301
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Janota C, Lemere CA, Brito MA. Dissecting the Contribution of Vascular Alterations and Aging to Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:3793-3811. [PMID: 26143259 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9319-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by cognitive decline that afflicts as many as 45 % of individuals who survive past the age of 85. AD has been associated with neurovascular dysfunction and brain accumulation of amyloid-β peptide, as well as tau phosphorylation and neurodegeneration, but the pathogenesis of the disease is still somewhat unclear. According to the amyloid cascade hypothesis of AD, accumulation of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) aggregates initiates a sequence of events leading to neuronal injury and loss, and dementia. Alternatively, the vascular hypothesis of AD incorporates the vascular contribution to the disease, stating that a primary insult to brain microcirculation (e.g., stroke) not only contributes to amyloidopathy but initiates a non-amyloidogenic pathway of vascular-mediated neuronal dysfunction and injury, which involves blood-brain barrier compromise, with increased permeability of blood vessels, leakage of blood-borne components into the brain, and, consequently, neurotoxicity. Vascular dysfunction also includes a diminished brain capillary flow, causing multiple focal ischemic or hypoxic microinjuries, diminished amyloid-β clearance, and formation of neurotoxic oligomers, which lead to neuronal dysfunction. Here we present and discuss relevant findings on the contribution of vascular alterations during aging to AD, with the hope that a better understanding of the players in the "orchestra" of neurodegeneration will be useful in developing therapies to modulate the "symphony".
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia Janota
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cynthia A Lemere
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur (NRB 636F), Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Maria Alexandra Brito
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisbon, Portugal. .,Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisbon, Portugal.
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302
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Gamba P, Testa G, Gargiulo S, Staurenghi E, Poli G, Leonarduzzi G. Oxidized cholesterol as the driving force behind the development of Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 7:119. [PMID: 26150787 PMCID: PMC4473000 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common neurodegenerative disorder associated with dementia, is typified by the pathological accumulation of amyloid Aβ peptides and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) within the brain. Considerable evidence indicates that many events contribute to AD progression, including oxidative stress, inflammation, and altered cholesterol metabolism. The brain’s high lipid content makes it particularly vulnerable to oxidative species, with the consequent enhancement of lipid peroxidation and cholesterol oxidation, and the subsequent formation of end products, mainly 4-hydroxynonenal and oxysterols, respectively from the two processes. The chronic inflammatory events observed in the AD brain include activation of microglia and astrocytes, together with enhancement of inflammatory molecule and free radical release. Along with glial cells, neurons themselves have been found to contribute to neuroinflammation in the AD brain, by serving as sources of inflammatory mediators. Oxidative stress is intimately associated with neuroinflammation, and a vicious circle has been found to connect oxidative stress and inflammation in AD. Alongside oxidative stress and inflammation, altered cholesterol metabolism and hypercholesterolemia also significantly contribute to neuronal damage and to progression of AD. Increasing evidence is now consolidating the hypothesis that oxidized cholesterol is the driving force behind the development of AD, and that oxysterols are the link connecting the disease to altered cholesterol metabolism in the brain and hypercholesterolemia; this is because of the ability of oxysterols, unlike cholesterol, to cross the blood brain barrier (BBB). The key role of oxysterols in AD pathogenesis has been strongly supported by research pointing to their involvement in modulating neuroinflammation, Aβ accumulation, and cell death. This review highlights the key role played by cholesterol and oxysterols in the brain in AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Gamba
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Turin Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Gabriella Testa
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Turin Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Simona Gargiulo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Turin Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Erica Staurenghi
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Turin Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Poli
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Turin Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Gabriella Leonarduzzi
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Turin Orbassano, Torino, Italy
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303
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Lutz TA, Meyer U. Amylin at the interface between metabolic and neurodegenerative disorders. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:216. [PMID: 26136651 PMCID: PMC4468610 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The pancreatic peptide amylin is best known for its role as a satiation hormone in the control of food intake and as the major component of islet amyloid deposits in the pancreatic islets of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Epidemiological studies have established a clear association between metabolic and neurodegenerative disorders in general, and between T2DM and Alzheimer's disease (AD) in particular. Here, we discuss that amylin may be an important player acting at the interface between these metabolic and neurodegenerative disorders. Abnormal amylin production is a hallmark peripheral pathology both in the early (pre-diabetic) and late phases of T2DM, where hyperamylinemic (early phase) and hypoamylinemic (late phase) conditions coincide with hyper- and hypo-insulinemia, respectively. Moreover, there are notable biochemical similarities between amylin and β-amyloids (Aβ), which are both prone to amyloid plaque formation and to cytotoxic effects. Amylin's propensity to form amyloid plaques is not restricted to pancreatic islet cells, but readily extends to the CNS, where it has been found to co-localize with Aβ plaques in at least a subset of AD patients. Hence, amylin may constitute a “second amyloid” in neurodegenerative disorders such as AD. We further argue that hyperamylinemic conditions may be more relevant for the early processes of amyloid formation in the CNS, whereas hypoamylinemic conditions may be more strongly associated with late stages of central amyloid pathologies. Advancing our understanding of these temporal relationships may help to establish amylin-based interventions in the treatment of AD and other neurodegenerative disorders with metabolic comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Lutz
