301
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Philbey AW, Kirkland PD, Ross AD, Field HE, Srivastava M, Davis RJ, Love RJ. Infection with Menangle virus in flying foxes (Pteropus spp.) in Australia. Aust Vet J 2009; 86:449-54. [PMID: 18959537 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2008.00361.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine flying foxes (Pteropus spp.) for evidence of infection with Menangle virus. DESIGN Clustered non-random sampling for serology, virus isolation and electron microscopy (EM). PROCEDURE Serum samples were collected from 306 Pteropus spp. in northern and eastern Australia and tested for antibodies against Menangle virus (MenV) using a virus neutralisation test (VNT). Virus isolation was attempted from tissues and faeces collected from 215 Pteropus spp. in New South Wales. Faecal samples from 68 individual Pteropus spp. and four pools of faeces were examined by transmission EM following routine negative staining and immunogold labelling. RESULTS Neutralising antibodies (VNT titres > or = 8) against MenV were detected in 46% of black flying foxes (P. alecto), 41% of grey-headed flying foxes (P. poliocephalus), 25% of spectacled flying foxes (P. conspicillatus) and 1% of little red flying foxes (P. scapulatus) in Australia. Positive sera included samples collected from P. poliocephalus in a colony adjacent to a piggery that had experienced reproductive disease caused by MenV. Virus-like particles were observed by EM in faeces from Pteropus spp. and reactivity was detected in pooled faeces and urine by immunogold EM using sera from sows that had been exposed to MenV. Attempts to isolate the virus from the faeces and tissues from Pteropus spp. were unsuccessful. CONCLUSION Serological evidence of infection with MenV was detected in Pteropus spp. in Australia. Although virus-like particles were detected in faeces, no viruses were isolated from faeces, urine or tissues of Pteropus spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W Philbey
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Menangle NSW, Australia.
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302
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Weingartl HM, Berhane Y, Czub M. Animal models of henipavirus infection: a review. Vet J 2008; 181:211-20. [PMID: 19084436 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2008] [Revised: 10/27/2008] [Accepted: 10/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Hendra virus (HeV) and Nipah virus (NiV) form a separate genus Henipavirus within the family Paramyxoviridae, and are classified as biosafety level four pathogens due to their high case fatality rate following human infection and because of the lack of effective vaccines or therapy. Both viruses emerged from their natural reservoir during the last decade of the 20th century, causing severe disease in humans, horses and swine, and infecting a number of other mammalian species. The current review summarises current published data relating to experimental infection of small and large animals, including the natural reservoir species, the Pteropus bat, with HeV or NiV. Susceptibility to infection and virus distribution in the individual species is discussed, along with the pathogenesis, pathological changes, and potential routes of transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana M Weingartl
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, 1015 Arlington St., MB, Canada R3E 3M4.
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303
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Lo MK, Rota PA. The emergence of Nipah virus, a highly pathogenic paramyxovirus. J Clin Virol 2008; 43:396-400. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2008.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2008] [Accepted: 08/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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304
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Tee KK, Takebe Y, Kamarulzaman A. Emerging and re-emerging viruses in Malaysia, 1997-2007. Int J Infect Dis 2008; 13:307-18. [PMID: 19010076 PMCID: PMC7110734 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2008.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2007] [Revised: 08/27/2008] [Accepted: 09/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, a number of unique zoonotic and non-zoonotic viruses have emerged in Malaysia. Several of these viruses have resulted in significant morbidity and mortality to those affected and they have imposed a tremendous public health and economic burden on the state. Amongst the most devastating was the outbreak of Nipah virus encephalitis in 1998, which resulted in 109 deaths. The culling of more than a million pigs, identified as the amplifying host, ultimately brought the outbreak under control. A year prior to this, and subsequently again in 2000 and 2003, large outbreaks of hand-foot-and-mouth disease due to enterovirus 71, with rare cases of fatal neurological complications, were reported in young children. Three other new viruses – Tioman virus (1999), Pulau virus (1999), and Melaka virus (2006) – whose origins have all been linked to bats, have been added to the growing list of novel viruses being discovered in Malaysia. The highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has also been detected in Malaysia with outbreaks in poultry in 2004, 2006, and 2007. Fortunately, no human infections were reported. Finally, the HIV/AIDS epidemic has seen the emergence of an HIV-1 recombinant form (CRF33_01B) in HIV-infected individuals from various risk groups, with evidence of ongoing and rapid expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kok Keng Tee
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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305
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Patch JR, Han Z, McCarthy SE, Yan L, Wang LF, Harty RN, Broder CC. The YPLGVG sequence of the Nipah virus matrix protein is required for budding. Virol J 2008; 5:137. [PMID: 19000317 PMCID: PMC2625347 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-5-137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2008] [Accepted: 11/10/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nipah virus (NiV) is a recently emerged paramyxovirus capable of causing fatal disease in a broad range of mammalian hosts, including humans. Together with Hendra virus (HeV), they comprise the genus Henipavirus in the family Paramyxoviridae. Recombinant expression systems have played a crucial role in studying the cell biology of these Biosafety Level-4 restricted viruses. Henipavirus assembly and budding occurs at the plasma membrane, although the details of this process remain poorly understood. Multivesicular body (MVB) proteins have been found to play a role in the budding of several enveloped viruses, including some paramyxoviruses, and the recruitment of MVB proteins by viral proteins possessing late budding domains (L-domains) has become an important concept in the viral budding process. Previously we developed a system for producing NiV virus-like particles (VLPs) and demonstrated that the matrix (M) protein possessed an intrinsic budding ability and played a major role in assembly. Here, we have used this system to further explore the budding process by analyzing elements within the M protein that are critical for particle release. Results Using rationally targeted site-directed mutagenesis we show that a NiV M sequence YPLGVG is required for M budding and that mutation or deletion of the sequence abrogates budding ability. Replacement of the native and overlapping Ebola VP40 L-domains with the NiV sequence failed to rescue VP40 budding; however, it did induce the cellular morphology of extensive filamentous projection consistent with wild-type VP40-expressing cells. Cells expressing wild-type NiV M also displayed this morphology, which was dependent on the YPLGVG sequence, and deletion of the sequence also resulted in nuclear localization of M. Dominant-negative VPS4 proteins had no effect on NiV M budding, suggesting that unlike other viruses such as Ebola, NiV M accomplishes budding independent of MVB cellular proteins. Conclusion These data indicate that the YPLGVG motif within the NiV M protein plays an important role in M budding; however, involvement of any specific components of the cellular MVB sorting pathway in henipavirus budding remains to be demonstrated. Further investigation of henipavirus assembly and budding may yet reveal a novel mechanism(s) of viral assembly and release that could be applicable to other enveloped viruses or have therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared R Patch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA.
