301
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Gu Y, Huang NY, Liang J, Pan YM, Liu FG. [Clinical study of 1949 cases of port wine stains treated with vascular photodynamic therapy (Gu's PDT)]. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2007; 134:241-4. [PMID: 17389848 DOI: 10.1016/s0151-9638(07)91816-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Complete fading of port wine stains (PWS) is difficult to achieve with current laser treatments. Photodynamic therapy (Gu's PDT) could offer a very efficient alternative for PWS therapy. PATIENTS AND METHOD 1949 lesions in 1385 patients were treated by PDT. Each patient received an intravenous injection of hematoporphyrin derivative (HpD) or hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether (HMME) at 3-7 mg/kg. Laser irradiation was performed on a 2 to 8 cm spot size. Different wavelengths (488.0 nm to 578.2 nm) were evaluated with a power density of 50-100 mW/cm2. Fluences ranged from 90 to 540 J/cm2. RESULTS Among the 1942 lesions, PWS clearance was observed in 99.7% of cases. Excellent results were achieved in 128 lesions (6.6%) (100% clearance), 746 lesions (38.3%) yielded to good results (clearance > 75%), 923 lesions (47.4%) showed moderate results (clearance 50-75%), 145 lesions (7.4%) showed poor results (clearance<50%) and in 7 lesions (0.3%) no visible change was observed. The pink port wine stains revealed better response to Gu's PDT with only one session. Conversely, purple stains in adult patients required 2 sessions or more. CONCLUSION This new PDT technique is effective and highly selective, with almost no risk of scarring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Gu
- Department of Laser Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China.
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302
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Weersink RA, Forbes J, Bisland S, Trachtenberg J, Elhilali M, Brún PH, Wilson BC. Assessment of Cutaneous Photosensitivity of TOOKAD (WST09) in Preclinical Animal Models and in Patients¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2005.tb01528.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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303
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Haider MA, Davidson SRH, Kale AV, Weersink RA, Evans AJ, Toi A, Gertner MR, Bogaards A, Wilson BC, Chin JL, Elhilali M, Trachtenberg J. Prostate gland: MR imaging appearance after vascular targeted photodynamic therapy with palladium-bacteriopheophorbide. Radiology 2007; 244:196-204. [PMID: 17507719 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2441060398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To prospectively evaluate the magnetic resonance (MR) imaging appearance of the prostate and periprostatic tissues after vascular targeted photodynamic therapy (VTP) with palladium-bacteriopheophorbide for locally recurrent carcinoma after external beam radiation therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Informed consent was obtained from all patients, and approval was obtained from the ethics review boards of all participating institutions. Nonenhanced T2-weighted and dynamic gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted MR imaging examinations were performed at baseline and 1 week, 4 weeks, and 6 months after VTP in 25 men (age range, 58-83 years; mean age, 73 years) as part of a prospective phase I/II trial. Percentage of MR-depicted necrosis was defined as the volume of nonenhancing prostatic tissue 1 week after VTP divided by the volume of the prostate. Patterns of intra- and extraprostatic necrosis were recorded. Pearson correlation coefficients were used to test correlations between necrosis and prostate-specific antigen level. RESULTS Contrast material-enhanced T1-weighted MR images obtained 1 week after therapy showed necrosis in all patients. Treatment margins were irregular in 21 of 25 patients. T2-weighted images showed no clear treatment boundaries in any patient. Extraprostatic necrosis involved the puborectalis or levator ani muscles in 22, obturator internus muscle in 12, periprostatic veins in three, pubic bone marrow in four, and anterior rectal wall in nine of the 25 patients. The neurovascular bundle appeared to be spared in all patients. Percentage of MR-depicted intraprostatic necrosis was correlated with percentage decrease in prostate-specific antigen level (from baseline) at 4 weeks (r=0.41, P=.04) and 12 weeks (r=0.45, P=.02). CONCLUSION Contrast-enhanced MR imaging depicts irregular margins of intraprostatic treatment effect. This finding suggests varied tissue sensitivities to VTP with palladium-bacteriopheophorbide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoom A Haider
- Joint Department of Medical Imaging, Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network and Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, 610 University Ave, Toronto, ON, Canada
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304
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Mitra S, Goren EM, Frelinger JG, Foster TH. Activation of Heat Shock Protein 70 Promoter with meso-Tetrahydroxyphenyl Chlorin Photodynamic Therapy Reported by Green Fluorescent Protein In Vitro and In Vivo¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2003)0780615aohspp2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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305
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Usuda J, Azizuddin K, Chiu SM, Oleinick NL. Association Between the Photodynamic Loss of Bcl-2 and the Sensitivity to Apoptosis Caused by Phthalocyanine Photodynamic Therapy¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2003)0780001abtplo2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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306
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Bae SM, Kim YW, Kwak SY, Kim YW, Ro DY, Shin JC, Park CH, Han SJ, Oh CH, Kim CK, Ahn WS. Photodynamic therapy-generated tumor cell lysates with CpG-oligodeoxynucleotide enhance immunotherapy efficacy in human papillomavirus 16 (E6/E7) immortalized tumor cells. Cancer Sci 2007; 98:747-52. [PMID: 17425690 PMCID: PMC11159296 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2007.00447.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy with photodynamic therapy (PDT) offers great promise as a new alternative for cancer treatment; however, its use remains experimental. In this study, we examined the immunotherapeutic significance of human papillomavirus (HPV)-immortalized tumor cell lysates induced by PDT with CpG-oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN). PDT-cell lysates were generated by irradiating Radachlorin (5 microg/mL) preloaded TC-1 cells carrying HPV 16 E7. PDT-cell lysates plus ODN coinjection for protection against E7-expressing tumors as well as specific immune responses were evaluated with the following tests: heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, in vitro and in vivo tumor growth inhibition, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) assay, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte assay, and fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis. PDT-cell lysates plus ODN coinjection showed a significant suppression of tumor growth at both prophylactic and therapeutic levels, compared to PDT (or F/T)-cell lysates or ODN alone. In addition, we evaluated the level of the immune response with the coinjection. HSP70, an important regulator of inflammatory and immune response, was observed in abundance in the PDT-cell lysates. IFN-gamma production and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) responses were induced by PDT-cell lysates plus ODN injection. The coinjection resulted in PDT-cell lysate-specific antibodies (IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, and IgG3) and T-helper cell responses significantly higher than PDT-cell lysates alone. Moreover, IFN-gamma production and CTL responses were significantly induced in the PDT-cell lysate plus ODN immunized groups. These enhanced immune responses appeared to be mediated by CD8+ T cells only. These data suggest that PDT-cell lysates plus ODN injection may be an effective approach to induce CTL immune responses as a possible immunotherapeutic strategy for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Mi Bae
- Cancer Research Institute, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-040, Korea
