France,
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322
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Alarmin function of galectin-9 in murine respiratory tularemia. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123573. [PMID: 25898318 PMCID: PMC4405590 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a complex immune disorder that is characterized by systemic hyperinflammation. Alarmins, which are multifunctional endogenous factors, have been implicated in exacerbation of inflammation in many immune disorders including sepsis. Here we show that Galectin-9, a host endogenous β-galactoside binding lectin, functions as an alarmin capable of mediating inflammatory response during sepsis resulting from pulmonary infection with Francisella novicida, a Gram negative bacterial pathogen. Our results show that this galectin is upregulated and is likely released during tissue damage in the lungs of F. novicida infected septic mice. In vitro, purified recombinant galectin-9 exacerbated F. novicida-induced production of the inflammatory mediators by macrophages and neutrophils. Concomitantly, Galectin-9 deficient (Gal-9-/-) mice exhibited improved lung pathology, reduced cell death and reduced leukocyte infiltration, particularly neutrophils, in their lungs. This positively correlated with overall improved survival of F. novicida infected Gal-9-/- mice as compared to their wild-type counterparts. Collectively, these findings suggest that galectin-9 functions as a novel alarmin by augmenting the inflammatory response in sepsis development during pulmonary F. novicida infection.
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323
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Wei D, Xiong X, Zhao H. Tim-3 cell signaling and iNOS are involved in the protective effects of ischemic postconditioning against focal ischemia in rats. Metab Brain Dis 2015; 30:483-90. [PMID: 24771108 PMCID: PMC4213319 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-014-9543-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The protective effect of ischemic postconditioning (IPostC) against stroke has been well-established, and the underlying mechanisms are known to involve inhibited-inflammation and free radical production. Nevertheless, how IPostC affects protein expression of iNOS, nitrotyrosine, and COX-2 has not been characterized. In addition, the role of the galectin-9/Tim-3 cell signaling pathway--a novel inflammatory pathway--in IPostC has not been studied. We examined whether iNOS, nitrotyrosine, and COX-2, as well as galectin-9/Tim-3 are involved in the protective effects of IpostC in a rat focal ischemia model. Western blot and confocal immunofluoresent staining results indicate that IPostC significantly inhibited Tim-3 expression, and that galectin-9 expression was also inhibited. In addition, IPostC attenuated production of iNOS and nitrotyrosine, but not COX-2, suggesting that IPostC has distinct effects on these inflammatory factors. Furthermore, the inflammation inhibitor minocycline blocked Tim-3 and iNOS expression induced by stroke. Taken together, we show that the galectin-9/Tim-3 cell signaling pathway is involved in inflammation induced by stroke, and IPostC may reduce infarction by attenuating this novel pathway as well as the inflammatory factors iNOS and nitrotyrosine, but not COX-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingtai Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stroke Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Fujian Medical University Ningde Hospital, China
| | - Xiaoxing Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stroke Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Heng Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stroke Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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Abstract
Tim-3 is a member of the T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain (Tim) family of proteins, which are expressed by several cell types in the immune system, including CD4 and CD8 T cells activated under certain conditions. These molecules are generally thought to act as receptors for multiple ligands and thus to function by engaging intracellular signaling pathways in a ligand-dependent manner. In recent years, the function of the Tim-3 protein has been studied in some detail, particularly with respect to its role in the regulation of CD4 and CD8 T cell responses. Here, we review the structural features of Tim-3, known ligands for this molecule and the links established between Tim-3 and signal transduction pathways. In addition, we review the current literature regarding the role of Tim-3 in the regulation of effector responses by CD4 and CD8 T cells. Overall, findings published thus far strongly support the conclusion that Tim-3 functions to inhibit T cell responses, particularly under conditions involving chronic stimulation. Conversely, some reports have provided evidence that Tim-3 can stimulate T cells under conditions involving acute stimulation, suggesting that the role of Tim-3 may vary depending on context. Further study of Tim-3 is likely to advance our understanding of how CD4 and CD8 T cell responses are regulated and could uncover novel approaches for manipulating T cell function for therapeutic benefit.
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325
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The HIF-1/glial TIM-3 axis controls inflammation-associated brain damage under hypoxia. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6340. [PMID: 25790768 PMCID: PMC4383004 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is closely related to the extent of damage following cerebral ischaemia, and the targeting of this inflammation has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy. Here, we present that hypoxia-induced glial T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain protein (TIM)-3 can function as a modulator that links inflammation and subsequent brain damage after ischaemia. We find that TIM-3 is highly expressed in hypoxic brain regions of a mouse cerebral hypoxia-ischaemia (H/I) model. TIM-3 is distinctively upregulated in activated microglia and astrocytes, brain resident immune cells, in a hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1-dependent manner. Notably, blockade of TIM-3 markedly reduces infarct size, neuronal cell death, oedema formation and neutrophil infiltration in H/I mice. Hypoxia-triggered neutrophil migration and infarction are also decreased in HIF-1α-deficient mice. Moreover, functional neurological deficits after H/I are significantly improved in both anti-TIM-3-treated mice and myeloid-specific HIF-1α-deficient mice. Further understanding of these insights could serve as the basis for broadening the therapeutic scope against hypoxia-associated brain diseases.
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326
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Participation of T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-3 (TIM-3) and its ligand (galectin-9) in the pathogenesis of active generalized vitiligo. Immunol Res 2015; 62:23-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s12026-015-8632-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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327
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Up-regulation of Tim-3 on T cells during acute simian immunodeficiency virus infection and on antigen specific responders. AIDS 2015; 29:531-6. [PMID: 25715103 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000000589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Understanding the role of T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing molecule 3 (Tim-3) on T cells and dendritic cells during the course of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection. DESIGN Sequentially collected PBMCs from uninfected and SIVmac239-infected rhesus macaques were evaluated for Tim-3 expression by flow cytometry and antigen-specific responses. RESULTS Blood innate immune cells (dendritic cells) and B cells showed high constitutive expression of Tim-3, whereas, compared to humans, only a minority of macaque T cells did. However, TIM-3 expression was transiently up-regulated on both CD4 and CD8 T cells during acute SIV infection, correlating with plasma viral loads, CD4 cell counts, and Ki67 expression up to 6 weeks postinfection and returned to baseline values by 8 weeks postinfection. Upon antigen-specific stimulation, most Tim-3 T cells produced various cytokines, suggesting that this marker is up-regulated on effector antigen-specific T cells and not associated with T-cell exhaustion. Among myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs), a clear separation was seen between blood mDCs expressing Tim-3 and those expressing PD-L2 - a ligand for inhibitory receptor programmed death 1. CONCLUSION Rhesus macaques show constitutive expression of Tim-3 primarily on innate immune cells, but markedly lower levels on T cells compared to humans. Nevertheless, Tim-3 expression on T cells is transiently up-regulated during acute, but not chronic, SIV infection, and appears to be a marker of antigen-specific effector cells. The exact role and contribution of Tim-3 to the modulation of antiviral responses in vivo will require additional investigation.