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich Zurich, Switzerland ; Zurich Center of Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Urs Meyer
- Institute of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich Zurich, Switzerland
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304
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Skaper SD, Facci L, Barbierato M, Zusso M, Bruschetta G, Impellizzeri D, Cuzzocrea S, Giusti P. N-Palmitoylethanolamine and Neuroinflammation: a Novel Therapeutic Strategy of Resolution. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 52:1034-42. [PMID: 26055231 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9253-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is fundamentally a protective cellular response aimed at removing injurious stimuli and initiating the healing process. However, when prolonged, it can override the bounds of physiological control and becomes destructive. Inflammation is a key element in the pathobiology of chronic pain, neurodegenerative diseases, stroke, spinal cord injury, and neuropsychiatric disorders. Glia, key players in such nervous system disorders, are not only capable of expressing a pro-inflammatory phenotype but respond also to inflammatory signals released from cells of immune origin such as mast cells. Chronic inflammatory processes may be counteracted by a program of resolution that includes the production of lipid mediators endowed with the capacity to switch off inflammation. These naturally occurring lipid signaling molecules include the N-acylethanolamines, N-arachidonoylethanolamine (an endocannabinoid), and its congener N-palmitoylethanolamine (palmitoylethanolamide or PEA). PEA may play a role in maintaining cellular homeostasis when faced with external stressors provoking, for example, inflammation. PEA is efficacious in mast cell-mediated models of neurogenic inflammation and neuropathic pain and is neuroprotective in models of stroke, spinal cord injury, traumatic brain injury, and Parkinson disease. PEA in micronized/ultramicronized form shows superior oral efficacy in inflammatory pain models when compared to naïve PEA. Intriguingly, while PEA has no antioxidant effects per se, its co-ultramicronization with the flavonoid luteolin is more efficacious than either molecule alone. Inhibiting or modulating the enzymatic breakdown of PEA represents a complementary therapeutic approach to treat neuroinflammation. This review is intended to discuss the role of mast cells and glia in neuroinflammation and strategies to modulate their activation based on leveraging natural mechanisms with the capacity for self-defense against inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D Skaper
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Largo "Egidio Meneghetti" 2, 35131, Padua, Italy,
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305
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Cheng B, Lin Y, Kuang M, Fang S, Gu Q, Xu J, Wang L. Synthesis and Anti-neuroinflammatory Activity of Lactone Benzoyl Hydrazine and 2-nitro-1-phenyl-1H
-Indole Derivatives as p38α
MAPK Inhibitors. Chem Biol Drug Des 2015; 86:1121-30. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bao Cheng
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine; Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory against Metabolic Diseases; Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre; Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Yongsheng Lin
- Research Center for Drug Discovery; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Ming Kuang
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine; Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory against Metabolic Diseases; Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre; Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Sai Fang
- Research Center for Drug Discovery; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Qiong Gu
- Research Center for Drug Discovery; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Jun Xu
- Research Center for Drug Discovery; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Laiyou Wang
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine; Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory against Metabolic Diseases; Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre; Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; Guangzhou 510006 China
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306
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Prager B, Spampinato SF, Ransohoff RM. Sphingosine 1-phosphate signaling at the blood–brain barrier. Trends Mol Med 2015; 21:354-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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307
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Zhang J. Mapping neuroinflammation in frontotemporal dementia with molecular PET imaging. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:108. [PMID: 26022249 PMCID: PMC4451729 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0236-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent findings have led to a renewed interest and support for an active role of inflammation in neurodegenerative dementias and related neurologic disorders. Detection of neuroinflammation in vivo throughout the course of neurodegenerative diseases is of great clinical interest. Studies have shown that microglia activation (an indicator of neuroinflammation) may present at early stages of frontotemporal dementia (FTD), but the role of neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of FTD is largely unknown. The first-generation translocator protein (TSPO) ligand ([11C]-PK11195) has been used to detect microglia activation in FTD, and the second-generation TSPO ligands have imaged neuroinflammation in vivo with improved pharmacokinetic properties. This paper reviews related literature and technical issues on mapping neuroinflammation in FTD with positron-emission tomography (PET) imaging. Early detection of neuroinflammation in FTD may identify new tools for diagnosis, novel treatment targets, and means to monitor therapeutic efficacy. More studies are needed to image and track neuroinflammation in FTD. It is anticipated that the advances of TSPO PET imaging will overcome technical difficulties, and molecular imaging of neuroinflammation will aid in the characterization of neuroinflammation in FTD. Such knowledge has the potential to shed light on the poorly understood pathogenesis of FTD and related dementias, and provide imaging markers to guide the development and assessment of new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5A5, Canada.