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307
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Tai DCS, Hooks DA, Harvey JD, Smaill BH, Soeller C. Illumination and fluorescence collection volumes for fiber optic probes in tissue. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2007; 12:034033. [PMID: 17614741 DOI: 10.1117/1.2750288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Optical fibers can deliver light to, and collect it from, regions deep in tissue. However, reported illumination and fluorescence collection volumes adjacent to the fiber tip have been inconsistent, and systematic data on this topic are not available. Illumination and fluorescence collection profiles were characterized with high spatial resolution for different optical fibers in tissue and various fluids using two-photon flash photolysis and excitation. We confirm that illumination and fluorescence collection volumes for optical fibers are near identical. Collection volume is determined by the core dimensions and numerical aperture (NA) of the fiber and the scattering properties of the medium. For a multimode optical fiber with 100 microm core diam and NA=0.22, 80% of the total fluorescence is collected from a depth of 170 microm in tissue and 465 microm in nonscattering fluid. A semiempirical mathematical description of photon flux adjacent to the fiber tip was also developed and validated. This was used to quantify the extent of temporal blurring associated with propagation of a wavefront of altered fluorescence emission across the region addressed by fiber optic probes. We provide information that will facilitate the design of optical probes for tissue imaging or therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean C S Tai
- The University of Auckland, Bioengineering Institute and Department of Physics, Auckland, New Zealand 1001
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308
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Mazor O, Brandis A, Plaks V, Neumark E, Rosenbach-Belkin V, Salomon Y, Scherz A. WST11, A Novel Water-soluble Bacteriochlorophyll Derivative; Cellular Uptake, Pharmacokinetics, Biodistribution and Vascular-targeted Photodynamic Activity Using Melanoma Tumors as a Model¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2005.tb00193.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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309
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Hirakawa K, Kawanishi S, Hirano T, Segawa H. Guanine-specific DNA oxidation photosensitized by the tetraphenylporphyrin phosphorus(V) complex via singlet oxygen generation and electron transfer. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2007; 87:209-17. [PMID: 17537641 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2007.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2006] [Revised: 04/10/2007] [Accepted: 04/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The photosensitized DNA damage caused by dihydroxoP(V)tetraphenylporphyrin (P(V)TPP), a cationic water-soluble porphyrin, was examined. The study of near-infrared emission measurements demonstrated the photosensitized singlet oxygen ((1)O(2)) generation by P(V)TPP (quantum yield: 0.28 in ethanol). The fluorescence quenching of P(V)TPP by DNA showed the electron transfer (ET) from nucleobases to photoexcited P(V)TPP. These results have shown that P(V)TPP has ability to damage DNA through dual mechanisms, (1)O(2) generation and ET. Under aerobic conditions, P(V)TPP photosensitized damage was more severe for single-stranded DNA compared to its double-stranded counterpart. Photoexcited P(V)TPP damaged every guanine residue in single-stranded DNA. HPLC measurements confirmed the formation of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodGuo), an oxidized product of 2'-deoxyguanosine, and showed that the yield of 8-oxodGuo in single-stranded DNA is larger than that in double-stranded DNA. The guanine-specific DNA damage and the enhancement in single-stranded DNA suggest that the (1)O(2) generation mainly contributes to the mechanism of DNA photodamage by P(V)TPP. Absorption spectrum measurements suggested the interaction between P(V)TPP and DNA. This interaction is expected to enhance the (1)O(2)-mediated DNA damage since the lifetime of (1)O(2) is very short. On the other hand, for double-stranded DNA, photosensitized damage at consecutive guanines was much less pronounced. Because the consecutive guanines act as a hole trap, this DNA-damaging pattern suggests the partial involvement of photoinduced ET. However, DNA damage by ET was not a main mechanism, possibly due to the reverse ET. In conclusion, P(V)TPP induces guanine specific photooxidation mainly via (1)O(2) generation. The interaction with DNA and the energy level of the photoexcited porphyrin may be advantageous for (1)O(2)-mediated DNA damage rather than ET mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutaka Hirakawa
- Department of Basic Engineering (Chemistry), Faculty of Engineering, Shizuoka University, Johoku 3-5-1, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu-shi, Shizuoka 432-8561, Japan.
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310
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Hemoglobin-stabilized tetranitrosyl binuclear iron complex with pyridine-2-yl in aqueous solutions. Russ Chem Bull 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-007-0114-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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311
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Hofman JW, van Zeeland F, Turker S, Talsma H, Lambrechts SAG, Sakharov DV, Hennink WE, van Nostrum CF. Peripheral and axial substitution of phthalocyanines with solketal groups: synthesis and in vitro evaluation for photodynamic therapy. J Med Chem 2007; 50:1485-94. [PMID: 17348640 DOI: 10.1021/jm061136w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Phthalocyanines (Pcs) are a class of photosensitizers (PSs) with a strong tendency to aggregate in aqueous environment, which has a negative influence on their photosensitizing ability in photodynamic therapy. Pcs with either peripheral or axial solketal substituents, that is, ZnPc(sol)8 and Si(sol)2Pc, respectively, were synthesized and their tendency to aggregate as well as their photodynamic properties in 14C and B16F10 cell lines were evaluated. The results were compared to more hydrophilic silicon Pcs, that is, Si(PEG750)2Pc and Pc4. The order of cellular uptake was Pc4 > ZnPc(sol)8 > Si(PEG750)2Pc > Si(sol2)Pc. In contrast, Si(sol2)Pc showed the highest photocytotoxicity, while ZnPc(sol)8 did not show any photocytotoxicity up to a concentration of 10 microM in both cell types. UV/vis spectroscopy showed that Si(sol)2Pc is less prone to aggregation than ZnPc(sol)8, which can explain the lack of photoactivity of the latter. Si(sol)2Pc was predominantly located in lipid droplets, whereas Si(PEG750)2Pc was homogeneously distributed in the cytosol, which is probably the main cause of their difference in photoactivity. The very high photodynamic efficacy of Si(sol)2Pc makes this PS an interesting candidate for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Willem Hofman
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Post Office Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
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312
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Indumathy R, Radhika S, Kanthimathi M, Weyhermuller T, Unni Nair B. Cobalt complexes of terpyridine ligand: Crystal structure and photocleavage of DNA. J Inorg Biochem 2007; 101:434-43. [PMID: 17208305 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2006.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2006] [Revised: 11/06/2006] [Accepted: 11/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Two new cobalt complexes, [Co(pytpy)(2)](ClO(4))(2), 1, and [Co(pytpy)(2)](ClO(4))(3), 2 where pytpy=pyridine terpyridine, have been synthesized and characterized. Single-crystal X-ray structure of both the complexes has been resolved. The structure shows the complexes to be a monomeric cobalt(II) and cobalt(III) species with two pytpy ligands coordinated to the metal ion to give a six coordinate complex. Both cobalt(II) and cobalt(III) complexes crystallize in meridional configuration. The interaction of these complexes with calf thymus DNA has been explored by using absorption, emission spectral, electrochemical studies and viscosity measurements. From the experimental results the DNA binding constants of 1 and 2 are found to be (1.97+/-0.15)x10(4)M(-1) and (2.7+/-0.20)x10(4)M(-1) respectively. The ratio of DNA binding constants of 1 and 2 have been estimated to be 0.82 from electrochemical studies, which is in close agreement with the value of 0.73 obtained from spectral studies. The observed changes in viscosity of DNA in the presence of increasing amount of complexes 1 and 2 suggest intercalating binding of these complexes to DNA. Results of DNA cleaving experiments reveal that complex 2 efficiently cleaves DNA under photolytic conditions while complex 1 does not cleave DNA under similar conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramasamy Indumathy
