301
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Carpentier AC, Labbé SM, Grenier-Larouche T, Noll C. Abnormal dietary fatty acid metabolic partitioning in insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.2217/clp.11.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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302
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Chen Y, Wang Y, Zhang J, Sun C, Lopez A. Berberine improves glucose homeostasis in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats in association with multiple factors of insulin resistance. ISRN ENDOCRINOLOGY 2011; 2011:519371. [PMID: 22363882 PMCID: PMC3262646 DOI: 10.5402/2011/519371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The present study was carried out to determine the effect of berberine on glucose homeostasis and several biomarkers associated with insulin sensitivity in male Wistar rats with intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes. Rats with fasting blood glucose 16.7 mmol/L after 2 weeks of STZ injection were divided into two groups. One group was used as the diabetic control and another treated by gavage feeding with 100 mg/kg/d of berberine in water containing 0.5% carboxymethyl cellulose. A group of rats without receiving STZ was used as the normal control. After 7 weeks, berberine supplementation moderately but significantly lowered fasting blood glucose levels and improved oral glucose tolerance. Berberine lowered plasma free fatty acids and C-reactive protein levels without affecting plasma insulin levels. Diabetic rats treated with berberine showed significantly lower plasma triacylglycerol and cholesterol levels. Furthermore, berberine inhibited dipeptidyl peptidase-4 and protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B activities. In conclusion, berberine showed a dramatic effect of lowering blood cholesterol and triacylglycerols and improved moderately glucose homeostasis in STZ-induced diabetic rats in association with multiple factors related to insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Chen
- National Research Council Canada, Institute for Nutrisciences and Health, Charlottetown, PE, Canada C1A 4P3
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303
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Adams SH. Emerging perspectives on essential amino acid metabolism in obesity and the insulin-resistant state. Adv Nutr 2011; 2:445-56. [PMID: 22332087 PMCID: PMC3226382 DOI: 10.3945/an.111.000737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of insulin action is most often considered in the context of impaired glucose homeostasis, with the defining feature of diabetes mellitus being elevated blood glucose concentration. Complications arising from the hyperglycemia accompanying frank diabetes are well known and epidemiological studies point to higher risk toward development of metabolic disease in persons with impaired glucose tolerance. Although the central role of proper blood sugar control in maintaining metabolic health is well established, recent developments have begun to shed light on associations between compromised insulin action [obesity, prediabetes, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)] and altered intermediary metabolism of fats and amino acids. For amino acids, changes in blood concentrations of select essential amino acids and their derivatives, in particular BCAA, sulfur amino acids, tyrosine, and phenylalanine, are apparent with obesity and insulin resistance, often before the onset of clinically diagnosed T2DM. This review provides an overview of these changes and places recent observations from metabolomics research into the context of historical reports in the areas of biochemistry and nutritional biology. Based on this synthesis, a model is proposed that links the FFA-rich environment of obesity/insulin resistance and T2DM with diminution of BCAA catabolic enzyme activity, changes in methionine oxidation and cysteine/cystine generation, and tissue redox balance (NADH/NAD+).
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304
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Laferrère B, Reilly D, Arias S, Swerdlow N, Gorroochurn P, Bawa B, Bose M, Teixeira J, Stevens RD, Wenner BR, Bain JR, Muehlbauer MJ, Haqq A, Lien L, Shah SH, Svetkey LP, Newgard CB. Differential metabolic impact of gastric bypass surgery versus dietary intervention in obese diabetic subjects despite identical weight loss. Sci Transl Med 2011; 3:80re2. [PMID: 21525399 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3002043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Glycemic control is improved more after gastric bypass surgery (GBP) than after equivalent diet-induced weight loss in patients with morbid obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. We applied metabolomic profiling to understand the mechanisms of this better metabolic response after GBP. Circulating amino acids (AAs) and acylcarnitines (ACs) were measured in plasma from fasted subjects by targeted tandem mass spectrometry before and after a matched 10-kilogram weight loss induced by GBP or diet. Total AAs and branched-chain AAs (BCAAs) decreased after GBP, but not after dietary intervention. Metabolites derived from BCAA oxidation also decreased only after GBP. Principal components (PC) analysis identified two major PCs, one composed almost exclusively of ACs (PC1) and another with BCAAs and their metabolites as major contributors (PC2). PC1 and PC2 were inversely correlated with pro-insulin concentrations, the C-peptide response to oral glucose, and the insulin sensitivity index after weight loss, whereas PC2 was uniquely correlated with levels of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). These data suggest that the enhanced decrease in circulating AAs after GBP occurs by mechanisms other than weight loss and may contribute to the better improvement in glucose homeostasis observed with the surgical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blandine Laferrère
- New York Obesity Nutrition Research Center, St. Luke's Roosevelt Hospital Center, New York, NY 10025, USA.