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306
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Epstein JH, Prakash V, Smith CS, Daszak P, McLaughlin AB, Meehan G, Field HE, Cunningham AA. Henipavirus infection in fruit bats (Pteropus giganteus), India. Emerg Infect Dis 2008; 14:1309-11. [PMID: 18680665 PMCID: PMC2600370 DOI: 10.3201/eid1408.071492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We tested 41 bats for antibodies against Nipah and Hendra viruses to determine whether henipaviruses circulate in pteropid fruit bats (Pteropus giganteus) in northern India. Twenty bats were seropositive for Nipah virus, which suggests circulation in this species, thereby extending the known distribution of henipaviruses in Asia westward by >1,000 km.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan H Epstein
- The Consortium for Conservation Medicine, New York, New York 10001, USA.
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307
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308
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Residues in the stalk domain of the hendra virus g glycoprotein modulate conformational changes associated with receptor binding. J Virol 2008; 82:11398-409. [PMID: 18799571 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02654-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hendra virus (HeV) is a member of the broadly tropic and highly pathogenic paramyxovirus genus Henipavirus. HeV is enveloped and infects cells by using membrane-anchored attachment (G) and fusion (F) glycoproteins. G possesses an N-terminal cytoplasmic tail, an external membrane-proximal stalk domain, and a C-terminal globular head that binds the recently identified receptors ephrinB2 and ephrinB3. Receptor binding is presumed to induce conformational changes in G that subsequently trigger F-mediated fusion. The stalk domains of other attachment glycoproteins appear important for oligomerization and F interaction and specificity. However, this region of G has not been functionally characterized. Here we performed a mutagenesis analysis of the HeV G stalk, targeting a series of isoleucine residues within a hydrophobic alpha-helical domain that is well conserved across several attachment glycoproteins. Nine of 12 individual HeV G alanine substitution mutants possessed a complete defect in fusion-promotion activity yet were cell surface expressed and recognized by a panel of conformation-dependent monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) and maintained their oligomeric structure. Interestingly, these G mutations also resulted in the appearance of an additional electrophoretic species corresponding to a slightly altered glycosylated form. Analysis revealed that these G mutants appeared to adopt a receptor-bound conformation in the absence of receptor, as measured with a panel of MAbs that preferentially recognize G in a receptor-bound state. Further, this phenotype also correlated with an inability to associate with F and in triggering fusion even after receptor engagement. Together, these data suggest the stalk domain of G plays an important role in the conformational stability and receptor binding-triggered changes leading to productive fusion, such as the dissociation of G and F.
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309
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Yang
- Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai and National Engineering Center for BioChip at Shanghai, Shanghai 201203, China;
- Laboratory of Microbial Molecular Physiology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hongliang Yang
- Laboratory of Microbial Molecular Physiology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Gangqiao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Guo-Ping Zhao
- Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai and National Engineering Center for BioChip at Shanghai, Shanghai 201203, China;
- Laboratory of Microbial Molecular Physiology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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310
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Abstract
L’histoire nous a appris que les émergences virales ne sont pas des phénomènes nouveaux. La variole, venue d’Asie, est probablement apparue en Europe dès le Ve siècle et la fièvre jaune a émergé en Amérique au XVIe siècle, importée d’Afrique par la traite des Noirs. La dengue est apparue au XVIIIe siècle simultanément en Asie du Sud-est, en Afrique et en Amérique du Nord. Quant à la « grippe espagnole », elle a tué, en 1918–1919, entre 25 et 40 millions de personnes dans le monde. La deuxième moitié du XXe siècle a été marquée par de nombreuses émergences virales dont celle du Sida en 1981. Mais, ce qui caractérise l’évolution récente des émergences virales, c’est que non seulement de nouveaux virus émergent de façon répétée, mais qu’ils ont de plus en plus tendance à envahir de nouveaux pays, voire d’autres continents, et de s’y installer de façon plus ou moins durable. Des exemples de cette situation épidémique nouvelle sont donnés avec les infections à virus Nipah, West Nile, de la fièvre de la Vallée du Rift, du SRAS, du monkeypox, de la grippe aviaire H5N1 et Chikungunya. Les causes, multiples et complexes, de ces émergences et réémergences sont brièvement analysées.
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311
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Hayman DTS, Suu-Ire R, Breed AC, McEachern JA, Wang L, Wood JLN, Cunningham AA. Evidence of henipavirus infection in West African fruit bats. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2739. [PMID: 18648649 PMCID: PMC2453319 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2008] [Accepted: 06/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Henipaviruses are emerging RNA viruses of fruit bat origin that can cause fatal encephalitis in man. Ghanaian fruit bats (megachiroptera) were tested for antibodies to henipaviruses. Using a Luminex multiplexed microsphere assay, antibodies were detected in sera of Eidolon helvum to both Nipah (39%, 95% confidence interval: 27–51%) and Hendra (22%, 95% CI: 11–33%) viruses. Virus neutralization tests further confirmed seropositivity for 30% (7/23) of Luminex positive serum samples. Our results indicate that henipavirus is present within West Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T. S. Hayman
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, United Kingdom
- Cambridge Infectious Diseases Consortium, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Andrew C. Breed
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jennifer A. McEachern
- Australian Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Linfa Wang
- Australian Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - James L. N. Wood
- Cambridge Infectious Diseases Consortium, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew A. Cunningham
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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312
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Xu K, Rajashankar KR, Chan YP, Himanen JP, Broder CC, Nikolov DB. Host cell recognition by the henipaviruses: crystal structures of the Nipah G attachment glycoprotein and its complex with ephrin-B3. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:9953-8. [PMID: 18632560 PMCID: PMC2474567 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0804797105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) and Hendra virus are the type species of the highly pathogenic paramyxovirus genus Henipavirus, which can cause severe respiratory disease and fatal encephalitis infections in humans, with case fatality rates approaching 75%. NiV contains two envelope glycoproteins, the receptor-binding G glycoprotein (NiV-G) that facilitates attachment to host cells and the fusion (F) glycoprotein that mediates membrane merger. The henipavirus G glycoproteins lack both hemagglutinating and neuraminidase activities and, instead, engage the highly conserved ephrin-B2 and ephrin-B3 cell surface proteins as their entry receptors. Here, we report the crystal structures of the NiV-G both in its receptor-unbound state and in complex with ephrin-B3, providing, to our knowledge, the first view of a paramyxovirus attachment complex in which a cellular protein is used as the virus receptor. Complex formation generates an extensive protein-protein interface around a protruding ephrin loop, which is inserted in the central cavity of the NiV-G beta-propeller. Analysis of the structural data reveals the molecular basis for the highly specific interactions of the henipavirus G glycoproteins with only two members (ephrin-B2 and ephrin-B3) of the very large ephrin family and suggests how they mediate in a unique fashion both cell attachment and the initiation of membrane fusion during the virus infection processes. The structures further suggest that the NiV-G/ephrin interactions can be effectively targeted to disrupt viral entry and provide the foundation for structure-based antiviral drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Xu
- *Structural Biology Program, Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021
| | - Kanagalaghatta R. Rajashankar
- Northeastern Collaborative Access Team, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL 60439; and
| | - Yee-Peng Chan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Juha P. Himanen
- *Structural Biology Program, Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021
| | - Christopher C. Broder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Dimitar B. Nikolov
- *Structural Biology Program, Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021
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313