- Chemical Laboratory, Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai 600020, India
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313
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Madhani M, Patra AK, Miller TW, Eroy-Reveles AA, Hobbs AJ, Fukuto JM, Mascharak PK. Biological activity of designed photolabile metal nitrosyls: light-dependent activation of soluble guanylate cyclase and vasorelaxant properties in rat aorta. J Med Chem 2007; 49:7325-30. [PMID: 17149862 DOI: 10.1021/jm0604629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The biological and pharmacological utility of nitric oxide (NO) has led to the development of many classes of NO-donor compounds as both research tools and therapeutic agents. Many donors currently in use rely on thermal decomposition or bioactivation for the release of NO. We have developed several photolabile metal-nitrosyl donors that release NO when exposed to either visible or UV light. Herein, we show that these donors are capable of activating the primary "NO receptor", soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC), in a light-dependent fashion leading to increases in cGMP. Moreover, we demonstrate that these donors are capable of eliciting light-dependent increases of cGMP in smooth muscle cells and vasorelaxation of rat aortic smooth muscle tissue, all effects that are attributed to activation of sGC. The potential utility of these compounds as drugs and/or research tools is discussed.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta/drug effects
- Aorta/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cyclic GMP/biosynthesis
- Enzyme Activation
- Guanylate Cyclase/chemistry
- Guanylate Cyclase/isolation & purification
- In Vitro Techniques
- Iron
- Light
- Manganese
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide Donors/chemical synthesis
- Nitric Oxide Donors/pharmacology
- Nitric Oxide Donors/radiation effects
- Organometallic Compounds/chemical synthesis
- Organometallic Compounds/pharmacology
- Organometallic Compounds/radiation effects
- Rats
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/chemistry
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/isolation & purification
- Ruthenium
- Soluble Guanylyl Cyclase
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Vasodilation/drug effects
- Vasodilator Agents/chemical synthesis
- Vasodilator Agents/pharmacology
- Vasodilator Agents/radiation effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Madhani
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6AE, United Kingdom
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314
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Park Y, Kim W, Ko S, Lim D, Lee H, Lee W, Lee DW. Separation and Characterization of Chlorophyll Degradation Products in Silkworm Using HPLC‐UV‐APCI‐MS. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-120025517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Young‐Jae Park
- a Department of Chemistry , Yonsei University , Seoul, 120‐749, Korea
| | - Won‐Suk Kim
- a Department of Chemistry , Yonsei University , Seoul, 120‐749, Korea
- c Department of Chemistry and the Beckman Institute , University of Illinois , Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Si‐Hwan Ko
- b Department of Microbiology , Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul, Korea
| | - Dae‐Seog Lim
- b Department of Microbiology , Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyoung‐Joo Lee
- a Department of Chemistry , Yonsei University , Seoul, 120‐749, Korea
| | - Won‐Young Lee
- b Department of Microbiology , Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul, Korea
| | - Dai Woon Lee
- a Department of Chemistry , Yonsei University , Seoul, 120‐749, Korea
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315
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Banfi S, Caruso E, Buccafurni L, Ravizza R, Gariboldi M, Monti E. Zinc phthalocyanines-mediated photodynamic therapy induces cell death in adenocarcinoma cells. J Organomet Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2006.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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316
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghoon Jheon
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Korea.
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317
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Auger A, Swarts JC. Synthesis and Group Electronegativity Implications on the Electrochemical and Spectroscopic Properties of Diferrocenyl meso-Substituted Porphyrins. Organometallics 2006. [DOI: 10.1021/om060373u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Auger
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, Republic of South Africa
| | - Jannie C. Swarts
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, Republic of South Africa
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318
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Dhar S, Nethaji M, Chakravarty AR. DNA Cleavage on Photoexposure at the d−d Band in Ternary Copper(II) Complexes Using Red-Light Laser. Inorg Chem 2006; 45:11043-50. [PMID: 17173464 DOI: 10.1021/ic060328e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Ternary copper(II) complexes [Cu(L1)B](ClO4) (1, 2) and [Cu(L2)B](ClO4) (3, 4), where HL1 and HL2 are tridentate NSO- and ONO-donor Schiff bases and B is a heterocyclic base, viz. dipyrido[3,2-d:2',3'-f]quinoxaline (dpq, 1 and 3) or dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine (dppz, 2 and 4), were prepared and their DNA binding and photoinduced DNA cleavage activity studied. Complex 1, structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray crystallography, shows an axially elongated square-pyramidal (4 + 1) coordination geometry in which the monoanionic L1 binds at the equatorial plane. The NN-donor dpq ligand exhibits an axial-equatorial binding mode. The complexes display good binding propensity to calf thymus DNA, giving a relative order 2 (NSO-dppz) > 4 (ONO-dppz) > 1 (NSO-dpq) > 3 (ONO-dpq). They cleave supercoiled pUC19 DNA to its nicked circular form when treated with 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) by formation of hydroxyl radicals as the cleavage active species under dark reaction conditions. The photoinduced DNA cleavage activity of the complexes was investigated using UV radiation of 365 nm and red light of 633, 647.1, and 676.4 nm (CW He-Ne and Ar-Kr mixed gas ion laser sources) in the absence of MPA. Complexes 1 and 2, having photoactive NSO-donor Schiff base and dpq/dppz ligands, show dual photosensitizing effects involving both the photoactive ligands in the ternary structure with significantly better cleavage properties when compared to those of 3 and 4, having only photoactive dpq/dppz ligands. Involvement of singlet oxygen in the light-induced DNA cleavage reactions is proposed. A significant enhancement of the red-light-induced DNA cleavage activity is observed for the dpq and dppz complexes containing the sulfur ligand when compared to their earlier reported phen (1,10-phenanthroline) analogue. Enhancement of the cleavage activity on photoexposure at the d-d band indicates the occurrence of metal-assisted photosensitization processes involving the LMCT and d-d band in the ternary structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanta Dhar
- Department of Inorganic & Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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319