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305
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Adeva MM, Calviño J, Souto G, Donapetry C. Insulin resistance and the metabolism of branched-chain amino acids in humans. Amino Acids 2011; 43:171-81. [PMID: 21984377 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-1088-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral resistance to insulin action is the major mechanism causing the metabolic syndrome and eventually type 2 diabetes mellitus. The metabolic derangement associated with insulin resistance is extensive and not restricted to carbohydrates. The branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) are particularly responsive to the inhibitory insulin action on amino acid release by skeletal muscle and their metabolism is profoundly altered in conditions featuring insulin resistance, insulin deficiency, or both. Obesity, the metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus display a gradual increase in the plasma concentration of BCAAs, from the obesity-related low-grade insulin-resistant state to the severe deficiency of insulin action in diabetes ketoacidosis. Obesity-associated hyperinsulinemia succeeds in maintaining near-normal or slightly elevated plasma concentration of BCAAs, despite the insulin-resistant state. The low circulating levels of insulin and/or the deeper insulin resistance occurring in diabetes mellitus are associated with more marked elevation in the plasma concentration of BCAAs. In diabetes ketoacidosis, the increase in plasma BCAAs is striking, returning to normal when adequate metabolic control is achieved. The metabolism of BCAAs is also disturbed in other situations typically featuring insulin resistance, including kidney and liver dysfunction. However, notwithstanding the insulin-resistant state, the plasma level of BCAAs in these conditions is lower than in healthy subjects, suggesting that these organs are involved in maintaining BCAAs blood concentration. The pathogenesis of the decreased BCAAs plasma level in kidney and liver dysfunction is unclear, but a decreased afflux of these amino acids into the blood stream has been observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- María M Adeva
- Hospital Juan Cardona c/ Pardo Bazán s/n, 15406, Ferrol, La Coruña, Spain.
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306
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Eckardt K, Taube A, Eckel J. Obesity-associated insulin resistance in skeletal muscle: role of lipid accumulation and physical inactivity. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2011; 12:163-72. [PMID: 21336841 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-011-9168-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
An alarming increase in the prevalence of obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and associated diseases can be observed world-wide during the past 20 years. In obesity, profound alterations in the secretion profile of adipokines and inflammatory markers as well as increased lipolysis occur, leading besides other events to elevated levels of free fatty acids, which in turn are distributed to nonadipose tissue such as skeletal muscle. While the amount of intramyocellular lipids can be used as a marker of insulin resistance in physical inactive individuals, these neutral triglycerides themselves are not thought to be harmful. However, they provide a source for the generation of harmful lipid metabolites such as diacylglycerol and ceramide, which are implicated in insulin resistance by perturbing insulin signaling pathways. In this review, we will discuss the role of lipid metabolites in insulin resistance and potential mechanism involved in accumulation of intramyocellular lipids. Furthermore, we will highlight the key role of PGC-1α, which is a master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis and coordinates the activation of genes involved in oxidative energy production as well as genes involved in fiber type transformation. Finally, the role of exercise in stimulating PGC-1α activity and expression as well as the release of contraction-induced myokines is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Eckardt
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center, Duesseldorf, Germany.
