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Chan VWS, Chiu PKF, Yee CH, Yuan Y, Ng CF, Teoh JYC. A systematic review on COVID-19: urological manifestations, viral RNA detection and special considerations in urological conditions. World J Urol 2021. [PMID: 32462305 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-%20020-%2003246-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVE We performed a systematic review on COVID-19 and its potential urological manifestations. METHODS A literature search was performed using combination of keywords (MeSH terms and free text words) relating to COVID-19, urology, faeces and stool on multiple databases. Primary outcomes were the urological manifestations of COVID-19, and SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA detection in urine and stool samples. Meta-analyses were performed when there were two or more studies reporting on the same outcome. Special considerations in urological conditions that were relevant in the pandemic of COVID-19 were reported in a narrative manner. RESULTS There were a total of 21 studies with 3714 COVID-19 patients, and urinary symptoms were absent in all of them. In patients with COVID-19, 7.58% (95% CI 3.30-13.54%) developed acute kidney injury with a mortality rate of 93.27% (95% CI 81.46-100%) amongst them. 5.74% (95% CI 2.88-9.44%) of COVID-19 patients had positive viral RNA in urine samples, but the duration of viral shedding in urine was unknown. 65.82% (95% CI 45.71-83.51%) of COVID-19 patients had positive viral RNA in stool samples, which were detected from 2 to 47 days from symptom onset. 31.6% of renal transplant recipients with COVID-19 required non-invasive ventilation, and the overall mortality rate was 15.4%. CONCLUSIONS Acute kidney injury leading to mortality is common amongst COVID-19 patients, likely as a result of direct viral toxicity. Viral RNA positivity was detected in both urine and stool samples, so precautions are needed when we perform transurethral or transrectal procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinson Wai-Shun Chan
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Peter Ka-Fung Chiu
- S.H. Ho Urology Centre, Department of Surgery, 4/F LCW Clinical Sciences Building, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 30-32 Ngan Shing Street, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi-Hang Yee
- S.H. Ho Urology Centre, Department of Surgery, 4/F LCW Clinical Sciences Building, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 30-32 Ngan Shing Street, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuhong Yuan
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Chi-Fai Ng
- S.H. Ho Urology Centre, Department of Surgery, 4/F LCW Clinical Sciences Building, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 30-32 Ngan Shing Street, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jeremy Yuen-Chun Teoh
- S.H. Ho Urology Centre, Department of Surgery, 4/F LCW Clinical Sciences Building, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 30-32 Ngan Shing Street, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
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Dangsagul W, Ruchusatsawat K, Tawatsin A, Changsom D, Noisumdaeng P, Putchakarn S, Phatihattakorn C, Auewarakul P, Puthavathana P. Zika virus isolation, propagation, and quantification using multiple methods. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255314. [PMID: 34329309 PMCID: PMC8323943 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) was isolated from the archival urine, serum, and autopsy specimens by intrathoracic inoculation of Toxorhynchitis splendens and followed by three blind sub-passaging in C6/36 mosquito cells. The virus isolates were identified using an immunofluorescence assay and real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (real-time RT-PCR). This study analyzed 11 ZIKV isolates. One isolate (0.6%) was obtained from 171 urine samples, eight (8.7%) from 92 serum samples and two from tissues of an abortive fetus. After propagation in C6/36 cells, ZIKV was titrated by plaque and focus forming unit (FFU) assays in Vero cell monolayers, and viral genomes were determined via real-time and digital RT-PCR. Plaque and FFU assay quantitations were comparable, with the amount of infectious viruses averaging 106-107 PFU or FFU/ml. Real-time RT-PCR semi-quantified the viral genome numbers, with Ct values varying from 12 to 14. Digital RT-PCR, which precisely determines the numbers of the viral genomes, consistently averaged 10-100 times higher than the number of infectious units. There was good correlation between the results of these titration methods. Therefore, the selection of a method should be based on the objectives of each research studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Worawat Dangsagul
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | | | - Apiwat Tawatsin
- Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Don Changsom
- Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Pirom Noisumdaeng
- Faculty of Public Health, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
- Thammasat University Research Unit in Modern Microbiology and Public Health Genomics, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Sukontip Putchakarn
- Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | | | - Prasert Auewarakul
- Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Joukar F, Yaghubi Kalurazi T, Khoshsorour M, Taramian S, Mahfoozi L, Balou HA, Jafarinezhad A, Pourkazemi A, Hesni E, Asgharnezhad M, Shenagari M, Jahanzad I, Naghipour M, Maroufizadeh S, Mansour-Ghanaei F. Persistence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the nasopharyngeal, blood, urine, and stool samples of patients with COVID-19: a hospital-based longitudinal study. Virol J 2021; 18:134. [PMID: 34210325 PMCID: PMC8248752 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01599-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The persistence of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA in the body fluids of patients with the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) may increase the potential risk of viral transmission. There is still uncertainty on whether the recommended quarantine duration is sufficient to reduce the risk of transmission. This study aimed to investigate the persistence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the nasopharyngeal, blood, urine, and stool samples of patients with COVID-19. METHODS In this hospital-based longitudinal study, 100 confirmed cases of COVID-19 were recruited between March 2020 and August 2020 in Guilan Province, north of Iran. Nasopharyngeal, blood, urine, and stool samples were obtained from each participant at the time of hospital admission, upon discharge, 1 week after discharge, and every 2 weeks until all samples were negative for SARS-CoV-2 RNA by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay. A survival analysis was also performed to identify the duration of viral persistence. RESULTS The median duration of viral RNA persistence in the nasopharyngeal samples was 8 days from the first positive RT-PCR result upon admission (95% CI 6.91-9.09); the maximum duration of viral shedding was 25 days from admission. Positive blood, urine, and stool RT-PCR results were detected in 24%, 7%, and 6% of the patients, respectively. The median duration of viral persistence in the blood, urine, and stool samples was 7 days (95% CI 6.07-7.93), 6 days (95% CI 4.16-8.41), and 13 days (95% CI 6.96-19.4), respectively. Also, the maximum duration of viral persistence in the blood, urine, and stool samples was 17, 11, and 42 days from admission, respectively. CONCLUSION According to the present results, immediately after the hospitalized patients were discharged, no evidence of viral genetic materials was found. Therefore, appropriate treatments were selected for the patients at this hospital. However, we recommend further investigations on a larger sample size in multi-center and prospective randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to evaluate the effects of different drugs on the shedding of the virus through body secretions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farahnaz Joukar
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, GI Cancer Screening and Prevention Research Center and Caspian Digestive Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Razi Hospital, Sardar-Jangle Ave, 41448-95655 Rasht, Iran
| | - Tofigh Yaghubi Kalurazi
- Department of Health, Nutrition and Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine Razi Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Khoshsorour
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Sonbol Taramian
- Department of Health, Nutrition and Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine Razi Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Lida Mahfoozi
- Department of Health, Nutrition and Infectious Diseases, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Heydar Ali Balou
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Alireza Jafarinezhad
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Razi Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Aydin Pourkazemi
- Department of Health, Nutrition and Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Ezat Hesni
- Department of Health, Nutrition and Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Mehrnaz Asgharnezhad
- GI Cancer Screening and Prevention Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Mohammad Shenagari
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | | | - Mohammadreza Naghipour
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Saman Maroufizadeh
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, GI Cancer Screening and Prevention Research Center and Caspian Digestive Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Razi Hospital, Sardar-Jangle Ave, 41448-95655 Rasht, Iran
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Joukar F, Yaghubi Kalurazi T, Khoshsorour M, Taramian S, Mahfoozi L, Balou HA, Jafarinezhad A, Pourkazemi A, Hesni E, Asgharnezhad M, Shenagari M, Jahanzad I, Naghipour M, Maroufizadeh S, Mansour-Ghanaei F. Persistence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the nasopharyngeal, blood, urine, and stool samples of patients with COVID-19: a hospital-based longitudinal study. Virol J 2021. [PMID: 34210325 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01599-9.pmid:34210325;pmcid:pmc8248752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The persistence of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA in the body fluids of patients with the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) may increase the potential risk of viral transmission. There is still uncertainty on whether the recommended quarantine duration is sufficient to reduce the risk of transmission. This study aimed to investigate the persistence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the nasopharyngeal, blood, urine, and stool samples of patients with COVID-19. METHODS In this hospital-based longitudinal study, 100 confirmed cases of COVID-19 were recruited between March 2020 and August 2020 in Guilan Province, north of Iran. Nasopharyngeal, blood, urine, and stool samples were obtained from each participant at the time of hospital admission, upon discharge, 1 week after discharge, and every 2 weeks until all samples were negative for SARS-CoV-2 RNA by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay. A survival analysis was also performed to identify the duration of viral persistence. RESULTS The median duration of viral RNA persistence in the nasopharyngeal samples was 8 days from the first positive RT-PCR result upon admission (95% CI 6.91-9.09); the maximum duration of viral shedding was 25 days from admission. Positive blood, urine, and stool RT-PCR results were detected in 24%, 7%, and 6% of the patients, respectively. The median duration of viral persistence in the blood, urine, and stool samples was 7 days (95% CI 6.07-7.93), 6 days (95% CI 4.16-8.41), and 13 days (95% CI 6.96-19.4), respectively. Also, the maximum duration of viral persistence in the blood, urine, and stool samples was 17, 11, and 42 days from admission, respectively. CONCLUSION According to the present results, immediately after the hospitalized patients were discharged, no evidence of viral genetic materials was found. Therefore, appropriate treatments were selected for the patients at this hospital. However, we recommend further investigations on a larger sample size in multi-center and prospective randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to evaluate the effects of different drugs on the shedding of the virus through body secretions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farahnaz Joukar
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, GI Cancer Screening and Prevention Research Center and Caspian Digestive Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Razi Hospital, Sardar-Jangle Ave, 41448-95655, Rasht, Iran
| | - Tofigh Yaghubi Kalurazi
- Department of Health, Nutrition and Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine Razi Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Khoshsorour
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Sonbol Taramian
- Department of Health, Nutrition and Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine Razi Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Lida Mahfoozi
- Department of Health, Nutrition and Infectious Diseases, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Heydar Ali Balou
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Alireza Jafarinezhad
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Razi Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Aydin Pourkazemi
- Department of Health, Nutrition and Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Ezat Hesni
- Department of Health, Nutrition and Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Mehrnaz Asgharnezhad
- GI Cancer Screening and Prevention Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Mohammad Shenagari
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | | | - Mohammadreza Naghipour
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Saman Maroufizadeh
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, GI Cancer Screening and Prevention Research Center and Caspian Digestive Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Razi Hospital, Sardar-Jangle Ave, 41448-95655, Rasht, Iran.
