301
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Sarma A, Masse NY, Wang XJ, Freedman DJ. Task-specific versus generalized mnemonic representations in parietal and prefrontal cortices. Nat Neurosci 2016; 19:143-9. [PMID: 26595652 PMCID: PMC4880358 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Our ability to learn a wide range of behavioral tasks is essential for responding appropriately to sensory stimuli according to behavioral demands, but the underlying neural mechanism has been rarely examined by neurophysiological recordings in the same subjects across learning. To understand how learning new behavioral tasks affects neuronal representations, we recorded from posterior parietal cortex (PPC) before and after training on a visual motion categorization task. We found that categorization training influenced cognitive encoding in PPC, with a marked enhancement of memory-related delay-period encoding during the categorization task that was absent during a motion discrimination task before categorization training. In contrast, the prefrontal cortex (PFC) exhibited strong delay-period encoding during both discrimination and categorization tasks. This reveals a dissociation between PFC's and PPC's roles in working memory, with general engagement of PFC across multiple tasks, in contrast with more task-specific mnemonic encoding in PPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arup Sarma
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Nicolas Y. Masse
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Xiao-Jing Wang
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, 10003
- NYU-ECNU Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science, NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - David J. Freedman
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
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302
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Language modulates brain activity underlying representation of kinship terms. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18473. [PMID: 26685907 PMCID: PMC4685275 DOI: 10.1038/srep18473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinship terms have been found to be highly diverse across languages. Here we investigated the brain representation of kinship terms in two distinct populations, native Chinese and Caucasian English speakers, with a five-element kinship identification (FEKI) task. The neuroimaging results showed a common extensive frontal and parietal lobe brain activation pattern for different kinship levels for both Chinese and Caucasian English speakers. Furthermore, Chinese speakers had longer reaction times and elicited more fronto-parietal brain networks activation compared to English speakers in level three (e.g., uncle and nephew) and four (e.g., cousin), including an association between the middle frontal gyrus and superior parietal lobe, which might be associated with higher working memory, attention control, and social distance representation load in Chinese kinship system processing. These results contribute to our understanding of the representation of kinship terms in the two languages.
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303
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Operskalski JT, Paul EJ, Colom R, Barbey AK, Grafman J. Lesion Mapping the Four-Factor Structure of Emotional Intelligence. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:649. [PMID: 26858627 PMCID: PMC4726907 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Emotional intelligence (EI) refers to an individual’s ability to process and respond to emotions, including recognizing the expression of emotions in others, using emotions to enhance thought and decision making, and regulating emotions to drive effective behaviors. Despite their importance for goal-directed social behavior, little is known about the neural mechanisms underlying specific facets of EI. Here, we report findings from a study investigating the neural bases of these specific components for EI in a sample of 130 combat veterans with penetrating traumatic brain injury. We examined the neural mechanisms underlying experiential (perceiving and using emotional information) and strategic (understanding and managing emotions) facets of EI. Factor scores were submitted to voxel-based lesion symptom mapping to elucidate their neural substrates. The results indicate that two facets of EI (perceiving and managing emotions) engage common and distinctive neural systems, with shared dependence on the social knowledge network, and selective engagement of the orbitofrontal and parietal cortex for strategic aspects of emotional information processing. The observed pattern of findings suggests that sub-facets of experiential and strategic EI can be characterized as separable but related processes that depend upon a core network of brain structures within frontal, temporal and parietal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim T Operskalski
- Decision Neuroscience Laboratory, University of IllinoisUrbana, IL, USA; Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of IllinoisUrbana, IL, USA; Neuroscience Program, University of IllinoisUrbana, IL, USA
| | - Erick J Paul
- Decision Neuroscience Laboratory, University of IllinoisUrbana, IL, USA; Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of IllinoisUrbana, IL, USA
| | - Roberto Colom
- Department of Biological and Health Psychology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid, Spain
| | - Aron K Barbey
- Decision Neuroscience Laboratory, University of IllinoisUrbana, IL, USA; Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of IllinoisUrbana, IL, USA; Neuroscience Program, University of IllinoisUrbana, IL, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of IllinoisUrbana, IL, USA; Department of Psychology, University of IllinoisChampaign, IL, USA; Department of Speech and Hearing Science, University of IllinoisChampaign, IL, USA
| | - Jordan Grafman
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Brain Injury Research Program, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago Chicago, IL, USA
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304
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Nyberg L, Eriksson J. Working Memory: Maintenance, Updating, and the Realization of Intentions. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2015; 8:a021816. [PMID: 26637287 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a021816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
"Working memory" refers to a vast set of mnemonic processes and associated brain networks, relates to basic intellectual abilities, and underlies many real-world functions. Working-memory maintenance involves frontoparietal regions and distributed representational areas, and can be based on persistent activity in reentrant loops, synchronous oscillations, or changes in synaptic strength. Manipulation of content of working memory depends on the dorsofrontal cortex, and updating is realized by a frontostriatal '"gating" function. Goals and intentions are represented as cognitive and motivational contexts in the rostrofrontal cortex. Different working-memory networks are linked via associative reinforcement-learning mechanisms into a self-organizing system. Normal capacity variation, as well as working-memory deficits, can largely be accounted for by the effectiveness and integrity of the basal ganglia and dopaminergic neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Nyberg
- Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging (UFBI), Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Johan Eriksson
- Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging (UFBI), Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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305
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Liu K, Li B, Qian S, Jiang Q, Li L, Sun G. Altered interhemispheric resting state functional connectivity during passive hyperthermia. Int J Hyperthermia 2015; 31:840-9. [PMID: 26608616 DOI: 10.3109/02656736.2015.1058977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examines the effect of passive hyperthermia on interhemispheric resting state functional connectivity and the correlation between interhemispheric resting state functional connectivity and efficiency of a succedent working memory task. MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed voxel-mirrored homotopic connectivity (VMHC) analyses on resting state MRI data and a one-back task from 14 healthy subjects in both HT (hyperthermia, 50 °C) conditions and normal control (NC, 25 °C) conditions. The group analyses of the differences for VMHC between the two conditions and the correlation analysis between the VMHC and the reaction time (RT) of the one-back task were performed with the statistical parametric mapping software package and the software REST. RESULTS Compared with NC conditions, HT conditions increased VMHC in the cuneus, the postcentral gyrus, and the fusiform gyrus. No region showed decreased VMHC in the HT group in comparison with the NC group. For NC conditions, negative correlations were demonstrated between RT of the one-back task and VMHC in bilateral superior temporal gyrus, and bilateral middle frontal gyrus; for HT conditions, negative correlations were demonstrated between RT and VMHC in bilateral inferior frontal gyrus, bilateral middle frontal gyrus, as well as cerebellum posterior lobe. CONCLUSION Passive heat stress can impact the interhemispheric information interactions at resting state and the VMHC deficits may play an important role in cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Liu
- a Department of Medical Imaging , Jinan Military General Hospital , Shandong , China
| | - Bo Li
- a Department of Medical Imaging , Jinan Military General Hospital , Shandong , China
| | - Shaowen Qian
- a Department of Medical Imaging , Jinan Military General Hospital , Shandong , China
| | - Qingjun Jiang
- a Department of Medical Imaging , Jinan Military General Hospital , Shandong , China
| | - Li Li
- a Department of Medical Imaging , Jinan Military General Hospital , Shandong , China
| | - Gang Sun
- a Department of Medical Imaging , Jinan Military General Hospital , Shandong , China
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306
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Parkinson C, Wheatley T. The repurposed social brain. Trends Cogn Sci 2015; 19:133-41. [PMID: 25732617 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Human social intelligence depends on a diverse array of perceptual, cognitive, and motivational capacities. Some of these capacities depend on neural systems that may have evolved through modification of ancestral systems with non-social or more limited social functions (evolutionary repurposing). Social intelligence, in turn, enables new forms of repurposing within the lifetime of an individual (cultural and instrumental repurposing), which entail innovating over and exploiting pre-existing circuitry to meet problems our brains did not evolve to solve. Considering these repurposing processes can provide insight into the computations that brain regions contribute to social information processing, generate testable predictions that usefully constrain social neuroscience theory, and reveal biologically imposed constraints on cultural inventions and our ability to respond beneficially to contemporary challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Parkinson
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, 6207 Moore Hall, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Thalia Wheatley
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, 6207 Moore Hall, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.