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Torres-Velez FJ, Shieh WJ, Rollin PE, Morken T, Brown C, Ksiazek TG, Zaki SR. Histopathologic and Immunohistochemical Characterization of Nipah Virus Infection in the Guinea Pig. Vet Pathol 2008; 45:576-85. [DOI: 10.1354/vp.45-4-576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mortality rate in humans infected with Nipah virus (NiV) has been reported as high as 92%. Humans infected with NiV show a widespread multisystemic vasculitis with most severe clinical and pathologic manifestations in the brain, lungs, and spleen. The purpose of this study was to study pathologic and immunohistochemical findings in guinea pigs infected with NiV. Of 28 animals inoculated intraperitoneally, only 2 survived the infection, and most died between 4 and 8 days postinoculation (dpi). Viral antigen with minimal pathologic changes was first detected 2 dpi in lymph nodes and spleen. More severe changes were noted in these organs 4-8 dpi, where pathologic damage had a vasocentric distribution and viral antigen was abundant in vascular endothelium, tunica media, adventitia, as well as in macrophages lining sinuses. The urinary bladder, uterus, and ovaries were also affected with necrosis and acute inflammation. In these organs, immunohistochemical positive staining was intense in blood vessels, epithelial cells, and ovarian follicles. Approximately 50% of the animals that died or were euthanized in extremis had evidence of viral antigen and histopathologic changes in brain, especially involving meninges and ependymal cells, with lesser changes in the neural parenchyma. A unifying feature of the damage for all affected tissues was necrosis and inflammation of the vasculature, chiefly in arterioles, capillaries, and venules. Inoculation of guinea pigs intraperitoneally with NiV produces a disease with considerable resemblance to the disease in humans, but with reduced pulmonary involvement and marked infection of urinary bladder and the female reproductive tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. J. Torres-Velez
- University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Athens, GA
| | - W.-J. Shieh
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Infectious Disease Pathology Branch, Atlanta, GA
| | - P. E. Rollin
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Special Pathogens Branch, Atlanta, GA
| | - T. Morken
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Infectious Disease Pathology Branch, Atlanta, GA
| | - C. Brown
- University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Athens, GA
| | - T. G. Ksiazek
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Special Pathogens Branch, Atlanta, GA
| | - S. R. Zaki
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Infectious Disease Pathology Branch, Atlanta, GA
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314
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315
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Gurley ES, Montgomery JM, Hossain MJ, Bell M, Azad AK, Islam MR, Molla MAR, Carroll DS, Ksiazek TG, Rota PA, Lowe L, Comer JA, Rollin P, Czub M, Grolla A, Feldmann H, Luby SP, Woodward JL, Breiman RF. Person-to-person transmission of Nipah virus in a Bangladeshi community. Emerg Infect Dis 2008; 13:1031-7. [PMID: 18214175 PMCID: PMC2878219 DOI: 10.3201/eid1307.061128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmission of this virus highlights the need for infection control strategies for resource-poor settings. An encephalitis outbreak was investigated in Faridpur District, Bangladesh, in April–May 2004 to determine the cause of the outbreak and risk factors for disease. Biologic specimens were tested for Nipah virus. Surfaces were evaluated for Nipah virus contamination by using reverse transcription–PCR (RT-PCR). Thirty-six cases of Nipah virus illness were identified; 75% of case-patients died. Multiple peaks of illness occurred, and 33 case-patients had close contact with another Nipah virus patient before their illness. Results from a case-control study showed that contact with 1 patient carried the highest risk for infection (odds ratio 6.7, 95% confidence interval 2.9–16.8, p<0.001). RT-PCR testing of environmental samples confirmed Nipah virus contamination of hospital surfaces. This investigation provides evidence for person-to-person transmission of Nipah virus. Capacity for person-to-person transmission increases the potential for wider spread of this highly lethal pathogen and highlights the need for infection control strategies for resource-poor settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S Gurley
- Program on Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Sciences, ICDDR,B, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
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316
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Freiberg A, Dolores LK, Enterlein S, Flick R. Establishment and characterization of plasmid-driven minigenome rescue systems for Nipah virus: RNA polymerase I- and T7-catalyzed generation of functional paramyxoviral RNA. Virology 2008; 370:33-44. [PMID: 17904180 PMCID: PMC2716073 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2007] [Revised: 05/30/2007] [Accepted: 08/02/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study we report the development and optimization of two minigenome rescue systems for Nipah virus, a member of the Paramyxoviridae family. One is mediated by the T7 RNA polymerase supplied either by a constitutively expressing cell line or by transfection of expression plasmids and is thus independent from infection with a helper virus. The other approach is based on RNA polymerase I-driven transcription, a unique approach for paramyxovirus reverse genetics technology. Minigenome rescue was evaluated by reporter gene activities of (i) the two different minigenome transcription systems, (ii) genomic versus antigenomic-oriented minigenomes, (iii) different ratios of the viral protein expression plasmids, and (iv) time course experiments. The high efficiency and reliability of the established systems allowed for downscaling to 96-well plates. This served as a basis for the development of a high-throughput screening system for potential antivirals that target replication and transcription of Nipah virus without the need of high bio-containment. Using this system we were able to identify two compounds that reduced minigenome activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Freiberg
- Department of Pathology, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA
| | - Lhia Krista Dolores
- Department of Pathology, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA
| | - Sven Enterlein
- Department of Pathology, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA
| | - Ramon Flick
- Department of Pathology, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA
- BioProtection Systems Corporation, Ames, IA 50010, USA
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317
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Lu Y, Essex M, Roberts B. Disease Outbreaks Caused by Emerging Paramyxoviruses of Bat Origin. EMERGING INFECTIONS IN ASIA 2008. [PMCID: PMC7122158 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-75722-3_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Newly emerging and re-emerging infections are recognized as a global problem and 75% of these are potentially zoonotic (Woolhouse & Gowtage-Sequeria, 2005). Emergence of a new “killer” disease in any part of the world is likely to be a threat world wide in today’s society with very rapid means of transportation of both human and animal/animal products. Recent examples include the global outbreaks of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), H5N1 avian influenza, and the outbreaks of West Nile virus in United States. The rapid economic development in the Asian region during the last few decades was accompanied by massive urbanization and environmental changes, which are believed to be one of the triggers leading to the emergence of new zoonotic diseases. Wildlife animals play an ever-increasing role in the emergence of zoonotic diseases, and bats have been identified as natural reservoir host of several lethal zoonotic viruses that emerged in recent times. This review will focus on the disease outbreaks caused by emerging bat viruses in the family Paramyxoviridae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Lu
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XHarvard School of Public Health, 02115 Boston, MA USA
| | - M. Essex
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XHarvard School of Public Health, 02115 Boston, MA USA
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318
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Abstract
The lungs are among the most vulnerable to microbial assault of all organs in the body. From a contemporary vantage, lower respiratory tract infections are the greatest cause of infection-related mortality in the United States, and rank seventh among all causes of deaths in the United States.2,3 From a global and historic perspective, the scope and scale of lower respiratory tract infection is greater than any other infectious syndrome, and viral pneumonias have proven to be some of the most lethal and dramatic of human diseases. The 1918–1919 influenza pandemic, perhaps the most devastating infectious disease pandemic in recorded history, resulted in an estimated 40 million deaths worldwide, including 700,000 deaths in the U.S.4 The global outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) during 2003, although considerably smaller in scale, resulted in 8098 cases and 774 deaths5 and is a dramatic contemporary example of the ability of viral pneumonias to rapidly disseminate and cause severe disease in human populations.