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307
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Semple RK, Savage DB, Cochran EK, Gorden P, O'Rahilly S. Genetic syndromes of severe insulin resistance. Endocr Rev 2011; 32:498-514. [PMID: 21536711 DOI: 10.1210/er.2010-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance is among the most prevalent endocrine derangements in the world, and it is closely associated with major diseases of global reach including diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and ovulatory dysfunction. It is most commonly found in those with obesity but may also occur in an unusually severe form in rare patients with monogenic defects. Such patients may loosely be grouped into those with primary disorders of insulin signaling and those with defects in adipose tissue development or function (lipodystrophy). The severe insulin resistance of both subgroups puts patients at risk of accelerated complications and poses severe challenges in clinical management. However, the clinical disorders produced by different genetic defects are often biochemically and clinically distinct and are associated with distinct risks of complications. This means that optimal management of affected patients should take into account the specific natural history of each condition. In clinical practice, they are often underdiagnosed, however, with low rates of identification of the underlying genetic defect, a problem compounded by confusing and overlapping nomenclature and classification. We now review recent developments in understanding of genetic forms of severe insulin resistance and/or lipodystrophy and suggest a revised classification based on growing knowledge of the underlying pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K Semple
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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308
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Zolotov S, Ben Yosef D, Rishe ND, Yesha Y, Karnieli E. Metabolic profiling in personalized medicine: bridging the gap between knowledge and clinical practice in Type 2 diabetes. Per Med 2011; 8:445-456. [DOI: 10.2217/pme.11.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) is the most commonly diagnosed metabolic disease and its prevalence is expected to increase. Epidemiological studies clearly show excess mortality associated with DM2, as well as an increased risk of DM2-related complications. Advances in personalized medicine would greatly improve patient care in the field of diabetes and other metabolic diseases. Prediction of the disease in asymptomatic patients as well as its harsh complications in patients already diagnosed is becoming a necessity, with the considerable increase in the cost of the treatment. In the current article, we review the known clinical, molecular metabolic and genetic biomarkers that should be integrated in a future bioinformatic platform to be used at the point-of-care, and discuss the challenges we face in applying this vision of personalized medicine for diabetes into reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagit Zolotov
- Institue of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Rambam Medical Center & Galil Center for Telemedicine, Medical Informatics & Personalized Medicine, RB Rappaport Faculty of Medicine – Technion, 12 Ha’alya St, Sami Ofer Tower, #8 Fl, PO Box 9602 Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Dafna Ben Yosef
- Institue of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Rambam Medical Center & Galil Center for Telemedicine, Medical Informatics & Personalized Medicine, RB Rappaport Faculty of Medicine – Technion, 12 Ha’alya St, Sami Ofer Tower, #8 Fl, PO Box 9602 Haifa 31096, Israel
| | | | - Yelena Yesha
- University of Maryland, Baltimore County, MD, USA
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309
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Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is an epidemic disease worldwide, but it is difficult to predict its appearance in the general population. A recent study demonstrates that circulating concentrations of a small group of essential amino acids predict risk for diabetes, contributing to a recent resurgence of interest in these common analytes.
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310
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Metabolite profiles and the risk of developing diabetes. Nat Med 2011; 17:448-53. [PMID: 21423183 DOI: 10.1038/nm.2307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2292] [Impact Index Per Article: 176.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Emerging technologies allow the high-throughput profiling of metabolic status from a blood specimen (metabolomics). We investigated whether metabolite profiles could predict the development of diabetes. Among 2,422 normoglycemic individuals followed for 12 years, 201 developed diabetes. Amino acids, amines and other polar metabolites were profiled in baseline specimens by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Cases and controls were matched for age, body mass index and fasting glucose. Five branched-chain and aromatic amino acids had highly significant associations with future diabetes: isoleucine, leucine, valine, tyrosine and phenylalanine. A combination of three amino acids predicted future diabetes (with a more than fivefold higher risk for individuals in top quartile). The results were replicated in an independent, prospective cohort. These findings underscore the potential key role of amino acid metabolism early in the pathogenesis of diabetes and suggest that amino acid profiles could aid in diabetes risk assessment.