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307
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Nair A, Carper RA, Abbott AE, Chen CP, Solders S, Nakutin S, Datko MC, Fishman I, Müller R. Regional specificity of aberrant thalamocortical connectivity in autism. Hum Brain Mapp 2015; 36:4497-511. [PMID: 26493162 PMCID: PMC4768761 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Preliminary evidence suggests aberrant (mostly reduced) thalamocortical (TC) connectivity in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), but despite the crucial role of thalamus in sensorimotor functions and its extensive connectivity with cerebral cortex, relevant evidence remains limited. We performed a comprehensive investigation of region-specific TC connectivity in ASD. Resting-state functional MRI and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) data were acquired for 60 children and adolescents with ASD (ages 7-17 years) and 45 age, sex, and IQ-matched typically developing (TD) participants. We examined intrinsic functional connectivity (iFC) and anatomical connectivity (probabilistic tractography) with thalamus, using 68 unilateral cerebral cortical regions of interest (ROIs). For frontal and parietal lobes, iFC was atypically reduced in the ASD group for supramodal association cortices, but was increased for cingulate gyri and motor cortex. Temporal iFC was characterized by overconnectivity for auditory cortices, but underconnectivity for amygdalae. Occipital iFC was broadly reduced in the ASD group. DTI indices (such as increased radial diffusion) for regions with group differences in iFC further indicated compromised anatomical connectivity, especially for frontal ROIs, in the ASD group. Our findings highlight the regional specificity of aberrant TC connectivity in ASD. Their overall pattern can be largely accounted for by functional overconnectivity with limbic and sensorimotor regions, but underconnectivity with supramodal association cortices. This could be related to comparatively early maturation of limbic and sensorimotor regions in the context of early overgrowth in ASD, at the expense of TC connectivity with later maturing cortical regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Nair
- Brain Development Imaging Laboratory, Department of Psychology, San Diego State UniversitySan DiegoCalifornia
- Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego State University and University of CaliforniaSan DiegoCalifornia
| | - Ruth A. Carper
- Brain Development Imaging Laboratory, Department of Psychology, San Diego State UniversitySan DiegoCalifornia
- Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoCalifornia
| | - Angela E. Abbott
- Brain Development Imaging Laboratory, Department of Psychology, San Diego State UniversitySan DiegoCalifornia
| | - Colleen P. Chen
- Brain Development Imaging Laboratory, Department of Psychology, San Diego State UniversitySan DiegoCalifornia
| | - Seraphina Solders
- Brain Development Imaging Laboratory, Department of Psychology, San Diego State UniversitySan DiegoCalifornia
| | - Sarah Nakutin
- Brain Development Imaging Laboratory, Department of Psychology, San Diego State UniversitySan DiegoCalifornia
| | - Michael C. Datko
- Brain Development Imaging Laboratory, Department of Psychology, San Diego State UniversitySan DiegoCalifornia
- Department of Cognitive ScienceUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoCalifornia
| | - Inna Fishman
- Brain Development Imaging Laboratory, Department of Psychology, San Diego State UniversitySan DiegoCalifornia
| | - Ralph‐Axel Müller
- Brain Development Imaging Laboratory, Department of Psychology, San Diego State UniversitySan DiegoCalifornia
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308
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Abstract
In the present study, we used a valence classification task to investigate the common and distinct neural basis of the two fundamental dimensions of social cognition (agency and communion) using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The results showed that several brain areas associated with mentalizing, along with the inferior parietal gyrus in the mirror system, showed overlap in response to both agentic and communal words. These findings suggest that both content categories are related to the neural basis of social cognition; further, several areas in the default mode network (DMN) showed similar deactivations between agency and communion, reflecting task-induced deactivation (TID). In terms of distinct activations, the findings indicated greater deactivations for communal than agentic content in the ventral anterior cingulate (vACC) and medial orbitofrontal cortex (mOFC). Communion also showed greater activation in some visual areas compared to agentic content, including occipital gyrus, lingual gyrus, and fusiform gyrus. These activations may reflect greater allocation of attentional resources to visual areas when processing communal content, or inhibition of cognitive activity irrelevant to task performance. If so, this suggests greater attention and engagement with communion-related content. The present research thus suggests common and differential activations for agency- versus communion-related content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengfei Han
- a Faculty of Psychology , Southwest University , Chongqing , China
| | - Chongzeng Bi
- a Faculty of Psychology , Southwest University , Chongqing , China
| | - Oscar Ybarra
- b Department of Psychology , the University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , USA
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309
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Peng P, Wang Z, Jiang T, Chu S, Wang S, Xiao D. Brain-volume changes in young and middle-aged smokers: a DARTEL-based voxel-based morphometry study. CLINICAL RESPIRATORY JOURNAL 2015; 11:621-631. [PMID: 26404024 DOI: 10.1111/crj.12393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Peng
- Department of Radiology; Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing China
| | - Zhenchang Wang
- Department of Radiology; Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Radiology; Beijing Chao-yang Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing China
| | - Shuilian Chu
- Clinical Research Center, Beijing Chao-yang Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing China
| | - Shuangkun Wang
- Department of Radiology; Beijing Chao-yang Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing China
| | - Dan Xiao
- Tobacco Medicine and Tobacco Cessation Center, China-Japan Friendship Hospital; Beijing China
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310
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Abstract
A crucial role for working memory in temporary information processing and guidance of complex behavior has been recognized for many decades. There is emerging consensus that working-memory maintenance results from the interactions among long-term memory representations and basic processes, including attention, that are instantiated as reentrant loops between frontal and posterior cortical areas, as well as sub-cortical structures. The nature of such interactions can account for capacity limitations, lifespan changes, and restricted transfer after working-memory training. Recent data and models indicate that working memory may also be based on synaptic plasticity and that working memory can operate on non-consciously perceived information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Eriksson
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden; Umeå Center for Function Brain Imaging (UFBI), Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Edward K Vogel
- Department of Psychology, Institute for Mind and Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Anders Lansner
- Department of Computational Biology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Numerical Analysis and Computer Science, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Bergström
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden; Umeå Center for Function Brain Imaging (UFBI), Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lars Nyberg
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden; Umeå Center for Function Brain Imaging (UFBI), Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden; Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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311
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Rinaldi L, Brugger P, Bockisch CJ, Bertolini G, Girelli L. Keeping an eye on serial order: Ocular movements bind space and time. Cognition 2015; 142:291-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2015.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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312
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Stroth S, Kamp D, Drusch K, Frommann N, Wölwer W. Training of Affect Recognition impacts electrophysiological correlates of facial affect recognition in schizophrenia: Analyses of fixation-locked potentials. World J Biol Psychiatry 2015. [PMID: 26212691 DOI: 10.3109/15622975.2015.1051110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Training of Affect Recognition (TAR) is a useful approach to restoring cognitive function in schizophrenic patients. Along with improving visual exploration of faces and altering central information processing in relevant brain areas, TAR attenuates impairments in facial affect recognition. In the present study, we investigate the effects of TAR on early electrophysiological correlates of facial affect recognition in schizophrenia. METHODS The study population comprised 12 schizophrenic patients and 14 healthy controls. In each individual, we carried out EEG, concomitant measurements of scanning eye movements and fixation-based low resolution electromagnetic tomography (sLORETA) analyses of brain electric activity. All analyses were performed at baseline and after participation in TAR. RESULTS In patients, brain activation patterns significantly changed after completing the TAR. Functional improvements were particularly pronounced in the superior parietal and inferior parietal lobes, where trained patients showed a larger increase in activation than untrained healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS The TAR activates compensatory brain processes involved in the perception, attention and evaluation of emotional stimuli. This may underlie the established behavioral effects of the TAR in schizophrenic patients, which include improvements in facial affect recognition and alterations of visual exploration strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna Stroth
- a Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf , Germany
| | - Daniel Kamp
- a Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf , Germany
| | - Katharina Drusch
- a Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf , Germany
| | - Nicole Frommann
- a Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf , Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wölwer
- a Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf , Germany
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313
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Fujisawa TX, Jung M, Kojima M, Saito DN, Kosaka H, Tomoda A. Neural Basis of Psychological Growth following Adverse Experiences: A Resting-State Functional MRI Study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136427. [PMID: 26291449 PMCID: PMC4546237 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, research on the aftereffects of stressful or traumatic events has emphasized the negative outcomes from these experiences. However, the positive outcomes deriving from adversity are increasingly being examined, and such positive changes are described as posttraumatic growth (PTG). To investigate the relationship between basal whole-brain functional connectivity and PTG, we employed resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging and analyzed the neural networks using independent component analysis in a sample of 33 healthy controls. Correlations were calculated between the network connectivity strength and the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI) score. There were positive associations between the PTGI scores and brain activation in the rostral prefrontal cortex and superior parietal lobule (SPL) within the left central executive network (CEN) (respectively, r = 0.41, p < 0.001; r = 0.49, p < 0.001). Individuals with higher psychological growth following adverse experiences had stronger activation in prospective or working memory areas within the executive function network than did individuals with lower psychological growth (r = 0.40, p < 0.001). Moreover, we found that individuals with higher PTG demonstrated stronger connectivity between the SPL and supramarginal gyrus (SMG). The SMG is one of the brain regions associated with the ability to reason about the mental states of others, otherwise known as mentalizing. These findings suggest that individuals with higher psychological growth may have stronger functional connectivity between memory functions within the CEN and social functioning in the SMG, and that their better sociality may result from using more memory for mentalizing during their daily social interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi X. Fujisawa
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
- Division of Developmental Higher Brain Functions, United Graduate School of Child Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Minyoung Jung
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
- Division of Developmental Higher Brain Functions, United Graduate School of Child Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Masahiko Kojima
- Division of Developmental Higher Brain Functions, United Graduate School of Child Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Daisuke N. Saito
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
- Division of Developmental Higher Brain Functions, United Graduate School of Child Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
- Biomedical Imaging Research Center, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Kosaka
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
- Division of Developmental Higher Brain Functions, United Graduate School of Child Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Akemi Tomoda
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
- Division of Developmental Higher Brain Functions, United Graduate School of Child Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
- * E-mail:
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314
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Infante MA, Moore EM, Bischoff-Grethe A, Migliorini R, Mattson SN, Riley EP. Atypical cortical gyrification in adolescents with histories of heavy prenatal alcohol exposure. Brain Res 2015; 1624:446-454. [PMID: 26275919 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal alcohol exposure can adversely affect brain development, although little is known about the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on gyrification. Gyrification reflects cortical folding complexity and is a process by which the surface of the brain creates sulci and gyri. Prior studies have shown that prenatal alcohol exposure is associated with reduced gyrification in childhood, but no studies have examined adolescents. Subjects (12-16 years) comprised two age-equivalent groups: 30 adolescents with histories of heavy prenatal alcohol exposure (AE) and 19 non-exposed controls (CON). A T1-weighted image was obtained for all participants. Local gyrification index (LGI) was estimated using FreeSurfer. General linear models were used to determine between group differences in LGI controlling for age and sex. Age-by-group interactions were also investigated while controlling for sex. The AE group displayed reduced LGI relative to CON in the bilateral superior parietal region, right postcentral region, and left precentral and lateral occipital regions (ps<.001). Significant age-by-group interactions were observed in the right precentral and lateral occipital regions, and in the left pars opercularis and inferior parietal regions (ps<.01). The AE group showed age-related reductions in gyrification in all regions whereas the CON group showed increased gyrification with age in the lateral occipital region only. While cross-sectional, the age-related reduction in gyrification observed in the AE group suggests alterations in cortical development throughout adolescence and provides further insight into the pathophysiology and brain maturation of adolescents prenatally exposed to alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Alejandra Infante
- Center for Behavioral Teratology, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92120, USA; San Diego State University / University of California, San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA 92120-4913, USA.