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Merani S, Chen W, Elahi S. The bitter side of sweet: the role of Galectin-9 in immunopathogenesis of viral infections. Rev Med Virol 2015; 25:175-86. [PMID: 25760439 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, a critical role for β-galactoside-binding protein, Galectin-9 (Gal-9) has emerged in infectious disease, autoimmunity, and cancer. It is a ligand for T cell immunoglobulin mucin domain 3 (Tim-3), a type-I glycoprotein that is persistently expressed on dysfunctional T cells during chronic viral infections. Gal-9 exerts its pivotal immunomodulatory effects by inducing apoptosis or suppressing effector functions via engagement with its receptor, Tim-3. Recent studies report elevation of circulating Gal-9 in humans infected with different viral infections. Interaction of soluble Gal-9 with Tim-3 expressed on the surface of activated CD4+ T cells renders them less susceptible to HIV-1 infection, while enhanced HIV infection occurs when Gal-9 interacts with a different receptor than Tim-3. This indicates the versatile role of Gal-9 in viral pathogenesis. For instance, higher expression of Tim-3 during chronic viral infection and elevation of plasma Gal-9 may have evolved to limit persistent immune activation and pathogenic T cells activity. In contrast, Gal-9 can suppress the effectiveness of immunity against viral infections. In agreement, Gal-9 knockout mice mount a more robust and vigorous virus-specific immune response in acute and chronic viral infections resulting in rapid viral clearance. In line with this observation, blocking Gal-9 signals to Tim-3-expressing T cells result in improved immune responses. Here we review the biological and immunological properties of Gal-9 in viral infections (HIV, HCV, HBV, HSV, CMV, influenza, and dengue virus). Manipulating Gal-9 signals may have immunotherapeutic potential and could represent an alternative approach for improving immune responses to viral infections/vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahzma Merani
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Tim-3 protects decidual stromal cells from toll-like receptor-mediated apoptosis and inflammatory reactions and promotes Th2 bias at the maternal-fetal interface. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9013. [PMID: 25757669 PMCID: PMC4355741 DOI: 10.1038/srep09013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are important in mediating immune responses against various pathogens during pregnancy. However, uncontrolled TLR-triggered inflammation will endanger normal pregnancy, resulting in pregnancy loss. Therefore, maintenance of a moderate inflammatory response is crucial for successful pregnancy under conditions of infection. Here, we demonstrated significantly lowered expression of T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (Tim-3) in miscarried decidual stromal cells (DSCs), indicating that Tim-3 might play important roles in maintaining successful pregnancies. Activation of TLR signaling induced pro-inflammatory cytokine production and apoptosis of DSCs, which was accompanied by up-regulated Tim-3 expression. Tim-3, in turn, protected DSCs from TLR-mediated apoptosis in an ERK1/2 pathway-dependent manner. In addition, Tim-3 inhibited TLR signaling-induced inflammatory cytokine production by DSCs through suppressing NF-κB activation. Tim-3 increased production of T helper 2 (Th2)-type cytokines by DSCs and reversed the inhibitory effect of LPS on Th2 cytokine generation by up-regulation of interferon regulatory factor 4 expression. Tim-3 blockade abolished the effect of Tim-3 on the inflammatory response to LPS stimulation. Thus, Tim-3 signaling could represent a “self-control” mechanism in TLR-triggered inflammation during pregnancy. These findings identify Tim-3 as a key regulator of DSCs and suggest its potential as a target for the treatment of spontaneous abortion.
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330
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Hsu YL, Wang MY, Ho LJ, Huang CY, Lai JH. Up-regulation of galectin-9 induces cell migration in human dendritic cells infected with dengue virus. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 19:1065-76. [PMID: 25754930 PMCID: PMC4420608 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-9 (Gal-9) exerts immunosuppressive effects by inducing apoptosis in T cells that produce interferon-γ and interleukin (IL)-17. However, Gal-9 can be pro-inflammatory in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated monocytes. Using microarray analysis, we observed that Gal-9 was up-regulated in human dendritic cells (DCs) after dengue virus (DV) infection. The investigation into the immunomodulatory effects and mechanisms of Gal-9 in DCs exposed to DV revealed that DV infection specifically increased mRNA and protein levels of Gal-9 but not those of Gal-1 or Gal-3. Blocking p38, but not c-Jun N-terminal kinase or extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), inhibited DV-induced expression of Gal-9. Reduction in Gal-9 by small interference RNA treatment suppressed DV-stimulated migration of DCs towards the chemoattractants CCL19 and CCL21. In addition, DV-induced IL-12p40 production was reduced after knockdown of Gal-9 in DCs. Furthermore, Gal-9 deficiency suppressed DV-induced activation of nuclear factor-κB. Inhibition of DV-induced DC migration under conditions of Gal-9 deficiency was mediated through suppressing ERK activation but not by regulating the expression of CCR7, the receptor for CCL19 and CCL21. Both the reduction in IL-12 production and the suppression of ERK activity might account for the inhibition of DV-induced DC migration after knockdown of Gal-9. In summary, this study reveals the roles of Gal-9 in DV-induced migration of DCs. The findings indicate that Gal-9 might be a therapeutic target for preventing immunopathogenesis induced by DV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Lin Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Medical Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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331
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Burguillos MA, Svensson M, Schulte T, Boza-Serrano A, Garcia-Quintanilla A, Kavanagh E, Santiago M, Viceconte N, Oliva-Martin MJ, Osman AM, Salomonsson E, Amar L, Persson A, Blomgren K, Achour A, Englund E, Leffler H, Venero JL, Joseph B, Deierborg T. Microglia-Secreted Galectin-3 Acts as a Toll-like Receptor 4 Ligand and Contributes to Microglial Activation. Cell Rep 2015; 10:1626-1638. [PMID: 25753426 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory response induced by microglia plays a critical role in the demise of neuronal populations in neuroinflammatory diseases. Although the role of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in microglia's inflammatory response is fully acknowledged, little is known about endogenous ligands that trigger TLR4 activation. Here, we report that galectin-3 (Gal3) released by microglia acts as an endogenous paracrine TLR4 ligand. Gal3-TLR4 interaction was further confirmed in a murine neuroinflammatory model (intranigral lipopolysaccharide [LPS] injection) and in human stroke subjects. Depletion of Gal3 exerted neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects following global brain ischemia and in the neuroinflammatory LPS model. These results suggest that Gal3-dependent-TLR4 activation could contribute to sustained microglia activation, prolonging the inflammatory response in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Angel Burguillos
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Centrum Karolinska, R8:03, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 76, Sweden; Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, BMC B11, Lund 221 84, Sweden.