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308
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Millan MJ, Goodwin GM, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Ove Ögren S. Learning from the past and looking to the future: Emerging perspectives for improving the treatment of psychiatric disorders. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 25:599-656. [PMID: 25836356 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Modern neuropsychopharmacology commenced in the 1950s with the serendipitous discovery of first-generation antipsychotics and antidepressants which were therapeutically effective yet had marked adverse effects. Today, a broader palette of safer and better-tolerated agents is available for helping people that suffer from schizophrenia, depression and other psychiatric disorders, while complementary approaches like psychotherapy also have important roles to play in their treatment, both alone and in association with medication. Nonetheless, despite considerable efforts, current management is still only partially effective, and highly-prevalent psychiatric disorders of the brain continue to represent a huge personal and socio-economic burden. The lack of success in discovering more effective pharmacotherapy has contributed, together with many other factors, to a relative disengagement by pharmaceutical firms from neuropsychiatry. Nonetheless, interest remains high, and partnerships are proliferating with academic centres which are increasingly integrating drug discovery and translational research into their traditional activities. This is, then, a time of transition and an opportune moment to thoroughly survey the field. Accordingly, the present paper, first, chronicles the discovery and development of psychotropic agents, focusing in particular on their mechanisms of action and therapeutic utility, and how problems faced were eventually overcome. Second, it discusses the lessons learned from past successes and failures, and how they are being applied to promote future progress. Third, it comprehensively surveys emerging strategies that are (1), improving our understanding of the diagnosis and classification of psychiatric disorders; (2), deepening knowledge of their underlying risk factors and pathophysiological substrates; (3), refining cellular and animal models for discovery and validation of novel therapeutic agents; (4), improving the design and outcome of clinical trials; (5), moving towards reliable biomarkers of patient subpopulations and medication efficacy and (6), promoting collaborative approaches to innovation by uniting key partners from the regulators, industry and academia to patients. Notwithstanding the challenges ahead, the many changes and ideas articulated herein provide new hope and something of a framework for progress towards the improved prevention and relief of psychiatric and other CNS disorders, an urgent mission for our Century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Millan
- Pole for Innovation in Neurosciences, IDR Servier, 125 chemin de ronde, 78290 Croissy sur Seine, France.