| | - Eileen M Moore
- Center for Behavioral Teratology, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92120, USA
| | | | - Robyn Migliorini
- Center for Behavioral Teratology, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92120, USA; San Diego State University / University of California, San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA 92120-4913, USA
| | - Sarah N Mattson
- Center for Behavioral Teratology, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92120, USA; San Diego State University / University of California, San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA 92120-4913, USA
| | - Edward P Riley
- Center for Behavioral Teratology, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92120, USA; San Diego State University / University of California, San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA 92120-4913, USA
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315
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Gow DW, Olson BB. Lexical mediation of phonotactic frequency effects on spoken word recognition: A Granger causality analysis of MRI-constrained MEG/EEG data. JOURNAL OF MEMORY AND LANGUAGE 2015; 82:41-55. [PMID: 25883413 PMCID: PMC4394209 DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Phonotactic frequency effects play a crucial role in a number of debates over language processing and representation. It is unclear however, whether these effects reflect prelexical sensitivity to phonotactic frequency, or lexical "gang effects" in speech perception. In this paper, we use Granger causality analysis of MR-constrained MEG/EEG data to understand how phonotactic frequency influences neural processing dynamics during auditory lexical decision. Effective connectivity analysis showed weaker feedforward influence from brain regions involved in acoustic-phonetic processing (superior temporal gyrus) to lexical areas (supramarginal gyrus) for high phonotactic frequency words, but stronger top-down lexical influence for the same items. Low entropy nonwords (nonwords judged to closely resemble real words) showed a similar pattern of interactions between brain regions involved in lexical and acoustic-phonetic processing. These results contradict the predictions of a feedforward model of phonotactic frequency facilitation, but support the predictions of a lexically mediated account.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W. Gow
- Neuropsychology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, 175 Cambridge St., CPZ S340, Boston, MA 02114
- Department of Psychology, Salem State University, 352 Lafayette St., Salem, MA 01970
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging. Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 Thirteenth St., S2301, Charlestown, MA.02129
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., E25-519, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Bruna B. Olson
- Neuropsychology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, 175 Cambridge St., CPZ S340, Boston, MA 02114
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging. Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 Thirteenth St., S2301, Charlestown, MA.02129
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316
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Huang W, Huang D, Chen Z, Ye W, Lv Z, Diao L, Zheng J. Alterations in the functional connectivity of a verbal working memory-related brain network in patients with left temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurosci Lett 2015; 602:6-11. [PMID: 26101832 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the alterations in a verbal working memory (VWM)-related network in left temporal lobe epilepsy (lTLE) at rest. We evaluated 14 patients with lTLE and 14 control subjects by resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC). The region of interest was defined by the voxel with the highest Z-score during a VWM task according to functional magnetic resonance imaging in 16 healthy volunteers. Our study revealed that the network of RSFC was similar to the task-induced network in the healthy volunteers. Moreover, the patients with lTLE exhibited significantly decreased RSFC in the bilateral middle frontal gyrus, the inferior frontal gyrus and the inferior parietal lobule at rest compared to the control subjects. We found no significant correlation between the mean reaction time of the accurate responses in a 2-back task and the mean z-values within the regions that exhibited significant differences in RSFC at the individual level. The alterations in FCs of VWM-related network in lTLE suggested that epileptiform discharges can damage the brain regions, both local focus and remote areas and that the alterations were not associated with VWM performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Huang
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Donghong Huang
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Zirong Chen
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Wei Ye
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Zongxia Lv
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Limei Diao
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530023, China
| | - Jinou Zheng
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China.
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317
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Early detection and late cognitive control of emotional distraction by the prefrontal cortex. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10046. [PMID: 26067780 PMCID: PMC4464367 DOI: 10.1038/srep10046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Unpleasant emotional distraction can impair the retention of non-emotional information in working memory (WM). Research links the prefrontal cortex with the successful control of such biologically relevant distractors, although the temporal changes in this brain mechanism remain unexplored. We use magnetoencephalography to investigate the temporal dynamics of the cognitive control of both unpleasant and pleasant distraction, in the millisecond (ms) scale. Behavioral results demonstrate that pleasant events do not affect WM maintenance more than neutral ones. Neuroimaging results show that prefrontal cortices are recruited for the rapid detection of emotional distraction, at early latencies of the processing (70-130 ms). Later in the processing (360-450 ms), the dorsolateral, the medial and the orbital sections of the prefrontal cortex mediate the effective control of emotional distraction. In accordance with the behavioral performance, pleasant distractors do not require higher prefrontal activity than neutral ones. These findings extend our knowledge about the brain mechanisms of coping with emotional distraction in WM. In particular, they show for the first time that overriding the attentional capture triggered by emotional distractors, while maintaining task-relevant elements in mind, is based on the early detection of such linked-to-survival information and on its later cognitive control by the prefrontal cortex.
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318
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Tang X, Pang J, Nie QY, Conci M, Luo J, Luo J. Probing the Cognitive Mechanism of Mental Representational Change During Chunk Decomposition: A Parametric fMRI Study. Cereb Cortex 2015; 26:2991-9. [PMID: 26045566 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chunk decomposition plays an important role in cognitive flexibility in particular with regards to representational change, which is critical for insight problem solving and creative thinking. In this study, we investigated the cognitive mechanism of decomposing Chinese character chunks through a parametric fMRI design. Our results from this parametric manipulation revealed widely distributed activations in frontal, parietal, and occipital cortex and negative activations in parietal and visual areas in response to chunk tightness during decomposition. To mentally manipulate the element of a given old chunk, superior parietal lobe appears to support element restructuring in a goal-directed way, whereas the negatively activated inferior parietal lobe may support preventing irrelevant objects from being attended. Moreover, determining alternative ways of restructuring requires a constellation of frontal areas in the cognitive control network, such as the right lateral prefrontal cortex in inhibiting the predominant chunk representations, the presupplementary motor area in initiating a transition of mental task set, and the inferior frontal junction in establishing task sets. In conclusion, this suggests that chunk decomposition reflects mental transformation of problem representation from an inappropriate state to a new one alongside with an evaluation of novel and insightful solutions by the caudate in the dorsal striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Tang
- College of Education, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Jiaoyan Pang
- Department of Prevention and Health Care, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Qi-Yang Nie
- Department Psychologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Conci
- Department Psychologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Junlong Luo
- College of Education, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Jing Luo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, Department of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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319
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van Dam WO, Decker SL, Durbin JS, Vendemia JMC, Desai RH. Resting state signatures of domain and demand-specific working memory performance. Neuroimage 2015; 118:174-82. [PMID: 25980975 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Working memory (WM) is one of the key constructs in understanding higher-level cognition. We examined whether patterns of activity in the resting state of individual subjects are correlated with their off-line working and short-term memory capabilities. Participants completed a resting-state fMRI scan and off-line working and short-term memory (STM) tests with both verbal and visual materials. We calculated fractional amplitude of low frequency fluctuations (fALFF) from the resting state data, and also computed connectivity between seeds placed in frontal and parietal lobes. Correlating fALFF values with behavioral measures showed that the fALFF values in a widespread fronto-parietal network during rest were positively correlated with a combined memory measure. In addition, STM showed a significant correlation with fALFF within the right angular gyrus and left middle occipital gyrus, whereas WM was correlated with fALFF values within the right IPS and left dorsomedial cerebellar cortex. Furthermore, verbal and visuospatial memory capacities were associated with dissociable patterns of low-frequency fluctuations. Seed-based connectivity showed correlations with the verbal WM measure in the left hemisphere, and with the visual WM measure in the right hemisphere. These findings contribute to our understanding of how differences in spontaneous low-frequency fluctuations at rest are correlated with differences in cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Scott L Decker
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, USA
| | | | | | - Rutvik H Desai
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, USA.