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Sharma K, Aggarwala P, Gandhi D, Mathias A, Singh P, Sharma S, Negi SS, Bhargava A, Das P, Gaikwad U, Wankhede A, Behra A, Nagarkar NM. Comparative analysis of various clinical specimens in detection of SARS-CoV-2 using rRT-PCR in new and follow up cases of COVID-19 infection: Quest for the best choice. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249408. [PMID: 33819290 PMCID: PMC8021168 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An appropriate specimen is of paramount importance in Real Time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) based diagnosis of novel coronavirus (nCoV) disease (COVID-19). Thus, it's pertinent to evaluate various diversified clinical specimens' diagnostic utility in both diagnosis and follow-up of COVID-19. METHODS A total of 924 initial specimens from 130 COVID-19 symptomatic cases before initiation of treatment and 665 follow up specimens from 15 randomly selected cases comprising of equal number of nasopharyngeal swab (NPS), oropharyngeal swab (OPS), combined NPS and OPS (Combined swab), sputum, plasma, serum and urine were evaluated by rRT-PCR. RESULTS Demographic analysis showed males (86) twice more affected by COVID-19 than females (44) (p = 0.00001). Combined swabs showed a positivity rate of 100% followed by NPS (91.5%), OPS (72.3%), sputum (63%), while nCoV was found undetected in urine, plasma and serum specimens. The lowest cycle threshold (Ct) values of targeted genes E, ORF1b and RdRP are 10.56, 10.14 and 12.26 respectively and their lowest average Ct values were found in combined swab which indicates high viral load in combined swab among all other specimen types. Analysis of 665 follow-up multi-varied specimens also showed combined swab as the last specimen among all specimen types to become negative, after an average 6.6 (range 4-10) days post-treatment, having lowest (15.48) and average (29.96) Ct values of ORF1b respectively indicating posterior nasopharyngeal tract as primary nCoV afflicted site with high viral load. CONCLUSION The combined swab may be recommended as a more appropriate specimen for both diagnosis and monitoring of COVID-19 treatment by rRT-PCR for assessing virus clearance to help physicians in taking evidence-based decision before discharging patients. Implementing combined swabs globally will definitely help in management and control of the pandemic, as it is the need of the hour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep Sharma
- Microbiology Department, AIIMS, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | | | - Deepa Gandhi
- Microbiology Department, AIIMS, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | | | - Priyanka Singh
- Microbiology Department, AIIMS, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Somya Sharma
- Microbiology Department, AIIMS, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Sanjay Singh Negi
- Microbiology Department, AIIMS, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Padma Das
- Microbiology Department, AIIMS, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | | | | | - Ajoy Behra
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, AIIMS, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
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Demey B, Descamps V, Presne C, Helle F, Francois C, Duverlie G, Castelain S, Brochot E. BK Polyomavirus Micro-RNAs: Time Course and Clinical Relevance in Kidney Transplant Recipients. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020351. [PMID: 33672313 PMCID: PMC7926448 DOI: 10.3390/v13020351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) are exposed to a high risk of BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) replication, which in turn may lead to graft loss. Although the microRNAs (miRNAs) bkv-miR-B1-3p and bkv-miR-B1-5p are produced during the viral cycle, their putative value as markers of viral replication has yet to be established. In KTRs, the clinical relevance of the changes over time in BKPyV miRNA levels has not been determined. Methods: In a retrospective study, we analyzed 186 urine samples and 120 plasma samples collected from 67 KTRs during the first year post-transplantation. Using a reproducible, standardized, quantitative RT-PCR assay, we measured the levels of bkv-miR-B1-3p and bkv-miR-B1-5p (relative to the BKPyV DNA load). Results: Detection of the two miRNAs had low diagnostic value for identifying patients with DNAemia or for predicting DNAuria during follow-up. Seven of the 14 KTRs with a sustained BKPyV infection within the first year post-transplantation showed a progressive reduction in the DNA load and then a rapid disappearance of the miRNAs. DNA and miRNA loads were stable in the other seven KTRs. Conclusions: After the DNA-based diagnosis of BKPyV infection in KTRs, bkv-miR-B1-3p and bkv-miR-B1-5p levels in the urine might be valuable markers for viral replication monitoring and thus might help physicians to avoid an excessive reduction in the immunosuppressive regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Demey
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, F-80000 Amiens, France; (V.D.); (F.H.); (C.F.); (G.D.); (S.C.)
- UR UPJV 4294, Agents Infectieux, Résistance et Chimiothérapie (AGIR), Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, F-80000 Amiens, France
- Correspondence: (B.D.); (E.B.)
| | - Véronique Descamps
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, F-80000 Amiens, France; (V.D.); (F.H.); (C.F.); (G.D.); (S.C.)
- UR UPJV 4294, Agents Infectieux, Résistance et Chimiothérapie (AGIR), Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, F-80000 Amiens, France
| | - Claire Presne
- Service de Néphrologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, F-80000 Amiens, France;
| | - Francois Helle
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, F-80000 Amiens, France; (V.D.); (F.H.); (C.F.); (G.D.); (S.C.)
- UR UPJV 4294, Agents Infectieux, Résistance et Chimiothérapie (AGIR), Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, F-80000 Amiens, France
| | - Catherine Francois
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, F-80000 Amiens, France; (V.D.); (F.H.); (C.F.); (G.D.); (S.C.)
- UR UPJV 4294, Agents Infectieux, Résistance et Chimiothérapie (AGIR), Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, F-80000 Amiens, France
| | - Gilles Duverlie
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, F-80000 Amiens, France; (V.D.); (F.H.); (C.F.); (G.D.); (S.C.)
- UR UPJV 4294, Agents Infectieux, Résistance et Chimiothérapie (AGIR), Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, F-80000 Amiens, France
| | - Sandrine Castelain
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, F-80000 Amiens, France; (V.D.); (F.H.); (C.F.); (G.D.); (S.C.)
- UR UPJV 4294, Agents Infectieux, Résistance et Chimiothérapie (AGIR), Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, F-80000 Amiens, France
| | - Etienne Brochot
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, F-80000 Amiens, France; (V.D.); (F.H.); (C.F.); (G.D.); (S.C.)
- UR UPJV 4294, Agents Infectieux, Résistance et Chimiothérapie (AGIR), Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, F-80000 Amiens, France
- Correspondence: (B.D.); (E.B.)