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Shestakov AF, Shul’ga YM, Emel’yanova NS, Sanina NA, Aldoshin SM. Experimental and theoretical studies of the structure and IR spectra of neutral diamagnetic binuclear iron nitrosyl complexes Fe2(µ-SC6−n H5−n Nn)2(NO)4 (n = 0, 1, 2). Russ Chem Bull 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-006-0564-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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320
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A novel porphyrin–polypyridyl ruthenium(II) hybrid. Synthesis, characterization and photoinduced DNA cleavage activity. TRANSIT METAL CHEM 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s11243-006-0106-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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321
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Globe J, Smythe A, Kelty CJ, Reed MWR, Brown NJ, Ackroyd R. The effect of photodynamic therapy (PDT) on oesophageal motility and acid clearance in patients with Barrett’s oesophagus. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2006; 85:17-22. [PMID: 16723253 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2006.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2006] [Revised: 04/07/2006] [Accepted: 04/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Barrett's oesophagus is the major risk factor for oesophageal adenocarcinoma. It is proposed that long-term re-epithelialisation, which has been achieved following ablation using 5-aminolaevulinic acid (5-ALA) photodynamic therapy (PDT) may reduce the risk of malignant change. However, it is not known whether PDT modifies oesophageal motility. AIM To assess oesophageal pH and motility before and after PDT ablation in treated and untreated areas of the oesophagus. METHODS Twelve patients (10 male) with Barrett's oesophagus, median segment length 4 cm, were treated with PDT ablation. Twenty-four hours pH assessment and oesophageal manometry were performed before and 4-6 weeks after ablation. PDT was carried out using 635 nm red light, 4-6h after administration of 30 mg/kg 5-ALA. Proximal (untreated) and distal (treated) oesophageal resting pressure, wave amplitude, percentage peristalsis and percentage study time oesophageal pH<4, were assessed. Proton pump inhibitors (PPI) were administered throughout the study. RESULTS There were no significant differences in oesophageal motility in treated or untreated areas of the oesophagus after PDT compared to pre-treatment values. Patients who continued to experience oesophageal acid exposure required more treatments to achieve complete Barrett's ablation. CONCLUSIONS Oesophageal motility following ALA-PDT suggests a trend toward enhanced wave propagation however continued oesophageal acid exposure may affect PDT efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Globe
- Academic Unit of Surgical Oncology, University of Sheffield, UK.
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322
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Sarkar S, Sarkar B, Chanda N, Kar S, Mobin SM, Fiedler J, Kaim W, Lahiri GK. Complex series [Ru(tpy)(dpk)(X)]n+ (tpy = 2,2':6',2''-terpyridine; dpk = 2,2'-dipyridyl ketone; X = Cl-, CH3CN, NO2(-), NO+, NO*, NO-): substitution and electron transfer, structure, and spectroscopy. Inorg Chem 2006; 44:6092-9. [PMID: 16097830 DOI: 10.1021/ic050533e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The complex framework [Ru(tpy)(dpk)]2+ has been used to study the generation and reactivity of the nitrosyl complex [Ru(tpy)(dpk)(NO)]3+ ([4]3+). Stepwise conversion of the chloro complex [Ru(tpy)(dpk)(Cl)]+ ([1]+) via [Ru(tpy)(dpk)(CH3CN)]2+ ([2]2+) and the nitro compound [Ru(tpy)(dpk)(NO2)]+ ([3]+) yielded [4]3+; all four complexes were structurally characterized as perchlorates. Electrochemical oxidation and reduction was investigated as a function of the monodentate ligand as was the IR and UV-vis spectroscopic response (absorption/emission). The kinetics of the conversion [4]3+/[3]+ in aqueous environment were also studied. Two-step reduction of [4]3+ was monitored via EPR, UV-vis, and IR (nu(NO), nu(CO)) spectroelectrochemistry to confirm the {RuNO}7 configuration of [4]2+ and to exhibit a relatively intense band at 505 nm for [4]+, attributed to a ligand-to-ligand transition originating from bound NO-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sounak Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology-Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India
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323
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Schipper ML, Patel MR, Gambhir SS. Evaluation of Firefly Luciferase Bioluminescence Mediated Photodynamic Toxicity in Cancer Cells. Mol Imaging Biol 2006; 8:218-25. [PMID: 16791748 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-006-0048-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This work investigated whether fLuc-catalyzed oxidation of D-luciferin generates sufficient light to induce photodynamic toxicity in cancer cells. PROCEDURES Light emission was assessed via cooled CCD (charge-coupled device) camera. Parental and fLuc expressing cancer cells were exposed to subtoxic concentrations of photosensitizers (Rose Bengal or hypericin) and D-luciferin, sunlight, or lamplight. Toxicity was assessed by MTT assay. RESULTS fLuc expressing cells emitted up to 500-fold higher levels of photons than parental cell lines. Although exposure to photosensitizer and sunlight reduced survival of various cell lines, survival of fLuc expressing cells incubated with photosensitizer and D-luciferin, or photosensitizer and lamplight, did not differ significantly from parental or untreated cells. CONCLUSIONS Contesting recent reports, fLuc bioluminescence does not generate sufficient photons to induce Rose Bengal or hypericin photodynamic toxicity in a range of malignant and nonmalignant cell lines, and is not suitable as a generalizable approach to antineoplastic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike L Schipper
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University, E 150 Clark Center, 318 Campus Drive, Palo Alto, CA 94305-5427, USA
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324
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Photodynamic therapy for malignant and non-malignant diseases: clinical investigation and application. Chin Med J (Engl) 2006. [DOI: 10.1097/00029330-200605020-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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325
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Postigo F, Sagristá ML, De Madariaga MA, Nonell S, Mora M. Photosensitization of skin fibroblasts and HeLa cells by three chlorin derivatives: Role of chemical structure and delivery vehicle. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2006; 1758:583-96. [PMID: 16740249 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2006.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2005] [Revised: 02/06/2006] [Accepted: 02/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The chemical nature of the sensitizer and its selective uptake by malignant cells are decisive to choose an appropriate biocompatible carrier, able to preserve the photosensitizing characteristics of the dye. In this paper we demonstrate the photodynamic properties of three chlorins, derived from chlorophyll a, and the usefulness of liposomal carriers to design pharmaceutical formulations. The chlorins have been quantitatively incorporated into stable liposomes obtained from a mixture of L-alpha-palmitoyloleoylphosphatidylcholine and L-alpha-dioleoylphosphatidylserine in a 13.5:1.5 molar ratio (POPC/OOPS-liposomes). The chlorin uptake by skin fibroblasts increases steadily, reaching in all cases a plateau level dependent on both the chlorin structure and the vehicle employed. The photophysical properties of the three chlorins in THF are nearly identical and fulfill the requirements for a PDT photosensitizer. Incorporation of chlorins into liposomes induces important changes in their photophysics, but does not impair their cellular uptake or their cell photosensitization ability. In fact we observe in the cells the same photophysical behavior as in THF solution. Specifically, we demonstrate, by recording the near-IR phosphorescence of 1O2, that the chlorins are able to photosensitize the production of 1O2 in the cell membrane. The cell-photosensitization efficiency depended on the chlorin and cell line nature, the carrier, and the length of pre-incubation and post-irradiation periods. The high photodynamic activity of chlorin-loaded liposomes and the possibility to design liposomal carriers to achieve a specific target site favors this approach to obtain an eventual pharmaceutical formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Postigo