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320
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Ou X, Andres A, Pivik RT, Cleves MA, Badger TM. Brain gray and white matter differences in healthy normal weight and obese children. J Magn Reson Imaging 2015; 42:1205-13. [PMID: 25865707 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.24912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare brain gray and white matter development in healthy normal weight and obese children. METHODS Twenty-four healthy 8- to 10-year-old children whose body mass index was either <75(th) percentile (normal weight) or >95(th) percentile (obese) completed an MRI examination which included T1-weighted three-dimensional structural imaging and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Voxel-based morphometry was used to compare the regional gray and white matter between the normal weight and obese children, and tract-based spatial statistics was used to compare the water diffusion parameters in the white matter between groups. RESULTS Compared with normal weight children, obese children had significant (P < 0.05, family wise error corrected) regional gray matter reduction in the right middle temporal gyrus, left and right thalami, left superior parietal gyrus, left pre/postcentral gyri, and left cerebellum. Obese children also had higher white matter (P < 0.05, corrected) in multiple regions in the brain and higher DTI measured fractional anisotropy (FA) values (P < 0.05, corrected) in part of the left brain association and projection fibers. There was no difference in mean diffusivity at P < 0.05, corrected. DTI eigenvalues suggested that the FA differences were likely from decreased radial diffusivity (P < 0.1, corrected) and there was no change in axial diffusivity (corrected P > 0.35 for all voxels). CONCLUSION Our results indicated that obese but otherwise healthy children have different regional gray and white matter development in the brain and differences in white matter microstructures compared with healthy normal weight children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiawei Ou
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Arkansas Children's Hospital Research Institute, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Aline Andres
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Arkansas Children's Hospital Research Institute, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - R T Pivik
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Arkansas Children's Hospital Research Institute, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Mario A Cleves
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Arkansas Children's Hospital Research Institute, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Thomas M Badger
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Arkansas Children's Hospital Research Institute, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
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321
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Andin J, Fransson P, Rönnberg J, Rudner M. Phonology and arithmetic in the language-calculation network. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2015; 143:97-105. [PMID: 25797099 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Arithmetic and language processing involve similar neural networks, but the relative engagement remains unclear. In the present study we used fMRI to compare activation for phonological, multiplication and subtraction tasks, keeping the stimulus material constant, within a predefined language-calculation network including left inferior frontal gyrus and angular gyrus (AG) as well as superior parietal lobule and the intraparietal sulcus bilaterally. Results revealed a generally left lateralized activation pattern within the language-calculation network for phonology and a bilateral activation pattern for arithmetic, and suggested regional differences between tasks. In particular, we found a more prominent role for phonology than arithmetic in pars opercularis of the left inferior frontal gyrus but domain generality in pars triangularis. Parietal activation patterns demonstrated greater engagement of the visual and quantity systems for calculation than language. This set of findings supports the notion of a common, but regionally differentiated, language-calculation network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefine Andin
- Linnaeus Centre HEAD, Swedish Institute for Disability Research, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Peter Fransson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Jerker Rönnberg
- Linnaeus Centre HEAD, Swedish Institute for Disability Research, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Mary Rudner
- Linnaeus Centre HEAD, Swedish Institute for Disability Research, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden.
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322
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Cristofori I, Zhong W, Chau A, Solomon J, Krueger F, Grafman J. White and gray matter contributions to executive function recovery after traumatic brain injury. Neurology 2015; 84:1394-401. [PMID: 25746558 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000001446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated the association between regional white and gray matter volume loss and performance on executive functions (EFs) in patients with penetrating traumatic brain injury (pTBI). METHODS We studied 164 pTBI patients and 43 healthy controls from the Vietnam Head Injury Study. We acquired CT scans for pTBI patients and divided them according to lesion localization (left and right prefrontal cortex [PFC]). We administered EF tests (Verbal Fluency, Trail Making, Twenty Questions) and used voxel-based lesion symptom mapping (VLSM) and group-based correlational and multiple regression analyses to examine the relative influence of gray and white matter lesions on EF recovery. RESULTS The VLSM analysis revealed that white and gray white matter lesions were associated with impaired EFs. In the left PFC lesion group, damage to the PFC gray matter, anterior corona radiata, and superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF) were most correlated with functional recovery. Verbal Fluency, which involves a broad fronto-temporo-parietal network, was best predicted by SLF lesion volume. Trail Making and Twenty Questions, which is associated with more focal left frontal damage, was better predicted by PFC lesions. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated that white matter volume loss can be a superior predictor of recovery and a crucial factor driving clinical outcome in functions involving a broad network such as Verbal Fluency. White matter damage may place additional burden on recovery by deteriorating signal transmission between cortical areas within a functional network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Cristofori
- From the Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory (I.C., W.Z., A.C., J.G.), Brain Injury Research, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago; the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (I.C., W.Z., J.G.), Northwestern University, IL; Expert Image Analysis LLC (J.S.), Potomac, MD; and the Molecular Neuroscience Department and Department of Psychology (D.E.), George Mason University, Fairfax, VA.
| | - Wanting Zhong
- From the Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory (I.C., W.Z., A.C., J.G.), Brain Injury Research, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago; the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (I.C., W.Z., J.G.), Northwestern University, IL; Expert Image Analysis LLC (J.S.), Potomac, MD; and the Molecular Neuroscience Department and Department of Psychology (D.E.), George Mason University, Fairfax, VA
| | - Aileen Chau
- From the Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory (I.C., W.Z., A.C., J.G.), Brain Injury Research, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago; the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (I.C., W.Z., J.G.), Northwestern University, IL; Expert Image Analysis LLC (J.S.), Potomac, MD; and the Molecular Neuroscience Department and Department of Psychology (D.E.), George Mason University, Fairfax, VA
| | - Jeffrey Solomon
- From the Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory (I.C., W.Z., A.C., J.G.), Brain Injury Research, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago; the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (I.C., W.Z., J.G.), Northwestern University, IL; Expert Image Analysis LLC (J.S.), Potomac, MD; and the Molecular Neuroscience Department and Department of Psychology (D.E.), George Mason University, Fairfax, VA
| | - Frank Krueger
- From the Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory (I.C., W.Z., A.C., J.G.), Brain Injury Research, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago; the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (I.C., W.Z., J.G.), Northwestern University, IL; Expert Image Analysis LLC (J.S.), Potomac, MD; and the Molecular Neuroscience Department and Department of Psychology (D.E.), George Mason University, Fairfax, VA
| | - Jordan Grafman
- From the Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory (I.C., W.Z., A.C., J.G.), Brain Injury Research, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago; the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (I.C., W.Z., J.G.), Northwestern University, IL; Expert Image Analysis LLC (J.S.), Potomac, MD; and the Molecular Neuroscience Department and Department of Psychology (D.E.), George Mason University, Fairfax, VA
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323
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P300 component in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder type I, bipolar disorder type II and healthy controls. Neuroreport 2015; 26:206-10. [DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000000329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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324
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Banich MT, Mackiewicz Seghete KL, Depue BE, Burgess GC. Multiple modes of clearing one's mind of current thoughts: overlapping and distinct neural systems. Neuropsychologia 2015; 69:105-17. [PMID: 25637772 PMCID: PMC4378864 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This study used the power of neuroimaging to identify the neural systems that remove information from working memory, a thorny issue to examine because it is difficult to confirm that individuals have actually modified their thoughts. To overcome this problem, brain activation as measured via fMRI was assessed when individuals had to clear their mind of all thought (global clear), clear their mind of a particular thought (targeted clear), or replace the current thought (replace), relative to maintaining an item in working memory. The pattern of activity in posterior sensory regions across these conditions confirmed compliance with task demands. A hierarchy of brain regions involved in cognitive control, including parietal, dorsolateral prefrontal and frontopolar regions, were engaged to varying degrees depending on the manner in which information was removed from working memory. In addition, individuals with greater difficulty in controlling internal thoughts exhibited greater activity in prefrontal brain regions associated with cognitive control, as well as in left lateral prefrontal areas including Broca's area, which is associated with inner speech.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie T Banich
- Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.