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunz Yannic
- Department of Urology, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Horninger Wolfgang
- Department of Urology, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Pinggera Germar-Michael
- Department of Urology, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Chan VWS, Chiu PKF, Yee CH, Yuan Y, Ng CF, Teoh JYC. A systematic review on COVID-19: urological manifestations, viral RNA detection and special considerations in urological conditions. World J Urol 2020; 39:3127-3138. [PMID: 32462305 PMCID: PMC7251800 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-020-03246-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose and objective We performed a systematic review on COVID-19 and its potential urological manifestations. Methods A literature search was performed using combination of keywords (MeSH terms and free text words) relating to COVID-19, urology, faeces and stool on multiple databases. Primary outcomes were the urological manifestations of COVID-19, and SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA detection in urine and stool samples. Meta-analyses were performed when there were two or more studies reporting on the same outcome. Special considerations in urological conditions that were relevant in the pandemic of COVID-19 were reported in a narrative manner. Results There were a total of 21 studies with 3714 COVID-19 patients, and urinary symptoms were absent in all of them. In patients with COVID-19, 7.58% (95% CI 3.30–13.54%) developed acute kidney injury with a mortality rate of 93.27% (95% CI 81.46–100%) amongst them. 5.74% (95% CI 2.88–9.44%) of COVID-19 patients had positive viral RNA in urine samples, but the duration of viral shedding in urine was unknown. 65.82% (95% CI 45.71–83.51%) of COVID-19 patients had positive viral RNA in stool samples, which were detected from 2 to 47 days from symptom onset. 31.6% of renal transplant recipients with COVID-19 required non-invasive ventilation, and the overall mortality rate was 15.4%. Conclusions Acute kidney injury leading to mortality is common amongst COVID-19 patients, likely as a result of direct viral toxicity. Viral RNA positivity was detected in both urine and stool samples, so precautions are needed when we perform transurethral or transrectal procedures. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00345-020-03246-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinson Wai-Shun Chan
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Peter Ka-Fung Chiu
- S.H. Ho Urology Centre, Department of Surgery, 4/F LCW Clinical Sciences Building, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 30-32 Ngan Shing Street, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi-Hang Yee
- S.H. Ho Urology Centre, Department of Surgery, 4/F LCW Clinical Sciences Building, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 30-32 Ngan Shing Street, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuhong Yuan
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Chi-Fai Ng
- S.H. Ho Urology Centre, Department of Surgery, 4/F LCW Clinical Sciences Building, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 30-32 Ngan Shing Street, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jeremy Yuen-Chun Teoh
- S.H. Ho Urology Centre, Department of Surgery, 4/F LCW Clinical Sciences Building, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 30-32 Ngan Shing Street, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
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Mishra N, Ng J, Rakeman JL, Perry MJ, Centurioni DA, Dean AB, Price A, Thakkar R, Angus AG, Williamson P, Delwart E, Carrington C, Sahadeo N, Che X, Briese T, Tokarz R, Lipkin WI. One-step pentaplex real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for detection of zika, dengue, chikungunya, West nile viruses and a human housekeeping gene. J Clin Virol 2019; 120:44-50. [PMID: 31557664 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2019.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent emergence of Zika virus (ZIKV), and the global spread of dengue (DENV), chikungunya (CHIKV) and West Nile viruses (WNV) raised urgent need of accurate and affordable molecular diagnosis of these clinically indistinguishable arboviral infections. OBJECTIVES We established a pentaplex real-time reverse transcription PCR (rRT-PCR) assay (CII-ArboViroPlex rRT-PCR) for specific and sensitive detection of the African and American genotypes of ZIKV, all four serotypes of DENV, CHIKV, WNV and a housekeeping gene as internal control in single reaction. STUDY DESIGN Specific primers and probe sets were designed for ZIKV, DENV, CHIKV, WNV and RNase P (housekeeping gene) and tested for in-vitro transcribed RNA standards, virus cultures, clinical samples positive for ZIKV, DENV, CHIKV and WNV and limit of detection (LOD) were determined for each. Results Using ten-fold serially diluted in-vitro transcribed RNA, CII- ArboViroPlex rRT-PCR assay has LOD of 100 RNA copies/reaction (Rn) for ZIKV in serum or urine, 100 RNA copies/Rn for DENV in serum, and 10 RNA copies/Rn for CHIKV and WNV in serum. LODs from sera spiked with quantitated viral stocks were 2.6 × 102 GEQ/Rn for ZIKV, 2.2 × 101 GEQ/Rn for DENV-1, 9.4 × 100 GEQ/Rn for DENV-2, 2.3 × 102 GEQ/Rn for DENV-3, 1.4 × 103 GEQ/Rn for DENV-4, 2.7 × 102 GEQ/Rn for CHIKV, and 1.05 × 101 GEQ/Rn for WNV. CONCLUSIONS The CII-ArboViroPlex rRT-PCR assay is a quantitative one-step pentaplex rRT-PCR assay for the molecular detection and differential diagnosis of ZIKV, DENV, CHIKV, WNV and a human housekeeping gene control in a single- PCR reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nischay Mishra
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - James Ng
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jennifer L Rakeman
- Public Health Laboratory, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael J Perry
- Biodefense Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Dominick A Centurioni
- Biodefense Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Amy B Dean
- Virology Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Adam Price
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Riddhi Thakkar
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andreina Garcia Angus
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Eric Delwart
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Christine Carrington
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Nikita Sahadeo
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Xiaoyu Che
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thomas Briese
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rafal Tokarz
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - W Ian Lipkin
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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Malmlov A, Bantle C, Aboellail T, Wagner K, Campbell CL, Eckley M, Chotiwan N, Gullberg RC, Perera R, Tjalkens R, Schountz T. Experimental Zika virus infection of Jamaican fruit bats (Artibeus jamaicensis) and possible entry of virus into brain via activated microglial cells. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007071. [PMID: 30716104 PMCID: PMC6382173 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of Zika virus (ZIKV) in the New World has led to more than 200,000 human infections. Perinatal infection can cause severe neurological complications, including fetal and neonatal microcephaly, and in adults there is an association with Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). ZIKV is transmitted to humans by Aedes sp. mosquitoes, yet little is known about its enzootic cycle in which transmission is thought to occur between arboreal Aedes sp. mosquitos and non-human primates. In the 1950s and '60s, several bat species were shown to be naturally and experimentally susceptible to ZIKV with acute viremia and seroconversion, and some developed neurological disease with viral antigen detected in the brain. Because of ZIKV emergence in the Americas, we sought to determine susceptibility of Jamaican fruit bats (Artibeus jamaicensis), one of the most common bats in the New World. Bats were inoculated with ZIKV PRVABC59 but did not show signs of disease. Bats held to 28 days post-inoculation (PI) had detectable antibody by ELISA and viral RNA was detected by qRT-PCR in the brain, saliva and urine in some of the bats. Immunoreactivity using polyclonal anti-ZIKV antibody was detected in testes, brain, lung and salivary glands plus scrotal skin. Tropism for mononuclear cells, including macrophages/microglia and fibroblasts, was seen in the aforementioned organs in addition to testicular Leydig cells. The virus likely localized to the brain via infection of Iba1+ macrophage/microglial cells. Jamaican fruit bats, therefore, may be a useful animal model for the study of ZIKV infection. This work also raises the possibility that bats may have a role in Zika virus ecology in endemic regions, and that ZIKV may pose a wildlife disease threat to bat populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Malmlov
- Arthropod-Borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Collin Bantle
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, United States of America
| | - Tawfik Aboellail
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Kaitlyn Wagner
- Arthropod-Borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Corey L. Campbell
- Arthropod-Borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Miles Eckley
- Arthropod-Borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Nunya Chotiwan
- Arthropod-Borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Rebekah C. Gullberg
- Arthropod-Borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Rushika Perera
- Arthropod-Borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Ronald Tjalkens
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, United States of America
| | - Tony Schountz
- Arthropod-Borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
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11
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Zhang J, Lin J, Tian Y, Ma L, Sun W, Zhang L, Zhu Y, Qiu W, Zhang L. Transmission of rabies through solid organ transplantation: a notable problem in China. BMC Infect Dis 2018; 18:273. [PMID: 29898712 PMCID: PMC6000923 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3112-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to the increasing number of DCD transplantations since 2015, the transmission of rabies through solid organ transplantation has become a notable problem in China and has attracted the attention of the public. CASE PRESENTATION From 2015 to 2017, four solid organ recipients in our centre were successively diagnosed with rabies that was considered to have been transmitted from two donors who died due to viral encephalitis of unknown cause and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. The incubation periods were 44, 48, 158 and 303 days. The four patients had neurological symptoms associated with rabies and died. The survival times were 44, 34, 8 and 6 days. Another kidney transplant recipient received timely post-exposure prophylaxis and has remained asymptomatic. CONCLUSIONS Organs should be discarded whenever rabies is confirmed or suspected, especially in cases diagnosed as encephalitis of unknown cause. It is important to establish a supervisory system to manage donor-derived infectious diseases. When rabies-infected donor organs are inadvertently transplanted, the recipients must receive post-exposure prophylaxis in a timely manner, which may be the only possible effective method to prevent the transmission of rabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Tolerance Induction and Organ Protection in Transplantation, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Lin
- Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Tolerance Induction and Organ Protection in Transplantation, Beijing, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Tolerance Induction and Organ Protection in Transplantation, Beijing, China
| | - Linlin Ma
- Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Tolerance Induction and Organ Protection in Transplantation, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Sun
- Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Tolerance Induction and Organ Protection in Transplantation, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Tolerance Induction and Organ Protection in Transplantation, Beijing, China
| | - Yichen Zhu
- Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Tolerance Induction and Organ Protection in Transplantation, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Qiu
- Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Tolerance Induction and Organ Protection in Transplantation, Beijing, China
| | - Lujia Zhang
- Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Tolerance Induction and Organ Protection in Transplantation, Beijing, China
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12
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Burger-Calderon R, Gonzalez K, Ojeda S, Zambrana JV, Sanchez N, Cerpas Cruz C, Suazo Laguna H, Bustos F, Plazaola M, Lopez Mercado B, Elizondo D, Arguello S, Carey Monterrey J, Nuñez A, Coloma J, Waggoner JJ, Gordon A, Kuan G, Balmaseda A, Harris E. Zika virus infection in Nicaraguan households. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006518. [PMID: 29851968 PMCID: PMC6014677 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection recently caused major epidemics in the Americas and is linked to congenital birth defects and Guillain-Barré Syndrome. A pilot study of ZIKV infection in Nicaraguan households was conducted from August 31 to October 21, 2016, in Managua, Nicaragua. We enrolled 33 laboratory-confirmed Zika index cases and their household members (109 contacts) and followed them on days 3–4, 6–7, 9–10, and 21, collecting serum/plasma, urine, and saliva specimens along with clinical, demographic, and socio-economic status information. Collected samples were processed by rRT-PCR to determine viral load (VL) and duration of detectable ZIKV RNA in human bodily fluids. At enrollment, 11 (10%) contacts were ZIKV rRT-PCR-positive and 23 (21%) were positive by IgM antibodies; 3 incident cases were detected during the study period. Twenty of 33 (61%) index households had contacts with ZIKV infection, with an average of 1.9 (range 1–6) positive contacts per household, and in 60% of these households, ≥50% of the members were positive for ZIKV infection. Analysis of clinical information allowed us to estimate the symptomatic to asymptomatic (S:A) ratio of 14:23 (1:1.6) among the contacts, finding 62% of the infections to be asymptomatic. The maximum number of days during which ZIKV RNA was detected was 7 days post-symptom onset in saliva and serum/plasma and 22 days in urine. Overall, VL levels in serum/plasma, saliva, and urine specimens were comparable, with means of 5.6, 5.3 and 4.5 log10 copies/ml respectively, with serum attaining the highest VL peak at 8.1 log10 copies/ml. Detecting ZIKV RNA in saliva over a similar time-period and level as in serum/plasma indicates that saliva could potentially serve as a more accessible diagnostic sample. Finding the majority of infections to be asymptomatic emphasizes the importance of silent ZIKV transmission and helps inform public health interventions in the region and globally. Zika virus (ZIKV) infection has become a major concern due to its association with congenital birth defects and Guillain-Barré Syndrome. We enrolled 33 laboratory-confirmed Zika cases (index cases) and their household members (109 contacts) in Managua, Nicaragua, and followed them for three weeks, collecting serum/plasma, urine and saliva specimens along with clinical, demographic, and socio-economic status information. We found that 61% of the index households had contacts with ZIKV infection, with an average of 1.9 (range 1–6) positive contacts per household, and in 60% of these households, ≥50% of the members were ZIKV-positive. Analysis of clinical information allowed estimating the symptomatic to asymptomatic (S:A) ratio of 14:23 (1:1.6) among the contacts. Finding 62% of the infections to be asymptomatic emphasizes the importance of silent transmission. Evaluating the maximum number of days during which ZIKV RNA was detectable showed that ZIKV was found up to 7 days post-symptom onset in serum/plasma and saliva and 22 days post-symptom onset in urine. Finding ZIKV RNA in saliva over a similar time period and concentration as serum/plasma indicates that saliva could potentially serve as a more accessible diagnostic sample. Overall, these data increase our understanding of ZIKV transmission and help inform public health interventions in the region and globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Burger-Calderon
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Sustainable Sciences Institute, Managua, Nicaragua
| | - Karla Gonzalez
- Sustainable Sciences Institute, Managua, Nicaragua
- Laboratorio Nacional de Virología, Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico y Referencia, Ministry of Health, Managua, Nicaragua
| | - Sergio Ojeda
- Sustainable Sciences Institute, Managua, Nicaragua
| | | | - Nery Sanchez
- Sustainable Sciences Institute, Managua, Nicaragua
| | - Cristhiam Cerpas Cruz
- Sustainable Sciences Institute, Managua, Nicaragua
- Laboratorio Nacional de Virología, Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico y Referencia, Ministry of Health, Managua, Nicaragua
| | | | - Fausto Bustos
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Andrea Nuñez
- Sustainable Sciences Institute, Managua, Nicaragua
- Laboratorio Nacional de Virología, Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico y Referencia, Ministry of Health, Managua, Nicaragua
| | - Josefina Coloma
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Sustainable Sciences Institute, Managua, Nicaragua
| | - Jesse J. Waggoner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Aubree Gordon
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Guillermina Kuan
- Centro de Salud Sócrates Flores Vivas, Ministry of Health, Managua, Nicaragua
| | - Angel Balmaseda
- Sustainable Sciences Institute, Managua, Nicaragua
- Laboratorio Nacional de Virología, Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico y Referencia, Ministry of Health, Managua, Nicaragua
| | - Eva Harris
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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13
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Mead PS, Duggal NK, Hook SA, Delorey M, Fischer M, Olzenak McGuire D, Becksted H, Max RJ, Anishchenko M, Schwartz AM, Tzeng WP, Nelson CA, McDonald EM, Brooks JT, Brault AC, Hinckley AF. Zika Virus Shedding in Semen of Symptomatic Infected Men. N Engl J Med 2018; 378:1377-1385. [PMID: 29641964 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1711038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging mosquito-borne flavivirus that has been linked to adverse birth outcomes. Previous reports have shown that person-to-person transmission can occur by means of sexual contact. METHODS We conducted a prospective study involving men with symptomatic ZIKV infection to determine the frequency and duration of ZIKV shedding in semen and urine and to identify risk factors for prolonged shedding in these fluids. Specimens were obtained twice per month for 6 months after illness onset and were tested by real-time reverse-transcriptase-polymerase-chain-reaction (RT-PCR) assay for ZIKV RNA and by Vero cell culture and plaque assay for infectious ZIKV. RESULTS A total of 1327 semen samples from 184 men and 1038 urine samples from 183 men were obtained 14 to 304 days after illness onset. ZIKV RNA was detected in the urine of 7 men (4%) and in the semen of 60 (33%), including in semen samples from 22 of 36 men (61%) who were tested within 30 days after illness onset. ZIKV RNA shedding in semen decreased substantially during the 3 months after illness onset but continued for 281 days in 1 man (1%). Factors that were independently associated with prolonged RNA shedding included older age, less frequent ejaculation, and the presence of certain symptoms at the time of initial illness. Infectious ZIKV was isolated from 3 of 78 semen samples with detectable ZIKV RNA, all obtained within 30 days after illness onset and all with at least 7.0 log10 ZIKV RNA copies per milliliter of semen. CONCLUSIONS ZIKV RNA was commonly present in the semen of men with symptomatic ZIKV infection and persisted in some men for more than 6 months. In contrast, shedding of infectious ZIKV appeared to be much less common and was limited to the first few weeks after illness onset. (Funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul S Mead
- From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Fort Collins, CO (P.S.M., N.K.D., S.A.H., M.D., M.F., H.B., R.J.M., M.A., A.M.S., W.-P.T., C.A.N., E.M.M., A.C.B., A.F.H.); and the CDC National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (D.O.M.) and the CDC National Center for HIV-AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention (J.T.B.) - both in Atlanta
| | - Nisha K Duggal
- From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Fort Collins, CO (P.S.M., N.K.D., S.A.H., M.D., M.F., H.B., R.J.M., M.A., A.M.S., W.-P.T., C.A.N., E.M.M., A.C.B., A.F.H.); and the CDC National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (D.O.M.) and the CDC National Center for HIV-AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention (J.T.B.) - both in Atlanta
| | - Sarah A Hook
- From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Fort Collins, CO (P.S.M., N.K.D., S.A.H., M.D., M.F., H.B., R.J.M., M.A., A.M.S., W.-P.T., C.A.N., E.M.M., A.C.B., A.F.H.); and the CDC National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (D.O.M.) and the CDC National Center for HIV-AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention (J.T.B.) - both in Atlanta
| | - Mark Delorey
- From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Fort Collins, CO (P.S.M., N.K.D., S.A.H., M.D., M.F., H.B., R.J.M., M.A., A.M.S., W.-P.T., C.A.N., E.M.M., A.C.B., A.F.H.); and the CDC National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (D.O.M.) and the CDC National Center for HIV-AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention (J.T.B.) - both in Atlanta
| | - Marc Fischer
- From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Fort Collins, CO (P.S.M., N.K.D., S.A.H., M.D., M.F., H.B., R.J.M., M.A., A.M.S., W.-P.T., C.A.N., E.M.M., A.C.B., A.F.H.); and the CDC National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (D.O.M.) and the CDC National Center for HIV-AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention (J.T.B.) - both in Atlanta
| | - Dana Olzenak McGuire
- From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Fort Collins, CO (P.S.M., N.K.D., S.A.H., M.D., M.F., H.B., R.J.M., M.A., A.M.S., W.-P.T., C.A.N., E.M.M., A.C.B., A.F.H.); and the CDC National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (D.O.M.) and the CDC National Center for HIV-AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention (J.T.B.) - both in Atlanta
| | - Heidi Becksted
- From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Fort Collins, CO (P.S.M., N.K.D., S.A.H., M.D., M.F., H.B., R.J.M., M.A., A.M.S., W.-P.T., C.A.N., E.M.M., A.C.B., A.F.H.); and the CDC National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (D.O.M.) and the CDC National Center for HIV-AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention (J.T.B.) - both in Atlanta
