3751
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King C, Diaz H, Barnard D, Barda D, Clawson D, Blosser W, Cox K, Guo S, Marshall M. Characterization and preclinical development of LY2603618: a selective and potent Chk1 inhibitor. Invest New Drugs 2013; 32:213-26. [PMID: 24114124 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-013-0036-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Interference with DNA damage checkpoints has been demonstrated preclinically to be a highly effective means of increasing the cytotoxicity of a number of DNA-damaging cancer therapies. Cell cycle arrest at these checkpoints protects injured cells from apoptotic cell death until DNA damage can be repaired. In the absence of functioning DNA damage checkpoints, cells with damaged DNA may proceed into premature mitosis followed by cell death. A key protein kinase involved in activating and maintaining the S and G2/M checkpoints is Chk1. Pharmacological inhibition of Chk1 in the absence of p53 functionality leads to abrogation of DNA damage checkpoints and has been shown preclinically to enhance the activity of many standard of care chemotherapeutic agents. LY2603618 is a potent and selective small molecule inhibitor of Chk1 protein kinase activity in vitro (IC(50) = 7 nM) and the first selective Chk1 inhibitor to enter clinical cancer trials. Treatment of cells with LY2603618 produced a cellular phenotype similar to that reported for depletion of Chk1 by RNAi. Inhibition of intracellular Chk1 by LY2603618 results in impaired DNA synthesis, elevated H2A.X phosphorylation indicative of DNA damage and premature entry into mitosis. When HeLa cells were exposed to doxorubicin to induce a G2/M checkpoint arrest, subsequent treatment with LY2603618 released the checkpoint, resulting in cells entering into metaphase with poorly condensed chromosomes. Consistent with abrogation of the Chk1 and p53-dependent G2/M checkpoint, mutant TP53 HT-29 colon cancer cells were more sensitive to gemcitabine when also treated with LY2603618, while wild-type TP53 HCT116 cells were not sensitized by LY2603618 to gemcitabine. Treatment of Calu-6 human mutant TP53 lung cancer cell xenografts with gemcitabine resulted in a stimulation of Chk1 kinase activity that was inhibited by co-administration of LY2603618. By all criteria, LY2603618 is a highly effective inhibitor of multiple aspects of Chk1 biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance King
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
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3752
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Jakopovic M, Thomas A, Balasubramaniam S, Schrump D, Giaccone G, Bates SE. Targeting the epigenome in lung cancer: expanding approaches to epigenetic therapy. Front Oncol 2013; 3:261. [PMID: 24130964 PMCID: PMC3793201 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic aberrations offer dynamic and reversible targets for cancer therapy; increasingly, alteration via overexpression, mutation, or rearrangement is found in genes that control the epigenome. Such alterations suggest a fundamental role in carcinogenesis. Here, we consider three epigenetic mechanisms: DNA methylation, histone tail modification and non-coding, microRNA regulation. Evidence for each of these in lung cancer origin or progression has been gathered, along with evidence that epigenetic alterations might be useful in early detection. DNA hypermethylation of tumor suppressor promoters has been observed, along with global hypomethylation and hypoacetylation, suggesting an important role for tumor suppressor gene silencing. These features have been linked as prognostic markers with poor outcome in lung cancer. Several lines of evidence have also suggested a role for miRNA in carcinogenesis and in outcome. Cigarette smoke downregulates miR-487b, which targets both RAS and MYC; RAS is also a target of miR-let-7, again downregulated in lung cancer. Together the evidence implicates epigenetic aberration in lung cancer and suggests that targeting these aberrations should be carefully explored. To date, DNA methyltransferase and histone deacetylase inhibitors have had minimal clinical activity. Explanations include the possibility that the agents are not sufficiently potent to invoke epigenetic reversion to a more normal state; that insufficient time elapses in most clinical trials to observe true epigenetic reversion; and that doses often used may provoke off-target effects such as DNA damage that prevent epigenetic reversion. Combinations of epigenetic therapies may address those problems. When epigenetic agents are used in combination with chemotherapy or targeted therapy it is hoped that downstream biological effects will provoke synergistic cytotoxicity. This review evaluates the challenges of exploiting the epigenome in the treatment of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Jakopovic
- University of Zagreb, School of Medicine, Department for Respiratory Diseases Jordanovac, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Anish Thomas
- Medical Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sanjeeve Balasubramaniam
- Medical Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David Schrump
- Surgical Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Giuseppe Giaccone
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Susan E. Bates
- Medical Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
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3753
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Blagitko-Dorfs N, Jiang Y, Duque-Afonso J, Hiller J, Yalcin A, Greve G, Abdelkarim M, Hackanson B, Lübbert M. Epigenetic priming of AML blasts for all-trans retinoic acid-induced differentiation by the HDAC class-I selective inhibitor entinostat. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75258. [PMID: 24116031 PMCID: PMC3792939 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) has only limited single agent activity in AML without the PML-RARα fusion (non-M3 AML). In search of a sensitizing strategy to overcome this relative ATRA resistance, we investigated the potency of the HDAC class-I selective inhibitor entinostat in AML cell lines Kasumi-1 and HL-60 and primary AML blasts. Entinostat alone induced robust differentiation of both cell lines, which was enhanced by the combination with ATRA. This "priming" effect on ATRA-induced differentiation was at least equivalent to that achieved with the DNA hypomethylating agent decitabine, and could overall be recapitulated in primary AML blasts treated ex vivo. Moreover, entinostat treatment established the activating chromatin marks acH3, acH3K9, acH4 and H3K4me3 at the promoter of the RARβ2 gene, an essential mediator of retinoic acid (RA) signaling in different solid tumor models. Similarly, RARβ2 promoter hypermethylation (which in primary blasts from 90 AML/MDS patients was surprisingly infrequent) could be partially reversed by decitabine in the two cell lines. Re-induction of the epigenetically silenced RARβ2 gene was achieved only when entinostat or decitabine were given prior to ATRA treatment. Thus in this model, reactivation of RARβ2 was not necessarily required for the differentiation effect, and pharmacological RARβ2 promoter demethylation may be a bystander phenomenon rather than an essential prerequisite for the cellular effects of decitabine when combined with ATRA. In conclusion, as a "priming" agent for non-M3 AML blasts to the differentiation-inducing effects of ATRA, entinostat is at least as active as decitabine, and both act in part independently from RARβ2. Further investigation of this treatment combination in non-M3 AML patients is therefore warranted, independently of RARβ2 gene silencing by DNA methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Blagitko-Dorfs