| | - Martina Svensson
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, BMC B11, Lund 221 84, Sweden
| | - Tim Schulte
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17165, Sweden
| | - Antonio Boza-Serrano
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, BMC B11, Lund 221 84, Sweden
| | - Albert Garcia-Quintanilla
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla and Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla 41012, Spain
| | - Edel Kavanagh
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Centrum Karolinska, R8:03, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 76, Sweden
| | - Martiniano Santiago
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla and Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla 41012, Spain
| | - Nikenza Viceconte
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla and Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla 41012, Spain
| | - Maria Jose Oliva-Martin
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla and Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla 41012, Spain
| | - Ahmed Mohamed Osman
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Q2:07, Stockholm 171 76, Sweden
| | - Emma Salomonsson
- Section MIG, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Solvegatan 23, Lund University, Lund 223 62, Sweden
| | - Lahouari Amar
- Neuronal Survival Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund 221 84, Sweden
| | - Annette Persson
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Lund University Hospital, Lund 221 85, Sweden
| | - Klas Blomgren
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Q2:07, Stockholm 171 76, Sweden
| | - Adnane Achour
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17165, Sweden
| | - Elisabet Englund
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Lund University Hospital, Lund 221 85, Sweden
| | - Hakon Leffler
- Section MIG, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Solvegatan 23, Lund University, Lund 223 62, Sweden
| | - Jose Luis Venero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla and Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla 41012, Spain
| | - Bertrand Joseph
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Centrum Karolinska, R8:03, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 76, Sweden
| | - Tomas Deierborg
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, BMC B11, Lund 221 84, Sweden
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332
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Liu Y, Ji H, Zhang Y, Shen X, Gao F, He X, Li GA, Busuttil RW, Kuchroo VK, Kupiec-Weglinski JW. Recipient T cell TIM-3 and hepatocyte galectin-9 signalling protects mouse liver transplants against ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Hepatol 2015; 62:563-72. [PMID: 25450716 PMCID: PMC4336640 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS By binding to T cell immunoglobulin mucin-3 (TIM-3) on activated Th1 cells, galectin-9 (Gal-9) negatively regulates Th1-type alloimmunity. Although T cells contribute to hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), it is unknown whether negative T cell-dependent TIM-3 co-stimulation may rescue IR-stressed orthotopic liver transplants from innate immunity-driven inflammation. METHODS We used wild type (WT) and TIM-3 transgenic (Tg) mice (C57BL/6) as liver donors and recipients in a clinically-relevant model of hepatic cold storage (20 h at 4°C in UW solution) and syngeneic orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). RESULTS Orthotopic liver transplants in WT or TIM-3Tg→TIM-3Tg groups were resistant against IR-stress, evidenced by preserved hepatocellular function (serum ALT levels) and liver architecture (Suzuki's score). In contrast, orthotopic liver transplants in WT or TIM-3Tg→WT groups were susceptible to IRI. TIM-3 induction in circulating CD4+ T cells of the recipient: (1) depressed T-bet/IFN-γ, while amplifying GATA3 and IL-4/IL-10 expression in orthotopic liver transplants; (2) promoted T cell exhaustion (PD-1, LAG-3) phenotype; and (3) depressed neutrophil and macrophage infiltration/function in orthotopic liver transplants. In parallel studies, we documented for the first time that Gal-9, a natural TIM-3 ligand, was produced primarily by and released from IR-stressed hepatocytes, both in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, exogenous recombinant Gal-9 (rGal-9) potentiated liver resistance against IRI by depressing T cell activation and promoting apoptosis of CD4+ T cells. CONCLUSIONS Harnessing TIM-3/Gal-9 signalling at the T cell-hepatocyte interface facilitates homeostasis in IR-stressed orthotopic liver transplants. Enhancing anti-oxidant hepatocyte Gal-9 potentiates liver IR-resistance. Negative regulation by recipient TIM-3+CD4+ cells provides evidence for cytoprotective functions of a discrete T cell subset, which should be spared when applying T cell-targeted immunosuppression in transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanxing Liu
- Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Department of Surgery, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haofeng Ji
- Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yu Zhang
- Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Department of Surgery, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiuda Shen
- Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Feng Gao
- Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xiangyi He
- Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Gabriella A. Li
- Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ronald W. Busuttil
- Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Vijay K. Kuchroo
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jerzy W. Kupiec-Weglinski
- Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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333
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Baksh K, Weber J. Immune checkpoint protein inhibition for cancer: preclinical justification for CTLA-4 and PD-1 blockade and new combinations. Semin Oncol 2015; 42:363-77. [PMID: 25965355 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2015.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, our understanding of the molecular basis of immunity has revealed the complexity of regulatory pathways involved in immune responses to cancer. A significant body of data support the critical importance of immune checkpoints in the control of the adaptive immune response to malignancy, and suggest that inhibitors of those checkpoints might have significant utility in treating cancer. This has been borne out by the recent US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approvals of two different antibodies, one against cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) and one against programmed death-1 (PD-1). Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the literature regarding the preclinical justification for the use of CTLA-4 and PD-1 blockade as monotherapy, and as combination therapy in the treatment of cancer. The animal data strongly supported the use of these drugs in patients, and in many cases suggested strategies that directly led to successful registration trials. In contrast, many of the toxicities, and some of the unusual response patterns seen in patients with these drugs, were not predicted by the preclinical work that we cite, highlighting the importance of early-phase trials with patients to inform future drug development. In addition, we review herein the preclinical data surrounding emerging immune checkpoint proteins, including BTLA, VISTA, CD160, LAG3, TIM3, and CD244 as potential targets for inhibition. The current comprehensive review of the literature regarding CTLA-4 and PD-1, as well as a number of novel checkpoint proteins demonstrates a strong preclinical basis for the use of these antibodies singly and in combination to overcome checkpoint inhibition in the treatment of cancer. We also suggest that the use of these antibodies may augment the efficacy of other activating immune antibodies, cytokines, radiation, and adoptive cell therapy in human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Baksh
- Donald A. Adam Comprehensive Melanoma Research Center and Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL; University of South Florida School of Medicine, Tampa, FL.