| | - Ryan J Max
- From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Fort Collins, CO (P.S.M., N.K.D., S.A.H., M.D., M.F., H.B., R.J.M., M.A., A.M.S., W.-P.T., C.A.N., E.M.M., A.C.B., A.F.H.); and the CDC National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (D.O.M.) and the CDC National Center for HIV-AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention (J.T.B.) - both in Atlanta
| | - Michael Anishchenko
- From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Fort Collins, CO (P.S.M., N.K.D., S.A.H., M.D., M.F., H.B., R.J.M., M.A., A.M.S., W.-P.T., C.A.N., E.M.M., A.C.B., A.F.H.); and the CDC National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (D.O.M.) and the CDC National Center for HIV-AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention (J.T.B.) - both in Atlanta
| | - Amy M Schwartz
- From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Fort Collins, CO (P.S.M., N.K.D., S.A.H., M.D., M.F., H.B., R.J.M., M.A., A.M.S., W.-P.T., C.A.N., E.M.M., A.C.B., A.F.H.); and the CDC National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (D.O.M.) and the CDC National Center for HIV-AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention (J.T.B.) - both in Atlanta
| | - Wen-Pin Tzeng
- From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Fort Collins, CO (P.S.M., N.K.D., S.A.H., M.D., M.F., H.B., R.J.M., M.A., A.M.S., W.-P.T., C.A.N., E.M.M., A.C.B., A.F.H.); and the CDC National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (D.O.M.) and the CDC National Center for HIV-AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention (J.T.B.) - both in Atlanta
| | - Christina A Nelson
- From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Fort Collins, CO (P.S.M., N.K.D., S.A.H., M.D., M.F., H.B., R.J.M., M.A., A.M.S., W.-P.T., C.A.N., E.M.M., A.C.B., A.F.H.); and the CDC National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (D.O.M.) and the CDC National Center for HIV-AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention (J.T.B.) - both in Atlanta
| | - Erin M McDonald
- From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Fort Collins, CO (P.S.M., N.K.D., S.A.H., M.D., M.F., H.B., R.J.M., M.A., A.M.S., W.-P.T., C.A.N., E.M.M., A.C.B., A.F.H.); and the CDC National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (D.O.M.) and the CDC National Center for HIV-AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention (J.T.B.) - both in Atlanta
| | - John T Brooks
- From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Fort Collins, CO (P.S.M., N.K.D., S.A.H., M.D., M.F., H.B., R.J.M., M.A., A.M.S., W.-P.T., C.A.N., E.M.M., A.C.B., A.F.H.); and the CDC National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (D.O.M.) and the CDC National Center for HIV-AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention (J.T.B.) - both in Atlanta
| | - Aaron C Brault
- From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Fort Collins, CO (P.S.M., N.K.D., S.A.H., M.D., M.F., H.B., R.J.M., M.A., A.M.S., W.-P.T., C.A.N., E.M.M., A.C.B., A.F.H.); and the CDC National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (D.O.M.) and the CDC National Center for HIV-AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention (J.T.B.) - both in Atlanta
| | - Alison F Hinckley
- From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Fort Collins, CO (P.S.M., N.K.D., S.A.H., M.D., M.F., H.B., R.J.M., M.A., A.M.S., W.-P.T., C.A.N., E.M.M., A.C.B., A.F.H.); and the CDC National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (D.O.M.) and the CDC National Center for HIV-AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention (J.T.B.) - both in Atlanta
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Barbosa CM, Di Paola N, Cunha MP, Rodrigues-Jesus MJ, Araujo DB, Silveira VB, Leal FB, Mesquita FS, Botosso VF, Zanotto PMA, Durigon EL, Silva MV, Oliveira DBL. Yellow Fever Virus RNA in Urine and Semen of Convalescent Patient, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 24. [PMID: 29058663 PMCID: PMC5749440 DOI: 10.3201/eid2401.171310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Yellow fever virus RNA is usually detected in blood of infected humans. We detected virus RNA in urine and semen samples from a convalescent patient. A complete virus genome was sequenced for an isolate from a urine sample. This virus had a South American I genotype and unique synapomorphic changes.
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Hashimoto T, Kutsuna S, Tajima S, Nakayama E, Maeki T, Taniguchi S, Lim CK, Katanami Y, Takeshita N, Hayakawa K, Kato Y, Ohmagari N. Importation of Zika Virus from Vietnam to Japan, November 2016. Emerg Infect Dis 2017; 23:1223-1225. [PMID: 28445122 PMCID: PMC5512472 DOI: 10.3201/eid2307.170519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a case of Zika virus infection that was imported to Japan by a traveler returning from Vietnam. We detected Zika virus RNA in the patient’s saliva, urine, and whole blood. In the Zika virus strain isolated from the urine, we found clearly smaller plaques than in previous strains.
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Calvert AE, Biggerstaff BJ, Tanner NA, Lauterbach M, Lanciotti RS. Rapid colorimetric detection of Zika virus from serum and urine specimens by reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185340. [PMID: 28945787 PMCID: PMC5612724 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) has emerged as a major global public health concern in the last two years due to its link as a causative agent of human birth defects. Its rapid expansion into the Western Hemisphere as well as the ability to be transmitted from mother to fetus, through sexual transmission and possibly through blood transfusions has increased the need for a rapid and expansive public health response to this unprecedented epidemic. A non-invasive and rapid ZIKV diagnostic screening assay that can be performed in a clinical setting throughout pregnancy is vital for prenatal care of women living in areas of the world where exposure to the virus is possible. To meet this need we have developed a sensitive and specific reverse transcriptase loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay to detect ZIKV RNA in urine and serum with a simple visual detection. RT-LAMP results were shown to have a limit of detection 10-fold higher than qRT-PCR. As little as 1.2 RNA copies/μl was detected by RT-LAMP from a panel of 178 diagnostic specimens. The assay was shown to be highly specific for ZIKV RNA when tested with diagnostic specimens positive for dengue virus (DENV) and chikungunya virus (CHIKV). The assay described here illustrates the potential for a fast, reliable, sensitive and specific assay for the detection of ZIKV from urine or serum that can be performed in a clinical or field setting with minimal equipment and technological expertise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda E. Calvert
- Arboviral Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Brad J. Biggerstaff
- Arboviral Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | | | - Molly Lauterbach
- Arboviral Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - Robert S. Lanciotti
- Arboviral Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
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17
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Yoon D, Shin SH, Jang HC, Kim ES, Song EH, Moon SM, Shin SY, Choe PG, Sung JJ, Choi EH, Oh MD, Jee Y, Kim NJ. Epidemiology and Clinical Characteristics of Zika Virus Infections Imported into Korea from March to October 2016. J Korean Med Sci 2017; 32:1440-1444. [PMID: 28776338 PMCID: PMC5546962 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2017.32.9.1440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika is a re-emerging, mosquito-borne viral infection, which has been recently shown to cause microcephaly and Guillain-Barré syndrome. Since 2015 the number of infected patients has increased significantly in South America. The purpose of this study was to identify the epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of patients with Zika virus (ZIKV) infections in Korea. Patients who had visited areas of risk and tested positive in the ZIKV reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in blood, urine, or saliva specimens were included. The first Korean case of ZIKV infection was reported in March 2016, and 14 cases had been reported by October 2016. The median age of the patients was 34 years (19-64 years). Ten patients had been exposed in Southeast Asia and 4 in Latin America. Rash was the most common symptom (92.9%; 13/14), followed by myalgia (50.0%; 7/14), and arthralgia (28.6%, 4/14). There were no neurologic abnormalities and none of the patients was pregnant. Results of biochemical tests were normal. Positivity rates of RT-PCR for ZIKV in serum, urine, and saliva were 53.8%, 100.0%, and 83.3%, respectively in the first week of symptoms. In conclusion, 14 patients with ZIKV infections were reported in Korea by October 2016 and all of them had mild clinical symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doran Yoon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Shin
- Division of Public Health Preparedness and Response, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Hee Chang Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Eu Suk Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Hee Song
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Gangneung Asan Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Gangneung, Korea
| | - Song Mi Moon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University of Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Korea
| | - So Youn Shin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, International St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Pyeong Gyun Choe
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Joon Sung
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Hwa Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myoung Don Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Youngmee Jee
- Center for Immunology and Pathology, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Nam Joong Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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19
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Gaskell KM, Houlihan C, Nastouli E, Checkley AM. Persistent Zika Virus Detection in Semen in a Traveler Returning to the United Kingdom from Brazil, 2016. Emerg Infect Dis 2017; 23:137-139. [PMID: 27748650 PMCID: PMC5176231 DOI: 10.3201/eid2301.161300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus is normally transmitted by mosquitos, but cases of sexual transmission have been reported. We describe a patient with symptomatic Zika virus infection in whom the virus was detected in semen for 92 days. Our findings support recommendations for 6 months of barrier contraceptive use after symptomatic Zika virus infection.
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20
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Murray KO, Gorchakov R, Carlson AR, Berry R, Lai L, Natrajan M, Garcia MN, Correa A, Patel SM, Aagaard K, Mulligan MJ. Prolonged Detection of Zika Virus in Vaginal Secretions and Whole Blood. Emerg Infect Dis 2017; 23:99-101. [PMID: 27748649 PMCID: PMC5176245 DOI: 10.3201/eid2301.161394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with Zika virus is an emerging public health crisis. We observed prolonged detection of virus RNA in vaginal mucosal swab specimens and whole blood for a US traveler with acute Zika virus infection who had visited Honduras. These findings advance understanding of Zika virus infection and provide data for additional testing strategies.