| | - Guy M Goodwin
- University Department of Psychiatry, Oxford University, Warneford Hospital, Oxford OX3 7JX, England, UK
| | - Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg
- Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg/Medical Faculty Mannheim, J5, D-68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sven Ove Ögren
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Retzius väg 8, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
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309
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Hardeland R, Cardinali DP, Brown GM, Pandi-Perumal SR. Melatonin and brain inflammaging. Prog Neurobiol 2015; 127-128:46-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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310
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Yang G, Song Y, Zhou X, Deng Y, Liu T, Weng G, Yu D, Pan S. DNA methyltransferase 3, a target of microRNA-29c, contributes to neuronal proliferation by regulating the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:1435-42. [PMID: 25815896 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common form of dementia in the aged population, presents an increasing clinical challenge in terms of diagnosis and treatment. Neurodegeneration is one of the hallmarks of AD, which consequently induces cognitive impairment. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a neuroprotective factor, has been implicated in neuronal survival and proliferation. The epigenetic mechanism of BDNF methylation may be responsible for the reduced expression of BDNF in patients with AD. DNA methyltransferase may contribute to the methylation of BDNF, which is involved in neuroprotection in AD. In addition, epigenetic modifications, including a combination of microRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) and DNA methylation, have been suggested as regulatory mechanisms in the control of neuronal survival. In the present study, the expression of miR-29c was determined in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with AD and of healthy control individuals. A marked decrease in the expression of miR-29c was observed in the AD group compared with the normal control group, accompanied by a decreased in the expression of BDNF. Additionally, a significant increase in the expression of DNA methyltransferase 3 (DNMT3) was observed in the CSF from the patients with AD. Correlation analysis revealed that the expression of miR-29c was positively correlated with BDNF and negatively correlated with DNMT3 protein in the CSF of patients with AD. In addition, the regulatory association between miR-29c, DNMT3 and BDNF were also examined in vitro. It was demonstrated that miR-29c directly targeted DNMT3 and contributed to neuronal proliferation by regulating the expression of BDNF, at least partially, through enhancing the activity of the tyrosine receptor kinase B/extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling pathway. In conclusion, the present study suggested that miR-29c may be a promising potential therapeutic target in the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoshuai Yang
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Yanmin Song
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Haikou People's Hospital, Haikou, Hainan 570208, P.R. China
| | - Yidong Deng
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Guohu Weng
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Dan Yu
- Department of Neurology, Haikou People's Hospital, Haikou, Hainan 570208, P.R. China
| | - Suyue Pan
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
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311
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Jayasena T, Poljak A, Braidy N, Smythe G, Raftery M, Hill M, Brodaty H, Trollor J, Kochan N, Sachdev P. Upregulation of glycolytic enzymes, mitochondrial dysfunction and increased cytotoxicity in glial cells treated with Alzheimer's disease plasma. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116092. [PMID: 25785936 PMCID: PMC4364672 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder associated with increased oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. Markers of increased protein, lipid and nucleic acid oxidation and reduced activities of antioxidant enzymes have been reported in AD plasma. Amyloid plaques in the AD brain elicit a range of reactive inflammatory responses including complement activation and acute phase reactions, which may also be reflected in plasma. Previous studies have shown that human AD plasma may be cytotoxic to cultured cells. We investigated the effect of pooled plasma (n = 20 each) from healthy controls, individuals with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) on cultured microglial cells. AD plasma and was found to significantly decrease cell viability and increase glycolytic flux in microglia compared to plasma from healthy controls. This effect was prevented by the heat inactivation of complement. Proteomic methods and isobaric tags (iTRAQ) found the expression level of complement and other acute phase proteins to be altered in MCI and AD plasma and an upregulation of key enzymes involved in the glycolysis pathway in cells exposed to AD plasma. Altered expression levels of acute phase reactants in AD plasma may alter the energy metabolism of glia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tharusha Jayasena
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, MW Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Anne Poljak
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, MW Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Nady Braidy
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - George Smythe
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, MW Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mark Raftery
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, MW Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mark Hill
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Henry Brodaty
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Dementia Collaborative Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Julian Trollor
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Neuropsychiatric Institute, the Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nicole Kochan