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Yi Jiang
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jesús Duque-Afonso
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Jan Hiller
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Arzu Yalcin
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gabriele Greve
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mahmoud Abdelkarim
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Björn Hackanson
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Lübbert
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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3754
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Kamran MZ, Patil P, Gude RP. Role of STAT3 in cancer metastasis and translational advances. Biomed Res Int. 2013;2013:421821. [PMID: 24199193 PMCID: PMC3807846 DOI: 10.1155/2013/421821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 08/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is a latent cytoplasmic transcription factor, originally discovered as a transducer of signal from cell surface receptors to the nucleus. It is activated by tyrosine phosphorylation at position 705 leading to its dimerization, nuclear translocation, DNA binding, and activation of gene transcription. Under normal physiological conditions, STAT3 activation is tightly regulated. However, compelling evidence suggests that STAT3 is constitutively activated in many cancers and plays a pivotal role in tumor growth and metastasis. It regulates cellular proliferation, invasion, migration, and angiogenesis that are critical for cancer metastasis. In this paper, we first describe the mechanism of STAT3 regulation followed by how STAT3 is involved in cancer metastasis, then we summarize the various small molecule inhibitors that inhibit STAT3 signaling.
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3755
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Abstract
Resistance to chemotherapy and molecularly targeted therapies is a major problem facing current cancer research. The mechanisms of resistance to 'classical' cytotoxic chemotherapeutics and to therapies that are designed to be selective for specific molecular targets share many features, such as alterations in the drug target, activation of prosurvival pathways and ineffective induction of cell death. With the increasing arsenal of anticancer agents, improving preclinical models and the advent of powerful high-throughput screening techniques, there are now unprecedented opportunities to understand and overcome drug resistance through the clinical assessment of rational therapeutic drug combinations and the use of predictive biomarkers to enable patient stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitriona Holohan
- Drug Resistance Group, Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
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3756
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Abstract
SUMMARY B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common leukemia in human adults of the western world and no definitive cure is yet available. One key factor in CLL pathogenesis and disease progression is misbalanced Bcl-2 cell death machinery that is shifted towards protection from apoptosis. Thus, strategies to counteract the antiapoptotic action of the Bcl-2 family in CLL cells are being explored. The Bcl-2 family is composed of a growing number of proteins related to Bcl-2 by sequence homology and their interactions regulate the cell’s decision to die. The features of one particular subclass, the BH3-only proteins, are being studied and exploited for the development of therapeutic anticancer approaches that specifically target antiapoptotic Bcl-2 proteins overexpressed in tumors, including CLL. Preclinical and clinical efficacy and toxicity of the most effective among these ‘BH3 mimetics’ are presented, together with a model that accounts for the differential sensitivity of CLL and normal cells to Bcl-2 neutralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Fais
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, Human Anatomy Section, Via De Toni 14, Genoa 16132, Italy
| | - Claudya Tenca
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, Human Anatomy Section, Via De Toni 14, Genoa 16132, Italy
| | - Fabio Ghiotto
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, Human Anatomy Section, Via De Toni 14, Genoa 16132, Italy
| | - Silvia Bruno
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, Human Anatomy Section, Via De Toni 14, Genoa 16132, Italy
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3757
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Abstract
The incorporation of novel agents such as bortezomib and lenalidomide into initial therapy for multiple myeloma has improved the response rate of induction regimens. Also, these drugs are being increasingly used in the peri-transplant setting for transplant-eligible patients, and as part of consolidation and/or maintenance after front-line treatment, including in transplant-ineligible patients. Together, these and other strategies have contributed to a prolongation of progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in myeloma patients, and an increasing proportion are able to sustain a remission for many years. Despite these improvements, however, the vast majority of patients continue to suffer relapses, which suggests a prominent role for either primary, innate drug resistance, or secondary, acquired drug resistance. As a result, there remains a strong need to develop new proteasome inhibitors and immunomodulatory agents, as well as new drug classes, which would be effective in the relapsed and/or refractory setting, and overcome drug resistance. This review will focus on novel drugs that have reached phase III trials, including carfilzomib and pomalidomide, which have recently garnered regulatory approvals. In addition, agents that are in phase II or III, potentially registration-enabling trials will be described as well, to provide an overview of the possible landscape in the relapsed and/or refractory arena over the next 5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Z Orlowski
- Department of Lymphoma/Myeloma, and Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.
