Suppression of hepatocellular carcinoma cell proliferation by short hairpin RNA of frizzled 2 with Sonazoid-enhanced irradiation

Short-hairpin RNA of frizzled-2 (shRNA-Fz2) is known to suppress the proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells; however, its effect on HCC cell motility is unknown. In this study, suppression of HCC cell motility by shRNA-Fz2 was analyzed, and introduction of shRNA-Fz2 into HCC cells was facilitated with ultrasound (US) irradiation generated from a diagnostic US device, which was enhanced by the contrast-enhanced US reagent Sonazoid. The HCC cell lines HLF and PLC/PRF/5 that were transfected with shRNA-Fz2 were plated to form monolayers, following which the cell monolayers were scratched with a sterile razor. After 48 h, the cells were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and the distance between the growing edge of the cell layer and the scratch lines was measured. Total RNA from the cells was isolated and subjected to real-time quantitative PCR to quantify matrix metalloproteinase 9 expression at 48 h after transfection of shRNA-Fz2. Starch-iodide method was applied to analyze the generation of H2O2 following US irradiation with the addition of Sonazoid in the liquid, and cell proliferation was analyzed 72 h later. The distances between the growing edge of the cell layer and the scratch lines and MMP9 expression levels were significantly decreased with transfection of shRNA-Fz2 (P<0.05). In the starch-iodide method, absorbance significantly decreased with the addition of Sonazoid (P<0.05), which suggested that US irradiation with Sonazoid generated H2O2 and enhanced sonoporation. ShRNA-Fz2 suppressed cell proliferation of both cell lines at a mechanical index of 0.4. Motility of HLF cells and PLC/PRF/5 cells was suppressed by shRNA-FZ2. Sonazoid enhanced sonoporation of the cells with the diagnostic US device and the suppression of proliferation of both HCC cell lines by shRNA-Fz2.

Multi-target detection of oxidative stress biomarkers in quercetin and myricetin treated human red blood cells

Quercetin and myricetin help against oxidative stress in human red blood cells during aging, thereby has tremendous scope in medical diagnostics and therapeutics.

Detection of oxidative stress biomarkers in myricetin treated red blood cells

Effect of myricetin on RBC membrane enzymes (Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase and Ca²⁺-ATPase) and Na⁺, H⁺exchanger.

The Study of Effect for General Movements Assessment in the Diagnosis of Neurological Development Disorders: A Meta-Analysis

OBJECTIVE

To discuss the value of general movements assessment in predicting the neurological disorders.

METHODS

Using PubMed as the search engine, we searched to identify relevant studies in English and Chinese language published up to November 2014 and 19 studies were selected. Standard methods in meta-analyses were used to provide diagnostic accuracy by Meta-DiSc 1.4.

RESULTS

For non-cerebral palsy (non-CP) as outcome for writhing period, the results suggested a good sensitivity and a specificity of 0.74, the Q-value was 0.80. The area under the curve (AUC) was 0.87. For non-CP as outcome for fidgety period, the results suggested both high level for sensitivity and specificity. And the Q-value was 0.914, the AUC was 0.9664. For CP as outcome for writhing and fidgety periods, good sensitivity and specificity were found in the analysis, and the Q-value was 0.9034 while the AUC was 0.9592.

CONCLUSION

General movements assessment is a good predictor for diagnosing neurological disorders.

Phase 4 Studies in Heart Failure - What is Done and What is Needed?

Congestive heart failure (CHF) therapeutics is generated through a well-described evidence generating process. Phases 1 - 3 of this process are required prior to approval and widespread clinical use. Phase 3 in almost all cases is a methodologically sound randomized controlled trial (RCT). After this phase it is generally accepted that the treatment has a significant, independent and prognostically beneficial effect on the pathophysiological process. A major criticism of RCTs is the population to whom the result is applicable. When this population is significantly different from the trial cohort the external validity comes into question. Should the continuation of the evidence generating process continue these problems might be identified. Post marketing surveillance through phase 4 and comparative effectiveness studies through phase 5 trials are often underperformed in comparison to the RCT. These processes can help identify remote adverse events and define new hypotheses for community level benefits. This review is aimed at exploring the post-marketing scene for CHF therapeutics from an Australian health system perspective. We explore the phases of clinical trials, the level of evidence currently available and options for ensuring greater accountability for community level CHF clinical outcomes.

Clinical and Molecular Evaluation of a Case of Giant Primary Splenic Hydatid Cyst: A Case Report

Spleen is an unusual location for hydatid cyst. Here we report a case of primary splenic hydatid cyst in a 41-yr-old Iranian woman from Yasuj, southwest of Iran. The patient had been admitted to Shahid Beheshti Hospital because of abdominal pain. Abdominal sonography revealed a hypoechoic lesion of 150 X 130 mm in the spleen, suggestive of hydatid cyst. Splenectomy was performed for the patient and surgical interventions revealed a hydatid cyst occupying most of splenic parenchyma. She was discharged on the 5 day of her operation. Postoperative diagnosis and confirmation of hydatid cyst was done by histopathological, molecular and serological approaches. Histopathological evaluation revealed the classical laminated layer of hydatid cyst. DNA was extracted from a part of cyst and PCR amplified. Sequencing and analysis of PCR product revealed that the isolate has the most similarity with G1 strain of Echinococcus granulosus. Patient's serum was positive for IgG anti-hydatid cyst antibodies, using antigen-B ELISA.

HLA-G 14 bp insertion/deletion polymorphism and its association with sHLA-G levels in Behçet's disease Tunisian patients

The purpose of this study was to investigate the HLA-G 3'UTR 14 bp polymorphism and sHLA-G levels in Tunisian patients with BD. The study included 119 patients with BD and 170 healthy blood donors (HD). HLA-G 14 bp polymorphism was genotyped by polymerase chain reaction. Serum levels of soluble HLA-G (sHLA-G) were measured using a commercial ELISA kit. A significant increased frequency of the -14 bp HLA-G allele was detected in patients with BD compared to HD (0.58 vs 0.49, p=0.023), and a significant increased frequency of HLA-G -14/-14 bp was observed in patients with BD compared to HD [0.37 vs 0.22, p=0.007, OR 2.04 (95% CI 1.21-3.42)]. The mean plasmatic concentration of sHLA-G levels were significantly increased in patients with active disease [231.63±286.4 U/mL] compared to those with inactive disease (103.14±77.8 U/mL, p=0.03) and HD (121.41±24.1 U/mL, p=0.04). Furthermore, our results showed that there is no association between HLA-G 14 bp polymorphism and sHLA-G plasma levels.