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Neuropsychiatric Institute, the Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Perminder Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Neuropsychiatric Institute, the Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
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312
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Zhou Q, Wang M, Du Y, Zhang W, Bai M, Zhang Z, Li Z, Miao J. Inhibition of c-Jun N-terminal kinase activation reverses Alzheimer disease phenotypes in APPswe/PS1dE9 mice. Ann Neurol 2015; 77:637-54. [PMID: 25611954 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Growing evidence indicates that the activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) is implicated in the multiple major pathological features of Alzheimer disease (AD). However, whether specific inhibition of JNK activation could prevent disease progression in adult transgenic AD models at moderate stage remains unknown. Here we first investigated the potential disease-modifying therapeutic effect of systemic administration of SP600125, a small-molecule JNK-specific inhibitor, in middle-aged APPswe/PS1dE9 mice. METHODS Using behavioral, histological, and biochemical methods, outcomes of SP600125 treatment on neuropathology and cognitive deficits were studied in APPswe/PS1dE9 mice. RESULTS Compared with vehicle-treated APPswe/PS1dE9 mice, chronic treatment of SP600125 for 12 weeks potently inhibited JNK activation, which resulted in a marked improvement of behavioral measures of cognitive deficits and a dramatic reduction in amyloid plaque burden, β-amyloid production, tau hyperphosphorylation, inflammatory responses, and synaptic loss in these transgenic animals. In particular, we found that SP600125 treatment strongly promoted nonamyloidogenic amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing and inhibited amyloidogenic APP processing via regulating APP-cleavage secretase expression (ie, ADAM10, BACE1, and PS1) in APPswe/PS1dE9 mice. INTERPRETATION Our findings demonstrate that chronic SP600125 treatment is powerfully effective in slowing down disease progression by markedly reducing multiple pathological features and ameliorating cognitive deficits associated with AD. This study highlights the concept that active JNK actually contributes to the development of the disease, and provides critical preclinical evidence that specific inhibition of JNK activation by SP600125 treatment may be a novel promising disease-modifying therapeutic strategy for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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313
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Ko SY, Lee HE, Park SJ, Jeon SJ, Kim B, Gao Q, Jang DS, Ryu JH. Spinosin, a C-Glucosylflavone, from Zizyphus jujuba var. spinosa Ameliorates Aβ1-42 Oligomer-Induced Memory Impairment in Mice. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2015; 23:156-64. [PMID: 25767684 PMCID: PMC4354317 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2014.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder associated with progressive memory loss and neuronal cell death. Although numerous previous studies have been focused on disease progression or reverse pathological symptoms, therapeutic strategies for AD are limited. Alternatively, the identification of traditional herbal medicines or their active compounds has received much attention. The aims of the present study were to characterize the ameliorating effects of spinosin, a C-glucosylflavone isolated from Zizyphus jujuba var. spinosa, on memory impairment or the pathological changes induced through amyloid-β1–42 oligomer (AβO) in mice. Memory impairment was induced by intracerebroventricular injection of AβO (50 μM) and spinosin (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg) was administered for 7 days. In the behavioral tasks, the subchronic administration of spinosin (20 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly ameliorated AβO-induced cognitive impairment in the passive avoidance task or the Y-maze task. To identify the effects of spinosin on the pathological changes induced through AβO, immunohistochemistry and Western blot analyses were performed. Spinosin treatment also reduced the number of activated microglia and astrocytes observed after AβO injection. In addition, spinosin rescued the AβO-induced decrease in choline acetyltransferase expression levels. These results suggest that spinosin ameliorated memory impairment induced through AβO, and these effects were regulated, in part, through neuroprotective activity via the anti-inflammatory effects of spinosin. Therefore, spinosin might be a useful agent against the amyloid b protein-induced cognitive dysfunction observed in AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Yoon Ko
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea ; Kyung Hee East-West Pharmaceutical Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Eun Lee
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea ; Kyung Hee East-West Pharmaceutical Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Jin Park
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea ; Kyung Hee East-West Pharmaceutical Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Jin Jeon
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea ; Kyung Hee East-West Pharmaceutical Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Boseong Kim
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea ; Kyung Hee East-West Pharmaceutical Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Qingtao Gao
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea ; Kyung Hee East-West Pharmaceutical Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Sik Jang
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea ; Pharmaceutical science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea ; Kyung Hee East-West Pharmaceutical Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hoon Ryu
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea ; Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea ; Kyung Hee East-West Pharmaceutical Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
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314