| | - Jeffrey Weber
- Donald A. Adam Comprehensive Melanoma Research Center and Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
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334
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Soluble T cell immunoglobulin mucin domain 3 is shed from CD8+ T cells by the sheddase ADAM10, is increased in plasma during untreated HIV infection, and correlates with HIV disease progression. J Virol 2015; 89:3723-36. [PMID: 25609823 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00006-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Chronic HIV infection results in a loss of HIV-specific CD8(+) T cell effector function, termed "exhaustion," which is mediated, in part, by the membrane coinhibitory receptor T cell immunoglobulin mucin domain-3 (Tim-3). Like many other receptors, a soluble form of this protein has been described in human blood plasma. However, soluble Tim-3 (sTim-3) is poorly characterized, and its role in HIV disease is unknown. Here, we show that Tim-3 is shed from the surface of responding CD8(+) T cells by the matrix metalloproteinase ADAM10, producing a soluble form of the coinhibitory receptor. Despite previous reports in the mouse model, no alternatively spliced, soluble form of Tim-3 was observed in humans. Shed sTim-3 was found in human plasma and was significantly elevated during early and chronic untreated HIV infection, but it was not found differentially modulated in highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)-treated HIV-infected subjects or in elite controllers compared to HIV-uninfected subjects. Plasma sTim-3 levels were positively correlated with HIV load and negatively correlated with CD4 counts. Thus, plasma sTim-3 shedding correlated with HIV disease progression. Despite these correlations, we found that shedding Tim-3 did not improve the function of CD8(+) T cells in terms of gamma interferon production or prevent their apoptosis through galectin-9. Further characterization studies of sTim-3 function are needed to understand the contribution of sTim-3 in HIV disease pathogenesis, with implications for novel therapeutic interventions. IMPORTANCE Despite the overall success of HAART in slowing the progression to AIDS in HIV-infected subjects, chronic immune activation and T cell exhaustion contribute to the eventual deterioration of the immune system. Understanding these processes will aid in the development of interventions and therapeutics to be used in combination with HAART to slow or reverse this deterioration. Here, we show that a soluble form of T cell exhaustion associated coinhibitory molecule 3, sTim-3, is shed from the surface of T cells. Furthermore, sTim-3 is elevated in the plasma of treatment-naive subjects with acute or chronic HIV infection and is associated with markers of disease progression. This is the first study to characterize sTim-3 in human plasma, its source, and mechanism of production. While it is still unclear whether sTim-3 contributes to HIV pathogenesis, sTim-3 may represent a new correlate of HIV disease progression.
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335
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Jing W, Gershan JA, Weber J, Tlomak D, McOlash L, Sabatos-Peyton C, Johnson BD. Combined immune checkpoint protein blockade and low dose whole body irradiation as immunotherapy for myeloma. J Immunother Cancer 2015; 3:2. [PMID: 25614821 PMCID: PMC4302511 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-014-0043-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple myeloma is characterized by the presence of transformed neoplastic plasma cells in the bone marrow and is generally considered to be an incurable disease. Successful treatments will likely require multi-faceted approaches incorporating conventional drug therapies, immunotherapy and other novel treatments. Our lab previously showed that a combination of transient lymphodepletion (sublethal whole body irradiation) and PD-1/PD-L1 blockade generated anti-myeloma T cell reactivity capable of eliminating established disease. We hypothesized that blocking a combination of checkpoint receptors in the context of low-dose, lymphodepleting whole body radiation would boost anti-tumor immunity. METHODS To test our central hypothesis, we utilized a 5T33 murine multiple myeloma model. Myeloma-bearing mice were treated with a low dose of whole body irradiation and combinations of blocking antibodies to PD-L1, LAG-3, TIM-3, CD48 (the ligand for 2B4) and CTLA4. RESULTS Temporal phenotypic analysis of bone marrow from myeloma-bearing mice demonstrated that elevated percentages of PD-1, 2B4, LAG-3 and TIM-3 proteins were expressed on T cells. When PD-L1 blockade was combined with blocking antibodies to LAG-3, TIM-3 or CTLA4, synergistic or additive increases in survival were observed (survival rates improved from ~30% to >80%). The increased survival rates correlated with increased frequencies of tumor-reactive CD8 and CD4 T cells. When stimulated in vitro with myeloma cells, CD8 T cells from treated mice produced elevated levels proinflammatory cytokines. Cytokines were spontaneously released from CD4 T cells isolated from mice treated with PD-L1 plus CTLA4 blocking antibodies. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that blocking PD-1/PD-L1 interactions in conjunction with other immune checkpoint proteins provides synergistic anti-tumor efficacy following lymphodepletive doses of whole body irradiation. This strategy is a promising combination strategy for myeloma and other hematologic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqing Jing
- Division of Hematology/Oncology/Transplant, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA
| | - Jill A Gershan
- Division of Hematology/Oncology/Transplant, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA
| | - James Weber
- Division of Hematology/Oncology/Transplant, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA
| | - Dominique Tlomak
- Division of Hematology/Oncology/Transplant, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA
| | - Laura McOlash
- Division of Hematology/Oncology/Transplant, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA
| | | | - Bryon D Johnson
- Division of Hematology/Oncology/Transplant, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA
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Abstract
Using the immune system to control cancer has been investigated for over a century. Yet it is only over the last several years that therapeutic agents acting directly on the immune system have demonstrated improved overall survival for cancer patients in phase III clinical trials. Furthermore, it appears that some patients treated with such agents have been cured of metastatic cancer. This has led to increased interest and acceleration in the rate of progress in cancer immunotherapy. Most of the current immunotherapeutic success in cancer treatment is based on the use of immune-modulating antibodies targeting critical checkpoints (CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1). Several other immune-modulating molecules targeting inhibitory or stimulatory pathways are being developed. The combined use of these medicines is the subject of intense investigation and holds important promise. Combination regimens include those that incorporate targeted therapies that act on growth signaling pathways, as well as standard chemotherapy and radiation therapy. In fact, these standard therapies have intrinsic immune-modulating properties that can support antitumor immunity. In the years ahead, adoptive T-cell therapy will also be an important part of treatment for some cancer patients. Other areas which are regaining interest are the use of oncolytic viruses that immunize patients against their own tumors and the use of vaccines against tumor antigens. Immunotherapy has demonstrated unprecedented durability in controlling multiple types of cancer and we expect its use to continue expanding rapidly.