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311
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Lum H, Sloane R, Huffman KM, Kraus VB, Thompson DK, Kraus WE, Bain JR, Stevens R, Pieper CF, Taylor GA, Newgard CB, Cohen HJ, Morey MC. Plasma acylcarnitines are associated with physical performance in elderly men. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2011; 66:548-53. [PMID: 21367961 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glr006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic profiling might provide insight into the biologic underpinnings of disability in older adults. METHODS A targeted mass spectrometry-based platform was used to identify and quantify 45 plasma acylcarnitines in 77 older men with a mean age of 79 years and average body mass index of 28.4 kg/m(2). To control for type I error inherent in a test of multiple analytes, principal components analysis was employed to reduce the acylcarnitines from 45 separate metabolites, into a single "acylcarnitine factor." We then tested for an association between this acylcarnitine factor and multiple indices of physical performance and self-reported function. RESULTS The acylcarnitine factor accounted for 40% of the total variance in 45 acylcarnitines. Of the metabolites analyzed, those that contributed most to our one-factor solution were even-numbered medium and long-chain species with side chains containing 10-18 carbons (factor loadings ≥0.70). Odd-numbered chain species, in contrast, had factor loadings 0.50 or less. Acylcarnitine factor scores were inversely related to physical performance as measured by the Short Physical Performance Battery total score, two of its three component scores (gait and chair stands Short Physical Performance Battery), and usual and maximal gait speeds (ρ = -0.324, -0.348, -0.309, -0.241, and -0.254, respectively; p < .05). CONCLUSIONS Higher acylcarnitine factor scores were associated with lower levels of objectively measured physical performance in this group of older, largely overweight men. Metabolic profiles of rodents exhibiting lipid-induced mitochondrial dysfunction show a similar phenotypic predominance of medium- and long-chain acylcarnitines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Lum
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, Gerontology and Palliative Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, USA
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312
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Koek MM, van der Kloet FM, Kleemann R, Kooistra T, Verheij ER, Hankemeier T. Semi-automated non-target processing in GC × GC-MS metabolomics analysis: applicability for biomedical studies. Metabolomics 2011; 7:1-14. [PMID: 21461033 PMCID: PMC3040320 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-010-0219-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Due to the complexity of typical metabolomics samples and the many steps required to obtain quantitative data in GC × GC-MS consisting of deconvolution, peak picking, peak merging, and integration, the unbiased non-target quantification of GC × GC-MS data still poses a major challenge in metabolomics analysis. The feasibility of using commercially available software for non-target processing of GC × GC-MS data was assessed. For this purpose a set of mouse liver samples (24 study samples and five quality control (QC) samples prepared from the study samples) were measured with GC × GC-MS and GC-MS to study the development and progression of insulin resistance, a primary characteristic of diabetes type 2. A total of 170 and 691 peaks were quantified in, respectively, the GC-MS and GC × GC-MS data for all study and QC samples. The quantitative results for the QC samples were compared to assess the quality of semi-automated GC × GC-MS processing compared to targeted GC-MS processing which involved time-consuming manual correction of all wrongly integrated metabolites and was considered as golden standard. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) obtained with GC × GC-MS were somewhat higher than with GC-MS, due to less accurate processing. Still, the biological information in the study samples was preserved and the added value of GC × GC-MS was demonstrated; many additional candidate biomarkers were found with GC × GC-MS compared to GC-MS. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11306-010-0219-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud M. Koek
- Analytical Research Department, TNO Quality of Life, Utrechtseweg 48, 3704 HE Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Frans M. van der Kloet
- LACDR Analytical Biosciences, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Kleemann
- Department of Vascular and Metabolic Disease, TNO Quality of Life, Zernikedreef 9, 2333 CK Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Teake Kooistra
- Department of Vascular and Metabolic Disease, TNO Quality of Life, Zernikedreef 9, 2333 CK Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Elwin R. Verheij
- Analytical Research Department, TNO Quality of Life, Utrechtseweg 48, 3704 HE Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Hankemeier