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028-Barcelona, Spain
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326
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Choi Y, McCarthy JR, Weissleder R, Tung CH. Conjugation of a Photosensitizer to an Oligoarginine-Based Cell-Penetrating Peptide Increases the Efficacy of Photodynamic Therapy. ChemMedChem 2006; 1:458-63. [PMID: 16892381 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200500036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
To improve the efficiency of intracellular delivery of photosensitizers and the efficacy of photodynamic therapy, a membrane-penetrating arginine oligopeptide (R7) was conjugated to 5-[4-carboxyphenyl]-10,15,20-triphenyl-2,3-dihydroxychlorin (TPC). The resulting conjugate (R7-TPC) enhanced intracellular TPC uptake, which increased proportionally with the incubation time of the conjugate. The water solubility of the highly hydrophobic TPC photosensitizer was also improved after conjugation. Increased phototoxicity of R7-TPC was observed after an incubation time of only 30 min. Tumor cells mainly underwent apoptosis at lower concentrations of the photosensitizer-polyarginine conjugate, whereas necrotic cell damage became prevalent at higher concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongdoo Choi
- Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 13th St., Rm. 5406, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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327
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Pinthus JH, Bogaards A, Weersink R, Wilson BC, Trachtenberg J. Photodynamic Therapy for Urological Malignancies: Past to Current Approaches. J Urol 2006; 175:1201-7. [PMID: 16515960 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(05)00701-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Modern PDT for urological tumors is a potentially selective approach in which in situ photosensitization by a nontoxic drug, locally activated by light, generates cytotoxic reactive oxygen species, causing cell death. While urological clinical experience with PDT is largely limited to treatment for superficial bladder cancer, the advent of novel photosensitizers and technologies for treatment planning, light delivery and dosimetry, PDT for prostate and other urological cancers appears increasingly realistic. MATERIALS AND METHODS We reviewed the current literature on PDT for urological tumors, in addition to recent emerging data from our laboratory and elsewhere. RESULTS Remarkable progress has been made in the field of photochemistry and photobiology. Together with improved optical delivery and imaging systems PDT holds promise as an alternative, minimally invasive and potentially curative treatment for localized solid tumors as well as for palliative treatment for isolated, clinically problematic metastases. CONCLUSIONS Current experience with photodynamic therapy using contemporary photosensitizing agents and light sources is mainly restricted to in vivo experimental models and early phase clinical trails. However, ongoing preclinical work and clinical trials indicate that safer and effective PDT treatments in uro-oncology are imminent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jehonathan H Pinthus
- Prostate Cancer Center, University Health Network and Department of Medical Biophysics, Ontario Cancer Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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328
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Lim DS, Bae SM, Kwak SY, Park EK, Kim JK, Han SJ, Oh CH, Lee CH, Lee WY, Ahn WS. Adenovirus-Mediated p53 Treatment Enhances Photodynamic Antitumor Response. Hum Gene Ther 2006; 17:347-52. [PMID: 16544983 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2006.17.347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been reported to be effective for treating various tumors and to induce apoptosis in many tumor cells. In this study, we evaluated the ability of PDT combined with a tumor suppressor factor, recombinant adenovirus p53 (AdCMVp53), to induce apoptosis as well as cell growth inhibition in CaSki human cervical cancer cells and in nude mice with implanted CaSki cells. To examine levels of apoptosis, CaSki cells were treated with PDT and/or AdCMVp53, and an annexin V-staining assay was then conducted. In addition, Western blot analysis was done to identify p53 induction at the cellular and tumor tissue levels. PDT+AdCMVp53 cotreatment caused remarkable inhibition of CaSki cell proliferation, as compared with the individual treatments. In parallel with the inhibition of cell proliferation, the cotreatment caused a significantly greater increase in the annexin V-stained cell population compared with the individual treatments, as determined by fluorescence-activated cell-sorting analysis. The Western blotting assay also showed significantly more cellular p53 expressed after PDT+AdCMVp53 cotreatment than after each separate treatment. This was consistent with observations of tumor tissue in the mouse system. However, apoptosis- related protein, p21, was significantly suppressed by PDT+AdCMVp53 cotreatment, contrary to treatment with AdCMVp53 alone. Taken together, these findings suggest that PDT plus AdCMVp53 gene therapy exerts more potent antitumor effects on human cervical cancer cells, with induction of apoptosis at least through activation in p53 protein at the cellular and tumor tissue levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Seog Lim
- Cancer Research Institute of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-040, South Korea
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329
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Adenovirus-Mediated p53 Treatment Enhances Photodynamic Antitumor Response. Hum Gene Ther 2006. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2006.17.ft-183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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330
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Allison RR, Bagnato VS, Cuenca R, Downie GH, Sibata CH. The future of photodynamic therapy in oncology. Future Oncol 2006; 2:53-71. [PMID: 16556073 DOI: 10.2217/14796694.2.1.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The medicinal properties of light-based therapies have been appreciated for millennia. Yet, only in this century have we witnessed the birth of photodynamic therapy (PDT), which over the last few decades has emerged to prominence based on its promising results and clinical simplicity. The fundamental and distinguishing characteristics of PDT are based on the interaction of a photosensitizing agent, which, when activated by light, transfers its energy into an oxygen-dependent reaction. Clinically, this photodynamic reaction is cytotoxic and vasculotoxic. While the current age of PDT is based on oncological therapy, the future of PDT will probably show a significant expansion to non-oncological indications. This harks back to much of the original work from a century ago. Therefore, this paper will attempt to predict the future of PDT, based in part on a review of its origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron R Allison
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA.
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331
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Prakash R, Czaja AU, Heinemann FW, Sellmann D. Visible light induced reversible extrusion of nitric oxide from a ruthenium(II) nitrosyl complex: a facile delivery of nitric oxide. J Am Chem Soc 2006; 127:13758-9. [PMID: 16201774 DOI: 10.1021/ja053758x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The new ruthenium compound [Ru(NO)(pysiS4)]Br (3) (pysiS4 = 2,6-bis(3-triphenylsilyl-2-sulfanylphenylthiomethyl)pyridine), containing sterically bulky SiPh3 groups ortho to the thiolate donors, has been synthesized. In solution, 3 releases NO efficiently on exposure to visible light (lambda >/= 455 nm) at room temperature to afford [Ru(Br)(pysiS4)] (4). Treatment of 4 with NO yielded exclusively 3 without any metal-bound side reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raju Prakash
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 1, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany.