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337
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Wang HW, Zhu XL, Qin LM, Qian HJ, Wang Y. Microglia activity modulated by T cell Ig and mucin domain protein 3 (Tim-3). Cell Immunol 2014; 293:49-58. [PMID: 25557503 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are the main innate immune cells in the central nervous system that are actively involved in maintaining brain homeostasis and diseases. T cell Ig and mucin domain protein 3 (Tim-3) plays critical roles in both the adaptive and the innate immune system and is an emerging therapeutic target for treatment of various disorders. In the brain Tim-3 is specifically expressed on microglia but its functional role is unclear. Here, we showed that Tim-3 was up-regulated on microglia by ATP or LPS stimulation. Tim-3 activation with antibodies increased microglia expression of TGF-β, TNF-α and IL-1β. Blocking of Tim-3 with antibodies decreased the microglial phagocytosis of apoptotic neurons. Tim-3 blocking alleviated the detrimental effect of microglia on neurons and promoted NG2 cell differentiation in co-cultures. Finally, MAPKs namely ERK1/2 and JNK proteins were phosphorylated upon Tim-3 activation in microglia. Data indicated that Tim-3 modulates microglia activity and regulates the interaction of microglia-neural cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-wei Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Ministry of Health, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China; Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, PR China
| | - Xin-li Zhu
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Ministry of Health, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China; The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, PR China
| | - Li-ming Qin
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Ministry of Health, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Hai-jun Qian
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Ministry of Health, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Yiner Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Ministry of Health, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China.
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Prokhorov A, Gibbs BF, Bardelli M, Rüegg L, Fasler-Kan E, Varani L, Sumbayev VV. The immune receptor Tim-3 mediates activation of PI3 kinase/mTOR and HIF-1 pathways in human myeloid leukaemia cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 59:11-20. [PMID: 25483439 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (Tim-3) is a plasma membrane-associated protein that is highly expressed in human acute myeloid leukaemia cells. As an acute myeloid leukaemia antigen, it could therefore be considered as a potential target for immune therapy and highly-specific drug delivery. However, a conceptual understanding of its biological role is required before consideration of this protein for therapeutic settings. Here, we reveal the detailed mechanism of action underlying the biological responses mediated by the Tim-3 receptor in myeloid cells. Our studies demonstrate that Tim-3 triggers growth factor type responses in acute myeloid leukaemia cells by activating a phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI-3K)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. In addition, the receptor activates hypoxic signalling pathways upregulating glycolysis and pro-angiogenic responses. These findings suggest that Tim-3 could be used as a potential therapeutic target for immune therapy and drug delivery in human acute myeloid leukaemia cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandr Prokhorov
- School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Anson Building, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Bernhard F Gibbs
- School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Anson Building, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Marco Bardelli
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Via Vela 6, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Laura Rüegg
- School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Anson Building, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK; High School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences North-Western Switzerland, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Elizaveta Fasler-Kan
- High School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences North-Western Switzerland, Muttenz, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Luca Varani
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Via Vela 6, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland.
| | - Vadim V Sumbayev
- School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Anson Building, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK.