The C825T Polymorphism of the G-Protein β3 Gene as a Risk Factor for Functional Dyspepsia: A Meta-Analysis

Background. Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a functional upper gastrointestinal disorder with significant morbidity and medical costs. Previous studies investigated the association of G-protein β3 (GNB3) genetic polymorphisms with FD but with inconsistent results. Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis to derive a precise estimation of the relationship between GNB3 polymorphisms and FD. Methods. We searched different databases including PubMed, EMBASE, CNKI, and the Ovid Library to gather eligible studies on GNB3 polymorphisms and FD. The association was assessed by the odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results. We identified 12 studies with 1109 cases and 2853 controls for the analysis. We found no associations of GNB3 C825T polymorphism with FD in the overall population (T versus C, OR = 1.06, 95% CI: 0.96-1.18, P = 0.26; TT versus CC + CT, OR = 1.16, 95% CI: 0.97-1.39, P = 0.11; TT + CT versus CC, OR = 1.01, 95% CI: 0.77-1.31, P = 0.96; TT versus CC, OR = 1.15, 95% CI: 0.93-1.44, P = 0.20). Subgroup analyses by genotyping method indicated that the magnitude of association was strengthened for additive model (OR = 1.15, 95% CI: 1.07-2.24, P = 0.02). Sensitivity analysis did not reveal significant associations under all models. Conclusions. This meta-analysis demonstrates that GNB3 C825T polymorphism may not be a risk factor for FD.

Biodegradation of cyanide wastes from mining and jewellery industries

Cyanide, one of the known most toxic chemicals, is widely used in mining and jewellery industries for gold extraction and recovery from crushed ores or electroplating residues. Cyanide toxicity occurs because this compound strongly binds to metals, inactivating metalloenzymes such as cytochrome c oxidase. Despite the toxicity of cyanide, cyanotrophic microorganisms such as the alkaliphilic bacterium Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes CECT5344 may use cyanide and its derivatives as a nitrogen source for growth, making biodegradation of cyanurated industrial waste possible. Genomic, transcriptomic and proteomic techniques applied to cyanide biodegradation ('cyan-omics') provide a holistic view that increases the global insights into the genetic background of cyanotrophic microorganisms that could be used for biodegradation of industrial cyanurated wastes and other biotechnological applications.

Increased risk of psychosis in patients with hearing impairment: Review and meta-analyses

Several studies suggest hearing impairment as a risk factor for psychosis. Hearing impairment is highly prevalent and potentially reversible, as it can be easily diagnosed and sometimes improved. Insight in the association between hearing impairment and psychosis can therefore contribute to prevention of psychosis. This paper provides meta-analyses of all epidemiologic evidence on the association between hearing impairment and psychosis and summarizes mechanisms that potentially underlie this relationship. Meta-analyses showed an increased risk of hearing impairment on all psychosis outcomes, such as hallucinations (OR 1.40(95%CI 1.18-1.65; n=227,005)), delusions (OR 1.55(95%CI 1.36-1.78; n=250,470)), psychotic symptoms (OR 2.23(95%CI 1.83-2.72; n=229,647) and delirium (OR 2.67(95%CI 2.05-3.48; n=12,432). Early exposure to hearing impairment elevated the risk of later development of schizophrenia (OR 3.15(95%CI 1.25-7.95; n=50,490)). Potential mechanisms underlying this association include loneliness, diminished theory of mind, disturbances of source monitoring and top-down processing and deafferentiation. Early assessment and treatment of hearing impairment in patients with (high risk of) psychosis may be essential in psychosis treatment and prevention.

E11/Podoplanin Protein Stabilization Through Inhibition of the Proteasome Promotes Osteocyte Differentiation in Murine in Vitro Models

The transmembrane glycoprotein E11 is considered critical in early osteoblast-osteocyte transitions (osteocytogenesis), however its function and regulatory mechanisms are still unknown. Using the late osteoblast MLO-A5 cell line we reveal increased E11 protein/mRNA expression (P < 0.001) concomitant with extensive osteocyte dendrite formation and matrix mineralization (P < 0.001). Transfection with E11 significantly increased mRNA levels (P < 0.001), but immunoblotting failed to detect any correlative increases in E11 protein levels, suggestive of post-translational degradation. We found that exogenous treatment of MLO-A5 and osteocytic IDG-SW3 cells with 10 μM ALLN (calpain and proteasome inhibitor) stabilized E11 protein levels and induced a profound increase in osteocytic dendrite formation (P < 0.001). Treatment with other calpain inhibitors failed to promote similar osteocytogenic changes, suggesting that these effects of ALLN rely upon its proteasome inhibitor actions. Accordingly we found that proteasome-selective inhibitors (MG132/lactacystin/ Bortezomib/Withaferin-A) produced similar dose-dependent increases in E11 protein levels in MLO-A5 and primary osteoblast cells. This proteasomal targeting was confirmed by immunoprecipitation of ubiquitinylated proteins, which included E11, and by increased levels of ubiquitinylated E11 protein upon addition of the proteasome inhibitors MG132/Bortezomib. Activation of RhoA, the small GTPase, was found to be increased concomitant with the peak in E11 levels and its downstream signaling was also observed to promote MLO-A5 cell dendrite formation. Our data indicate that a mechanism reliant upon blockade of proteasome-mediated E11 destabilization contributes to osteocytogenesis and that this may involve downstream targeting of RhoA. This work adds to our mechanistic understanding of the factors regulating bone homeostasis, which may lead to future therapeutic approaches.

A Comparison of Lumpectomy Cavity Delineations Between Use of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Computed Tomography Acquired With Patient in Prone Position for Radiation Therapy Planning of Breast Cancer

PURPOSE

To compare lumpectomy cavity (LC) and planning target volume (PTV) delineated with the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) and to examine the possibility of replacing CT with MRI for radiation therapy (RT) planning for breast cancer.