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3758
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Huang W, Yang L, Liang S, Liu D, Chen X, Ma Z, Zhai S, Li P, Wang X. AEG-1 is a target of perifosine and is over-expressed in gastric dysplasia and cancers. Dig Dis Sci 2013; 58:2873-80. [PMID: 23912246 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-013-2735-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perifosine, an alkylphospholipid, is an Akt inhibitor which inhibits the growth of diverse cancer cells. We have reported its inhibitory effects on the growth of gastric cancer cells recently, but its molecular mechanisms are still largely unknown. AIMS The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect and regulatory mechanism of perifosine in gastric cancer. METHODS Cell viability was determined by sulforhodamine B assay after transiently transfected with AEG-1 specific siRNAs. qRT-PCR and western blot assay were used to determine the mRNA expression and proteins levels of cell signaling molecules examined. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the AEG-1 expression in 87 gastric carcinomas, 60 dysplasia, and 47 normal gastric mucosa. RESULTS Perifosine decreased AEG-1 gene expression along with inhibition of Akt/GSK3β/C-MYC signaling pathway. Knockdown of AEG-1 using siRNA led to significant down-regulation of cyclin D1 expression at both mRNA level and protein level, and inhibited the growth of gastric cancer cells. AEG-1 expression was elevated in gastric dysplasia and cancer tissues compared to normal gastric mucosa (P < 0.01). AEG-1 over-expression correlated with diffuse type of gastric cancer and advanced tumor stages. CONCLUSIONS Perifosine inhibits the growth of gastric cancer cells possibly through inhibition of the Akt/GSK3β/C-MYC signaling pathway-mediated down-regulation of AEG-1 that subsequently down-regulated cyclin D1. AEG-1 may play an important role in the carcinogenesis and progression of gastric cancer and could be a therapeutic target of perifosine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Huang
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Nanjing Hospital (Nanjing First Hospital), Nanjing, 210006, Jiangsu, China
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3759
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Wang G, Edwards H, Caldwell JT, Buck SA, Qing WY, Taub JW, Ge Y, Wang Z. Panobinostat synergistically enhances the cytotoxic effects of cisplatin, doxorubicin or etoposide on high-risk neuroblastoma cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76662. [PMID: 24098799 PMCID: PMC3786928 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
High-risk neuroblastoma remains a therapeutic challenge with a long-term survival rate of less than 40%. Therefore, new agents are urgently needed to overcome chemotherapy resistance so as to improve the treatment outcome of this deadly disease. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors (HDACIs) represent a novel class of anticancer drugs. Recent studies demonstrated that HDACIs can down-regulate the CHK1 pathway by which cancer cells can develop resistance to conventional chemotherapy drugs. This prompted our hypothesis that combining HDACIs with DNA damaging chemotherapeutic drugs for treating neuroblastoma would result in enhanced anti-tumor activities of these drugs. Treatment of high-risk neuroblastoma cell lines with a novel pan-HDACI, panobinostat (LBH589), resulted in dose-dependent growth arrest and apoptosis in 4 high-risk neuroblastoma cell lines. Further, the combination of panobinostat with cisplatin, doxorubicin, or etoposide resulted in highly synergistic antitumor interactions in the high-risk neuroblastoma cell lines, independent of the sequence of drug administration. This was accompanied by cooperative induction of apoptosis. Furthermore, panobinostat treatment resulted in substantial down-regulation of CHK1 and its downstream pathway and abrogation of the G2 cell cycle checkpoint. Synergistic antitumor interactions were also observed when the DNA damaging agents were combined with a CHK1-specific inhibitor, LY2603618. Contrary to panobinostat treatment, LY2603618 treatments neither resulted in abrogation of the G2 cell cycle checkpoint nor enhanced cisplatin, doxorubicin, or etoposide-induced apoptosis in the high-risk neuroblastoma cells. Surprisingly, LY2603618 treatments caused substantial down-regulation of total CDK1. Despite this discrepancy between panobinostat and LY2603618, our results indicate that suppression of the CHK1 pathway by panobinostat is at least partially responsible for the synergistic antitumor interactions between panobinostat and the DNA damaging agents in high-risk neuroblastoma cells. The results of this study provide a rationale for clinical evaluation of the combination of panobinostat and cisplatin, doxorubicin, or etoposide for treating children with high-risk neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America ; College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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3760