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319
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Fogarty R, Halpin K, Hyatt AD, Daszak P, Mungall BA. Henipavirus susceptibility to environmental variables. Virus Res 2007; 132:140-4. [PMID: 18166242 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2007.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2007] [Revised: 11/15/2007] [Accepted: 11/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The routes of henipavirus transmission between hosts are poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to measure the persistence of henipaviruses under various environmental conditions and thereby gain an insight into likely mechanisms of transmission. Henipaviruses survived for more than 4 days at 22 degrees C in pH-neutral fruit bat urine but were sensitive to higher temperatures and pH changes. On mango flesh, survival time varied depending on temperature and fruit pH, ranging from 2h to more than 2 days. Desiccation of viruses substantially reduced survival time to less than 2h. The sensitivity of henipaviruses to pH, temperature and desiccation indicates a need for close contact between hosts for transmission to occur, although under ideal conditions henipaviruses can persist for extended periods facilitating vehicle-borne transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhys Fogarty
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, Australia
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320
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Abstract
Genome synthesis in paramyxoviruses, including Nipah virus (NiV), is controlled by sequence elements that reside in the non-coding nucleotides at the 5'-trailer (3'-antigenomic) end that make up the antigenomic promoter (AGP). Using a chloramphenicol acetyl transferase-based plasmid-driven minigenome system, the terminal 96 nt of NiV AGP were first mutagenized in blocks of three hexamers to enable broad mapping of the minigenome functional regions. This was followed by further dissection of these functional regions to define the cis-acting elements contained therein. Results based on RNA analysis and reporter gene activity identified a bipartite promoter structure similar to that seen in related viruses, but with some distinct differences: in NiV, each of the two discrete replication control elements was bimodal, characterized by a critical conserved region (nt 1-12 and 79-91) and a contiguous non-conserved region (nt 13-36 and 73-78), which appeared less important. The regulatory role of these less critical regions was underscored by the use of a two-step mutation strategy, which revealed the additive detrimental effect of substitutions in this part of the terminal element. The structure and sequence characteristics of the internal control element was also different: it involved four contiguous hexamers, and the region encompassing three of these (nt 79-96, corresponding to hexamers 14, 15 and 16), although analogous in position to the equivalent element in the Sendai virus AGP, was characterized by the distinct 5'-(GNNNUG)(14-15)(GNNNNN)(16) motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramila Walpita
- Departments of Pathology, and Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Clarence J Peters
- Departments of Pathology, and Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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321
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Halpin K, Mungall BA. Recent progress in henipavirus research. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2007; 30:287-307. [PMID: 17629946 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2007.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2006] [Accepted: 05/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Following the discovery of two new paramyxoviruses in the 1990s, much effort has been placed on rapidly finding the reservoir hosts, characterising the genomes, identifying the viral receptors and formulating potential vaccines and therapeutic options for these viruses, Hendra and Nipah viruses caused zoonotic disease on a scale not seen before with other paramyxoviruses. Nipah virus particularly caused high morbidity and mortality in humans and high morbidity in pig populations in the first outbreak in Malaysia. Both viruses continue to pose a threat with sporadic outbreaks continuing into the 21st century. Experimental and surveillance studies identified that pteropus bats are the reservoir hosts. Research continues in an attempt to understand events that precipitated spillover of these viruses. Discovered on the cusp of the molecular technology revolution, much progress has been made in understanding these new viruses. This review endeavours to capture the depth and breadth of these recent advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Halpin
- CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Private Bag 24, Geelong, Vic. 3220, Australia.
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322
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Gurley ES, Montgomery JM, Hossain MJ, Islam MR, Molla MAR, Shamsuzzaman SM, Akram K, Zaman K, Asgari N, Comer JA, Azad AK, Rollin PE, Ksiazek TG, Breiman RF. Risk of nosocomial transmission of Nipah virus in a Bangladesh hospital. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2007; 28:740-2. [PMID: 17520553 DOI: 10.1086/516665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2006] [Accepted: 08/31/2006] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
We conducted a seroprevalence study and exposure survey of healthcare workers to assess the risk of nosocomial transmission of Nipah virus during an outbreak in Bangladesh in 2004. No evidence of recent Nipah virus infection was detected despite substantial exposures and minimal use of personal protective equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S Gurley
- Programme on Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Sciences, Centre for Health and Population Research, ICDDR.B, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh .