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339
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Kang R, Chen R, Zhang Q, Hou W, Wu S, Cao L, Huang J, Yu Y, Fan XG, Yan Z, Sun X, Wang H, Wang Q, Tsung A, Billiar TR, Zeh HJ, Lotze MT, Tang D. HMGB1 in health and disease. Mol Aspects Med 2014; 40:1-116. [PMID: 25010388 PMCID: PMC4254084 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 693] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Complex genetic and physiological variations as well as environmental factors that drive emergence of chromosomal instability, development of unscheduled cell death, skewed differentiation, and altered metabolism are central to the pathogenesis of human diseases and disorders. Understanding the molecular bases for these processes is important for the development of new diagnostic biomarkers, and for identifying new therapeutic targets. In 1973, a group of non-histone nuclear proteins with high electrophoretic mobility was discovered and termed high-mobility group (HMG) proteins. The HMG proteins include three superfamilies termed HMGB, HMGN, and HMGA. High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), the most abundant and well-studied HMG protein, senses and coordinates the cellular stress response and plays a critical role not only inside of the cell as a DNA chaperone, chromosome guardian, autophagy sustainer, and protector from apoptotic cell death, but also outside the cell as the prototypic damage associated molecular pattern molecule (DAMP). This DAMP, in conjunction with other factors, thus has cytokine, chemokine, and growth factor activity, orchestrating the inflammatory and immune response. All of these characteristics make HMGB1 a critical molecular target in multiple human diseases including infectious diseases, ischemia, immune disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, metabolic disorders, and cancer. Indeed, a number of emergent strategies have been used to inhibit HMGB1 expression, release, and activity in vitro and in vivo. These include antibodies, peptide inhibitors, RNAi, anti-coagulants, endogenous hormones, various chemical compounds, HMGB1-receptor and signaling pathway inhibition, artificial DNAs, physical strategies including vagus nerve stimulation and other surgical approaches. Future work further investigating the details of HMGB1 localization, structure, post-translational modification, and identification of additional partners will undoubtedly uncover additional secrets regarding HMGB1's multiple functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Kang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
| | - Ruochan Chen
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Qiuhong Zhang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Wen Hou
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Sha Wu
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Lizhi Cao
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Jin Huang
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Yan Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Xue-Gong Fan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Zhengwen Yan
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA; Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, China
| | - Xiaofang Sun
- Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Experimental Department of Institute of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510510, China
| | - Haichao Wang
- Laboratory of Emergency Medicine, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Qingde Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Allan Tsung
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Timothy R Billiar
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Herbert J Zeh
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Michael T Lotze
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Daolin Tang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
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340
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Regulation of T cell trafficking by the T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 1 glycoprotein. Trends Mol Med 2014; 20:675-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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341
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Ortiz GG, Pacheco-Moisés FP, Macías-Islas MÁ, Flores-Alvarado LJ, Mireles-Ramírez MA, González-Renovato ED, Hernández-Navarro VE, Sánchez-López AL, Alatorre-Jiménez MA. Role of the blood-brain barrier in multiple sclerosis. Arch Med Res 2014; 45:687-97. [PMID: 25431839 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2014.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system associated with demyelination and axonal loss eventually leading to neurodegeneration. MS exhibits many of the hallmarks of an inflammatory autoimmune disorder including breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a complex organization of cerebral endothelial cells, pericytes and their basal lamina, which are surrounded and supported by astrocytes and perivascular macrophages. In pathological conditions, lymphocytes activated in the periphery infiltrate the central nervous system to trigger a local immune response that ultimately damages myelin and axons. Cytotoxic factors including pro-inflammatory cytokines, proteases, and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species accumulate and may contribute to myelin destruction. Dysregulation of the BBB and transendothelial migration of activated leukocytes are among the earliest cerebrovascular abnormalities seen in MS brains and parallel the release of inflammatory cytokines. In this review we establish the importance of the role of the BBB in MS. Improvements in our understanding of molecular mechanism of BBB functioning in physiological and pathological conditions could lead to improvement in the quality of life of MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genaro Gabriel Ortiz
- Laboratorio Desarrollo-Envejecimiento, Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, División de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Guadalajara, Jalisco, México.
| | - Fermín Paul Pacheco-Moisés
- Departamento de Química, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Miguel Ángel Macías-Islas
- Departamento de Neurología, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad (UMAE), Hospital de Especialidades (HE), Centro Médico de Nacional de Occidente (CMNO), IMSS, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Luis Javier Flores-Alvarado
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Mario A Mireles-Ramírez
- Departamento de Neurología, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad (UMAE), Hospital de Especialidades (HE), Centro Médico de Nacional de Occidente (CMNO), IMSS, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Erika Daniela González-Renovato
- Laboratorio Desarrollo-Envejecimiento, Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, División de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Vanessa Elizabeth Hernández-Navarro
- Laboratorio Desarrollo-Envejecimiento, Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, División de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Angélica Lizeth Sánchez-López
- Laboratorio Desarrollo-Envejecimiento, Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, División de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Moisés Alejandro Alatorre-Jiménez
- Laboratorio Desarrollo-Envejecimiento, Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, División de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
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342
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Hou H, Liu W, Wu S, Lu Y, Peng J, Zhu Y, Lu Y, Wang F, Sun Z. Tim-3 negatively mediates natural killer cell function in LPS-induced endotoxic shock. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110585. [PMID: 25337993 PMCID: PMC4206431 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is an exaggerated inflammatory condition response to different microorganisms with high mortality rates and extremely poor prognosis. Natural killer (NK) cells have been reported to be the major producers of IFN-γ and key players in promoting systematic inflammation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced endotoxic shock. T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain (Tim)-3 pathway has been demonstrated to play an important role in the process of sepsis, however, the effect of Tim-3 on NK cell function remains largely unknown. In this study, we observed a dynamic inverse correlation between Tim-3 expression and IFN-γ production in NK cells from LPS-induced septic mice. Blockade of the Tim-3 pathway could increase IFN-γ production and decrease apoptosis of NK cells in vitro, but had no effect on the expression of CD107a. Furthermore, NK cell cytotoxicity against K562 target cells was enhanced after blocking Tim-3 pathway. In conclusion, our results suggest that Tim-3 pathway plays an inhibitory role in NK cell function, which might be a potential target in modulating the excessive inflammatory response of LPS-induced endotoxic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Hou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Weiyong Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shiji Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanjun Lu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Peng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yaowu Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanfang Lu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail: (FW); (ZS)
| | - Ziyong Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail: (FW); (ZS)
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343
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Ferris RL, Lu B, Kane LP. Too much of a good thing? Tim-3 and TCR signaling in T cell exhaustion. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:1525-30. [PMID: 25086175 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