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21
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Froeschl G, Huber K, von Sonnenburg F, Nothdurft HD, Bretzel G, Hoelscher M, Zoeller L, Trottmann M, Pan-Montojo F, Dobler G, Woelfel S. Long-term kinetics of Zika virus RNA and antibodies in body fluids of a vasectomized traveller returning from Martinique: a case report. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:55. [PMID: 28068904 PMCID: PMC5223480 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-2123-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The magnitude of the current Zika virus (ZIKV) epidemic has led to a declaration of a Public Health Emergency of International Concern by the WHO. Findings of viable viral particles in semen for several weeks are corroborating reports of sexual transmission of ZIKV. Serious consequences of a positive diagnostic result particularly in the pregnant patient are calling for precise diagnostic tools also at later time points after infection. Currently, recommendations suggest a diagnostic period of direct viral detection of 5 to 7 days after onset of symptoms in serum or plasma, and up to 3 weeks in urine samples. CASE PRESENTATION A vasectomized 41-year-old German returning from Martinique presented at the outpatient clinic of the Department for Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Munich, with subfebrile temperature, rash, malaise, severe retro-orbital pain and occipital lymphadenopathy. The main complaints resolved after ten days without specific treatment. We are reporting on clinical course and results of direct and indirect detection methods of ZIKV in different sample types including whole blood, ejaculate, urine, serum, plasma and saliva samples up to 119 days post symptom onset. Ejaculate samples remained PCR positive for ZIKV until day 77, whole blood samples until day 101. CONCLUSIONS The case presentation adds to the still limited knowledge of kinetics of detection of ZIKV by direct as well as indirect methods. Here, a complete data set including results from PCR, serology and cell culture is provided allowing an improved evaluation of optimum diagnostic periods for testing a variety of sample types. Moreover, a high viral load of ZIKV RNA was detected in ejaculate of the vasectomized patient. This finding sheds new light on the possible localizations of ZIKV replication in the human male reproductive tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guenter Froeschl
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich (LMU), Leopoldstr. 5, 80802 Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, 80802 Germany
| | - Kristina Huber
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich (LMU), Leopoldstr. 5, 80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Frank von Sonnenburg
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich (LMU), Leopoldstr. 5, 80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Hans-Dieter Nothdurft
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich (LMU), Leopoldstr. 5, 80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Gisela Bretzel
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich (LMU), Leopoldstr. 5, 80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Hoelscher
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich (LMU), Leopoldstr. 5, 80802 Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, 80802 Germany
| | - Lothar Zoeller
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, 80802 Germany
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology (BwIM), Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937 Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Trottmann
- Department of Urology, Medical Center of the University of Munich (LMU), Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Francisco Pan-Montojo
- Department of Neurology, Medical Center of the University of Munich (LMU), Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Gerhard Dobler
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, 80802 Germany
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology (BwIM), Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937 Munich, Germany
| | - Silke Woelfel
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, 80802 Germany
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology (BwIM), Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937 Munich, Germany
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22
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Janvier F, Delaune D, Poyot T, Valade E, Mérens A, Rollin PE, Foissaud V. Ebola Virus RNA Stability in Human Blood and Urine in West Africa's Environmental Conditions. Emerg Infect Dis 2016; 22:292-4. [PMID: 26812135 PMCID: PMC4734543 DOI: 10.3201/eid2202.151395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated RNA stability of Ebola virus in EDTA blood and urine samples collected from infected patients and stored in West Africa's environmental conditions. In blood, RNA was stable for at least 18 days when initial cycle threshold values were <30, but in urine, RNA degradation occurred more quickly.
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23
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Jang HC, Park WB, Kim UJ, Chun JY, Choi SJ, Choe PG, Jung SI, Jee Y, Kim NJ, Choi EH, Oh MD. First Imported Case of Zika Virus Infection into Korea. J Korean Med Sci 2016; 31:1173-7. [PMID: 27366020 PMCID: PMC4901014 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2016.31.7.1173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Since Zika virus has been spreading rapidly in the Americas from 2015, the outbreak of Zika virus infection becomes a global health emergency because it can cause neurological complications and adverse fetal outcome including microcephaly. Here, we report clinical manifestations and virus isolation findings from a case of Zika virus infection imported from Brazil. The patient, 43-year-old Korean man, developed fever, myalgia, eyeball pain, and maculopapular rash, but not neurological manifestations. Zika virus was isolated from his semen, and reverse-transcriptase PCR was positive for the virus in the blood, urine, and saliva on the 7th day of the illness but was negative on the 21st day. He recovered spontaneously without any neurological complications. He is the first case of Zika virus infection in Korea imported from Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Chang Jang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Wan Beom Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Uh Jin Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - June Young Chun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Su-Jin Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Pyoeng Gyun Choe
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sook-In Jung
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Youngmee Jee
- Center for Pathology and Immunology, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Osong, Korea
| | - Nam-Joong Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Hwa Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myoung-don Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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D'Ortenzio E, Matheron S, Yazdanpanah Y, de Lamballerie X, Hubert B, Piorkowski G, Maquart M, Descamps D, Damond F, Leparc-Goffart I. Evidence of Sexual Transmission of Zika Virus. N Engl J Med 2016; 374:2195-8. [PMID: 27074370 DOI: 10.1056/nejmc1604449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 510] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric D'Ortenzio
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Matheron
- Hôpital Bichat Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Yazdan Yazdanpanah
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
| | | | - Bruno Hubert
- Institut de Veille Sanitaire, Saint Maurice, France
| | | | - Marianne Maquart
- French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, Marseille, France
| | - Diane Descamps
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
| | - Florence Damond
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
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25
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Campos RDM, Cirne-Santos C, Meira GLS, Santos LLR, de Meneses MD, Friedrich J, Jansen S, Ribeiro MS, da Cruz IC, Schmidt-Chanasit J, Ferreira DF. Prolonged detection of Zika virus RNA in urine samples during the ongoing Zika virus epidemic in Brazil. J Clin Virol 2016; 77:69-70. [PMID: 26921737 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Renata de M Campos
- Microbiology Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Claudio Cirne-Santos
- Microbiology Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Guilherme L S Meira
- Microbiology Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luana L R Santos
- Microbiology Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcelo D de Meneses
- Microbiology Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Noel Nutels Central Laboratory (LACEN), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Johannes Friedrich
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Haemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Jansen
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Haemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mário S Ribeiro
- Noel Nutels Central Laboratory (LACEN), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Institute of Public Health, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Igor C da Cruz
- Noel Nutels Central Laboratory (LACEN), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Davis F Ferreira
- Microbiology Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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26
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Abstract
We describe the kinetics of Zika virus (ZIKV) detection in serum and urine samples of 6 patients. Urine samples were positive for ZIKV >10 days after onset of disease, which was a notably longer period than for serum samples. This finding supports the conclusion that urine samples are useful for diagnosis of ZIKV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Reinhold
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Brocke
- Department of Immunology, Center of Pharmacology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
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28
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Drosten C, Seilmaier M, Corman VM, Hartmann W, Scheible G, Sack S, Guggemos W, Kallies R, Muth D, Junglen S, Müller MA, Haas W, Guberina H, Röhnisch T, Schmid-Wendtner M, Aldabbagh S, Dittmer U, Gold H, Graf P, Bonin F, Rambaut A, Wendtner CM. Clinical features and virological analysis of a case of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection. Lancet Infect Dis 2013; 13:745-51. [PMID: 23782859 PMCID: PMC7164791 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(13)70154-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is an emerging virus involved in cases and case clusters of severe acute respiratory infection in the Arabian Peninsula, Tunisia, Morocco, France, Italy, Germany, and the UK. We provide a full description of a fatal case of MERS-CoV infection and associated phylogenetic analyses. METHODS We report data for a patient who was admitted to the Klinikum Schwabing (Munich, Germany) for severe acute respiratory infection. We did diagnostic RT-PCR and indirect immunofluorescence. From time of diagnosis, respiratory, faecal, and urine samples were obtained for virus quantification. We constructed a maximum likelihood tree of the five available complete MERS-CoV genomes. FINDINGS A 73-year-old man from Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, was transferred to Klinikum Schwabing on March 19, 2013, on day 11 of illness. He had been diagnosed with multiple myeloma in 2008, and had received several lines of treatment. The patient died on day 18, due to septic shock. MERS-CoV was detected in two samples of bronchoalveolar fluid. Viral loads were highest in samples from the lower respiratory tract (up to 1·2 × 10(6) copies per mL). Maximum virus concentration in urine samples was 2691 RNA copies per mL on day 13; the virus was not present in the urine after renal failure on day 14. Stool samples obtained on days 12 and 16 contained the virus, with up to 1031 RNA copies per g (close to the lowest detection limit of the assay). One of two oronasal swabs obtained on day 16 were positive, but yielded little viral RNA (5370 copies per mL). No virus was detected in blood. The full virus genome was combined with four other available full genome sequences in a maximum likelihood phylogeny, correlating branch lengths with dates of isolation. The time of the common ancestor was halfway through 2011. Addition of novel genome data from an unlinked case treated 6 months previously in Essen, Germany, showed a clustering of viruses derived from Qatar and the United Arab Emirates. INTERPRETATION We have provided the first complete viral load profile in a case of MERS-CoV infection. MERS-CoV might have shedding patterns that are different from those of severe acute respiratory syndrome and so might need alternative diagnostic approaches. FUNDING European Union; German Centre for Infection Research; German Research Council; and German Ministry for Education and Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Drosten
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Victor M Corman
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Rene Kallies
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany
| | - Doreen Muth
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sandra Junglen
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marcel A Müller
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany
| | - Walter Haas
- Department of Infection Epidemiology, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hana Guberina
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Tim Röhnisch
- Interdisziplinäres Onkologisches Zentrum, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Souhaib Aldabbagh
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ulf Dittmer
- Institute of Virology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Hermann Gold
- Department of Health and the Environment, Munich, Germany
| | - Petra Graf
- Department of Health and the Environment, Munich, Germany
| | - Frank Bonin
- Department of Intensive Care, Ruhrlandklinik, Essen, Germany
| | - Andrew Rambaut
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Forgarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Zhao H, Wang YG, Deng YQ, Song KY, Li XF, Wang HJ, Zhu CM, Qin ED, Qin CF. Japanese encephalitis virus RNA not detected in urine. Clin Infect Dis 2013; 57:157-8. [PMID: 23487381 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cit169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Baty SA, Gibney KB, Staples JE, Patterson AB, Levy C, Lehman J, Wadleigh T, Feld J, Lanciotti R, Nugent CT, Fischer M. Evaluation for West Nile Virus (WNV) RNA in urine of patients within 5 months of WNV infection. J Infect Dis 2012; 205:1476-7. [PMID: 22438324 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jis221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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van den Hoek A, Sonder GJ, Scholing M, Gijselaar D, van Binnendijk RS. Two cases of mild IgM-negative measles in previously vaccinated adults, the Netherlands, April and July 2011. Euro Surveill 2011; 16:20028. [PMID: 22172302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe two cases of mild, modified measles in fully vaccinated adults in the Netherlands. The mildness of disease, the lack of an IgM antibody response, the relatively low amounts of virus detected and the fact that no additional cases were reported, suggests that these vaccinated patients were less contagious than unvaccinated patients.