| | | | - Brendan E Depue
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Gregory C Burgess
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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325
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Liang X, Zou Q, He Y, Yang Y. Topologically Reorganized Connectivity Architecture of Default-Mode, Executive-Control, and Salience Networks across Working Memory Task Loads. Cereb Cortex 2015; 26:1501-1511. [PMID: 25596593 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhu316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The human brain is topologically organized into a set of spatially distributed, functionally specific networks. Of these networks, the default-mode network (DMN), executive-control network (ECN), and salience network (SN) have received the most attention recently for their vital roles in cognitive functions. However, very little is known about whether and how the interactions within and between these 3 networks would be modulated by cognitive demands. Here, we employed graph-based modularity analysis to identify the DMN, ECN, and SN during an N-back working memory (WM) task and further investigated the modulation of intra- and inter-network interactions at different cognitive loads. As the task load elevated, functional connectivity decreased within the DMN while increased within the ECN, and the SN connected more with both the DMN and ECN. Within-network connectivity of the ventral and dorsal posterior cingulate cortex was differentially modulated by cognitive load. Further, the superior parietal regions in the ECN showed increased internetwork connections at higher WM loads, and these increases correlated positively with WM task performance. Together, these findings advance our understanding of dynamic integrations of specialized brain systems in response to cognitive demands and may serve as a baseline for assessing potential disruptions of these interactions in pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Liang
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research
| | - Qihong Zou
- Center for MRI Research and Beijing City Key Lab for Medical Physics and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yong He
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research.,Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yihong Yang
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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326
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Pakhomov SVS, Jones DT, Knopman DS. Language networks associated with computerized semantic indices. Neuroimage 2015; 104:125-37. [PMID: 25315785 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tests of generative semantic verbal fluency are widely used to study organization and representation of concepts in the human brain. Previous studies demonstrated that clustering and switching behavior during verbal fluency tasks is supported by multiple brain mechanisms associated with semantic memory and executive control. Previous work relied on manual assessments of semantic relatedness between words and grouping of words into semantic clusters. We investigated a computational linguistic approach to measuring the strength of semantic relatedness between words based on latent semantic analysis of word co-occurrences in a subset of a large online encyclopedia. We computed semantic clustering indices and compared them to brain network connectivity measures obtained with task-free fMRI in a sample consisting of healthy participants and those differentially affected by cognitive impairment. We found that semantic clustering indices were associated with brain network connectivity in distinct areas including fronto-temporal, fronto-parietal and fusiform gyrus regions. This study shows that computerized semantic indices complement traditional assessments of verbal fluency to provide a more complete account of the relationship between brain and verbal behavior involved organization and retrieval of lexical information from memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serguei V S Pakhomov
- University of Minnesota Center for Clinical and Cognitive Neuropharmacology, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - David T Jones
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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327
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Carluer L, Mondou A, Buhour MS, Laisney M, Pélerin A, Eustache F, Viader F, Desgranges B. Neural substrate of cognitive theory of mind impairment in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Cortex 2014; 65:19-30. [PMID: 25618325 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2014.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We now know that amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is not restricted to the motor system. Indeed, a large proportion of patients with ALS exhibit cognitive impairment, especially executive dysfunction or language impairment. Although researchers have recently turned their attention to theory of mind (ToM) in ALS, only five studies have been performed so far, and they reported somewhat contradictory results. Moreover, the neural basis of the potential ToM deficit in ALS remains largely unknown. The present study was therefore designed to clarify whether a cognitive ToM deficit is indeed associated with ALS, specify the putative link between cognitive ToM deficits and executive dysfunction in ALS, and identify the dysfunctional brain regions responsible for any social cognition deficits. We investigated cognitive ToM and executive functions in a group of 23 patients with ALS and matched healthy controls, using an original false-belief task and a specially designed battery of executive tasks. We also performed an (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography examination. Results confirmed the presence of cognitive ToM deficits in patients compared with controls, and revealed significant correlations between ToM and executive functions, although the cognitive ToM deficit persisted when a composite executive function score was entered as a covariate. Using statistical parametric mapping, we calculated positive correlations between tracer uptake and false-belief scores on a voxel-by-voxel basis in the patient sample. Results showed that the cognitive ToM deficit correlated with the dorsomedial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices, as well as the supplementary motor area. Our findings provide compelling clinical and imaging evidence for the presence of a genuine cognitive ToM deficit in patients with ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Carluer
- Unit U1077, INSERM, Caen, France; Joint Research Unit UMR-S1077, Caen University, Caen, France; Joint Research Unit UMR-S1077, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Caen, France; Neurology Department, Caen University Hospital, Caen, France.
| | - Audrey Mondou
- Unit U1077, INSERM, Caen, France; Joint Research Unit UMR-S1077, Caen University, Caen, France; Joint Research Unit UMR-S1077, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Caen, France; Neurology Department, Caen University Hospital, Caen, France
| | - Marie-Sonia Buhour
- Unit U1077, INSERM, Caen, France; Joint Research Unit UMR-S1077, Caen University, Caen, France; Joint Research Unit UMR-S1077, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Caen, France; Joint Research Unit UMR-S1077, Caen University Hospital, Caen, France
| | - Mickaël Laisney
- Unit U1077, INSERM, Caen, France; Joint Research Unit UMR-S1077, Caen University, Caen, France; Joint Research Unit UMR-S1077, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Caen, France; Joint Research Unit UMR-S1077, Caen University Hospital, Caen, France
| | - Alice Pélerin
- Unit U1077, INSERM, Caen, France; Joint Research Unit UMR-S1077, Caen University, Caen, France; Joint Research Unit UMR-S1077, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Caen, France; Neurology Department, Caen University Hospital, Caen, France
| | - Francis Eustache
- Unit U1077, INSERM, Caen, France; Joint Research Unit UMR-S1077, Caen University, Caen, France; Joint Research Unit UMR-S1077, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Caen, France; Joint Research Unit UMR-S1077, Caen University Hospital, Caen, France
| | - Fausto Viader
- Unit U1077, INSERM, Caen, France; Joint Research Unit UMR-S1077, Caen University, Caen, France; Joint Research Unit UMR-S1077, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Caen, France; Neurology Department, Caen University Hospital, Caen, France
| | - Béatrice Desgranges
- Unit U1077, INSERM, Caen, France; Joint Research Unit UMR-S1077, Caen University, Caen, France; Joint Research Unit UMR-S1077, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Caen, France; Joint Research Unit UMR-S1077, Caen University Hospital, Caen, France
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328
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The formation of source memory under distraction. Behav Brain Funct 2014; 10:40. [PMID: 25344289 PMCID: PMC4218999 DOI: 10.1186/1744-9081-10-40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is vital to select and process relevant information while restraining irrelevant information for successful retrieval. When multiple streams of information are concurrently present, the ability to overcome distraction is very crucial for processing relevant information. Despite its significance, the neural mechanism of successful memory formation under distraction remains unclear, especially with memory for associations. The present fMRI study investigated the effect of distraction due to irrelevant stimuli in source memory. Methods In the MR scanner, participants studied an item and perceptual context with no distractor, a letter-distractor, or a word-distractor. Following the study phase, a source recognition test was administered in which participants were instructed to judge the study status of the test items and context of studied items. Participants’ encoding activity was back-sorted by later source recognition to find the influence of distractors in subsequent memory effects. Results Source memory with distractors recruited greater encoding activity in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and the bilateral inferior temporal gyrus/fusiform cortex, along with the left posterior hippocampus. However, enhanced activity in the left anterior ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and the left parahippocampal cortex predicted successful source memory regardless of the presence of a distractor. Conclusions These findings of subsequent memory effects suggest that strong binding of the item-context associations, as well as resistance to interference, may have greater premium in the formation of successful source memory of pictures under distraction. Further, attentional selection to the relevant target seems to play a major role in contextual binding under distraction by enhancing the viability of memory representations from interference effects of distractors. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1744-9081-10-40) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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329
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Yang S, Hua P, Shang X, Cui Z, Zhong S, Gong G, William Humphreys G. Deficiency of brain structural sub-network underlying post-ischaemic stroke apathy. Eur J Neurol 2014; 22:341-7. [PMID: 25319873 DOI: 10.1111/ene.12575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Yang
- Department of Experimental Psychology; University of Oxford; Oxford UK
- Department of Neurology; Guangzhou First People's Hospital; Guangzhou Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - P. Hua
- Department of Cadio-vascular surgery; Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - X. Shang
- Department of Neurology; Guangzhou First People's Hospital; Guangzhou Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - Z. Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research; Beijing Normal University; Beijing China
| | - S. Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research; Beijing Normal University; Beijing China
| | - G. Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research; Beijing Normal University; Beijing China
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330
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Bonnì S, Perri R, Fadda L, Tomaiuolo F, Koch G, Caltagirone C, Carlesimo GA. Selective deficit of spatial short-term memory: Role of storage and rehearsal mechanisms. Cortex 2014; 59:22-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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331
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Humphreys GF, Lambon Ralph MA. Fusion and Fission of Cognitive Functions in the Human Parietal Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2014; 25:3547-60. [PMID: 25205661 PMCID: PMC4585503 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhu198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