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323
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Luby SP, Rahman M, Hossain MJ, Blum LS, Husain MM, Gurley E, Khan R, Ahmed BN, Rahman S, Nahar N, Kenah E, Comer JA, Ksiazek TG. Foodborne transmission of Nipah virus, Bangladesh. Emerg Infect Dis 2007; 12:1888-94. [PMID: 17326940 PMCID: PMC3291367 DOI: 10.3201/eid1212.060732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated an outbreak of encephalitis in Tangail District, Bangladesh. We defined case-patients as persons from the outbreak area in whom fever developed with new onset of seizures or altered mental status from December 15, 2004, through January 31, 2005. Twelve persons met the definition; 11 (92%) died. Serum specimens were available from 3; 2 had immunoglobulin M antibodies against Nipah virus by capture enzyme immunoassay. We enrolled 11 case-patients and 33 neighborhood controls in a case-control study. The only exposure significantly associated with illness was drinking raw date palm sap (64% among case-patients vs. 18% among controls, odds ratio [OR] 7.9, p = 0.01). Fruit bats (Pteropus giganteus) are a nuisance to date palm sap collectors because the bats drink from the clay pots used to collect the sap at night. This investigation suggests that Nipah virus was transmitted from P. giganteus to persons through drinking fresh date palm sap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Luby
- International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
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324
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Wacharapluesadee S, Hemachudha T. Duplex nested RT-PCR for detection of Nipah virus RNA from urine specimens of bats. J Virol Methods 2007; 141:97-101. [PMID: 17184850 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2006.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2006] [Revised: 11/12/2006] [Accepted: 11/16/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A method for duplex nested RT-PCR (nRT-PCR) with internal control (IC) for the detection of Nipah virus RNA is described. Incorporation of IC RNA distinguished false and true negative results. The extrinsic RNA was added directly to the PCR master mix and co-amplified with virus specific RNA in a duplex reaction to determine the presence of PCR inhibitor. Limit of detection was affected minimally when IC was added. Of 53 pooled urine samples collected from fruit bats (Pteropus lylei), 16 were validated by the presence of IC band on gel electrophoresis. Seven of these were also Nipah virus RNA positive. The remaining 37 samples were considered invalid. Twenty-two urine samples became valid after dilution of 1:5 and re-examined; two were Nipah virus RNA positive. These nine positive results were confirmed by sequencing of heminested PCR products. The result indicated that at least two different Nipah strains circulated in this bat species from Thailand. This method should be useful for surveillance for Nipah virus infection in animals in a country where a biosecurity level (BSL) 4 laboratory is not available. PCR inhibitors were present in a significant number of bat urine samples. The technique described in this study should improve reliability of surveillance statistics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supaporn Wacharapluesadee
- Molecular Biology Laboratory for Neurological Diseases, Department of Medicine Chulalongkorn University Hospital, Rama 4 Road, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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325
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Wang LF, Hansson E, Yu M, Chua KB, Mathe N, Crameri G, Rima BK, Moreno-López J, Eaton BT. Full-length genome sequence and genetic relationship of two paramyxoviruses isolated from bat and pigs in the Americas. Arch Virol 2007; 152:1259-71. [PMID: 17385069 PMCID: PMC7086891 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-007-0959-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2006] [Accepted: 02/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mapuera virus (MPRV) was isolated from a fruit bat in Brazil in 1979, but its host range and disease-causing potential are unknown. Porcine rubulavirus (PoRV) was identified as the aetiological agent of disease outbreaks in pigs in Mexico during early 1980s, but the origin of PoRV remains elusive. In this study, the completed genome sequence of MPRV was determined, and the complete genome sequence of PoRV was assembled from previously published protein-coding genes and the non-coding genome regions determined from this study. Comparison of sequence and genome organization indicated that PoRV is more closely related to MPRV than to any other members of the genus Rubulavirus. In the P gene coding region of both viruses, there is an ORF located at the 5' end of the P gene overlapping with the P protein coding region, similar to the C protein ORF present in most viruses of the subfamily Paramyxovirinae, but absent in other known rubulaviruses. Based on these findings, we hypothesise that PoRV may also originate from bats, and spillover events from bats to pigs, either directly or via an intermediate host, were responsible for the sporadic disease outbreaks observed in Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- L-F Wang
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, VIC, Australia.
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326
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Halpin K, Hyatt AD, Plowright RK, Epstein JH, Daszak P, Field HE, Wang L, Daniels PW. Emerging viruses: coming in on a wrinkled wing and a prayer. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44:711-7. [PMID: 17278066 PMCID: PMC7107893 DOI: 10.1086/511078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2006] [Accepted: 11/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The role that bats have played in the emergence of several new infectious diseases has been under review. Bats have been identified as the reservoir hosts of newly emergent viruses such as Nipah virus, Hendra virus, and severe acute respiratory syndrome-like coronaviruses. This article expands on recent findings about bats and viruses and their relevance to human infections. It briefly reviews the history of chiropteran viruses and discusses their emergence in the context of geography, phylogeny, and ecology. The public health and trade impacts of several outbreaks are also discussed. Finally, we attempt to predict where, when, and why we may see the emergence of new chiropteran viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Halpin
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Livestock Industries, Geelong, Australia.
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327
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Wong S, Lau S, Woo P, Yuen K. Bats as a continuing source of emerging infections in humans. Rev Med Virol 2007; 17:67-91. [PMID: 17042030 PMCID: PMC7169091 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2006] [Revised: 08/08/2006] [Accepted: 08/29/2006] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Amongst the 60 viral species reported to be associated with bats, 59 are RNA viruses, which are potentially important in the generation of emerging and re-emerging infections in humans. The prime examples of these are the lyssaviruses and Henipavirus. The transmission of Nipah, Hendra and perhaps SARS coronavirus and Ebola virus to humans may involve intermediate amplification hosts such as pigs, horses, civets and primates, respectively. Understanding of the natural reservoir or introductory host, the amplifying host, the epidemic centre and at-risk human populations are crucial in the control of emerging zoonosis. The association between the bat coronaviruses and certain lyssaviruses with particular bat species implies co-evolution between specific viruses and bat hosts. Cross-infection between the huge number of bat species may generate new viruses which are able to jump the trans-mammalian species barrier more efficiently. The currently known viruses that have been found in bats are reviewed and the risks of transmission to humans are highlighted. Certain families of bats including the Pteropodidae, Molossidae, Phyllostomidae, and Vespertilionidae are most frequently associated with known human pathogens. A systematic survey of bats is warranted to better understand the ecology of these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samson Wong
- Department of Microbiology, Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, 4/F University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital, 102 Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
| | - Susanna Lau
- Department of Microbiology, Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, 4/F University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital, 102 Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
| | - Patrick Woo
- Department of Microbiology, Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, 4/F University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital, 102 Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
| | - Kwok‐Yung Yuen
- Department of Microbiology, Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, 4/F University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital, 102 Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
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328
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Chen JM, Yaiw KC, Yu M, Wang LF, Wang QH, Crameri G, Wang ZL. Expression of truncated phosphoproteins of Nipah virus and Hendra virus in Escherichia coli for the differentiation of henipavirus infections. Biotechnol Lett 2007; 29:871-5. [PMID: 17322967 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-007-9323-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2006] [Revised: 01/10/2007] [Accepted: 01/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The genus Henipavirus in the family Paramyxoviridae compromises two newly identified dangerous pathogens, Nipah virus and Hendra virus. Phosphoprotein of the two viruses is one of the major immunodominant antigens and the most divergent protein in the viral genomes. We have now expressed two pairs of truncated phosphoproteins of the two viruses in Escherichia coli in a soluble form using a vector tailored from pET32a. The truncated recombinant phosphoproteins were purified with His-Tag affinity chromatography and their antigenicity was determined by western blotting and ELISA. The longer pair of truncated recombinant phosphoproteins, covering amino acid residues 4-550, was more antigenic than the shorter one and of potential utility in the serological differentiation of henipavirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Ming Chen
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China.