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332
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Takiwaki H, Tsuchiya K, Fujita M, Miyaoka Y. Thioridazine Induces Immediate and Delayed Erythema in Photopatch Test. Photochem Photobiol 2006; 82:523-6. [PMID: 16613508 DOI: 10.1562/2005-06-08-ra-567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Thioridazine is a phenothiazine derivative that has been used as an antipsychotic; it rarely causes photosensitization. However, we noticed that this drug induced an erythematous reaction in a photopatch test. Six volunteers were patch tested with various concentrations of thioridazine and irradiated with a range of UVA doses, and the time courses of the color of and blood flow to the test sites were monitored. The free-radical metabolites of thioridazine generated under UVA irradiation and its effects on ascorbate radical formation were examined with an electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrometer in vitro. As a result, immediate erythema developed during UVA irradiation in most subjects when 1% thioridazine was applied for 48 h and irradiation doses were higher than 4 J cm(-2). Another peak of erythematous reaction was observed 8-12 h after irradiation. The in vitro examination detected an apparent EPR signal, which appeared when 2 mM thioridazine in air-saturated phosphate buffer was irradiated with UVA, whereas this reaction was attenuated under anaerobic conditions. The EPR signal of the ascorbate radical was augmented under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Thioridazine-derived oxidants and/or thioridazine radicals generated during UVA irradiation seem to play an important role in this unique phototoxic reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotsugu Takiwaki
- Department of Dermatology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan.
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333
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Zhang Z, Jin H, Bao J, Fang F, Wei J, Wang A. Intravenous repeated-dose toxicity study of ZnPcS2P2-based-photodynamic therapy in Wistar rats. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2006; 5:1006-17. [PMID: 17077896 DOI: 10.1039/b605516h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the current study was to investigate the potential repeated-dose toxicity of ZnPcP2S2-based photodynamic therapy (ZnPc-PDT) in Wistar rats. The animals were administered ZnPcS2P2 intravenously ten times successively every 4 d and irradiated with a 670 nm laser light for 6 min at subsequent 48 h and 72 h. At the end of the treatment period, 10 rats/sex/group were sacrificed, while 5 rats/sex/group were sacrificed after a two-week recovery period. During the test period, clinical signs, mortality, body weights, food and water consumption, ophthalmoscopy, hematology, serum biochemistry, urinalysis, organ weights, gross findings and histopathology were examined. The association between the increased liver weight and hepatic spotty and lytic necrosis seen in high dose females corroborates the conclusion that high dose ZnPc-PDT could induce hepatic injury in Wistar rats and they are probably related to the abnormality of certain biochemical parameters of females in the high dose group. Furthermore, microscopic examination for the ZnPc-PDT groups shows the presence of some Kelly and khaki granules in Kupffer cells and endothelia of the livers, epithelia of the renal tubules, marginal sinus and medulla of the spleens, alveolar walls of the lungs, reticular cells and macrophages of the mesenteric lymph nodes, testicular Leydig cells, epididymal epithelial cells, endometrial stromal cells, and interstitial cells and corpora lutea of the ovaries from all or most of the animals. There were no adverse effects on mortality, clinical signs, food and water consumption, ophthalmoscopy, uranalysis, hematology, serum biochemistry, body weights and necropsy findings in control, low and mid dose groups. Based on these results, it was concluded that the intravenous repeated-dose of ZnPcP2S2-PDT induced the abnormalities of liver weights, hepatic biochemistry and histopathology, and pigmentation in the several important organs in Wistar rats at 4 mg kg(-1) d(-1). The target organ was determined to be liver (and spleen perhaps), but this was not so obvious in males. The no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) was considered to be 1.0 mg kg(-1) for both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zibo Zhang
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Xuan Wu District, Beijing, 100050, China
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334
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Alvarez MG, Prucca C, Milanesio ME, Durantini EN, Rivarola V. Photodynamic activity of a new sensitizer derived from porphyrin-C60 dyad and its biological consequences in a human carcinoma cell line. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2006; 38:2092-101. [PMID: 16899389 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2006.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2006] [Revised: 05/12/2006] [Accepted: 05/31/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The photokilling activity of a porphyrin-C(60) (P-C(60)) dyad was evaluated on a Hep-2 human larynx-carcinoma cell line. This study represents the first evaluation of a dyad, with high capacity to form a photoinduced charge-separated state, to act as agent to inactivate cells by photodynamic therapy (PDT). Cell treatment was carried out with 1 microM P-C(60) incorporated into liposomal vesicles. No dark cytotoxicity was observed using 1 microM P-C(60) concentration and during long incubation time (24h). The uptake of sensitizer into Hep-2 was studied at different times of incubation. Under these conditions, a value of 1.5 nmol/10(6)cells was found after 4h of incubation showing practically no change even after 24h. The cell survival after irradiation of the cells with visible light was dependent upon light exposure level. A high photocytotoxic effect was observed for P-C(60), which inactivated 80% of the cells after 54 J/cm(2) of irradiation. Moreover, the dyad kept a high photoactivity even under argon atmosphere. Thus, depending on the microenvironment where the sensitizer is localized, this compound could produce a biological photodamage through either a (1)O(2)-mediated photoreaction process or a free radical mechanism under low oxygen concentration. The mechanism of cell death was analyzed by Hoechst-33258, toluidine blue staining, TUNEL and DNA fragmentation. Cell cultures treated for 24h with P-C(60) and irradiated with a dose of 54 J/cm(2) showed a great amount of apoptotic cells (58%). Moreover, changes in cell morphology were analyzed using fluorescence microscopy with Hoechst-33258 under low oxygen concentration. Under this anaerobic condition, necrotic cellular death predominated on apoptotic pathway. There were more apoptotic cells under air irradiation condition than under argon irradiation condition. To determine the apoptotic pathway, caspase-3 activation was studied by caspase-3 activity detection kits. The last results showed that P-C(60) induced apoptosis by caspase-3-dependent pathway. These results indicated that molecular dyad, which can form a photoinduced charge-separated state, is a promising model for phototherapeutic agents and they have potential application in cell inactivation by PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gabriela Alvarez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Agencia Postal Nro 3, 5800 Río Cuarto, Argentina
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335
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Friso E, Roncucci G, Dei D, Soncin M, Fabris C, Chiti G, Colautti P, Esposito J, De Nardo L, Riccardo Rossi C, Nitti D, Giuntini F, Borsetto L, Jori G. A novel10B-enriched carboranyl-containing phthalocyanine as a radio- and photo-sensitising agent for boron neutron capture therapy and photodynamic therapy of tumours: in vitro and in vivo studies. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2006; 5:39-50. [PMID: 16395426 DOI: 10.1039/b506364g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of a Zn(ii)-phthalocyanine derivative bearing four 10B-enriched o-carboranyl units (10B-ZnB4Pc) and its natural isotopic abundance analogue (ZnB4Pc) in the peripheral positions of the tetraazaisoindole macrocycle is presented. The photophysical properties of ZnB4Pc, as tested against model biological systems, were found to be similar with those typical of other photodynamically active porphyrin-type photosensitisers, including a singlet oxygen quantum yield of 0.67. The carboranyl-carrying phthalocyanine was efficiently accumulated by B16F1 melanotic melanoma cells in vitro, appeared to be partitioned in at least some subcellular organelles and, upon red light irradiation, induced extensive cell mortality. Moreover, ZnB4Pc, once i.v.-injected to C57BL/6 mice bearing a subcutaneously transplanted pigmented melanoma, photosensitised an important tumour response, provided that the irradiation at 600-700 nm was performed 3 h after the phthalocyanine administration, when appreciable concentrations of ZnB4Pc were still present in the serum. Analogously, irradiation of the 10B-ZnB4Pc-loaded pigmented melanoma with thermal neutrons 24 h after injection led to a 4 day delay in tumour growth as compared with control untreated mice. These results open the possibility to use one chemical compound as both a photosensitising and a radiosensitising agent for the treatment of tumours by the combined application of photodynamic therapy and boron neutron capture therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Friso
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58B, 35121, Padova, Italy
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336
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Abstract
ALA-PDT is a safe, well-tolerated, and effective treatment for many dermatologic conditions. Current data most strongly support its use in the treatment of actinic damage, but further investigation into alternative uses continues. Current efficacy is limited primarily by the depth of penetration of the photosensitizing agent and the activating light source. Even with this limitation, the potential applications of PDT are numerous. As new technology is developed to overcome current restraints, the future of PDT is wide open.