How is higher cognitive function organized in the human parietal cortex? A century of neuropsychology and 30 years of functional neuroimaging has implicated the parietal lobe in many different verbal and nonverbal cognitive domains. There is little clarity, however, on how these functions are organized, that is, where do these functions coalesce (implying a shared, underpinning neurocomputation) and where do they divide (indicating different underlying neural functions). Until now, there has been no multi-domain synthesis in order to reveal where there is fusion or fission of functions in the parietal cortex. This aim was achieved through a large-scale activation likelihood estimation (ALE) analysis of 386 studies (3952 activation peaks) covering 8 cognitive domains. A tripartite, domain-general neuroanatomical division and 5 principles of cognitive organization were established, and these are discussed with respect to a unified theory of parietal functional organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina F Humphreys
- Neuroscience and Aphasia Research Unit (NARU), School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, Brunswick St., Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Matthew A Lambon Ralph
- Neuroscience and Aphasia Research Unit (NARU), School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, Brunswick St., Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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332
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Gajewski PD, Falkenstein M. Age-Related Effects on ERP and Oscillatory EEG-Dynamics in a 2-Back Task. J PSYCHOPHYSIOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1027/0269-8803/a000123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that working memory is one of the most vulnerable cognitive functions in elderly. However, little is known about the neuronal underpinnings and temporal dynamics of working memory mechanisms in healthy aging which are necessary to understand the age-related changes. To this end, 36 young and 36 old healthy individuals performed a 2-back task and a 0-back control task, while the electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded. Participants were instructed to press a response key whenever a target appeared and not to respond in case of nontargets. Expectedly, older participants showed considerably slower RTs and significantly higher rates of omitted targets and false alarms than young participants in the 2-back task, whereas no age-group difference in detection rate was found in the 0-back task. From the EEG event-related potentials as well as time-frequency plots were computed. The ERPs showed a general delay of the frontocentral N2, and an attenuation and delay of both the P3a and P3b in older versus younger adults. Importantly, the frontal P3a was reduced in older adults in the 2-back task. Time-frequency decomposition revealed consistently lower power in frontal theta (6 Hz) and parietal alpha (9–11 Hz) frequency range in older versus younger adults whereas no age-related differences were found in the delta frequency range. Task unspecific reduction of posterior alpha in elderly was paralleled by a reduction of the P3b. In contrast, the older adults had a strongly reduced frontal theta power in the 2-back task, which parallels the P3a reduction in the ERPs. The widespread reduction of alpha may indicate that older adults needed to recruit more attentional resources for successful task performance, whereas reduced frontal theta may indicate that older adults are less able to recruit frontal resources related to top-down control with increasing task demands. This suggests a less efficient fronto-parietal network synchronicity in older individuals that leads to deficits in identification and maintenance of task relevant stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick D. Gajewski
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Michael Falkenstein
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany
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333
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Barbey AK, Colom R, Paul EJ, Chau A, Solomon J, Grafman JH. Lesion mapping of social problem solving. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 137:2823-33. [PMID: 25070511 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awu207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating neuroscience evidence indicates that human intelligence is supported by a distributed network of frontal and parietal regions that enable complex, goal-directed behaviour. However, the contributions of this network to social aspects of intellectual function remain to be well characterized. Here, we report a human lesion study (n = 144) that investigates the neural bases of social problem solving (measured by the Everyday Problem Solving Inventory) and examine the degree to which individual differences in performance are predicted by a broad spectrum of psychological variables, including psychometric intelligence (measured by the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale), emotional intelligence (measured by the Mayer, Salovey, Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test), and personality traits (measured by the Neuroticism-Extraversion-Openness Personality Inventory). Scores for each variable were obtained, followed by voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping. Stepwise regression analyses revealed that working memory, processing speed, and emotional intelligence predict individual differences in everyday problem solving. A targeted analysis of specific everyday problem solving domains (involving friends, home management, consumerism, work, information management, and family) revealed psychological variables that selectively contribute to each. Lesion mapping results indicated that social problem solving, psychometric intelligence, and emotional intelligence are supported by a shared network of frontal, temporal, and parietal regions, including white matter association tracts that bind these areas into a coordinated system. The results support an integrative framework for understanding social intelligence and make specific recommendations for the application of the Everyday Problem Solving Inventory to the study of social problem solving in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aron K Barbey
- 1 Decision Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA 2 Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA 3 Department of Internal Medicine, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL, USA 4 Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL, USA 5 Department of Speech and Hearing Science, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL, USA 6 Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL, USA 7 Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Roberto Colom
- 8 Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Fundación CIEN/Fundación Reina Sofía, Madrid, Spain
| | - Erick J Paul
- 1 Decision Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA 2 Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Aileen Chau
- 9 Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Jordan H Grafman
- 9 Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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334
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Thaut MH, Trimarchi PD, Parsons LM. Human brain basis of musical rhythm perception: common and distinct neural substrates for meter, tempo, and pattern. Brain Sci 2014; 4:428-52. [PMID: 24961770 PMCID: PMC4101486 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci4020428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhythm as the time structure of music is composed of distinct temporal components such as pattern, meter, and tempo. Each feature requires different computational processes: meter involves representing repeating cycles of strong and weak beats; pattern involves representing intervals at each local time point which vary in length across segments and are linked hierarchically; and tempo requires representing frequency rates of underlying pulse structures. We explored whether distinct rhythmic elements engage different neural mechanisms by recording brain activity of adult musicians and non-musicians with positron emission tomography (PET) as they made covert same-different discriminations of (a) pairs of rhythmic, monotonic tone sequences representing changes in pattern, tempo, and meter, and (b) pairs of isochronous melodies. Common to pattern, meter, and tempo tasks were focal activities in right, or bilateral, areas of frontal, cingulate, parietal, prefrontal, temporal, and cerebellar cortices. Meter processing alone activated areas in right prefrontal and inferior frontal cortex associated with more cognitive and abstract representations. Pattern processing alone recruited right cortical areas involved in different kinds of auditory processing. Tempo processing alone engaged mechanisms subserving somatosensory and premotor information (e.g., posterior insula, postcentral gyrus). Melody produced activity different from the rhythm conditions (e.g., right anterior insula and various cerebellar areas). These exploratory findings suggest the outlines of some distinct neural components underlying the components of rhythmic structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Thaut
- Center for Biomedical Research in Music, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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335
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Individual differences in working memory capacity explain the relationship between general discrimination ability and psychometric intelligence. INTELLIGENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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336
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Lückmann HC, Jacobs HI, Sack AT. The cross-functional role of frontoparietal regions in cognition: internal attention as the overarching mechanism. Prog Neurobiol 2014; 116:66-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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337
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Nikolaidis A, Voss MW, Lee H, Vo LTK, Kramer AF. Parietal plasticity after training with a complex video game is associated with individual differences in improvements in an untrained working memory task. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:169. [PMID: 24711792 PMCID: PMC3968753 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Researchers have devoted considerable attention and resources to cognitive training, yet there have been few examinations of the relationship between individual differences in patterns of brain activity during the training task and training benefits on untrained tasks (i.e., transfer). While a predominant hypothesis suggests that training will transfer if there is training-induced plasticity in brain regions important for the untrained task, this theory lacks sufficient empirical support. To address this issue we investigated the relationship between individual differences in training-induced changes in brain activity during a cognitive training videogame, and whether those changes explained individual differences in the resulting changes in performance in untrained tasks. Forty-five young adults trained with a videogame that challenges working memory, attention, and motor control for 15 2-h sessions. Before and after training, all subjects received neuropsychological assessments targeting working memory, attention, and procedural learning to assess transfer. Subjects also underwent pre- and post-functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans while they played the training videogame to assess how these patterns of brain activity change in response to training. For regions implicated in working memory, such as the superior parietal lobe (SPL), individual differences in the post-minus-pre changes in activation predicted performance changes in an untrained working memory task. These findings suggest that training-induced plasticity in the functional representation of a training task may play a role in individual differences in transfer. Our data support and extend previous literature that has examined the association between training related cognitive changes and associated changes in underlying neural networks. We discuss the role of individual differences in brain function in training generalizability and make suggestions for future cognitive training research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aki Nikolaidis
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign Urbana, IL, USA ; Beckman Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Michelle W Voss
- Department of Psychology, University of Iowa Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Hyunkyu Lee
- Brain Plasticity Institute San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Loan T K Vo
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign Urbana, IL, USA ; Department of Electrical Engineering, Tan Tao University Long An, Vietnam
| | - Arthur F Kramer
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign Urbana, IL, USA ; Department of Psychology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Urbana, IL, USA