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Tong XK, Hamel E. Simvastatin restored vascular reactivity, endothelial function and reduced string vessel pathology in a mouse model of cerebrovascular disease. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2015; 35:512-20. [PMID: 25564230 PMCID: PMC4348394 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2014.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cerebrovascular dysfunction seen in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD) is multifaceted and not limited to the amyloid-β (Aβ) pathology. It encompasses structural alterations in the vessel wall, degenerating capillaries (string vessels), vascular fibrosis and calcification, features recapitulated in transgenic mice that overexpress transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF mice). We recently found that simvastatin rescued Aβ-mediated cerebrovascular and cognitive deficits in a transgenic mouse model of AD. However, whether simvastatin can counteract Aβ-independent deficits remains unknown. Here, we evaluated the effects of simvastatin in aged TGF mice on cerebrovascular reactivity and structure, and on cognitive performance. Simvastatin restored baseline levels of nitric oxide (NO), NO-, and KATP channel-mediated dilations and endothelin-1-induced contractions. Simvastatin significantly reduced vasculopathy with arteriogenic remodeling and string vessel pathology in TGF mice. In contrast, simvastatin did not lessen gliosis, and the cerebrovascular levels of pro-fibrotic proteins and calcification markers remained elevated after treatment. The TGF mice displayed subtle cognitive decline that was not affected by simvastatin. Our results show potent benefits of simvastatin on endothelial- and smooth muscle cell-mediated vasomotor responses, endothelial NO synthesis and in preserving capillary integrity. We conclude that simvastatin could be indicated in the treatment of cerebrovascular dysfunction associated with VaD and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Kang Tong
- Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Research, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Edith Hamel
- Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Research, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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315
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Jimenez-Del-Rio M, Velez-Pardo C. Alzheimer’s Disease, Drosophila melanogaster and Polyphenols. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 863:21-53. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-18365-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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316
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Sun Y, Chauhan A, Sukumaran P, Sharma J, Singh BB, Mishra BB. Inhibition of store-operated calcium entry in microglia by helminth factors: implications for immune suppression in neurocysticercosis. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:210. [PMID: 25539735 PMCID: PMC4302716 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-014-0210-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is a disease of the central nervous system (CNS) caused by the cestode Taenia solium. The infection exhibits a long asymptomatic phase, typically lasting 3 to 5 years, before the onset of the symptomatic phase. The severity of the symptoms is thought to be associated with the intensity of the inflammatory response elicited by the degenerating parasite. In contrast, the asymptomatic phase shows an absence of brain inflammation, which is presumably due to immunosuppressive effects of the live parasites. However, the host factors and/or pathways involved in inhibiting inflammation remain largely unknown. Recently, using an animal model of NCC in which mice were intracranially inoculated with a related helminth parasite, Mesocestoides corti, we reported that Toll-like receptor (TLR)-associated signaling contributes to the development of the inflammatory response. As microglia shape the initial innate immune response in the CNS, we hypothesized that the negative regulation of a TLR-induced inflammatory pathway in microglia may be a novel helminth-associated immunosuppressive mechanism in NCC. Methods and results Here we report that helminth soluble factors (HSFs) from Mesocestoides corti inhibited TLR ligation-induced production of inflammatory cytokines in primary microglia. This was correlated with an inhibition of TLR-initiated upregulation of both phosphorylation and acetylation of the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) p65 subunit, as well as phosphorylation of JNK and ERK1/2. As Ca2+ influx due to store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) has been implicated in induction of downstream signaling, we tested the inhibitory effect of HSFs on agonist-induced Ca2+ influx and specific Ca2+ channel activation. We discovered that HSFs abolished the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- or thapsigargin (Tg)-induced increase in intracellular Ca2+ accumulation by blocking the ER store release and SOCE. Moreover, electrophysiological recordings demonstrated HSF-mediated inhibition of LPS- or Tg-induced SOCE currents through both TRPC1 and ORAI1 Ca2+ channels on plasma membrane. This was correlated with a decrease in the TRPC1-STIM1 and ORAI1-STIM1 clustering at the plasma membrane that is essential for sustained Ca2+ entry through these channels. Conclusion Inhibition of TRPC1 and ORAI1 Ca2+ channel-mediated activation of NF-κB and MAPK pathways in microglia is likely a novel helminth-induced immunosuppressive mechanism that controls initiation of inflammatory response in the CNS.
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317
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Latypova X, Martin L. 2015: which new directions for Alzheimer's disease? Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:417. [PMID: 25538567 PMCID: PMC4260501 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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318