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Hu J, Zhao H, Huang Y, Zhang X, Gao H, Yang M, Fan J, Ma W. Prospective study of posttransplant polyomavirus infection in renal transplant recipients. EXP CLIN TRANSPLANT 2011; 9:175-180. [PMID: 21649565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The BK virus is the most common pathogen in renal transplant recipients. Limited information is available regarding JC virus or Simian virus infections in renal transplant recipients. This prospective study sought to investigate the rate of BK virus, JC virus, and Simian virus 40 infections and their influence on allograft function in the early stages after surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS In total, 50 renal transplant recipients and 20 healthy blood donors were studied. The BK virus, the JC virus, and the Simian virus 40 were detected by nested qualitative polymerase chain reaction assays in urine and plasma. The difference of glomerular filtration rate among BK virus-infected, JC virus-infected, and uninfected patients was compared using the Kruskal-Wallis test. RESULTS The polyomavirus viruria was detected in 46% of renal transplant recipients (4% of the BK virus and 42% of the JC virus viruria) and 10% of the healthy blood donors (5% for the BK virus and the JC virus viruria). No polyomavirus viremia was detected. No difference of glomerular filtration rate was found among the 3 groups (chi-square = 0.228; P = .892). CONCLUSIONS Polyomavirus infections are not uncommon, and the incidence of JC virus infection is much higher in renal transplant recipients than it is in BK virus. Neither BK virus nor JC virus infections appeared to influence graft function in the early stages after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
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Gibney KB, Lanciotti RS, Sejvar JJ, Nugent CT, Linnen JM, Delorey MJ, Lehman JA, Boswell EN, Staples JE, Fischer M. West nile virus RNA not detected in urine of 40 people tested 6 years after acute West Nile virus disease. J Infect Dis 2011; 203:344-7. [PMID: 21208926 PMCID: PMC3071119 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiq057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Accepted: 09/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) causes an acute infection that is usually cleared by an effective immune response after several days of viremia. However, a recent study detected WNV RNA in the urine of 5 of 25 persons (20%) tested several years after their initial acute WNV disease. We evaluated an established cohort of 40 persons >6 years after initial infection with WNV. Urine collected from all participants tested negative for WNV RNA by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and transcription-mediated amplification. Prospective studies are needed to determine if and for how long WNV persists in urine following WNV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine B. Gibney
- Arboviral Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado
- Epidemic Intelligence Service Office, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Robert S. Lanciotti
- Arboviral Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - James J. Sejvar
- Arboviral Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | | | | | - Mark J. Delorey
- Arboviral Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Jennifer A. Lehman
- Arboviral Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Erin N. Boswell
- Arboviral Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - J. Erin Staples
- Arboviral Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Marc Fischer
- Arboviral Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado
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De Gascun CF, Lonergan RM, Hall WW. Asymptomatic reactivation of JC virus in patients treated with natalizumab. N Engl J Med 2009; 361:2488-9; author reply 2489-90. [PMID: 20050215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
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36
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Mähönen SM, Sironen T, Vapalahti O, Pääkkö E, Hautala N, Ilonen J, Glumoff V, Vainio O, Kauma H, Vaheri A, Plyusnin A, Hautala T. Puumala virus RNA in cerebrospinal fluid in a patient with uncomplicated nephropathia epidemica. J Clin Virol 2007; 40:248-51. [PMID: 17900974 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2007.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2007] [Revised: 07/04/2007] [Accepted: 08/14/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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37
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Wacharapluesadee S, Hemachudha T. Duplex nested RT-PCR for detection of Nipah virus RNA from urine specimens of bats. J Virol Methods 2007; 141:97-101. [PMID: 17184850 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2006.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2006] [Revised: 11/12/2006] [Accepted: 11/16/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A method for duplex nested RT-PCR (nRT-PCR) with internal control (IC) for the detection of Nipah virus RNA is described. Incorporation of IC RNA distinguished false and true negative results. The extrinsic RNA was added directly to the PCR master mix and co-amplified with virus specific RNA in a duplex reaction to determine the presence of PCR inhibitor. Limit of detection was affected minimally when IC was added. Of 53 pooled urine samples collected from fruit bats (Pteropus lylei), 16 were validated by the presence of IC band on gel electrophoresis. Seven of these were also Nipah virus RNA positive. The remaining 37 samples were considered invalid. Twenty-two urine samples became valid after dilution of 1:5 and re-examined; two were Nipah virus RNA positive. These nine positive results were confirmed by sequencing of heminested PCR products. The result indicated that at least two different Nipah strains circulated in this bat species from Thailand. This method should be useful for surveillance for Nipah virus infection in animals in a country where a biosecurity level (BSL) 4 laboratory is not available. PCR inhibitors were present in a significant number of bat urine samples. The technique described in this study should improve reliability of surveillance statistics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supaporn Wacharapluesadee
- Molecular Biology Laboratory for Neurological Diseases, Department of Medicine Chulalongkorn University Hospital, Rama 4 Road, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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Shapiro S, Robin M, Espérou H, Devergie A, Rocha V, Garnier F, Gluckman E, Socié G, Ribaud P, Oudot C, Scieux C, Cherot J, Mougenot B, Ulinski T. Polyomavirus nephropathy in the native kidneys of an unrelated cord blood transplant recipient followed by a disseminated polyomavirus infection. Transplantation 2006; 82:292-3. [PMID: 16858298 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000226172.68372.f9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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SAFRONETZ DAVID, LINDSAY ROBBIN, DIBERNARDO ANTONIA, HJELLE BRIAN, XIAO RUOBING, ARTSOB HARVEY, DREBOT MICHAELA. A preliminary study of the patterns of Sin Nombre viral infection and shedding in naturally infected deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus). Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2005; 5:127-32. [PMID: 16011428 PMCID: PMC1447519 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2005.5.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) were trapped in southern Manitoba, Canada and tested for evidence of Sin Nombre virus infection. Viral genome was amplified from tissues as well as saliva/oropharyngeal fluid, and urine samples were collected from seropositive animals. Detection of viral RNA in tissue samples and excreta/secreta from mice suggest that differences may exist between naturally infected rodents with respect to viral shedding.