T cell exhaustion is thought to be a natural mechanism for limiting immune pathology, although it may be desirable to circumvent this mechanism to help eliminate viral reservoirs or tumors. Although there are no definitive markers, a fingerprint for exhausted T cells has been described that includes the transmembrane proteins PD-1, LAG3, and Tim-3. However, apart from the recruitment of tyrosine phosphatases to PD-1, little is known about the biochemical mechanisms by which these proteins contribute to the development or maintenance of exhaustion. Tim-3 contains no known motifs for the recruitment of inhibitory phosphatases, but it may actually increase signaling downstream of TCR/CD3, at least under acute conditions. Other studies showed that T cell exhaustion results from chronic stimulation that extends the effector phase of T cell activation, at the expense of T cell memory. We suggest that Tim-3 may contribute to T cell exhaustion by enhancing TCR-signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Ferris
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261; Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261; and Cancer Immunology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Binfeng Lu
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261; Cancer Immunology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Lawrence P Kane
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261; Cancer Immunology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
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344
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Fu X, Wu B, Huang B, Zheng H, Huang S, Gan Y, Shen J, Lun ZR, Lu F. The correlation of Tim-3 and IFN-γ expressions in mice infected with Toxoplasma gondii during gestation. Parasitol Res 2014; 114:125-32. [PMID: 25270237 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-4167-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The immunoinhibitory receptor T cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain-1 (Tim-1) and Tim-3 participate in the regulation of Th immune response as well as innate immunity. However, there is no report about the expression of Tim genes in Toxoplasma gondii-infected experimental models during pregnancy. In this study, Kunming outbred pregnant mice were infected with RH strain of T. gondii through vagina at days 10 to 16 of gestation, and the mRNA expressions of Tim-1, Tim-3, interleukin (IL)-4, and interferon (IFN)-γ in the placentas, uteri, and draining lumber aortic lymph nodes (LALNs) at day 18 of gestation were analyzed using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Compared with uninfected pregnant controls, significantly increased levels of IFN-γ and Tim-3 were detected in the placentas (P < 0.001), uteri (P = 0.003 and P = 0.017, respectively), and LALNs (P = 0.003 and P = 0.025, respectively) of T. gondii-infected mice; there were positive and significant correlations between Tim-3 and IFN-γ mRNA expression levels in the placentas (R(2) = 0.6331, P = 0.0011), uteri (R(2) = 0.5658, P = 0.003), and LALNs (R(2) = 0.5583, P = 0.0033) of infected mice. Tim-1 (P = 0.002) and IL-4 (P = 0.003) expressions were significantly increased in the placentas, but Tim-1 were significantly decreased in the uteri (P = 0.013) and LALNs (P < 0.001) of infected pregnant mice in comparison of uninfected pregnant controls. Our data suggested that Tim-3 may play a regulatory role in T. gondii-infected pregnant mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyin Fu
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
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345
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Moller-Tank S, Maury W. Phosphatidylserine receptors: enhancers of enveloped virus entry and infection. Virology 2014; 468-470:565-580. [PMID: 25277499 PMCID: PMC4252826 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A variety of both RNA and DNA viruses envelop their capsids in a lipid bilayer. One of the more recently appreciated benefits this envelope is incorporation of phosphatidylserine (PtdSer). Surface exposure of PtdSer disguises viruses as apoptotic bodies; tricking cells into engulfing virions. This mechanism is termed apoptotic mimicry. Several PtdSer receptors have been identified to enhance virus entry and we have termed this group of proteins PtdSer-mediated virus entry enhancing receptors or PVEERs. These receptors enhance entry of a range of enveloped viruses. Internalization of virions by PVEERs provides a broad mechanism of entry with little investment by the virus itself. PVEERs may allow some viruses to attach to cells, thereby making viral glycoprotein/cellular receptor interactions more probable. Alternatively, other viruses may rely entirely on PVEERs for internalization into endosomes. This review provides an overview of PtdSer receptors that serve as PVEERs and the biology behind virion/PVEER interaction. Phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) receptors can mediate entry of enveloped viruses. PtdSer is present on the outer leaflet of the virion envelope. PtdSer receptors are expressed on a variety of primary cells and cell lines. Characteristics of PtdSer receptors that mediate virus entry are defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Moller-Tank
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Wendy Maury
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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346
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Maurya N, Gujar R, Gupta M, Yadav V, Verma S, Sen P. Immunoregulation of dendritic cells by the receptor T cell Ig and mucin protein-3 via Bruton's tyrosine kinase and c-Src. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:3417-25. [PMID: 25172495 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The receptor T cell Ig and mucin protein-3 (TIM-3) has emerged as an important regulator of innate immune responses. However, whether TIM-3-induced signaling promotes or inhibits the activation and maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) still remains uncertain. In addition, the TIM-3 signaling events involved in this immunoregulatory function are yet to be established. In this article, we report that TIM-3 crosslinking by anti-TIM-3 Ab inhibited DC activation and maturation by blocking the NF-κB pathway. After Ab-mediated crosslinking, TIM-3 became tyrosine phosphorylated, which then sequentially bound and activated the nonreceptor tyrosine kinases Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) and c-Src. Activation of Btk-c-Src signaling in turn triggered the secretion of some inhibitory factor (or factors) from DCs that inhibited the NF-κB pathway and subsequent activation and maturation of DCs. Silencing of Btk or c-Src abrogated the inhibitory effects of TIM-3 on DCs. These results demonstrate an essential role for Btk-c-Src signaling in TIM-3-induced DC suppression. Thus, in addition to demonstrating an inhibitory role for TIM-3 signaling in DC activation, we define the molecular mechanism by which TIM-3 mediates this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Maurya
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Ravindra Gujar
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Mamta Gupta
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Vinod Yadav
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Saurabh Verma
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Pradip Sen
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh 160036, India
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347
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Steelman AJ, Li J. Astrocyte galectin-9 potentiates microglial TNF secretion. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:144. [PMID: 25158758 PMCID: PMC4158089 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-014-0144-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aberrant neuroinflammation is suspected to contribute to the pathogenesis of myriad neurological diseases. As such, determining the pathways that promote or inhibit glial activation is of interest. Activation of the surface glycoprotein T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing protein 3 (Tim-3) by the lectin galectin-9 has been implicated in promoting innate immune cell activation by potentiating or synergizing toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling. In the present study we examined the role of the Tim-3/galectin-9 pathway in glial activation in vitro. Method Primary monocultures of microglia or astrocytes, co-cultures containing microglia and astrocytes, and mixed glial cultures consisting of microglia, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes were stimulated with poly(I:C) or LPS, and galectin-9 up-regulation was determined. The effect of endogenous galectin-9 production on microglial activation was examined using cultures from wild-type and Lgals9 null mice. The ability for recombinant galectin-9 to promote microglia activation was also assessed. Tim-3 expression on microglia and BV2 cells was examined by qPCR and flow cytometry and its necessity in transducing the galectin-9 signal was determined using a Tim-3 specific neutralizing antibody or recombinant soluble Tim-3. Result Astrocytes potentiated TNF production from microglia following TLR stimulation. Poly(I:C) stimulation increased galectin-9 expression in microglia and microglial-derived factors promoted galectin-9 up-regulation in astrocytes. Astrocyte-derived galectin-9 in turn enhanced microglial TNF production. Similarly, recombinant galectin-9 enhanced poly(I:C)-induced microglial TNF and IL-6 production. Inhibition of Tim-3 did not alter TNF production in mixed glial cultures stimulated with poly(I:C). Conclusion Galectin-9 functions as an astrocyte-microglia communication signal and promotes cytokine production from microglia in a Tim-3 independent manner. Activation of CNS galectin-9 likely modulates neuroinflammatory processes in which TNF and IL-6 contribute to either pathology or reparation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-014-0144-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jianrong Li
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences and Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, Mail Stop 4458, College Station 77843, TX, USA.