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Pan J, Michalec M, Louis ED. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use and essential tremor. Neuroepidemiology 2014; 43:145-9. [PMID: 25376662 DOI: 10.1159/000366424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been shown to be inversely related to Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease, both of which may share common mechanisms with essential tremor (ET). Use of these medications has not been studied in ET cases vs. controls. OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationships between NSAID (esp. ibuprofen) and aspirin use and ET. METHODS Subjects were enrolled in a case-control study of the environmental epidemiology of ET at the Columbia University Medical Center (CUMC; 2009-2014). We compared 92 ET cases to 107 controls (∼1:1 matching) in terms of self-reported NSAID (esp. ibuprofen) and aspirin use. RESULTS The proportion of NSAID or aspirin users (current or past) was similar in ET cases and controls (for current user, p = 0.66; for past user, p = 0.90). Among users, however, the total dosage of ibuprofen (frequency in past year × number of tablets taken at a time × typical average strength of tablets) was higher in controls than ET cases (p = 0.04). ET cases and controls did not differ with respect to aspirin use in the past year. CONCLUSION The proportion of NSAID or aspirin users did not differ in ET cases or controls; yet interestingly, ibuprofen use was less in ET cases than in controls. The latter raises the possibility that ibuprofen use could have a potential protective role in ET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Pan
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, N.Y., USA
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319
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Morgun AV, Malinovskaya NA, Komleva YK, Lopatina OL, Kuvacheva NV, Panina YA, Taranushenko TY, Solonchuk YR, Salmina AB. STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL HETEROGENEITY OF ASTROCYTES IN THE BRAIN: ROLE IN NEURODEGENERATION AND NEUROINFLAMMATION. BULLETIN OF SIBERIAN MEDICINE 2014. [DOI: 10.20538/1682-0363-2014-5-138-148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The review covers the current concepts on structural and functional heterogeneity of brain astrocytes that serve for numerous (patho)physiological processes in the central nervous system. Astrocytes from various subpopulations demonstrate different sensitivity to the action of pathogenic factors, varied behaviors in reactive processes and within the local immune response. Key functions of astrocytes like neurogenesis, neuron-astroglia metabolic coupling, glial control of local blood flow greatly depend on the origin and characteristics of astroglial cells. Changes at the initial stages of neurodegeneration or in neurodevelopmental disorders are associated with significant alterations in astroglial structural and functional properties, thus suggesting new approaches to therapeutic strategies implementing astroglia-expressing molecules and targets for effective
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Affiliation(s)
- A. V. Morgun
- V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Krasnoyarsk
| | | | - Yu. K Komleva
- V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Krasnoyarsk
| | - O. L. Lopatina
- V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Krasnoyarsk
| | - N. V. Kuvacheva
- V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Krasnoyarsk
| | - Yu. A. Panina
- V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Krasnoyarsk
| | | | - Yu. R. Solonchuk
- V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Krasnoyarsk
| | - A. B. Salmina
- V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Krasnoyarsk
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320
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Yu Y, Ye RD. Microglial Aβ receptors in Alzheimer's disease. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2014; 35:71-83. [PMID: 25149075 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-014-0101-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid β (Aβ) plays a pivotal role in the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) through its neurotoxic and inflammatory effects. On one hand, Aβ binds to microglia and activates them to produce inflammatory mediators. On the other hand, Aβ is cleared by microglia through receptor-mediated phagocytosis and degradation. This review focuses on microglial membrane receptors that bind Aβ and contribute to microglial activation and/or Aβ phagocytosis and clearance. These receptors can be categorized into several groups. The scavenger receptors (SRs) include scavenger receptor A-1 (SCARA-1), MARCO, scavenger receptor B-1 (SCARB-1), CD36 and the receptor for advanced glycation end product (RAGE). The G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2) and chemokine-like receptor 1 (CMKLR1). There are also toll-like receptors (TLRs) including TLR2, TLR4, and the co-receptor CD14. Functionally, SCARA-1 and CMKLR1 are involved in the uptake of Aβ, and RAGE is responsible for the activation of microglia and production of proinflammatory mediators following Aβ binding. CD36, CD36/CD47/α6β1-intergrin, CD14/TLR2/TLR4, and FPR2 display both functions. Additionally, MARCO and SCARB-1 also exhibit the ability to bind Aβ and may be involved in the progression of AD. Here, we focus on the expression and distribution of these receptors in microglia and their roles in microglia interaction with Aβ. Finally, we discuss the potential therapeutic value of these receptors in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China,
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321