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Affiliation(s)
- DAVID SAFRONETZ
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - ROBBIN LINDSAY
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, Health Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - ANTONIA DIBERNARDO
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, Health Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - BRIAN HJELLE
- Departments of Pathology, Biology, and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - RUOBING XIAO
- Departments of Pathology, Biology, and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - HARVEY ARTSOB
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, Health Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - MICHAEL A. DREBOT
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, Health Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Address reprint requests to: Dr. Michael Drebot National Microbiology Laboratory Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens Health Canada 1015 Arlington St., Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 3R2, E-mail:
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Xu D, Zhang Z, Jin L, Chu F, Mao Y, Wang H, Liu M, Wang M, Zhang L, Gao GF, Wang FS. Persistent shedding of viable SARS-CoV in urine and stool of SARS patients during the convalescent phase. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2005; 24:165-71. [PMID: 15789222 PMCID: PMC7088045 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-005-1299-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In order to further the present knowledge of the emerging severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV), 486 different specimens from 54 patients with a clinical diagnosis of SARS were investigated for the presence of viral RNA, and 314 plasma specimens of 73 patients were examined for IgM and IgG antibodies specific against SARS-CoV using an indirect ELISA. Viral RNA was detectable in 28 of the 54 patients tested. Cumulative data showed that 67 of the 73 SARS patients demonstrated seroconversion by week 5 of illness. In contrast, only 1 of 278 healthy subjects enrolled in the study was found to be positive for the IgG antibody. Coexistence of viral RNA in plasma and specific antibodies was simultaneously observed over three consecutive weeks in two critical cases. In three convalescent patients in particular, cultivable SARS-CoV was detected in stool or urine specimens for longer than 4 weeks (29-36 days). These findings suggest that SARS-CoV may remain viable in the excretions of convalescent patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Xu
- Beijing Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing 302 Hospital, 100 Xi Si Huan Middle Road, Beijing, 100039 China
| | - Z. Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing 302 Hospital, 100 Xi Si Huan Middle Road, Beijing, 100039 China
| | - L. Jin
- Beijing Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing 302 Hospital, 100 Xi Si Huan Middle Road, Beijing, 100039 China
| | - F. Chu
- Beijing Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing 302 Hospital, 100 Xi Si Huan Middle Road, Beijing, 100039 China
| | - Y. Mao
- Beijing Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing 302 Hospital, 100 Xi Si Huan Middle Road, Beijing, 100039 China
| | - H. Wang
- Beijing Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing 302 Hospital, 100 Xi Si Huan Middle Road, Beijing, 100039 China
| | - M. Liu
- Beijing Genomics Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - M. Wang
- Beijing Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing 302 Hospital, 100 Xi Si Huan Middle Road, Beijing, 100039 China
| | - L. Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing 302 Hospital, 100 Xi Si Huan Middle Road, Beijing, 100039 China
| | - G. F. Gao
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - F. S. Wang
- Beijing Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing 302 Hospital, 100 Xi Si Huan Middle Road, Beijing, 100039 China
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Scansen BA, Kruger JM, Wise AG, Venta PJ, Bartlett PC, Maes RK. In vitro comparison of RNA preparation methods for detection of feline calicivirus in urine of cats by use of a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay. Am J Vet Res 2005; 66:915-20. [PMID: 15934622 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2005.66.915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare 5 methods of preparation of RNA from feline urine samples for use in a feline calicivirus (FCV), p30 gene-based, real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay. SAMPLE POPULATION Urine and blood samples from 6 specific-pathogen-free cats. PROCEDURES Aliquots of each urine sample (unmodified, centrifuged, or mixed with whole or hemolyzed blood) were spiked with FCV and serially diluted in urine. Serial dilutions of FCV in tissue culture medium were used as positive controls. Viral RNA was prepared via dilution and thermal inactivation (DT method), polyethylene glycol precipitation (PEG method), isolation with oligo(dT)25-coated magnetic beads (dTMB method), or extraction by use of 2 silica gel-based columns (RN or QA method). Lower detection limits and mean RT-PCR threshold cycle (Ct) values associated with each RNA preparation method and sample type were compared. RESULTS Because DT-prepared samples yielded negative results via RT-PCR assay, this method was not evaluated. Lower detection limits (TCID50/sample) for the assay in urine were 1950, 104, 11, and 7 for PEG-, dTMB-, RN-, and QA-prepared samples, respectively. For RN and QA preparations, Ct values were similar and significantly lower than those for dTMB and PEG preparations. Overall, urine modifications did not affect FCV RNA detection in dTMB-, QA-, and RN-prepared samples. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Of the methods evaluated, the RN and QA methods of RNA preparation were most appropriate for the FCV RT-PCR assay. An RT-PCR assay optimized for detection of FCV in feline urine may aid investigations of FCV-induced urinary tract diseases in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A Scansen
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Sitprija V, Sriaroon C, Lumlertdaecha B, Wacharapluesadee S, Phumesin P, Khawplod P, Wilde H, Hemachudha T. Does Contact with Urine and Blood from a Rabid Dog Represent a Rabies Risk? Clin Infect Dis 2003; 37:1399-400. [PMID: 14583881 DOI: 10.1086/379130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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van Binnendijk RS, van den Hof S, van den Kerkhof H, Kohl RHG, Woonink F, Berbers GAM, Conyn-van Spaendonck MAE, Kimman TG. Evaluation of serological and virological tests in the diagnosis of clinical and subclinical measles virus infections during an outbreak of measles in The Netherlands. J Infect Dis 2003; 188:898-903. [PMID: 12964122 DOI: 10.1086/377103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2002] [Accepted: 04/01/2003] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated different approaches for diagnosing measles virus (MV) infection in unvaccinated children and in healthy contact persons (n=194) during a measles epidemic in The Netherlands. MV RNA was detected by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction in throat-swab specimens from 93% of the patients with clinical symptoms. MV RNA was detected from 5 days before until 12 days after the onset of symptoms. Most patients (88%) also secreted MV RNA in their urine until 5 weeks after the onset of symptoms. Oral fluid proved to be the most practical specimen for the simultaneous detection of MV-specific IgM antibody and viral RNA, which, together, confirmed 93% of measles cases. Viral RNA was also detected in oropharyngeal specimens from 3 healthy contact persons with serological proof of MV infection. The results of this study emphasize the feasibility of combined detection of viral RNA and MV-specific IgM antibodies in oropharyngeal specimens for the diagnosis of clinical and subclinical MV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S van Binnendijk
- Laboratory for Vaccine-Preventable Diseases, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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Wu F, Li H, Zhang DY. Differential detection of cytomegalovirus immediate-early messenger RNA in clinical samples using ligation-dependent PCR. Mol Diagn 2001; 6:233-9. [PMID: 11774188 DOI: 10.1054/modi.2001.29878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytomegalovirus (CMV) causes life-threatening infections in immunocompromised patients, especially those with acquired immunodeficiency or organ transplants. Therefore, early detection of CMV is important to guide the clinical management of actively infected patients. Because detection of replicative transcripts indicates that the virus is in the process of being replicated in the infected cell, we applied a novel, sensitive, ligation-dependent (LD)-PCR method to detect CMV immediate-early (IE) messenger RNA (mRNA), an indicator of viral replication. METHODS AND RESULTS Viral mRNAs were released from infected cells by incubation in 5 M guanidinium thiocyanate, and IE mRNAs were captured onto magnetic beads through oligo(dT) capture probes. Two hemiprobes, each containing an IE mRNA-complementary region and a region for PCR primer binding, were captured by binding to the IE mRNA. These hemiprobes, bound on an IE mRNA in juxtaposition to one another, were linked together by a DNA ligase to form a full probe that served as the template for PCR amplification. This approach detected IE mRNAs in CMV-propagating cells, but not in supernatants containing only viral DNAs. Thirty-one clinical specimens were tested by LD-PCR; 18 specimens were positive (ten specimens, bronchoalveolar lavage [BAL]; five specimens, urine; two specimens, blood; one specimen, biopsy), 17 of which were confirmed by culture. Three culture-positive samples (two specimens, urine; one specimen, BAL) were missed by LD-PCR, and one urine sample was positive by LD-PCR but negative by culture. CONCLUSION LD-PCR assay is a reliable test for the early diagnosis of active CMV infection in patient specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Wu
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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48
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Abstract
Saliva and urine samples from six GB virus C (GBV-C)/hepatitis G virus (HGV)-infected renal transplant patients were tested by RT-PCR. Viral RNA was detected in all saliva samples, but the viral RNA titers in saliva were 100 to 10,000 lower than those in the corresponding sera. Comparative sequence analysis of the amplified 354 bp DNA from one patient revealed full identity of GBV-C/HGV variants present in serum and saliva. None of the urine samples from the six patients was found to contain GBV-C/HGV RNA. High prevalence of GBV-C/HGV RNA in saliva of infected individuals may contribute to a wide spread of GBV-C/HGV infection, at least in some settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Seemayer
- Institut für Virologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Germany
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Psikal I, Smíd B, Kubalíková R, Valícek L, Rodák L, Kosinová E. Colorimetric detection of lagomorphs' calicivirus genomic sequences by polymerase chain reaction incorporating digoxigenin dUTP. Vet Microbiol 1997; 57:55-67. [PMID: 9231981 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(96)01348-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A method of reverse transcription followed by polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) has been implemented for the demonstration of the rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) genome in organ suspensions, leukocytes and excretions of infected rabbits. RT-PCR has been tested with 10 RHDV strains isolated at various geographic sites and times using a pair of primers coming from the gene region coding for the capsid protein VP60. The same primers were effective in the amplification of 4 of 5 European brown hare syndrome (EBHS) virus isolates. Non-radioactive labelling of PCR products with digoxigenin during the amplification and a system of colorimetric assessment of hybridization reactions between a biotin-labelled RHDV capture probe and the chains of labelled amplicons (PCR ELISA) were used for specific analyses of nucleic acid synthesis. The sensitivity of the alternative procedure of analysis of the dig-labelled PCR products with PCR ELISA was two logs10 higher than that of conventional electrophoresis in agarose gel stained with ethidium bromide. The results of the hybridization reactions, carried out under various stringency conditions, have confirmed the presumption that the genomic similarity between the amplified and the probed areas of the capsid protein VP60 gene was not uniform within all the tested caliciviruses. A higher degree of heterogeneity was observed between the isolates of EBHSV and RHDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Psikal
- Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
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Abstract
Analysis of urine specimens by using reverse transcriptase-PCR was evaluated as a rapid assay to identify individuals infected with measles virus. For the study, daily urine samples were obtained from either 15-month-old children or young adults following measles immunization. Overall, measles virus RNA was detected in 10 of 12 children during the 2-week sampling period. In some cases, measles virus RNA was detected as early as 1 day or as late as 14 days after vaccination. Measles virus RNA was also detected in the urine samples from all four of the young adults between 1 and 13 days after vaccination. This assay will enable continued studies of the shedding and transmission of measles virus and, it is hoped, will provide a rapid means to identify measles infection, especially in mild or asymptomatic cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Rota
- Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA
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