- LACDR Analytical Biosciences, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
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313
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Wang Y, Campbell T, Perry B, Beaurepaire C, Qin L. Hypoglycemic and insulin-sensitizing effects of berberine in high-fat diet- and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Metabolism 2011; 60:298-305. [PMID: 20304443 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2010.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2009] [Revised: 01/21/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Hypoglycemic effects of berberine (BBR) have been reported in several studies in cell and animal models. However, the mechanisms of action are not fully understood. The present study was therefore aimed at determining the effect and underlying mechanisms of action of BBR on diabetes in a high-fat diet- and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model. Ninety male Sprague-Dawley rats, 150 to 170 g, were housed individually in cages. Two groups (n = 12 each) were fed the AIN-93G diet (normal control) and the same diet modified to contain 33% fat and 2% cholesterol (high-fat control), respectively. The third group (n = 66) was fed the high-fat diet and injected intraperitoneally 2 weeks later with 35 mg/kg body weight of streptozotocin in citrate buffer (pH 4.5). The rats in both control groups were injected with the vehicle. After 12 days, rats with semifasting (5 hours) blood glucose levels between 14 and 25 mmol/L were divided into 4 groups (n = 12 each) and treated with 0 (diabetic control), 50, 100, and 150 mg/kg/d of BBR for 6 weeks while continuing on the high-fat diet. Hypoglycemic effects of BBR were consistently demonstrated by semifasting and fasting blood glucose levels, and insulin-sensitizing effects were seen during oral glucose tolerance testing. Berberine also reduced food intake while having no effect on body weight in diabetic rats. No effect of BBR was observed on plasma levels of insulin, adipokines (leptin and adiponectin), or inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α and C-reactive protein). Berberine did not affect the state of oxidative stress as assessed by the activity of superoxide dismutase and the concentrations of malondialdehyde and reduced and oxidized glutathione in the liver. These findings demonstrated the hypoglycemic and insulin-sensitizing capabilities of BBR, with the underlying mechanisms awaiting further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwen Wang
- Institute for Nutrisciences and Health, National Research Council Canada, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada.
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314
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Redman LM, Huffman KM, Landerman LR, Pieper CF, Bain JR, Muehlbauer MJ, Stevens RD, Wenner BR, Kraus VB, Newgard CB, Kraus WE, Ravussin E. Effect of caloric restriction with and without exercise on metabolic intermediates in nonobese men and women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96:E312-21. [PMID: 21123443 PMCID: PMC3048325 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2010-1971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of the study was to evaluate whether serum concentrations of metabolic intermediates are related to adiposity and insulin sensitivity (Si) in overweight healthy subjects and compare changes in metabolic intermediates with similar weight loss achieved by diet only or diet plus exercise. DESIGN This was a randomized controlled trial. PARTICIPANTS AND INTERVENTION The cross-sectional study included 46 (aged 36.8 ± 1.0 yr) overweight (body mass index 27.8 ± 0.7 kg/m(2)) subjects enrolled in a 6-month study of calorie restriction. To determine the effect of diet only or diet plus exercise on metabolic intermediates, 35 subjects were randomized to control (energy intake at 100% of energy requirements); CR (25% calorie restriction), or CR+EX: (12.5% CR plus 12.5% increase in energy expenditure by exercise). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Serum concentrations of eight fatty acids, 15 amino acids, and 45 acylcarnitines (ACs) measured by targeted mass spectrometry. RESULTS In overweight subjects, the concentrations of C2 AC and long-chain ACs were positively associated with percent fat (R(2) = 0.75, P = 0.0001) and Si (R(2) = 0.12, P = 0.05). The percent fat (R(2) = 0.77, P < 0.0001), abdominal visceral fat (R(2) = 0.64, P < 0.0001), and intrahepatic fat (R(2) = 0.30, P = 0.0002) were positively associated with fatty acid concentrations. There was a significant increase in an AC factor (comprised of C2 and several medium chain ACs) in the CR group (P = 0.01). CONCLUSION In nonobese subjects, fasted serum ACs are associated with Si and fat mass. Despite similar weight loss, serum ACs increase with CR alone but not CR+EX. A greater improvement in Si with weight loss during CR+EX interventions may be related to improved coupling of β-oxidation and tricarboxylic acid cycle flux induced by exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne M Redman
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808, USA.