METHODS AND MATERIALS

MRI and CT data were acquired for 15 patients with early-stage breast cancer undergoing lumpectomy during RT simulation in prone positions, the same as their RT treatment positions. The LCs were delineated manually on both CT (LC-CT) and MRI acquired with 4 sequences: T1, T2, STIR, and DCE. Various PTVs were created by expanding a 15-mm margin from the corresponding LCs and from the union of the LCs for the 4 MRI sequences (PTV-MRI). Differences were measured in terms of cavity visualization score (CVS) and dice coefficient (DC).

RESULTS

The mean CVSs for T1, T2, STIR, DCE, and CT defined LCs were 3.47, 3.47, 3.87, 3.50. and 2.60, respectively, implying that the LC is mostly visible with a STIR sequence. The mean reductions of LCs from those for CT were 22%, 43%, 36%, and 17% for T1, T2, STIR, and DCE, respectively. In 14 of 15 cases, MRI (union of T1, T2, STIR, and DCE) defined LC included extra regions that would not be visible from CT. The DCs between CT and MRI (union of T1, T2, STIR, and DCE) defined volumes were 0.65 ± 0.20 for LCs and 0.85 ± 0.06 for PTVs. There was no obvious difference between the volumes of PTV-MRI and PTV-CT, and the average PTV-STIR/PTV-CT volume ratio was 0.83 ± 0.23.

CONCLUSIONS

The use of MRI improves the visibility of LC in comparison with CT. The volumes of LC and PTV generated based on a MRI sequence are substantially smaller than those based on CT, and the PTV-MRI volumes, defined by the union of T1, T2, STIR, and DCE, were comparable with those of PTV-CT for most of the cases studied.

Rs895819 within miR-27a might be involved in development of non small cell lung cancer in the Chinese Han population

MicroRNA-27a (miR-27a) is deemed to be an oncogene that plays an important role in development of various cancers, and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of miR-27a can influence the maturation or aberrant expression of hsa-miR27a, resulting in increased risk of cancer and poor prognosis for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This study aimed to assess the effects of rs895819 within miR-27a on susceptibility and prognosis of NSCLC patients in 560 clinical confirmed cases and 568 healthy check-up individuals. Adjusted odds/hazard ratios (ORs/HRs) and 95% confidential intervals (CIs) were calculated to evaluate the association between rs895819 and the risk and prognosis of NSCLC. The results showed that allele A and genotype GG of rs895819 were significantly associated with an increased risk of NSCLC (38.9% vs 30.8%, adjusted OR=1.26, 95%CI=1.23-1.29 for allele G vs A; 18.1% vs 11.7%, adjusted OR=1.67, 95%CI=1.59-1.75 for genotype GG vs AA). Moreover, positive associations were also observed in dominant and recessive models (53.7% vs 49.9%, adjusted OR=1.17, 95%CI=1.13-1.20 for GG/AG vs AA; 18.1% vs 11.7%, adjusted=1.65, 95%CI=1.58-1.73). However, no significant association was found between rs895819 and the prognosis of NSCLC in genotype, dominant and recessive models. These results suggested that miR-27a might be involved in NSCLC carcinogenesis, but not in progression of NSCLC. The allele G, genotype GG and allele G carrier (GG/AG vs AA) of rs895819 might be genetic susceptible factors for NSCLC. Further multi-central, large sample size and well-designed prospective studies as well as functional studies are warranted to verify our findings.

Sixteen-year-old Female With Acute Abdominal Pain: A Case Report

A 16-y-old girl presented with abdominal pain in the lower right quadrant, ranging in intensity from 2 to 10 on a visual analog scale (VAS) that prevented her from attending school. The pain was not associated with reflux, a fever, or blood in her stools. Eosinophilic esophagitis (EE) had been previously diagnosed, but treatment with a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) was not successful. The patient's medical history was significant for allergies to fruit; trees, including birch; weeds; and pollen. She had also suffered an anaphylactic reaction to a raw apple. The treatment approach commonly used for EE is suppression of inflammation with steroid therapy with short-term removal of offending foods. However, an attempt to reduce allergic bias and inflammation and treat intestinal permeability is not a part of the standard approach and may explain the high rate of relapse with the condition. Treatment included an elimination diet paired with a supplement regimen designed to reduce inflammation, support healing of the gut and reduce type 2 helper T (Th2) bias of her allergic response. As a result of treatment, the patient's severe pain episodes abated and she was thereafter able to resume attendance at school.

Bone-repair properties of biodegradable hydroxyapatite nano-rod superstructures

Nano-hydroxyapatite (nano-HAp) materials show an analogous chemical composition to the biogenic mineral components of calcified tissues and depending on their topography they may mimic the specific arrangement of the crystals in bone. In this work, we have evaluated the potential of four synthesized nano-HAp superstructures for the in vitro conditions of bone-repair. Experiments are underway to investigate the effects of the material microstructure, surface roughness and hydrophilicity on their osseo-integration, osteo-conduction and osteo-induction abilities. Materials were tested in the presence of both, rat primary osteoblasts and rabbit mesenchymal stem cells. The following aspects are discussed: (i) cytotoxicity and material degradation; (ii) rat osteoblast spreading, proliferation and differentiation; and (iii) rabbit mesenchymal stem cell adhesion on nano-HAp and nano-HAp/collagen type I coatings. We effectively prepared a material based on biomimetic HAp nano-rods displaying the appropriate surface topography, hydrophilicity and degradation properties to induce the in vitro desired cellular responses for bone bonding and healing. Cells seeded on the selected material readily attached, proliferated and differentiated, as confirmed by cell viability, mitochondrial metabolic activity, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and cytoskeletal integrity analysis by immunofluorescence localization of alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) protein. These results highlight the influence of material's surface characteristics to determine their tissue regeneration potential and their future use in engineering osteogenic scaffolds for orthopedic implants.