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348
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Piao YR, Jin ZH, Yuan KC, Jin XS. Analysis of Tim-3 as a therapeutic target in prostate cancer. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:11409-14. [PMID: 25119597 PMCID: PMC4244534 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2464-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain-containing molecule 3 (Tim-3) is a newly discovered immunomodulatory, which plays an important role in immunity regulation. Recent evidence suggests that Tim-3 is differentially regulated in a variety of tumors and has a potential as a therapeutic target. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Tim-3 on the development of prostate cancer (PCa). Tim-3 expressing on peripheral CD4+ T and CD8+ T cells was analyzed by flow cytometry. The relationships between Tim-3 expression and clinicopathological features were analyzed. Immunohistochemical expression of Tim-3 was examined in our large numbers of paraffin-fixed prostate tissues. Flow cytometry revealed that expression of Tim-3 was significantly increased on both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in PCa patients than that in benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) patients. Also, the level of Tim-3 on CD4+ T cells was positively correlated with CD8+ T cells in patients. Further analyses revealed that the levels of Tim-3 on CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells exhibited different expression patterns in terms of localization depending on pathological category of PCa and metastasis. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that positive staining of Tim-3 in PCa but little or no staining of Tim-3 was observed in BPH epithelium. Tim-3 may affect the development and progression of PCa, which may provide knowledge for using Tim-3 as a novel therapy for effective PCa management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Rui Piao
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Yan Bian University, Yan Ji, 133000, China
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349
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Saresella M, Piancone F, Marventano I, La Rosa F, Tortorella P, Caputo D, Rovaris M, Clerici M. A role for the TIM-3/GAL-9/BAT3 pathway in determining the clinical phenotype of multiple sclerosis. FASEB J 2014; 28:5000-9. [PMID: 25091272 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-258194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (Tim-3) ligates galectin-9 (Gal-9); this process, resulting in the inhibition of Th1 responses and in the apoptosis of antigen-specific cells, is hampered by binding of the molecular adaptor human leukocyte antigen B (HLA-B)-associated transcript 3 (Bat3) to the intracellular tail of Tim-3. Apoptosis of myelin basic protein (MBP)-specific T lymphocytes correlates with reduced rates of disease progression in multiple sclerosis (MS). We extensively analyzed the Tim-3/Gal-9/Bat3 pathway in 87 patients with a diagnosis of stable relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), primary progressive MS (PPMS), or benign MS (BEMS), as well as in 40 healthy control (HC) subjects. Results showed that MBP-specific CD4(+)Tim-3(+), CD4(+)/Gal-9(+), and CD4(+)/Tim-3(+)/AV(+) (apoptotic) T lymphocytes were augmented in the BEMS group, whereas CD4(+)/Bat3(+) and CD8(+)/Bat3(+) T lymphocytes were increased and CD4(+)/Tim-3(+)/AV(+) T cells were reduced in the PPMS group (>2 fold and P<0.05 in all cases). Blocking the Tim-3/Gal-9 interaction with specific mAb reduced T-lymphocyte apoptosis and augmented production of IFNγ and IL-17 in the BEMS, RRMS, and HC groups, but not in the PPMS group. The Tim-3/Gal-9 interaction favors apoptosis of MBP-specific T lymphocytes in BEMS; this process is reduced in PPMS by the up-regulation of Bat3. Therapeutic interventions aimed at silencing Bat3 could be beneficial in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Saresella
- Don C. Gnocchi Foundation, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Milan, Italy; and
| | - Federica Piancone
- Don C. Gnocchi Foundation, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Milan, Italy; and
| | - Ivana Marventano
- Don C. Gnocchi Foundation, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Milan, Italy; and
| | - Francesca La Rosa
- Don C. Gnocchi Foundation, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Milan, Italy; and
| | - Paola Tortorella
- Don C. Gnocchi Foundation, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Milan, Italy; and
| | - Domenico Caputo
- Don C. Gnocchi Foundation, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Milan, Italy; and
| | - Marco Rovaris
- Don C. Gnocchi Foundation, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Milan, Italy; and
| | - Mario Clerici
- Don C. Gnocchi Foundation, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Milan, Italy; and Department of Physiopathology and Transplants, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Wu C, Thalhamer T, Franca RF, Xiao S, Wang C, Hotta C, Zhu C, Hirashima M, Anderson AC, Kuchroo VK. Galectin-9-CD44 interaction enhances stability and function of adaptive regulatory T cells. Immunity 2014; 41:270-82. [PMID: 25065622 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The β-galactoside-binding protein galectin-9 is critical in regulating the immune response, but the mechanism by which it functions remains unclear. We have demonstrated that galectin-9 is highly expressed by induced regulatory T cells (iTreg) and was crucial for the generation and function of iTreg cells, but not natural regulatory T (nTreg) cells. Galectin-9 expression within iTreg cells was driven by the transcription factor Smad3, forming a feed-forward loop, which further promoted Foxp3 expression. Galectin-9 increased iTreg cell stability and function by directly binding to its receptor CD44, which formed a complex with transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) receptor I (TGF-βRI), and activated Smad3. Galectin-9 signaling was further found to regulate iTreg cell induction by dominantly acting through the CNS1 region of the Foxp3 locus. Our data suggest that exogenous galectin-9, in addition to being an effector molecule for Treg cells, acts synergistically with TGF-β to enforce iTreg cell differentiation and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Wu
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Theresa Thalhamer
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rafael F Franca
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sheng Xiao
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Chao Wang
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Chie Hotta
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Chen Zhu
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mitsuomi Hirashima
- Department of Immunology and Immunopathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Ana C Anderson
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Vijay K Kuchroo
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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