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315
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Huffman KM, Slentz CA, Bateman LA, Thompson D, Muehlbauer MJ, Bain JR, Stevens RD, Wenner BR, Kraus VB, Newgard CB, Kraus WE. Exercise-induced changes in metabolic intermediates, hormones, and inflammatory markers associated with improvements in insulin sensitivity. Diabetes Care 2011; 34:174-6. [PMID: 20921216 PMCID: PMC3005483 DOI: 10.2337/dc10-0709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To understand relationships between exercise training-mediated improvements in insulin sensitivity (S(I)) and changes in circulating concentrations of metabolic intermediates, hormones, and inflammatory mediators. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Targeted mass spectrometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to quantify metabolic intermediates, hormones, and inflammatory markers at baseline, after 6 months of exercise training, and 2 weeks after exercise training cessation (n = 53). A principal components analysis (PCA) strategy was used to relate changes in these intermediates to changes in S(I). RESULTS PCA reduced the number of intermediates from 90 to 24 factors composed of biologically related components. With exercise training, improvements in S(I) were associated with reductions in by-products of fatty acid oxidation and increases in glycine and proline (P < 0.05, R² = 0.59); these relationships were retained 15 days after cessation of exercise training (P < 0.05, R² = 0.34). CONCLUSIONS These observations support prior observations in animal models that exercise training promotes more efficient mitochondrial β-oxidation and challenges current hypotheses regarding exercise training and glycine metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim M Huffman
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
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316
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Fiehn O, Garvey WT, Newman JW, Lok KH, Hoppel CL, Adams SH. Plasma metabolomic profiles reflective of glucose homeostasis in non-diabetic and type 2 diabetic obese African-American women. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15234. [PMID: 21170321 PMCID: PMC3000813 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2010] [Accepted: 10/31/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance progressing to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is marked by a broad perturbation of macronutrient intermediary metabolism. Understanding the biochemical networks that underlie metabolic homeostasis and how they associate with insulin action will help unravel diabetes etiology and should foster discovery of new biomarkers of disease risk and severity. We examined differences in plasma concentrations of >350 metabolites in fasted obese T2DM vs. obese non-diabetic African-American women, and utilized principal components analysis to identify 158 metabolite components that strongly correlated with fasting HbA1c over a broad range of the latter (r = −0.631; p<0.0001). In addition to many unidentified small molecules, specific metabolites that were increased significantly in T2DM subjects included certain amino acids and their derivatives (i.e., leucine, 2-ketoisocaproate, valine, cystine, histidine), 2-hydroxybutanoate, long-chain fatty acids, and carbohydrate derivatives. Leucine and valine concentrations rose with increasing HbA1c, and significantly correlated with plasma acetylcarnitine concentrations. It is hypothesized that this reflects a close link between abnormalities in glucose homeostasis, amino acid catabolism, and efficiency of fuel combustion in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. It is speculated that a mechanism for potential TCA cycle inefficiency concurrent with insulin resistance is “anaplerotic stress” emanating from reduced amino acid-derived carbon flux to TCA cycle intermediates, which if coupled to perturbation in cataplerosis would lead to net reduction in TCA cycle capacity relative to fuel delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Fiehn
- Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
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317
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Lucio M, Fekete A, Weigert C, Wägele B, Zhao X, Chen J, Fritsche A, Häring HU, Schleicher ED, Xu G, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Lehmann R. Insulin sensitivity is reflected by characteristic metabolic fingerprints--a Fourier transform mass spectrometric non-targeted metabolomics approach. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13317. [PMID: 20976215 PMCID: PMC2955523 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A decline in body insulin sensitivity in apparently healthy individuals indicates a high risk to develop type 2 diabetes. Investigating the metabolic fingerprints of individuals with different whole body insulin sensitivity according to the formula of Matsuda, et al. (ISIMatsuda) by a non-targeted metabolomics approach we aimed a) to figure out an unsuspicious and altered metabolic pattern, b) to estimate a threshold related to these changes based on the ISI, and c) to identify the metabolic pathways responsible for the discrimination of the two patterns. Methodology and Principal Findings By applying infusion ion cyclotron resonance Fourier transform mass spectrometry, we analyzed plasma of 46 non-diabetic subjects exhibiting high to low insulin sensitivities. The orthogonal partial least square model revealed a cluster of 28 individuals with alterations in their metabolic fingerprints associated with a decline in insulin sensitivity. This group could be separated