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338
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Scharnowski F, Rosa MJ, Golestani N, Hutton C, Josephs O, Weiskopf N, Rees G. Connectivity changes underlying neurofeedback training of visual cortex activity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91090. [PMID: 24609065 PMCID: PMC3946642 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurofeedback based on real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a new approach that allows training of voluntary control over regionally specific brain activity. However, the neural basis of successful neurofeedback learning remains poorly understood. Here, we assessed changes in effective brain connectivity associated with neurofeedback training of visual cortex activity. Using dynamic causal modeling (DCM), we found that training participants to increase visual cortex activity was associated with increased effective connectivity between the visual cortex and the superior parietal lobe. Specifically, participants who learned to control activity in their visual cortex showed increased top-down control of the superior parietal lobe over the visual cortex, and at the same time reduced bottom-up processing. These results are consistent with efficient employment of top-down visual attention and imagery, which were the cognitive strategies used by participants to increase their visual cortex activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Scharnowski
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- UCL Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Bioengineering, Swiss Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Radiology and Medical Informatics – CIBM, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Maria Joao Rosa
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Narly Golestani
- UCL Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- University Medical School, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Chloe Hutton
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Josephs
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nikolaus Weiskopf
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Geraint Rees
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- UCL Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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339
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Schultz CC, Mühleisen TW, Nenadic I, Koch K, Wagner G, Schachtzabel C, Siedek F, Nöthen MM, Rietschel M, Deufel T, Kiehntopf M, Cichon S, Reichenbach JR, Sauer H, Schlösser RGM. Common variation in NCAN, a risk factor for bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, influences local cortical folding in schizophrenia. Psychol Med 2014; 44:811-820. [PMID: 23795679 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291713001414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have provided strong evidence that variation in the gene neurocan (NCAN, rs1064395) is a common risk factor for bipolar disorder (BD) and schizophrenia. However, the possible relevance of NCAN variation to disease mechanisms in the human brain has not yet been explored. Thus, to identify a putative pathomechanism, we tested whether the risk allele has an influence on cortical thickness and folding in a well-characterized sample of patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls. METHOD Sixty-three patients and 65 controls underwent T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and were genotyped for the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs1064395. Folding and thickness were analysed on a node-by-node basis using a surface-based approach (FreeSurfer). RESULTS In patients, NCAN risk status (defined by AA and AG carriers) was found to be associated with higher folding in the right lateral occipital region and at a trend level for the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Controls did not show any association (p > 0.05). For cortical thickness, there was no significant effect in either patients or controls. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to describe an effect of the NCAN risk variant on brain structure. Our data show that the NCAN risk allele influences cortical folding in the occipital and prefrontal cortex, which may establish disease susceptibility during neurodevelopment. The findings suggest that NCAN is involved in visual processing and top-down cognitive functioning. Both major cognitive processes are known to be disturbed in schizophrenia. Moreover, our study reveals new evidence for a specific genetic influence on local cortical folding in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Schultz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Germany
| | - T W Mühleisen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - I Nenadic
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Germany
| | - K Koch
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Germany
| | - G Wagner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Germany
| | - C Schachtzabel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Germany
| | - F Siedek
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - M M Nöthen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - M Rietschel
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - T Deufel
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Jena University Hospital, Germany
| | - M Kiehntopf
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Jena University Hospital, Germany
| | - S Cichon
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - J R Reichenbach
- Medical Physics Group, Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology I, Jena University Hospital, Germany
| | - H Sauer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Germany
| | - R G M Schlösser
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Germany
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340
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Barbey AK, Colom R, Paul E, Forbes C, Krueger F, Goldman D, Grafman J. Preservation of general intelligence following traumatic brain injury: contributions of the Met66 brain-derived neurotrophic factor. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88733. [PMID: 24586380 PMCID: PMC3935849 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) promotes survival and synaptic plasticity in the human brain. The Val66Met polymorphism of the BDNF gene interferes with intracellular trafficking, packaging, and regulated secretion of this neurotrophin. The human prefrontal cortex (PFC) shows lifelong neuroplastic adaption implicating the Val66Met BDNF polymorphism in the recovery of higher-order executive functions after traumatic brain injury (TBI). In this study, we examined the effect of this BDNF polymorphism on the preservation of general intelligence following TBI. We genotyped a sample of male Vietnam combat veterans (n = 156) consisting of a frontal lobe lesion group with focal penetrating head injuries for the Val66Met BDNF polymorphism. Val/Met did not differ from Val/Val genotypes in general cognitive ability before TBI. However, we found substantial average differences between these groups in general intelligence (≈ half a standard deviation or 8 IQ points), verbal comprehension (6 IQ points), perceptual organization (6 IQ points), working memory (8 IQ points), and processing speed (8 IQ points) after TBI. These results support the conclusion that Val/Met genotypes preserve general cognitive functioning, whereas Val/Val genotypes are largely susceptible to TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aron K. Barbey
- Decision Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Illinois, Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Speech and Hearing Science, University of Illinois, Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois, Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Roberto Colom
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Fundación CIEN/Fundación Reina Sofía, Madrid, Spain
| | - Erick Paul
- Decision Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Chad Forbes
- Department of Psychology, University of Delaware, Delaware, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Frank Krueger
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, George Mason University, Virginia, United States of America
| | - David Goldman
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jordan Grafman
- Traumatic Brain Injury Research Laboratory, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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341
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Genovesio A, Wise SP, Passingham RE. Prefrontal–parietal function: from foraging to foresight. Trends Cogn Sci 2014; 18:72-81. [PMID: 24378542 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2013.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 11/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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342
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Kuo BC, Astle DE. Neural mechanisms by which attention modulates the comparison of remembered and perceptual representations. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86666. [PMID: 24466193 PMCID: PMC3897742 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention is important for effectively comparing incoming perceptual information with the contents of visual short-term memory (VSTM), such that any differences can be detected. However, how attentional mechanisms operate upon these comparison processes remains largely unknown. Here we investigate the underlying neural mechanisms by which attention modulates the comparisons between VSTM and perceptual representations using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Participants performed a cued change detection task. Spatial cues were presented to orient their attention either to the location of an item in VSTM prior to its comparison (retro-cues), or simultaneously (simultaneous-cues) with the probe array. A no-cue condition was also included. When attention cannot be effectively deployed in advance (i.e. following the simultaneous-cues), we observed a distributed and extensive activation pattern in the prefrontal and parietal cortices in support of successful change detection. This was not the case when participants can deploy their attention in advance (i.e. following the retro-cues). The region-of-interest analyses confirmed that neural responses for successful change detection versus correct rejection in the visual and parietal regions were significantly different for simultaneous-cues compared to retro-cues. Importantly, we found enhanced functional connectivity between prefrontal and parietal cortices when detecting changes on the simultaneous-cue trials. Moreover, we demonstrated a close relationship between this functional connectivity and d′ scores. Together, our findings elucidate the attentional and neural mechanisms by which items held in VSTM are compared with incoming perceptual information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Cheng Kuo
- Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
| | - Duncan E. Astle
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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343
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Neuroanatomical correlates of executive functions: a neuropsychological approach using the EXAMINER battery. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2014; 20:52-63. [PMID: 23759126 PMCID: PMC4176938 DOI: 10.1017/s135561771300060x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Executive functions (EF) encompass a variety of higher-order capacities such as judgment, planning, decision-making, response monitoring, insight, and self-regulation. Measuring such abilities quantitatively and establishing their neural correlates has proven to be challenging. Here, using a lesion-deficit approach, we report the neural correlates of a variety of EF tests that were developed under the auspices of the NINDS-supported EXAMINER project (Kramer, 2011; www.examiner.ucsf.edu). We administered a diverse set of EF tasks that tap three general domains--cognitive, social/emotional, and insight--to 37 patients with focal lesions to the frontal lobes, and 25 patients with lesions outside the frontal lobes. Using voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping (VLSM), we found that damage to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) was predominately associated with deficits in social/emotional aspects of EF, while damage to dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) and anterior cingulate was predominately associated with deficits in cognitive aspects of EF. Evidence for an important role of some non-frontal regions (e.g., the temporal poles) in some aspects of EF was also found. The results provide further evidence for the neural basis of EF, and extend previous findings of the dissociation between the roles of the ventromedial and dorsolateral prefrontal sectors in organizing, implementing, and monitoring goal-directed behavior.