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329
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Sawatsky B, Grolla A, Kuzenko N, Weingartl H, Czub M. Inhibition of henipavirus infection by Nipah virus attachment glycoprotein occurs without cell-surface downregulation of ephrin-B2 or ephrin-B3. J Gen Virol 2007; 88:582-591. [PMID: 17251577 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.82427-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) and Hendra virus (HeV) are newly identified members of the family Paramyxoviridae and have been classified in the new genus Henipavirus based on unique genetic characteristics distinct from other paramyxoviruses. Transgenic cell lines were generated that expressed either the attachment protein (G) or the fusion protein (F) of NiV. Functional expression of NiV F and G was verified by complementation with the corresponding glycoprotein, which resulted in the development of syncytia. When exposed to NiV and HeV, expression of NiV G in Crandall feline kidney cells resulted in a qualitative inhibition of both cytopathic effect (CPE) and cell death by both viruses. RT-PCR analysis of surviving exposed cells showed a complete absence of viral positive-sense mRNA and genomic negative-sense viral RNA. Cells expressing NiV G were also unable to fuse with cells co-expressing NiV F and G in a fluorescent fusion inhibition assay. Cell-surface staining for the cellular receptors for NiV and HeV (ephrin-B2 and ephrin-B3) indicated that they were located on the surface of cells, regardless of NiV G expression or infection by NiV. These results indicated that viral interference can be established for henipaviruses and requires only the expression of the attachment protein, G. Furthermore, it was found that this interference probably occurs at the level of virus entry, as fusion was not observed in cells expressing NiV G. Finally, expression of NiV G by either transient transfection or NiV infection did not alter the cell-surface levels of the two known viral receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bevan Sawatsky
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, 730 William Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W3, Canada
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Canadian Science Centre for Human and Animal Health, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Allen Grolla
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Canadian Science Centre for Human and Animal Health, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Nina Kuzenko
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, 730 William Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W3, Canada
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Canadian Science Centre for Human and Animal Health, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Hana Weingartl
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Science Centre for Human and Animal Health, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, 730 William Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W3, Canada
| | - Markus Czub
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, 730 William Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W3, Canada
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Canadian Science Centre for Human and Animal Health, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
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330
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Patch JR, Crameri G, Wang LF, Eaton BT, Broder CC. Quantitative analysis of Nipah virus proteins released as virus-like particles reveals central role for the matrix protein. Virol J 2007; 4:1. [PMID: 17204159 PMCID: PMC1781425 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-4-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2006] [Accepted: 01/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nipah virus (NiV) is an emerging paramyxovirus distinguished by its ability to cause fatal disease in both animal and human hosts. Together with Hendra virus (HeV), they comprise the genus Henipavirus in the Paramyxoviridae family. NiV and HeV are also restricted to Biosafety Level-4 containment and this has hampered progress towards examining details of their replication and morphogenesis. Here, we have established recombinant expression systems to study NiV particle assembly and budding through the formation of virus-like particles (VLPs). Results When expressed by recombinant Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara (rMVA) or plasmid transfection, individual NiV matrix (M), fusion (F) and attachment (G) proteins were all released into culture supernatants in a membrane-associated state as determined by sucrose density gradient flotation and immunoprecipitation. However, co-expression of F and G along with M revealed a shift in their distribution across the gradient, indicating association with M in VLPs. Protein release was also altered depending on the context of viral proteins being expressed, with F, G and nucleocapsid (N) protein reducing M release, and N release dependent on the co-expression of M. Immunoelectron microscopy and density analysis revealed VLPs that were similar to authentic virus. Differences in the budding dynamics of NiV proteins were also noted between rMVA and plasmid based strategies, suggesting that over-expression by poxvirus may not be appropriate for studying the details of recombinant virus particle assembly and release. Conclusion Taken together, the results indicate that NiV M, F, and G each possess some ability to bud from expressing cells, and that co-expression of these viral proteins results in a more organized budding process with M playing a central role. These findings will aid our understanding of paramyxovirus particle assembly in general and could help facilitate the development of a novel vaccine approach for henipaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared R Patch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA
| | - Gary Crameri
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Bryan T Eaton
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Christopher C Broder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA
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331
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Sejvar JJ, Hossain J, Saha SK, Gurley ES, Banu S, Hamadani JD, Faiz MA, Siddiqui FM, Mohammad QD, Mollah AH, Uddin R, Alam R, Rahman R, Tan CT, Bellini W, Rota P, Breiman RF, Luby SP. Long-term neurological and functional outcome in Nipah virus infection. Ann Neurol 2007; 62:235-42. [PMID: 17696217 DOI: 10.1002/ana.21178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Nipah virus (NiV) is an emerging zoonosis. Central nervous system disease frequently results in high case-fatality. Long-term neurological assessments of survivors are limited. We assessed long-term neurologic and functional outcomes of 22 patients surviving NiV illness in Bangladesh. METHODS During August 2005 and May 2006, we administered a questionnaire on persistent symptoms and functional difficulties to 22 previously identified NiV infection survivors. We performed neurologic evaluations and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). RESULTS Twelve (55%) subjects were male; median age was 14.5 years (range 6-50). Seventeen (77%) survived encephalitis, and 5 survived febrile illness. All but 1 subject had disabling fatigue, with a median duration of 5 months (range, 8 days-8 months). Seven encephalitis patients (32% overall), but none with febrile illness had persistent neurologic dysfunction, including static encephalopathy (n = 4), ocular motor palsies (2), cervical dystonia (2), focal weakness (2), and facial paralysis (1). Four cases had delayed-onset neurologic abnormalities months after acute illness. Behavioral abnormalities were reported by caregivers of over 50% of subjects under age 16. MRI abnormalities were present in 15, and included multifocal hyperintensities, cerebral atrophy, and confluent cortical and subcortical signal changes. INTERPRETATION Although delayed progression to neurologic illness following Nipah fever was not observed, persistent fatigue and functional impairment was frequent. Neurologic sequelae were frequent following Nipah encephalitis. Neurologic dysfunction may persist for years after acute infection, and new neurologic dysfunction may develop after acute illness. Survivors of NiV infection may experience substantial long-term neurologic and functional morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Sejvar
- Divisions of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases and Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne, and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta GA 30333, USA.