Phytochelators Intended for Clinical Use in Iron Overload, Other Diseases of Iron Imbalance and Free Radical Pathology

Iron chelating drugs are primarily and widely used in the treatment of transfusional iron overload in thalassaemia and similar conditions. Recent in vivo and clinical studies have also shown that chelators, and in particular deferiprone, can be used effectively in many conditions involving free radical damage and pathology including neurodegenerative, renal, hepatic, cardiac conditions and cancer. Many classes of phytochelators (Greek: phyto (φυτό)—plant, chele (χηλή)—claw of the crab) with differing chelating properties, including plant polyphenols resembling chelating drugs, can be developed for clinical use. The phytochelators mimosine and tropolone have been identified to be orally active and effective in animal models for the treatment of iron overload and maltol for the treatment of iron deficiency anaemia. Many critical parameters are required for the development of phytochelators for clinical use including the characterization of the therapeutic targets, ADMET, identification of the therapeutic index and risk/benefit assessment by comparison to existing therapies. Phytochelators can be developed and used as main, alternative or adjuvant therapies including combination therapies with synthetic chelators for synergistic and or complimentary therapeutic effects. The development of phytochelators is a challenging area for the introduction of new pharmaceuticals which can be used in many diseases and also in ageing. The commercial and other considerations for such development have great advantages in comparison to synthetic drugs and could also benefit millions of patients in developing countries.

Homeobox A9 directly targeted by miR-196b regulates aggressiveness through nuclear Factor-kappa B activity in non-small cell lung cancer cells

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are recognized as crucial posttranscriptional regulators of gene expression, and play critical roles as oncogenes or tumor suppressors in various cancers. Here, we show that miR-196b is upregulated in mesenchymal-like-state non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells and lung cancer tissues. Moreover, miR-196b upregulation stimulates cell invasion and a change in cell morphology to a spindle shape via loss of cell-to-cell contacts. We identified homeobox A9 (HOXA9) as a target gene of miR-196b by using public databases such as TargetScan, miRDB, and microRNA.org. HOXA9 expression is inversely correlated with miR-196b levels in clinical NSCLC samples as compared to that in corresponding control samples, and with the migration and invasion of NSCLC cells. Ectopic expression of HOXA9 resulted in a suppression of miR-196b-induced cell invasion, and HOXA9 reexpression increased E-cadherin expression. Furthermore, HOXA9 potently attenuated the expression of snail family zinc finger 2 (SNAI2/SLUG) and matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9) by controlling the binding of nuclear factor-kappa B to the promoter of SLUG and MMP9 genes, respectively. Therefore, we suggest that HOXA9 plays a central role in controlling the aggressive behavior of lung cancer cells and that miR-196b can serve as a potential target for developing anticancer agents. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Biomarker detection technologies and future directions

Biomarkers play a vital role in disease detection and treatment follow-up. It is important to note that diseases in the early stage are typically treated with the greatest probability of success. However, due to various technical difficulties in current technologies for the detection of biomarkers, the potential of biomarkers is not explored completely. Therefore, the developments of technologies, which can enable the accurate detection of prostate cancer at an early stage with simple, experimental protocols are highly inevitable. This critical review evaluates the current methods and technologies used in the detection of biomarkers. The aim of this article is to provide a comprehensive review covering the advantages and disadvantages of the biomarker detection methods. Future directions for the development of technologies to achieve highly selective and sensitive detection of biomarkers for point-of-care applications are also commented on.

Calcium orthophosphates (CaPO4): occurrence and properties

The present overview is intended to point the readers' attention to the important subject of calcium orthophosphates (CaPO4). This type of materials is of the special significance for the human beings because they represent the inorganic part of major normal (bones, teeth and antlers) and pathological (i.e., those appearing due to various diseases) calcified tissues of mammals. For example, atherosclerosis results in blood vessel blockage caused by a solid composite of cholesterol with CaPO4, while dental caries and osteoporosis mean a partial decalcification of teeth and bones, respectively, that results in replacement of a less soluble and harder biological apatite by more soluble and softer calcium hydrogenorthophosphates. Therefore, the processes of both normal and pathological calcifications are just an in vivo crystallization of CaPO4. Similarly, dental caries and osteoporosis might be considered as in vivo dissolution of CaPO4. In addition, natural CaPO4 are the major source of phosphorus, which is used to produce agricultural fertilizers, detergents and various phosphorus-containing chemicals. Thus, there is a great significance of CaPO4 for the humankind and, in this paper, an overview on the current knowledge on this subject is provided.

Association between body composition and disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis. A systematic review

BACKGROUND

Reports regarding the association between body composition and inflammatory activity in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have consistently yielded contradictory results.

OBJECTIVE

To perform a systematic review on the association between overweight/obesity and inflammatory activity in RA.

METHODS

FAST approach: Article search (Medline, EBSCO, Cochrane Library), followed by abstract retrieval, full text review and blinded assessment of methodological quality for final inclusion. Because of marked heterogeneity in statistical approach and RA activity assessment method, a meta-analysis could not be done. Results are presented as qualitative synthesis.

RESULTS

One hundred and nineteen reports were found, 16 of them qualified for full text review. Eleven studies (8,147 patients; n range: 37-5,161) approved the methodological quality filter and were finally included. Interobserver agreement for methodological quality score (ICC: 0.93; 95% CI: 0.82-0.98; P<.001) and inclusion/rejection decision (k 1.00, P>.001) was excellent. In all reports body composition was assessed by BMI; however a marked heterogeneity was found in the method used for RA activity assessment. A significant association between BMI and RA activity was found in 6 reports having larger mean sample size: 1,274 (range: 140-5,161). On the other hand, this association was not found in 5 studies having lower mean sample size: 100 (range: 7-150).