from 18 subjects with an unsuspicious metabolite pattern. The orthogonal signal correction score scatter plot suggests a threshold of an ISIMatsuda of 15 for the discrimination of these two groups. Of note, a potential subgroup represented by eight individuals (ISIMatsuda value between 8.5 and 15) was identified in different models. This subgroup may indicate a metabolic transition state, since it is already located within the cluster of individuals with declined insulin sensitivity but the metabolic fingerprints still show some similarities with unaffected individuals (ISI >15). Moreover, the highest number of metabolite intensity differences between unsuspicious and altered metabolic fingerprints was detected in lipid metabolic pathways (arachidonic acid metabolism, metabolism of essential fatty acids and biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids), steroid hormone biosyntheses and bile acid metabolism, based on data evaluation using the metabolic annotation interface MassTRIX. Conclusions Our results suggest that altered metabolite patterns that reflect changes in insulin sensitivity respectively the ISIMatsuda are dominated by lipid-related pathways. Furthermore, a metabolic transition state reflected by heterogeneous metabolite fingerprints may precede severe alterations of metabolism. Our findings offer future prospects for novel insights in the pathogenesis of the pre-diabetic phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Lucio
- Department of BioGeoChemistry and Analytics, Institute for Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz-Zentrum Muenchen - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Agnes Fekete
- Department of BioGeoChemistry and Analytics, Institute for Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz-Zentrum Muenchen - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Cora Weigert
- Central Laboratory, Division of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Paul-Langerhans-Institute Tübingen, Member of the German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Brigitte Wägele
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Muenchen - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Genome Oriented Bioinformatics, Life and Food Science Center Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Xinjie Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Jing Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Andreas Fritsche
- Paul-Langerhans-Institute Tübingen, Member of the German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine 4, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Häring
- Paul-Langerhans-Institute Tübingen, Member of the German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine 4, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Erwin D. Schleicher
- Central Laboratory, Division of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Paul-Langerhans-Institute Tübingen, Member of the German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Guowang Xu
- Department of Genome Oriented Bioinformatics, Life and Food Science Center Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin
- Department of BioGeoChemistry and Analytics, Institute for Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz-Zentrum Muenchen - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department for Chemical-Technical Analysis Research Center Weihenstephan for Brewing and Food Quality, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
- * E-mail: (PS-K); (RL)
| | - Rainer Lehmann
- Central Laboratory, Division of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Paul-Langerhans-Institute Tübingen, Member of the German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- * E-mail: (PS-K); (RL)
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Abstract
New technology has provided methods for collecting large amounts of data reflecting gene expression, metabolite and protein abundance, and post-translational modification of proteins. Integration of these various data sets enable the genetic mapping of many new phenotypes and facilitates the creation of network models that link genetic variation with intermediate traits leading to human disease. The first round of genome-wide association studies has not accounted for common human diseases to the extent that was expected. New phenotyping approaches and methods of data integration should bring these studies closer to their promised goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher B Newgard
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center and Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
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320
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Tai ES, Tan MLS, Stevens RD, Low YL, Muehlbauer MJ, Goh DLM, Ilkayeva OR, Wenner BR, Bain JR, Lee JJM, Lim SC, Khoo CM, Shah SH, Newgard CB. Insulin resistance is associated with a metabolic profile of altered protein metabolism in Chinese and Asian-Indian men. Diabetologia 2010; 53:757-67. [PMID: 20076942 PMCID: PMC3753085 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-009-1637-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 359] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2009] [Accepted: 11/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Insulin resistance (IR) is associated with obesity, but can also develop in individuals with normal body weight. We employed comprehensive profiling methods to identify metabolic events associated with IR, while controlling for obesity. METHODS We selected 263 non-obese (BMI approximately 24 kg/m2) Asian-Indian and Chinese men from a large cross-sectional study carried out in Singapore. Individuals taking medication