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332
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Abstract
New and emerging infectious diseases affect humans, domestic animals, livestock and wildlife and can have a significant impact on health, trade and biodiversity. Of the emerging infectious diseases of humans, 75% are zoonotic, with wildlife being an increasingly important source of inter-species transmission. Recent animal health emergencies have highlighted the vulnerability of the livestock sector to the impact of infectious diseases and the associated risks to human health. Outbreaks resulting from wildlife trade have resulted in enormous economic losses globally. On a global level, the human health sector lags behind the animal health sector in the assessment of potential threats, although substantive differences exist among countries in the state of national preparedness planning for emerging diseases. The lack of surveillance data on emerging zoonoses from many developing countries means that the burden of human, livestock and wildlife disease is underestimated and opportunities for control interventions thereby limited. In the context of emerging zoonoses, comprehensive risk assessments are needed to identify the animal-human and animal-animal interfaces where transmission of infectious agents occurs and the feasibility of risk reduction interventions. The impact of emerging diseases can be minimised through a well-prepared and strong public health system and similar systems developed by the livestock, wildlife and food safety sectors. National animal disease emergencies, especially those that spill over to affect human health, require a whole-of-government approach for effective disease containment. As it is highly likely that zoonoses and animal diseases with the potential to affect human health will continue to emerge, surveillance and response systems for emerging zoonotic diseases will need to be strengthened and maintained at national and international levels. Applied research, linked across the human, livestock and wildlife sectors, is needed to inform preparedness planning and the development of evidence-based approaches to zoonotic disease prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E. Childs
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health and Center for Eco-Epidemiolog, Yale University School of Medicine, 60 College St, 208034, 06520-8034 New Haven, CT USA
| | - John S. Mackenzie
- Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Australian Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre, Curtin University of Technology, U1987, 6845 Perth, WA Australia
| | - Jürgen A. Richt
- Virus and Prion Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center USDA, 2300 Dayton Ave Ames, 50010 IA USA
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333
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Hagmaier K, Stock N, Goodbourn S, Wang LF, Randall R. A single amino acid substitution in the V protein of Nipah virus alters its ability to block interferon signalling in cells from different species. J Gen Virol 2006; 87:3649-3653. [PMID: 17098981 PMCID: PMC2884973 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.82261-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The V protein of the paramyxovirus Nipah virus (NiV) has been shown to antagonize the interferon (IFN) response in human cells via sequestration of STAT1 and STAT2. This study describes a mutant of the NiV V protein, referred to as V(AAHL), that is unable to antagonize IFN signalling and demonstrates that a single amino acid substitution is responsible for its inactivity. The molecular basis for this was identified as a failure to interact with STAT1 and STAT2. It was also shown that NiV V, but not V(AAHL), was functional as an IFN antagonist in human, monkey, rabbit, dog, horse, pig and bat cells, which suggests that the ability of NiV to block IFN signalling is not a major constraint that prevents this virus from crossing species barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Hagmaier
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of St Andrews, The North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Nicola Stock
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of St Andrews, The North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Steve Goodbourn
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, St George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Richard Randall
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of St Andrews, The North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK
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334
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Magoffin DE, Halpin K, Rota PA, Wang LF. Effects of single amino acid substitutions at the E residue in the conserved GDNE motif of the Nipah virus polymerase (L) protein. Arch Virol 2006; 152:827-32. [PMID: 17143779 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-006-0881-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2006] [Accepted: 10/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) is an emergent zoonotic paramyxovirus. The L proteins of most paramyxoviruses contain a GDNQ motif, thought to be part of the catalytic site for polymerase activity. Conversely, NiV L has GDNE in this position. We substituted the E residue with eight different amino acid residues and examined the effect on L function in an in vitro replication assay. Our results demonstrated that NiV L functioned with similar efficiency with either GDNE or GDNQ, but polymerase activity was severely reduced or abolished when a structurally destabilising residue (such as K, P or G) was introduced at this site.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Magoffin
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Vic, Australia
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335
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Abstract
Public awareness of the human health risks of zoonotic infections has grown in recent years. Currently, concern of H5N1 flu transmission from migratory bird populations has increased with foci of fatal human cases. This comes on the heels of other major zoonotic viral epidemics in the last decade. These include other acute emerging or re-emerging viral diseases such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), West-Nile virus, Ebola virus, monkeypox, as well as the more inapparent insidious slow viral and prion diseases. Virus infections with zoonotic potential can become serious killers once they are able to establish the necessary adaptations for efficient human-to-human transmission under circumstances sufficient to reach epidemic proportions. The monitoring and early diagnosis of these potential risks are overlapping frontiers of human and veterinary medicine. Here, current viral zoonotics and evolving threats are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Heeney
- Department of Virology, BPRC, Rijswijk, and the Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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336
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Yu F, Khairullah NS, Inoue S, Balasubramaniam V, Berendam SJ, Teh LK, Ibrahim NSW, Abdul Rahman S, Hassan SS, Hasebe F, Sinniah M, Morita K. Serodiagnosis using recombinant nipah virus nucleocapsid protein expressed in Escherichia coli. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44:3134-8. [PMID: 16954238 PMCID: PMC1594737 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00693-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nipah virus nucleocapsid (NiV-N) protein was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified by histidine tag-based affinity chromatography. An indirect immunoglobulin G (IgG) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for human and swine sera and an IgM capture ELISA for human sera were established using the recombinant NiV-N protein as an antigen. One hundred thirty-three suspected patient sera and 16 swine sera were used to evaluate the newly established ELISA systems in comparison with the CDC inactivated-virus-based ELISA systems. For the human sera, the NiV-N protein-based indirect IgG ELISA had a sensitivity of 98.6% and a specificity of 98.4%, and the NiV-N protein-based IgM capture ELISA had a sensitivity of 91.7% and a specificity of 91.8%, with reference to the CDC ELISA systems. The NiV-N-based IgM ELISA was found to be more sensitive than the inactivated-virus-based ELISA in that it captured eight additional cases. For the swine sera, the two test systems were in 100% concordance. Our data indicate that the Nipah virus nucleocapsid protein is a highly immunogenic protein in human and swine infections and a good target for serodiagnosis. Our NiV-N protein-based ELISA systems are useful, safe, and affordable tools for diagnosis of Nipah virus infection and are especially fit to be used in large-scale epidemiological investigations and to be applied in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuxun Yu