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Sutinen EM, Korolainen MA, Häyrinen J, Alafuzoff I, Petratos S, Salminen A, Soininen H, Pirttilä T, Ojala JO. Interleukin-18 alters protein expressions of neurodegenerative diseases-linked proteins in human SH-SY5Y neuron-like cells. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:214. [PMID: 25147500 PMCID: PMC4124869 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation and oxidative stress (OS) are present in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains in addition to neuronal loss, Amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and hyperphosphorylated tau-protein neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Previously we showed that levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-18 (IL-18), are elevated in post-mortem AD brains. IL-18 can modulate the tau kinases, Cdk5 and GSK3β, as well as Aβ-production. IL-18 levels are also increased in AD risk diseases, including type-2 diabetes and obesity. Here, we explored other IL-18 regulated proteins in neuron-like SH-SY5Y cells. Differentiated SH-SY5Y cells, incubated with IL-18 for 24, 48, or 72 h, were analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE). Specific altered protein spots were chosen and identified with mass spectrometry (MS) and verified by western immunoblotting (WIB). IL-18 had time-dependent effects on the SH-SY5Y proteome, modulating numerous protein levels/modifications. We concentrated on those related to OS (DDAH2, peroxiredoxins 2, 3, and 6, DJ-1, BLVRA), Aβ-degradation (MMP14, TIMP2), Aβ-aggregation (Septin-2), and modifications of axon growth and guidance associated, collapsin response mediator protein 2 (CRMP2). IL-18 significantly increased antioxidative enzymes, indicative of OS, and altered levels of glycolytic α- and γ-enolase and multifunctional 14-3-3γ and -ε, commonly affected in neurodegenerative diseases. MMP14, TIMP2, α-enolase and 14-3-3ε, indirectly involved in Aβ metabolism, as well as Septin-2 showed changes that increase Aβ levels. Increased 14-3-3γ may contribute to GSK3β driven tau hyperphosphorylation and CRMP2 Thr514 and Ser522 phosphorylation with the Thr555-site, a target for Rho kinase, showing time-dependent changes. IL-18 also increased caspase-1 levels and vacuolization of the cells. Although our SH-SY5Y cells were not aged, as neurons in AD, our work suggests that heightened or prolonged IL-18 levels can drive protein changes of known relevance to AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina M Sutinen
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland Kuopio, Finland ; Brain Research Unit, Clinical Research Centre, University of Eastern Finland Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Jukka Häyrinen
- School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland Kuopio, Finland
| | - Irina Alafuzoff
- Rudbecklaboratoriet, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Molecular and Morphological Pathology, Uppsala University Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Steven Petratos
- Regenerative Neuroscience and Development Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University Prahran, VIC, Australia
| | - Antero Salminen
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland Kuopio, Finland ; Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hilkka Soininen
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland Kuopio, Finland ; Brain Research Unit, Clinical Research Centre, University of Eastern Finland Kuopio, Finland ; Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tuula Pirttilä
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland Kuopio, Finland ; Brain Research Unit, Clinical Research Centre, University of Eastern Finland Kuopio, Finland ; Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital Kuopio, Finland
| | - Johanna O Ojala
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland Kuopio, Finland ; Brain Research Unit, Clinical Research Centre, University of Eastern Finland Kuopio, Finland
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322
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Olajide OA, Kumar A, Velagapudi R, Okorji UP, Fiebich BL. Punicalagin inhibits neuroinflammation in LPS-activated rat primary microglia. Mol Nutr Food Res 2014; 58:1843-51. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201400163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 05/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Olumayokun A. Olajide
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences; University of Huddersfield; Huddersfield UK
| | - Asit Kumar
- Neurochemistry Research Laboratory; University of Freiburg Medical School; Freiburg Germany
- Faculty of Biology; University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
| | - Ravikanth Velagapudi
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences; University of Huddersfield; Huddersfield UK
| | - Uchechukwu P. Okorji
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences; University of Huddersfield; Huddersfield UK
| | - Bernd L. Fiebich
- Neurochemistry Research Laboratory; University of Freiburg Medical School; Freiburg Germany
- VivaCell Biotechnology GmbH; Denzlingen Germany
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323
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Chen X, Hui L, Geiger JD. Role of LDL cholesterol and endolysosomes in amyloidogenesis and Alzheimer's disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 5. [PMID: 26413387 DOI: 10.4172/2155-9562.1000236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of late-onset sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) is believed to result from complex interactions between nutritional, environmental, epigenetic and genetic factors. Among those factors, altered circulating cholesterol homeostasis, independent of the APOE genotype, continues to be implicated in brain deposition of amyloid beta protein (Aβ) and the pathogenesis of AD. It is believed that trafficking of amyloid beta precursor protein (AβPP) into endolysosomes appears to play a critical role in determining amyloidogenic processing of AβPP because this is precisely where two enzymes critically important in AβPP metabolism are located; beta amyloid converting enzyme (BACE-1) and gamma secretase enzyme. We have shown that elevated levels of LDL cholesterol promote AβPP internalization, disturb neuronal endolysosome structure and function, and increase Aβ accumulation in neuronal endolysosomes. Here, we will further discuss the linkage between elevated levels of LDL cholesterol and AD pathogenesis, and explore the underlying mechanisms whereby elevated levels of plasma LDL cholesterol promote amyloidogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuesong Chen
- Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58203
| | - Liang Hui
- Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58203
| | - Jonathan D Geiger
- Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58203
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324
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