CONCLUSIONS

The modulation of RA clinical status by body fat mass is suggested because a significant association was found between BMI and inflammatory activity in those reports with a trend toward higher statistical power. The relationship between body composition and clinical activity in RA requires be approached with further studies with higher methodological quality.

microRNAs: An Emerging Paradigm in Lung Cancer Chemoresistance

Lung cancer is considered the most deadly of all cancers, with limited therapeutic options. Although advanced drugs have been tried in clinic, the therapeutic success has largely been hampered due to rapid development of drug-resistance mechanisms. Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs), a class of small non-coding RNAs, have occupied center stage in cancer biology. miRNAs negatively regulate gene expression either by promoting degradation or by interfering with translation of messenger RNA targets. Several lines of evidence have confirmed the crucial role of miRNAs in carcinogenesis, and, importantly, in the acquisition of resistance to chemotherapeutics. Modulation of miRNA expression levels has been proven to increase the efficacy of genotoxic drugs in various preclinical cancer studies. Therefore, comprehensive understanding of the role(s) of these key players in drug resistance may provide novel opportunities to design effective combinatorial therapeutic strategies for cancer treatment. In this review, we highlight recent findings on miRNAs acting as oncomiRs and tumor suppressor genes in lung cancer. Moreover, we discuss the involvement of miRNAs in different mechanisms of drug resistance in this deadly disease.

Sex hormones and oxytocin augmentation strategies in schizophrenia: A quantitative review

INTRODUCTION

Sex differences in incidence, onset and course of schizophrenia suggest sex hormones play a protective role in the pathophysiology. Such a role is also proposed for oxytocin, another important regulator of reproduction function. Evidence on the efficacy of sex hormones and oxytocin in the treatment of schizophrenia is summarized.

METHODS

Double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized studies were included, examining augmentation with estrogens, selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), pregnenolone, and oxytocin. Outcome measures were total symptom severity, positive and negative symptom subscores, and cognition. In meta-analyses, combined weighted effect sizes (Hedges' g) per hormone were calculated.

RESULTS

Twenty-four studies were included, examining 1149 patients. Significant effects were found for estrogen action (k=10), regarding total symptoms (Hedges' g=0.63, p=0.001), positive (Hedges' g=0.42, p<0.001), and negative symptoms (Hedges' g=0.35, p=0.001). Subgroup analyses yielded significant results for estrogens in premenopausal women (k=6) for total, positive, and negative symptoms, and for the SERM raloxifene in postmenopausal women (k=3) for total and negative, but not positive symptoms. Testosterone augmentation in males (k=1) was beneficial only for negative symptoms (Hedges' g=0.82, p=0.027). No overall effects were found for DHEA (k=4), pregnenolone (k=4), and oxytocin (k=6). Results for cognition (k=12) were too diverse for meta-analyses, and inspection of these data showed no consistent benefit.

CONCLUSIONS

Estrogens and SERMs could be effective augmentation strategies in the treatment of women with schizophrenia, although potential side effects, partially associated with longer duration use, should be taken into account. Future trials are needed to study long-term effects and effects on cognition.

MMSA-1 expression pattern in multiple myeloma and its clinical significance

Multiple myeloma-associated antigen-1 (MMSA-1) is a novel multiple myeloma (MM)-associated antigen which has been recently identified. Herein, we have tried to examine its clinical significance by studying the relationship between its expression and selected clinicopathological features. We extracted mononuclear cells from the bone marrow of MM patients and healthy donors and compared the MMSA-1 expression by RT-PCR and Western blot analysis. In addition, we also analyzed MMSA-1 expression in patients that were grouped based on selected clinical parameters. Moreover, the impact of MMSA-1 on patients' survival was also explored. MMSA-1 mRNA and protein were significantly upregulated in MM patients in comparison with healthy donors. Moreover, among the newly diagnosed and relapsed/refractory patients, the MMSA-1 expression was higher in relapsed/refractory patients. In addition, MMSA-1 mRNA expression not only showed significantly higher correlation with clinical parameters such as age, Durie and Salmon stage, bone lesion condition, albumin, creatinine and lactate dehydrogenase but also has a close relationship with myeloma bone disease-related cytokines, genetic abnormalities and treatment response. Multivariate COX analysis predicted MMSA-1 and LDH levels to be independently associated with a poor progression-free survival and overall survival in myeloma patients. Our findings provide initial proof of concept that MMSA-1 is a potent gene that is specifically expressed in MM patients and could be a feasible biomarker and independent prognostic factor.

Epigenome-modifying tools in asthma

Asthma is a chronic disease which causes recurrent breathlessness affecting 300 million people worldwide of whom 250,000 die annually. The epigenome is a set of heritable modifications and tags that affect the genome without changing the intrinsic DNA sequence. These marks include DNA methylation, modifications to histone proteins around which DNA is wrapped and expression of noncoding RNA. Alterations in all of these processes have been reported in patients with asthma. In some cases these differences are linked to disease severity and susceptibility and may account for the limited value of genetic studies in asthma. Animal models of asthma suggest that epigenetic modifications and processes are linked to asthma and may be tractable targets for therapeutic intervention.

Effect of low-level laser therapy on irradiated parotid glands--study in mice

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on radiotherapy-induced morphological changes and caspase-3 immunodetection in parotids of mice. Forty-one Swiss mice were divided into control, radiotherapy, 2- and 4-J laser groups. The experimental groups were exposed to ionizing radiation in a single session of 10 Gy. In the laser groups, a GaAlAs laser (830 nm, 100 mW, 0.028  cm2, 3.57  W/cm2) was used on the region corresponding to the parotid glands, with 2-J energy (20 s, 71  J/cm2) or 4 J (40 s, 135  J/cm2) per point. LLLT was performed immediately before and 24 h after radiotherapy. One point was applied in each parotid gland. The animals were euthanized 48 h or 7 days after radiotherapy and parotid glands were dissected for morphological analysis and immunodetection of caspase-3. There was no significant difference between groups in the immunodetection of caspase-3, but the laser groups had a lower percentage compared to the radiotherapy group. LLLT promoted the preservation of acinar structure, reduced the occurrence of vacuolation, and stimulated parotid gland vascularization. Of the two LLLT protocols, the one using 4 J of energy showed better results.