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337
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Chen M, Pennathur A, Luketich JD. Role of photodynamic therapy in unresectable esophageal and lung cancer. Lasers Surg Med 2006; 38:396-402. [PMID: 16788924 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.20364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of esophageal cancer has increased dramatically in the Western population in the last two decades. Many of these patients tend to present late in the disease course with symptoms of dysphagia and malnutrition. Thus a majority of patients at presentation may require palliation of their symptoms. Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer related mortality in the United States. Similar to esophageal cancer, many patients present in advanced stages where surgical resection for cure may not be an option. Endobronchial obstruction from both primary and metastatic neoplasm causes significant morbidity. The modalities, which are currently available for palliation of symptoms include surgery, photodynamic therapy, dilation, external beam radiation, stents, Nd:YAG laser therapy, and brachytherapy. Each of these modalities has their specific advantages and drawbacks. In this article, we discuss the role of photodynamic therapy in the palliation of esophageal and lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mang Chen
- Heart, Lung, and Esophageal Surgery Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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338
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Haywood-Small SL, Vernon DI, Griffiths J, Schofield J, Brown SB. Phthalocyanine-mediated photodynamic therapy induces cell death and a G0/G1 cell cycle arrest in cervical cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 339:569-76. [PMID: 16300726 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2005] [Accepted: 11/09/2005] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a series of novel photosensitizers which have potential for anticancer photodynamic therapy (PDT). Photosensitizers include zinc phthalocyanine tetra-sulphonic acid and a family of derivatives with amino acid substituents of varying alkyl chain length and degree of branching. Subcellular localization of these photosensitizers at the phototoxic IC(50) concentration in human cervical carcinoma cells (SiHa Cells) was similar to that of the lysosomal dye Lucifer Yellow. Subsequent nuclear relocalization was observed following irradiation with 665nm laser light. The PDT response was characterized using the Sulforhodamine B cytotoxicity assay. Flow cytometry was used for both DNA cell cycle and dual Annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide analysis. Phototoxicity of the derivatives was of the same order of magnitude as for tetrasulphonated phthalocyanine but with an overall trend of increased phototoxicity with increasing amino acid chain length. Our results demonstrate cell death, inhibition of cell growth, and G(0)/G(1) cell cycle arrest during the phthalocyanine PDT-mediated response.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Haywood-Small
- Centre for Photobiology and Photodynamic Therapy, School of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
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339
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Silva EMP, Giuntini F, Faustino MAF, Tomé JPC, Neves MGPMS, Tomé AC, Silva AMS, Santana-Marques MG, Ferrer-Correia AJ, Cavaleiro JAS, Caeiro MF, Duarte RR, Tavares SAP, Pegado IN, d'Almeida B, De Matos APA, Valdeira ML. Synthesis of cationic beta-vinyl substituted meso-tetraphenylporphyrins and their in vitro activity against herpes simplex virus type 1. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:3333-7. [PMID: 15951174 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2005] [Revised: 05/06/2005] [Accepted: 05/11/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
An easy route to cationic beta-vinyl substituted meso-tetraphenylporphyrin derivatives is described. Two novel compounds were tested in vitro for their antiviral photoactivity against herpes simplex virus type 1. One of these compounds exhibited a significant activity, reaching 99% of virus inactivation after 15 min of photoactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduarda M P Silva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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340
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Mitton D, Ackroyd R. History of photodynamic therapy in Great Britain. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2005; 2:239-46. [DOI: 10.1016/s1572-1000(05)00111-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2005] [Accepted: 10/26/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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341
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Abbas G, Pennathur A, Keeley SB, Landreneau RJ, Luketich JD. Laser Ablation Therapies for Barrett’s Esophagus. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2005; 17:313-9. [PMID: 16428037 DOI: 10.1053/j.semtcvs.2005.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The metaplastic change of the normal squamous epithelium of the distal esophagus into a specialized columnar epithelium is known as Barrett's esophagus (BE) and is associated with an increased risk of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. It is a frequent complication of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and up to 10% of patients with GERD suffer from BE. The progression to dysplasia increases the risk of cancer development and the annual risk of developing cancer in Barrett's esophagus is estimated to be 0.5% per year. The management of BE with high grade dysplasia (HGD) is controversial. Recent innovations in endoscopic therapy have allowed for the development of multiple endoscopic techniques, such as photodynamic therapy (PDT), argon plasma coagulation (APC), and endoscopic mucosal resection. In this article, we will discuss primarily photodynamic therapy, and other ablative technologies such as argon plasma coagulation in the treatment of BE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghulam Abbas
- Heart, Lung, and Esophageal Surgery Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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342
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Ramiro P, García-Fresnadillo D, Orellana G. Synthesis and characterisation of N-1,10-phenanthrolin-5-ylalkylamides and their photosensitising heteroleptic Ru(II) complexes. Tetrahedron 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2005.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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343
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Clinical photodynamic therapy of head and neck cancers-A review of applications and outcomes. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2005; 2:205-22. [PMID: 25048771 DOI: 10.1016/s1572-1000(05)00092-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2005] [Revised: 08/09/2005] [Accepted: 08/10/2005] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
As local control is tantamount to cure in head and neck cancer, an aggressive regimen of surgery and radiation remains the standard of care for most patients. Despite significant technical advances, these treatments are highly morbid. Further, patients who fail treatment have limited salvage options. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photodiagnosis (PD) of head and neck cancer offer significant potential for improved outcomes in a myriad of clinical indications ranging from in situ to recurrent disease. However, despite promising results, these modalities remain at the fringe of head and neck treatment options. Photofrin(®), Photosan and Foscan(®) are photosensitizers used clinically in head and neck PD/PDT. In addition, aminolevulinic acid (ALA), which gives origin to Protoporphyrin IX, an endogeneous photosensitizer, is also used for PD/PDT. We review the clinical literature on these photosensitizers to assist in the integration of these important modalities into the mainstream of head and neck oncological therapy.