for diabetes or hyperlipidaemia were excluded. Participants were separated into lower and upper tertiles of IR based on HOMA indices of < or =1.06 or > or =1.93, respectively. MS-based metabolic profiling of acylcarnitines, amino acids and organic acids was combined with hormonal and cytokine profiling in all participants. RESULTS After controlling for BMI, commonly accepted risk factors for IR, including circulating fatty acids and inflammatory cytokines, did not discriminate the upper and lower quartiles of insulin sensitivity in either Asian- Indian or Chinese men. Instead, IR was correlated with increased levels of alanine, proline, valine, leucine/isoleucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, glutamate/glutamine and ornithine, and a cluster of branched-chain and related amino acids identified by principal components analysis. These changes were not due to increased protein intake by individuals in the upper quartile of IR. Increased abdominal adiposity and leptin, and decreased adiponectin and IGF-binding protein 1 were also correlated with IR. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These findings demonstrate that perturbations in amino acid homeostasis, but not inflammatory markers or NEFAs, are associated with IR in individuals of relatively low body mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. S. Tai
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore; Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - M. L. S. Tan
- Singapore Health Services, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - R. D. Stevens
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke Independence Park Facility, 4321 Medical Park Drive, Suite 200, Durham, NC 27704, USA
| | - Y. L. Low
- Singapore Institute of Clinical Sciences, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - M. J. Muehlbauer
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke Independence Park Facility, 4321 Medical Park Drive, Suite 200, Durham, NC 27704, USA
| | - D. L. M. Goh
- Department of Pediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - O. R. Ilkayeva
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke Independence Park Facility, 4321 Medical Park Drive, Suite 200, Durham, NC 27704, USA
| | - B. R. Wenner
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke Independence Park Facility, 4321 Medical Park Drive, Suite 200, Durham, NC 27704, USA
| | - J. R. Bain
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke Independence Park Facility, 4321 Medical Park Drive, Suite 200, Durham, NC 27704, USA
| | - J. J. M. Lee
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - S. C. Lim
- Alexandra Hospital, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - C. M. Khoo
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - S. H. Shah
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke Independence Park Facility, 4321 Medical Park Drive, Suite 200, Durham, NC 27704, USA
| | - C. B. Newgard
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke Independence Park Facility, 4321 Medical Park Drive, Suite 200, Durham, NC 27704, USA
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Muoio DM. Intramuscular triacylglycerol and insulin resistance: guilty as charged or wrongly accused? Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2009; 1801:281-8. [PMID: 19958841 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2009.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2009] [Revised: 11/20/2009] [Accepted: 11/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The term lipotoxicity elicits visions of steatotic liver, fat laden skeletal muscles and engorged lipid droplets that spawn a number of potentially harmful intermediates that can wreak havoc on signal transduction and organ function. Prominent among these so-called lipotoxic mediators are signaling molecules such as long chain acyl-CoAs, ceramides and diacyglycerols; each of which is thought to engage serine kinases that disrupt the insulin signaling cascade, thereby causing insulin resistance. Defects in skeletal muscle fat oxidation have been implicated as a driving factor contributing to systemic lipid imbalance, whereas exercise-induced enhancement of oxidative potential is considered protective. The past decade of diabetes research has focused heavily on the foregoing scenario, and indeed the model is grounded in strong experimental evidence, albeit largely correlative. This review centers on mechanisms that connect lipid surplus to insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, as well as those that underlie the antilipotoxic actions of exercise. Emphasis is placed on recent studies that challenge accepted paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah M Muoio
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center and Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Bain JR, Stevens RD, Wenner BR, Ilkayeva O, Muoio DM, Newgard CB. Metabolomics applied to diabetes research: moving from information to knowledge. Diabetes 2009; 58:2429-43. [PMID: 19875619 PMCID: PMC2768174 DOI: 10.2337/db09-0580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James R. Bain
- From the Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Robert D. Stevens
- From the Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Brett R. Wenner
- From the Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Olga Ilkayeva
- From the Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Deborah M. Muoio
- From the Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Christopher B. Newgard
- From the Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
- Corresponding author: Christopher B. Newgard,
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