Mesenchymal stem cell therapy for cirrhosis: Present and future perspectives

Cirrhosis occurs as a result of various chronic liver injuries, which may be caused by viral infections, alcohol abuse and the administration of drugs and chemicals. Recently, bone marrow cells (BMCs), hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been used for developing treatments for cirrhosis. Clinical trials have investigated the therapeutic potential of BMCs, HSCs and MSCs for the treatment of cirrhosis based on their potential to differentiate into hepatocytes. Although the therapeutic mechanisms of BMC, HSC and MSC treatments are still not fully characterized, the evidence thus far has indicated that the potential therapeutic mechanisms of MSCs are clearer than those of BMCs or HSCs with respect to liver regenerative medicine. MSCs suppress inflammatory responses, reduce hepatocyte apoptosis, increase hepatocyte regeneration, reverse liver fibrosis and enhance liver functionality. This paper summarizes the clinical studies that have used BMCs, HSCs and MSCs in patients with liver failure or cirrhosis. We also present the potential therapeutic mechanisms of BMCs, HSCs and MSCs for the improvement of liver function.

MicroRNA expression profiles and target prediction in neonatal Wistar rat lungs during the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia

In this study, we investigated the mechanisms through which microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) regulate lung development after birth, as well as the role of miRNAs in the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). For this purpose, a total of 90 neonatal Wistar rats were randomly and equally assigned to either a model group or a control group. On postnatal days 3, 7 and 14, the lung tissues were collected for histological analysis to determine morphological changes. The expression levels of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1, also known as CD31) were measured by RT-qPCR and western blot analysis. A miRCURY™ LNA array was employed to screen for differentially expressed miRNAs, and the possible target genes of those miRNAs were predicted. Our results revealed that, compared with the control group, the following changes induced by hyperoxia were observed in the model group over time: a decrease in the number, but an increase in the size of the alveoli, and a decrease in the number of secondary septa formed. In the model group, from postnatal days 3–14, the mRNA and protein expression levels of PCNA and CD31 were significantly lower than those in the control group. The differentially expressed miRNAs between the 2 groups were identified on days 3, 7 and 14 after birth. Possible target genes were identified for 32 differentially expressed miRNAs. Taken together, these findings suggest that during the development of BPD, an alveolarization disorder with microvascular dysplasia co-exists with the differential expression of certain miRNAs during the different stages of alveolar development in a neonatal rat model of hyperoxia-induced BPD. This indicates that miRNAs may participate in the occurrence and development of BPD.

miR-1244/Myocyte Enhancer Factor 2D Regulatory Loop Contributes to the Growth of Lung Carcinoma

Lung carcinoma greatly threatens human health, due to its increasing incidence in recent years and poor prognosis. However, this malignancy displays resistance against current therapeutic strategies. One of major causes leading to bad outcomes for lung cancer therapy is the lack of understanding on its tumorigenesis and progression. To explore the molecular mechanism by which lung cancer progresses, we employed multidisciplinary approaches and used lung cancer cell lines as research models. miR-1244 was underexpressed in lung carcinoma by 40.6-73.8%, which is highly associated with patients' survival. miR-1244 restoration was shown to affect the proliferation, survival, and invasion of lung cancer cells. miR-1244 suppression rendered normal lung fibroblasts with malignant phenotypes. miR-1244 overexpression can reduce the growth of lung cancer xenografts. miR-1244 was then verified to negatively regulate the expression of myocyte enhancer factor 2D (MEF2D) in lung cancer cells. MEF2D can also affect the expression of miR-1244 by directly binding to its promoter. Further study showed that MEF2D is required for the effect of miR-1244 on lung cancer and normal cells. These results suggested that there is an autoregulatory circuit consisting of miR-1244 and MEF2D, which contributes to the progression of lung cancer. Targeting this molecular loop may be a promising strategy for lung carcinoma treatment.

miR-15a enhances the anticancer effects of cisplatin in the resistant non-small cell lung cancer cells

Platinum-based chemotherapies have long been used as a standard treatment in non-small cell lung cancer. However, cisplatin resistance is a major problem that restricts the use of cisplatin. Deregulated cell death mechanisms including apoptosis and autophagy could be responsible for the development of cisplatin resistance and miRNAs are the key regulators of these mechanisms. We aimed to analyse the effects of selected miRNAs in the development of cisplatin resistance and found that hsa-miR-15a-3p was one of the most significantly downregulated miRNAs conferring resistance to cisplatin in Calu1 epidermoid lung carcinoma cells. Only hsa-miR-15a-3p mimic transfection did not affect cell proliferation or cell death, though decreased cell viability was found when combined with cisplatin. We found that induced expression of hsa-miR-15a-3p via mimic transfection sensitised cisplatin-resistant cells to apoptosis and autophagy. Our results demonstrated that the apoptosis- and autophagy-inducing effects of hsa-miR-15a-3p might be due to suppression of BCL2, which exhibits a major connection with cell death mechanisms. This study provides new insights into the mechanism of cisplatin resistance due to silencing of the tumour suppressor hsa-miR-15a-3p and its possible contribution to apoptosis, autophagy and cisplatin resistance, which are the devil's triangle in determining cancer cell fate.

Characterization of RNA from Exosomes and Other Extracellular Vesicles Isolated by a Novel Spin Column-Based Method

Exosomes and other extracellular vesicles (commonly referred to as EVs) have generated a lot of attention for their potential applications in both diagnostics and therapeutics. The contents of these vesicles are the subject of intense research, and the relatively recent discovery of RNA inside EVs has raised interest in the biological function of these RNAs as well as their potential as biomarkers for cancer and other diseases. Traditional ultracentrifugation-based protocols to isolate EVs are labor-intensive and subject to significant variability. Various attempts to develop methods with robust, reproducible performance have not yet been completely successful. Here, we report the development and characterization of a spin column-based method for the isolation of total RNA from EVs in serum and plasma. This method isolates highly pure RNA of equal or higher quantity compared to ultracentrifugation, with high specificity for vesicular over non-vesicular RNA. The spin columns have a capacity to handle up to 4 mL sample volume, enabling detection of low-abundance transcripts in serum and plasma. We conclude that the method is an improvement over traditional methods in providing a faster, more standardized way to achieve reliable high quality RNA preparations from EVs in biofluids such as serum and plasma. The first kit utilizing this new method has recently been made available by Qiagen as “exoRNeasy Serum/Plasma Maxi Kit”.