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344
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Becker KM, Heinrichs-Graham E, Fox HS, Robertson KR, Sandkovsky U, O'Neill J, Swindells S, Wilson TW. Decreased MEG beta oscillations in HIV-infected older adults during the resting state. J Neurovirol 2013; 19:586-94. [PMID: 24297500 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-013-0220-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of combination antiretroviral therapy significantly reduced the prevalence of the most severe form of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Despite this decline, 35-70 % of HIV-infected patients continue to develop mild motor and cognitive impairments. Although neuropsychological studies have shown that HAND affects a wide array of cognitive functions, a formal diagnosis is still based on the exclusion of opportunistic infections and other common ailments, as no specific tests or biomarkers are currently available. In this study, we used magnetoencephalography (MEG) to measure neural activity during the resting-state in 15 HIV-infected older patients and a demographically matched group of 15 uninfected controls. MEG is a noninvasive and direct measure of neural activity with excellent spatiotemporal resolution. All MEG data were coregistered to structural magnetic resonance images, corrected for head motion, fitted to a regional-level source model, and subjected to spectral analyses to quantify population-level neural oscillatory activity. We found that HIV-infected persons exhibited decreased beta oscillations in the supplementary motor area bilaterally, paracentral lobule, posterior cingulate, and bilateral regions of the superior parietal lobule relative to healthy controls. Beta oscillations in the posterior cingulate, a critical component of the default mode network, were also positively correlated with patient scores on the memory recall aspect of the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised. These results demonstrate that chronic HIV infection does not uniformly disturb cortical function, and that neuronal populations in dorsomedial motor and parietal cortices are especially affected. These findings also suggest that resting-state MEG recordings may hold significant promise as a functional biomarker for identifying HAND and monitoring disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Becker
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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345
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Barbey AK, Colom R, Grafman J. Neural mechanisms of discourse comprehension: a human lesion study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 137:277-87. [PMID: 24293267 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awt312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Discourse comprehension is a hallmark of human social behaviour and refers to the act of interpreting a written or spoken message by constructing mental representations that integrate incoming language with prior knowledge and experience. Here, we report a human lesion study (n = 145) that investigates the neural mechanisms underlying discourse comprehension (measured by the Discourse Comprehension Test) and systematically examine its relation to a broad range of psychological factors, including psychometric intelligence (measured by the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale), emotional intelligence (measured by the Mayer, Salovey, Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test), and personality traits (measured by the Neuroticism-Extraversion-Openness Personality Inventory). Scores obtained from these factors were submitted to voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping to elucidate their neural substrates. Stepwise regression analyses revealed that working memory and extraversion reliably predict individual differences in discourse comprehension: higher working memory scores and lower extraversion levels predict better discourse comprehension performance. Lesion mapping results indicated that these convergent variables depend on a shared network of frontal and parietal regions, including white matter association tracts that bind these areas into a coordinated system. The observed findings motivate an integrative framework for understanding the neural foundations of discourse comprehension, suggesting that core elements of discourse processing emerge from a distributed network of brain regions that support specific competencies for executive and social function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aron K Barbey
- 1 Decision Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
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346
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Kundu B, Johnson JS, Postle BR. Trait-like differences in underlying oscillatory state predict individual differences in the TMS-evoked response. Brain Stimul 2013; 7:234-42. [PMID: 24472620 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Revised: 10/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Combined transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and electroencephalography (EEG) can provide insights into how differing cognitive contexts produce different brain states, through TMS-based measures of effective connectivity. For instance, in a recent study, the amplitude of the TMS-evoked response (TMS-ER) derived during the delay-period of a spatial short-term memory (STM) task had a larger amplitude, and greater spread to distal cortical areas, than the TMS-ER from a fixation condition (Johnson et al. J Neurophysiol, 2012). This indicated that the brain's electrical response to TMS is influenced by the cognitive context (STM or fixation) at the time of stimulation. This study also showed significant individual differences in the shape of the TMS-ER. Further, delay-period spectrograms revealed patterns of activity, the sustained pattern of delay-period activity (SPDPA), which were different across individuals. OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS The present study addressed whether individual differences in the SPDPA predict spectral properties of the TMS-ER. We predicted that significant relationships would exist in task-relevant areas, such as the prefrontal cortex in the case of STM. METHODS The TMS-ER was derived using TMS-EEG and source-localization methods. RESULTS The SPDPA varied significantly across subjects, and these differences predicted individual differences in several frequency-dependent parameters of the TMS-ER that were specific to task-relevant areas, including prefrontal cortex for STM. Furthermore, a follow-up test-retest study revealed that the SPDPA was stable over sessions. CONCLUSIONS These observations offer a window into how individual differences in the effects of TMS are related to trait-like individual differences in physiological profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bornali Kundu
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA; Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA.
| | | | - Bradley R Postle
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA
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347
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Barbey AK, Colom R, Grafman J. Architecture of cognitive flexibility revealed by lesion mapping. Neuroimage 2013; 82:547-54. [PMID: 23721727 PMCID: PMC3790579 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.05.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroscience has made remarkable progress in understanding the architecture of human intelligence, identifying a distributed network of brain structures that support goal-directed, intelligent behavior. However, the neural foundations of cognitive flexibility and adaptive aspects of intellectual function remain to be well characterized. Here, we report a human lesion study (n=149) that investigates the neural bases of key competencies of cognitive flexibility (i.e., mental flexibility and the fluent generation of new ideas) and systematically examine their contributions to a broad spectrum of cognitive and social processes, including psychometric intelligence (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale), emotional intelligence (Mayer, Salovey, Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test), and personality (Neuroticism-Extraversion-Openness Personality Inventory). Latent variable modeling was applied to obtain error-free indices of each factor, followed by voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping to elucidate their neural substrates. Regression analyses revealed that latent scores for psychometric intelligence reliably predict latent scores for cognitive flexibility (adjusted R(2)=0.94). Lesion mapping results further indicated that these convergent processes depend on a shared network of frontal, temporal, and parietal regions, including white matter association tracts, which bind these areas into an integrated system. A targeted analysis of the unique variance explained by cognitive flexibility further revealed selective damage within the right superior temporal gyrus, a region known to support insight and the recognition of novel semantic relations. The observed findings motivate an integrative framework for understanding the neural foundations of adaptive behavior, suggesting that core elements of cognitive flexibility emerge from a distributed network of brain regions that support specific competencies for human intelligence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aron K Barbey
- Decision Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820, USA.
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348
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Thompson CK, Riley EA, den Ouden DB, Meltzer-Asscher A, Lukic S. Training verb argument structure production in agrammatic aphasia: behavioral and neural recovery patterns. Cortex 2013; 49:2358-76. [PMID: 23514929 PMCID: PMC3759546 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neuroimaging and lesion studies indicate a left hemisphere network for verb and verb argument structure processing, involving both frontal and temporoparietal brain regions. Although their verb comprehension is generally unimpaired, it is well known that individuals with agrammatic aphasia often present with verb production deficits, characterized by an argument structure complexity hierarchy, indicating faulty access to argument structure representations for production and integration into syntactic contexts. Recovery of verb processing in agrammatism, however, has received little attention and no studies have examined the neural mechanisms associated with improved verb and argument structure processing. In the present study we trained agrammatic individuals on verbs with complex argument structure in sentence contexts and examined generalization to verbs with less complex argument structure. The neural substrates of improved verb production were examined using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). METHODS Eight individuals with chronic agrammatic aphasia participated in the study (four experimental and four control participants). Production of three-argument verbs in active sentences was trained using a sentence generation task emphasizing the verb's argument structure and the thematic roles of sentential noun phrases. Before and after training, production of trained and untrained verbs was tested in naming and sentence production and fMRI scans were obtained, using an action naming task. RESULTS Significant pre- to post-training improvement in trained and untrained (one- and two-argument) verbs was found for treated, but not control, participants, with between-group differences found for verb naming, production of verbs in sentences, and production of argument structure. fMRI activation derived from post-treatment compared to pre-treatment scans revealed upregulation in cortical regions implicated for verb and argument structure processing in healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS Training verb deficits emphasizing argument structure and thematic role mapping is effective for improving verb and sentence production and results in recruitment of neural networks engaged for verb and argument structure processing in healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia K. Thompson
- Aphasia and Neurolinguistics Research Laboratory, Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Ellyn A. Riley
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Bowling Green State University, USA
| | - Dirk-Bart den Ouden
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of South Carolina, USA
| | - Aya Meltzer-Asscher
- Linguistics Department, Tel Aviv University, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Sladjana Lukic
- Aphasia and Neurolinguistics Research Laboratory, Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
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Koyama MS, Stein JF, Stoodley CJ, Hansen PC. Cerebral mechanisms for different second language writing systems. Neuropsychologia 2013; 51:2261-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Strengthened effective connectivity underlies transfer of working memory training to tests of short-term memory and attention. J Neurosci 2013; 33:8705-15. [PMID: 23678114 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5565-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although long considered a natively endowed and fixed trait, working memory (WM) ability has recently been shown to improve with intensive training. What remains controversial and poorly understood, however, are the neural bases of these training effects and the extent to which WM training gains transfer to other cognitive tasks. Here we present evidence from human electrophysiology (EEG) and simultaneous transcranial magnetic stimulation and EEG that the transfer of WM training to other cognitive tasks is supported by changes in task-related effective connectivity in frontoparietal and parieto-occipital networks that are engaged by both the trained and transfer tasks. One consequence of this effect is greater efficiency of stimulus processing, as evidenced by changes in EEG indices of individual differences in short-term memory capacity and in visual search performance. Transfer to search-related activity provides evidence that something more fundamental than task-specific strategy or stimulus-specific representations has been learned. Furthermore, these patterns of training and transfer highlight the role of common neural systems in determining individual differences in aspects of visuospatial cognition.
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