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
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337
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Ciancanelli MJ, Basler CF. Mutation of YMYL in the Nipah virus matrix protein abrogates budding and alters subcellular localization. J Virol 2006; 80:12070-8. [PMID: 17005661 PMCID: PMC1676283 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01743-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix (M) proteins reportedly direct the budding of paramyxoviruses from infected cells. In order to begin to characterize the assembly process for the highly lethal, emerging paramyxovirus Nipah virus (NiV), we have examined the budding of NiV M. We demonstrated that expression of the NiV M protein is sufficient to produce budding virus-like particles (VLPs) that are physically and morphologically similar to NiV. We identified in NiV M a sequence, YMYL, with similarity to the YPDL late domain found in the equine infectious anemia virus Gag protein. When the YMYL within NiV M was mutated, VLP release was abolished and M was relocalized to the nucleus, but the mutant M proteins retained oligomerization activity. When YMYL was fused to a late-domain mutant of the Ebola virus VP40 matrix protein, VP40 budding was restored. These results suggest that the YMYL sequence may act as a trafficking signal and a late domain for NiV M.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Ciancanelli
- Department of Microbiology, Box 1124, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
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338
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Chen JM, Guo LX, Sun CY, Sun YX, Chen JW, Li L, Wang ZL. A stable and differentiable RNA positive control for reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Biotechnol Lett 2006; 28:1787-92. [PMID: 16912918 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-006-9161-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2006] [Accepted: 07/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Most RNA positive controls currently used for monitoring the quality of RT-PCR assays have some disadvantages, such as instability, inability to monitor the quality of the relevant primers and/or causing indifferentiable false positives. To avoid these disadvantages, a simple method to prepare stable and differentiable RNA positive controls is now demonstrated with a real-time RT-PCR assay for the detection of Nipah virus (NiV). A DNA sequence which was shorter than its counterpart in the NiV genome and contained the binding sites of the primers of the RT-PCR assay was designed, synthesized and inserted into a vector, and then amplified by PCR with two vector-specific primers both of which contained a T7 promoter at the 5' terminal. The RNA positive control was the dsRNA in vitro transcribed from the PCR amplicons flanked by two T7 promoters. The RNA positive control was stable and able to monitor the quality of the whole concerned RT-PCR assay. False positives caused by contaminations of the RNA positive control or its amplicons could be easily identified because the amplicons of the RNA positive control were obviously shorter than those of real positive samples. Thus, the RNA positive control reported in this study avoided some common disadvantages of current RNA positive controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Ming Chen
- Chinese Center for Animal Health and Epidemiology, Qingdao, China.
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339
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Calisher CH, Childs JE, Field HE, Holmes KV, Schountz T. Bats: important reservoir hosts of emerging viruses. Clin Microbiol Rev 2006; 19:531-45. [PMID: 16847084 PMCID: PMC1539106 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00017-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 959] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bats (order Chiroptera, suborders Megachiroptera ["flying foxes"] and Microchiroptera) are abundant, diverse, and geographically widespread. These mammals provide us with resources, but their importance is minimized and many of their populations and species are at risk, even threatened or endangered. Some of their characteristics (food choices, colonial or solitary nature, population structure, ability to fly, seasonal migration and daily movement patterns, torpor and hibernation, life span, roosting behaviors, ability to echolocate, virus susceptibility) make them exquisitely suitable hosts of viruses and other disease agents. Bats of certain species are well recognized as being capable of transmitting rabies virus, but recent observations of outbreaks and epidemics of newly recognized human and livestock diseases caused by viruses transmitted by various megachiropteran and microchiropteran bats have drawn attention anew to these remarkable mammals. This paper summarizes information regarding chiropteran characteristics and information regarding 66 viruses that have been isolated from bats. From these summaries, it is clear that we do not know enough about bat biology; we are doing too little in terms of bat conservation; and there remain a multitude of questions regarding the role of bats in disease emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles H Calisher
- Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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340
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Chang LY, Ali ARM, Hassan SS, AbuBakar S. Quantitative estimation of Nipah virus replication kinetics in vitro. Virol J 2006; 3:47. [PMID: 16784519 PMCID: PMC1543632 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-3-47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2006] [Accepted: 06/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nipah virus is a zoonotic virus isolated from an outbreak in Malaysia in 1998. The virus causes infections in humans, pigs, and several other domestic animals. It has also been isolated from fruit bats. The pathogenesis of Nipah virus infection is still not well described. In the present study, Nipah virus replication kinetics were estimated from infection of African green monkey kidney cells (Vero) using the one-step SYBR Green I-based quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assay. RESULTS The qRT-PCR had a dynamic range of at least seven orders of magnitude and can detect Nipah virus from as low as one PFU/microL. Following initiation of infection, it was estimated that Nipah virus RNA doubles at every approximately 40 minutes and attained peak intracellular virus RNA level of approximately 8.4 log PFU/microL at about 32 hours post-infection (PI). Significant extracellular Nipah virus RNA release occurred only after 8 hours PI and the level peaked at approximately 7.9 log PFU/microL at 64 hours PI. The estimated rate of Nipah virus RNA released into the cell culture medium was approximately 0.07 log PFU/muL per hour and less than 10% of the released Nipah virus RNA was infectious. CONCLUSION The SYBR Green I-based qRT-PCR assay enabled quantitative assessment of Nipah virus RNA synthesis in Vero cells. A low rate of Nipah virus extracellular RNA release and low infectious virus yield together with extensive syncytial formation during the infection support a cell-to-cell spread mechanism for Nipah virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yen Chang
- Center for Proteomics Research, Department of Forest Biotechnology, Forest Research Institute, 52109, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - AR Mohd Ali
- Veterinary Research Institute, Jalan Sultan Azlan Shah, 13800 Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Sharifah Syed Hassan
- Veterinary Research Institute, Jalan Sultan Azlan Shah, 13800 Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Sazaly AbuBakar
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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341
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Saxena SK, Singh M, Pathak AK, Mathur A. Reply to 'Encephalitis outbreak finds Indian officials unprepared'. Nat Med 2006; 12:269-70. [PMID: 16520763 DOI: 10.1038/nm0306-269b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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