Value of predictive bioinformatics in inherited metabolic diseases

Typically, inherited metabolic diseases arise from point mutations in genes encoding metabolic enzymes. Although some of these mutations directly affect amino acid residues in the active sites of these enzymes, the majority do not. It is now well accepted that the majority of these disease-associated mutations exert their effects through alteration of protein stability, which causes a reduction in enzymatic activity. This finding suggests a way to predict the severity of newly discovered mutations. In silico prediction of the effects of amino acid sequence alterations on protein stability often correlates with disease severity. However, no stability prediction tool is perfect and, in general, better results are obtained if the predictions from a variety of tools are combined and then interpreted. In addition to predicted alterations to stability, the degree of conservation of a particular residue can also be a factor which needs to be taken into account: alterations to highly conserved residues are more likely to be associated with severe forms of the disease. The approach has been successfully applied in a variety of inherited metabolic diseases, but further improvements are necessary to enable robust translation into clinically useful tools.

A Comparison of Casual In-Clinic Blood Pressure Measurements to Standardized Guideline-Concordant Measurements in Severely Obese Individuals

Background/Objectives. The objective of this study was to compare casual BP taken in a bariatric clinic to standardized guideline-concordant BP. Subjects/Methods. A cross sectional analysis was performed using baseline data from a weight management trial. Patients were recruited from a Canadian bariatric care program. Standardized BP was performed using a Watch BP oscillometric device. Casual in-clinic BP single readings, taken using a Welch Allyn oscillometric device, were chart-abstracted. Paired t-tests, Bland-Altman plots, and Pearson's correlations were used for analysis. Results. Data from 134 patients were analyzed. Mean age was 41.5 ± 8.9 y, mean BMI was 46.8 ± 6.5 kg/m(2), and 40 (30%) had prior hypertension. Mean casual in-clinic BP was 128.8 ± 14.1/81.6 ± 9.9 mmHg and mean standardized BP was 133.2 ± 15.0/82.0 ± 10.3 mmHg (difference of -4.3 ± 12.0 for systolic (p < 0.0001) and -0.4 ± 10.0 mmHg for diastolic BP (p = 0.6)). Pearson's coefficients were 0.66 (p < 0.0001) for SBP and 0.50 (p < 0.0001) for DBP. 28.4% of casual versus 26.9% of standardized measurements were ≥140/90 mmHg (p < 0.0001). Conclusion. In this bariatric clinic, casual BP was unexpectedly lower than standardized BP. This could potentially lead to the underdiagnosis of hypertension.

Ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD) assisted delivery of shRNA against PHD2 into H9C2 cells

Gene therapy has great potential for human diseases. Development of efficient delivery systems is critical to its clinical translation. Recent studies have shown that microbubbles in combination with ultrasound (US) can be used to facilitate gene delivery. An aim of this study is to investigate whether the combination of US-targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD) and polyethylenimine (PEI) (UTMD/PEI) can mediate even greater gene transfection efficiency than UTMD alone and to optimize ultrasonic irradiation parameters. Another aim of this study is to investigate the biological effects of PHD2-shRNA after its transfection into H9C2 cells. pEGFP-N1 or eukaryotic shPHD2-EGFP plasmid was mixed with albumin-coated microbubbles and PEI to form complexes for transfection. After these were added into H9C2 cells, the cells were exposed to US with various sets of parameters. The cells were then harvested and analyzed for gene expression. UTMD/PEI was shown to be highly efficient in gene transfection. An US intensity of 1.5 W/cm², a microbubble concentration of 300μl/ml, an exposure time of 45s, and a plasmid concentration of 15μg/ml were found to be optimal for transfection. UTMD/PEI-mediated PHD2-shRNA transfection in H9C2 cells significantly down regulated the expression of PHD2 and increased expression of HIF-1α and downstream angiogenesis factors VEGF, TGF-β and bFGF. UTMD/PEI, combined with albumin-coated microbubbles, warrants further investigation for therapeutic gene delivery.

Calcium Orthophosphate-Containing Biocomposites and Hybrid Biomaterials for Biomedical Applications

The state-of-the-art on calcium orthophosphate (CaPO4)-containing biocomposites and hybrid biomaterials suitable for biomedical applications is presented. Since these types of biomaterials offer many significant and exciting possibilities for hard tissue regeneration, this subject belongs to a rapidly expanding area of biomedical research. Through the successful combinations of the desired properties of matrix materials with those of fillers (in such systems, CaPO4 might play either role), innovative bone graft biomaterials can be designed. Various types of CaPO4-based biocomposites and hybrid biomaterials those are either already in use or being investigated for biomedical applications are extensively discussed. Many different formulations in terms of the material constituents, fabrication technologies, structural and bioactive properties, as well as both in vitro and in vivo characteristics have been already proposed. Among the others, the nano-structurally controlled biocomposites, those containing nanodimensional compounds, biomimetically fabricated formulations with collagen, chitin and/or gelatin, as well as various functionally graded structures seem to be the most promising candidates for clinical applications. The specific advantages of using CaPO4-based biocomposites and hybrid biomaterials in the selected applications are highlighted. As the way from a laboratory to a hospital is a long one and the prospective biomedical candidates have to meet many different necessities, the critical issues and scientific challenges that require further research and development are also examined.

MiR-21 in Extracellular Vesicles Leads to Neurotoxicity via TLR7 Signaling in SIV Neurological Disease

Recent studies have found that extracellular vesicles (EVs) play an important role in normal and disease processes. In the present study, we isolated and characterized EVs from the brains of rhesus macaques, both with and without simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) induced central nervous system (CNS) disease. Small RNA sequencing revealed increased miR-21 levels in EVs from SIV encephalitic (SIVE) brains. In situ hybridization revealed increased miR-21 expression in neurons and macrophage/microglial cells/nodules during SIV induced CNS disease. In vitro culture of macrophages revealed that miR-21 is released into EVs and is neurotoxic when compared to EVs derived from miR-21^-/- knockout animals. A mutation of the sequence within miR-21, predicted to bind TLR7, eliminates this neurotoxicity. Indeed miR-21 in EV activates TLR7 in a reporter cell line, and the neurotoxicity is dependent upon TLR7, as neurons isolated from TLR7^-/- knockout mice are protected from neurotoxicity. Further, we show that EVs isolated from the brains of monkeys with SIV induced CNS disease activates TLR7 and were neurotoxic when compared to EVs from control animals. Finally, we show that EV-miR-21 induced neurotoxicity was unaffected by apoptosis inhibition but could be prevented by a necroptosis inhibitor, necrostatin-1, highlighting the actions of this pathway in a growing number of CNS disorders.