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344
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Gurr JR, Wang ASS, Chen CH, Jan KY. Ultrafine titanium dioxide particles in the absence of photoactivation can induce oxidative damage to human bronchial epithelial cells. Toxicology 2005; 213:66-73. [PMID: 15970370 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2005.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 560] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2005] [Revised: 04/01/2005] [Accepted: 05/12/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Ultrafine titanium dioxide (TiO(2)) particles have been shown to exhibit strong cytotoxicity when exposed to UVA radiation, but are regarded as a biocompatible material in the absence of photoactivation. In contrast to this concept, the present results indicate that anatase-sized (10 and 20 nm) TiO(2) particles in the absence of photoactivation induced oxidative DNA damage, lipid peroxidation, and micronuclei formation, and increased hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide production in BEAS-2B cells, a human bronchial epithelial cell line. However, the treatment with anatase-sized (200 and >200 nm) particles did not induce oxidative stress in the absence of light irradiation; it seems that the smaller the particle, the easier it is for the particle to induce oxidative damage. The photocatalytic activity of the anatase form of TiO(2) was reported to be higher than that of the rutile form. In contrast to this notion, the present results indicate that rutile-sized 200 nm particles induced hydrogen peroxide and oxidative DNA damage in the absence of light but the anatase-sized 200nm particles did not. In total darkness, a slightly higher level of oxidative DNA damage was also detected with treatment using an anatase-rutile mixture than with treatment using either the anatase or rutile forms alone. These results suggest that intratracheal instillation of ultrafine TiO(2) particles may cause an inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ran Gurr
- Department of Tourism, Hsing Wu College, No. 11-2 Fen-Liao Road, Linkou, Taipei, Taiwan 24452, ROC.
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345
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McMillin DR, Shelton AH, Bejune SA, Fanwick PE, Wall RK. Understanding binding interactions of cationic porphyrins with B-form DNA. Coord Chem Rev 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2004.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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346
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Fortney CF, Geib SJ, Lin FT, Shepherd RE. Synthesis and characterization of [Ru(NO)(bpp)Cl·2H2O] [bpp=N,N′-bis(2-pyridinecarboxamide)-1,3-propane dianion] and [Ru(NO)(bpe)Cl·2H2O] [bpe=N,N′-bis(2-pyridinecarboxamide)-1,2-ethane dianion]. Inorganica Chim Acta 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2004.09.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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347
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Wiehe A, Shaker YM, Brandt JC, Mebs S, Senge MO. Lead structures for applications in photodynamic therapy. Part 1: Synthesis and variation of m-THPC (Temoporfin) related amphiphilic A2BC-type porphyrins. Tetrahedron 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2005.03.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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348
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Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has received increased attention since the regulatory approvals have been granted to several photosensitizing drugs and light applicators worldwide. Much progress has been seen in basic sciences and clinical photodynamics in recent years. This review will focus on new developments of clinical investigation and discuss the usefulness of various forms of PDT techniques for curative or palliative treatment of malignant and non-malignant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Huang
- HealthONE Alliance, 899 Logan Street, Suite 203, Denver, CO 80203, USA.
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349
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Spesia MB, Lazzeri D, Pascual L, Rovera M, Durantini EN. Photoinactivation ofEscherichia coliusing porphyrin derivatives with different number of cationic charges. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 44:289-95. [PMID: 15907451 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsim.2004.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2004] [Revised: 09/16/2004] [Accepted: 12/21/2004] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The photodynamic effect of meso-substituted cationic porphyrins, 5-[4-(trimethylammonium)phenyl]-10,15,20-tris(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)porphyrin iodide 1, 5,10-di(4-methylphenyl)-15,20-di(4-trimethylammoniumphenyl)porphyrin iodide 2 and 5-(4-trifluorophenyl)-10,15,20-tris(4-trimethylammoniumphenyl)porphyrin iodide 3, have been investigated in both homogeneous medium bearing photooxidizable substrates and in vitro on a typical gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli. Absorption and fluorescence spectroscopic studies were compared in N,N-dimethylformamide. Fluorescence quantum yields (varphiF) of 0.10, 0.06 and 0.08 were calculated for porphyrins 1, 2 and 3, respectively. The singlet molecular oxygen, O2(1Deltag), production was evaluated using 9,10-dimethylanthracene yielding values of 0.66, 0.36 and 0.42 for porphyrins 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Guanosine 5'-monophosphate was used as biological substrate model. Similar decomposition of guanosine 5'-monophosphate was obtained using these cationic porphyrins as sensitizer. In biological medium, photosensitized inactivation of E. coli was analyzed using cells without and with one washing step. E. coli cultures were treated with sensitizer at 37 degrees C for 30 min in dark. In both procedures, a higher photoinactivation of cells (>99.999%) was found for cells treated with 10 microM of tricationic porphyrin 3 and irradiated for 5 min with visible light. Porphyrins 1 and 2 only show an important photodamage when the cells are irradiated without washing step. These results indicated that the tetracationic porphyrin 3 could be a promising sensitizer with potential applications in the photoinactivation of bacterial cells by photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana B Spesia
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Agencia Postal Nro 3, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
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350
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Sano M, Furuta T, Takahira K, Kajimura M, Hanai H, Kohno E, Hirano T, Hishida A. Cell-cycle-dependent efficacy of photodynamic therapy with ATX-S10(Na). Lasers Med Sci 2005; 20:1-5. [PMID: 15912266 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-005-0337-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2004] [Accepted: 03/04/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a useful strategy for treating various cancers. Details of the mechanisms of PDT have not been made clear yet. We intended to study the efficacy of PDT in relation to the cell cycle. HeLa S3 cells were synchronized by the thymidine block method. Cells in different cell cycle phases after release were treated with the water-soluble photosensitizer, ATX-S10(Na). The cellular viability after PDT was determined by the MTT assay. Intracellular levels of ATX-S10(Na) in different cell cycle phases were also determined. We found that cells in the S and G(2)/M phases were hypersensitive to PDT with ATX-S10(Na) in comparison with those in the G(1) phase, and that cellular levels of ATX-S10(Na) were increased in cells in the S and G(2)/M phases compared to those in the G(1) phase. We conclude that cellular ATX-S10(Na) levels differ among the different cell cycle phases, which is associated with the cell-cycle-dependent efficacy of PDT with ATX-S10(Na).
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Affiliation(s)
- Munetaka Sano
- First Department of Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
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