HIV associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) are neurological disorders caused due to the entry of HIV infection in the brain. HIV-1 does not directly infect central or peripheral neurons, however, virus-infected cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage maintain a low-level HIV infection in the CNS. "Indirect effects" of macrophage activation–such as dysregulation of cytokines and chemokines, free-radical (oxidative stress) injury, and secretion of soluble factors that are potently neurotoxic–have been implicated as effectors of nervous system injury in HIV. Here, we report that extracellular vesicles released from macrophages can enhance neurotoxicity. Using a nonhuman primate model of HAND, simian immunodeficiency virus encephalitis (SIVE), we find that exosomes isolated from SIVE brains contain,microRNAs, including miR-21, that can serve as ligands to the key immune regulatory receptors, toll-like receptors, and can elicit neurotoxicity. We provide in vitro evidence for such an effect, and that the toxicity can be mediated by necroptosis. Thus, our study provides insights into other potential neurotoxic mechanisms by which HIV infection in the brain could harm neuronal health.

Past, present and future of cyanide antagonism research: From the early remedies to the current therapies

This paper reviews milestones in antidotal therapies for cyanide (CN) spanning early remedies, current antidotal systems and research towards next generation therapies. CN has been a part of plant defense mechanisms for millions of years. It became industrially important in the nineteenth century with the advent of CN assisted gold mining and the use of CN as a pest control agent. The biochemical basis of CN poisoning was actively studied and key mechanisms were understood as early as 1929. These fundamental studies led to a variety of antidotes, including indirect CN binders that generate methemoglobin, direct CN binders such as hydroxocobalamin, and sulfur donors that convert CN to the less toxic thiocyanate. Research on blood gases at the end of the twentieth century shed new light on the role of nitric oxide (NO) in the body. The discovery of NO’s ability to compete with CN for enzymatic binding sites provided a previously missed explanation for the rapid efficacy of NO generating antidotes such as the nitrites. Presently used CN therapies include: methemoglobin/NO generators (e.g., sodium nitrite, amyl nitrite, and dimethyl aminophenol), sulfur donors (e.g., sodium thiosulfate and glutathione), and direct binding agents [(e.g., hydroxocobalamin and dicobalt salt of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (dicobalt edetate)]. A strong effort is being made to explore novel antidotal systems and to formulate them for rapid administration at the point of intoxication in mass casualty scenarios. New antidotes, formulations, and delivery systems are enhancing bioavailability and efficacy and hold promise for a new generation of improved CN countermeasures.

Cross-reactivity between aeroallergens and food allergens

In patients with respiratory allergy, cross-reactivity between aeroallergens and foods may induce food allergy, symptoms ranging from oral allergy syndrome to severe anaphylaxis. Clinical entities due to IgE sensitization to cross-reactive aeroallergen and food allergen components are described for many sources of plant origin (pollen-food syndromes and associations, such as birch-apple, cypress-peach and celery-mugwort-spice syndromes, and mugwort-peach, mugwort-chamomile, mugwort-mustard, ragweed-melon-banana, goosefoot-melon associations), fungal origin (Alternaria-spinach syndrome), and invertebrate, mammalian or avian origin (mite-shrimp, cat-pork, and bird-egg syndromes). Clinical cases of allergic reactions to ingestion of food products containing pollen grains of specific plants, in patients with respiratory allergy to Asteraceae pollen, especially mugwort and ragweed, are also mentioned, for honey, royal jelly and bee polen dietary supplements, along with allergic reactions to foods contaminated with mites or fungi in patients with respiratory allergy to these aeroallergens. Medical history and diagnosis approach may be guided by the knowledge about the diverse cross-reacting allergens involved, and by the understanding of these clinical entities which may vary significantly or may be overlapping. The association between primary IgE sensitization with respiratory symptoms to inhaled allergens and food allergy due to cross-reactive allergen components is important to assess in allergy practice. The use of molecular-based diagnosis improves the understanding of clinically relevant IgE sensitization to cross-reactive allergen components from aeroallergen sources and foods.

Guidelines for incorporating scientific knowledge and practice on rare diseases into higher education: neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses as a model disorder

This article addresses the educational issues associated with rare diseases (RD) and in particular the Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses (NCLs, or CLN diseases) in the curricula of Health Sciences and Professional's Training Programs. Our aim is to develop guidelines for improving scientific knowledge and practice in higher education and continuous learning programs. Rare diseases (RD) are collectively common in the general population with 1 in 17 people affected by a RD in their lifetime. Inherited defects in genes involved in metabolism are the commonest group of RD with over 8000 known inborn errors of metabolism. The majority of these diseases are neurodegenerative including the NCLs. Any professional training program on NCL must take into account the medical, social and economic burdens related to RDs. To address these challenges and find solutions to them it is necessary that individuals in the government and administrative authorities, academia, teaching hospitals and medical schools, the pharmaceutical industry, investment community and patient advocacy groups all work together to achieve these goals. The logistical issues of including RD lectures in university curricula and in continuing medical education should reflect its complex nature. To evaluate the state of education in the RD field, a summary should be periodically up dated in order to assess the progress achieved in each country that signed up to the international conventions addressing RD issues in society. It is anticipated that auditing current practice will lead to higher standards and provide a framework for those educators involved in establishing RD teaching programs world-wide.

Myocarditis in athlete and myocardial bridge: An innocent bystander?

Myocarditis is a bacterial or viral inflammatory disease, often unnoticed or misdiagnosed. Athletes with myocarditis must stop practicing their activity since International medical Literature described some cases of sudden death. In the present report, we describe a case of an asymptomatic, apparently healthy, competitive athletes, who was diagnosed a myocarditis and as incidental finding a myocardial bridging. We focused the attention on the importance of anamnesis, electrocardiogram and athletes' entourage for the diagnosis of such insidious pathologies and we evaluated the follow up, focusing the attention on electrocardiogram changes as well as on restitution ad integrum and prognosis, especially for the athletes.