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Yasmeen R, Meyers JM, Alvarez CE, Thomas JL, Bonnegarde-Bernard A, Alder H, Papenfuss TL, Benson DM, Boyaka PN, Ziouzenkova O. Aldehyde dehydrogenase-1a1 induces oncogene suppressor genes in B cell populations. Biochim Biophys Acta 2013; 1833:3218-3227. [PMID: 24080087 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The deregulation of B cell differentiation has been shown to contribute to autoimmune disorders, hematological cancers, and aging. We provide evidence that the retinoic acid-producing enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase 1a1 (Aldh1a1) is an oncogene suppressor in specific splenic IgG1(+)/CD19(-) and IgG1(+)/CD19(+) B cell populations. Aldh1a1 regulated transcription factors during B cell differentiation in a sequential manner: 1) retinoic acid receptor alpha (Rara) in IgG1(+)/CD19(-) and 2) zinc finger protein Zfp423 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (Pparg) in IgG1(+)/CD19(+) splenocytes. In Aldh1a1(-/-) mice, splenic IgG1(+)/CD19(-) and IgG1(+)/CD19(+) B cells acquired expression of proto-oncogenic genes c-Fos, c-Jun, and Hoxa10 that resulted in splenomegaly. Human multiple myeloma B cell lines also lack Aldh1a1 expression; however, ectopic Aldh1a1 expression rescued Rara and Znf423 expressions in these cells. Our data highlight a mechanism by which an enzyme involved in vitamin A metabolism can improve B cell resistance to oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Yasmeen
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - J M Meyers
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - C E Alvarez
- Center for Molecular and Human Genetics, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA; Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - J L Thomas
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - A Bonnegarde-Bernard
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - H Alder
- Nucleic Acid Shared Resource, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - T L Papenfuss
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - D M Benson
- Division of Hematology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - P N Boyaka
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - O Ziouzenkova
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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3761
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Abstract
SUMMARY RNA interference screening establishes TYK2 dependence in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL), leading to identification of TYK2-activating mutations and increased IL-10 receptor signaling in T-ALL cell lines. Cancer Discov; 3(5); 494-6. ©2013 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Fontan
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
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3762
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Qin LS, Yu ZQ, Zhang SM, Sun G, Zhu J, Xu J, Guo J, Fu LS. The short chain cell-permeable ceramide (C6) restores cell apoptosis and perifosine sensitivity in cultured glioblastoma cells. Mol Biol Rep 2013; 40:5645-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-013-2666-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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3763
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Brunetto AT, Ang JE, Lal R, Olmos D, Molife LR, Kristeleit R, Parker A, Casamayor I, Olaleye M, Mais A, Hauns B, Strobel V, Hentsch B, de Bono JS. First-in-human, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic phase I study of Resminostat, an oral histone deacetylase inhibitor, in patients with advanced solid tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:5494-504. [PMID: 24065624 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-0735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This first-in-human dose-escalating trial investigated the safety, tolerability, maximum tolerated dose (MTD), dose-limiting toxicities (DLT), pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of the novel histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor resminostat in patients with advanced solid tumors. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Resminostat was administered orally once-daily on days 1 to 5 every 14 days at 5 dose levels between 100 and 800 mg. Safety, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics including histone acetylation and HDAC enzyme activity, and antitumor efficacy were assessed. RESULTS Nineteen patients (median age 58 years, range 39-70) were treated. At 800 mg, 1 patient experienced grade 3 nausea and vomiting, grade 2 liver enzyme elevation, and grade 1 hypokalemia and thrombocytopenia; these were declared as a combined DLT. No other DLT was observed. Although an MTD was not reached and patients were safely dosed up to 800 mg, 3 of 7 patients treated with 800 mg underwent dose reductions after the DLT-defining period due to cumulative gastrointestinal toxicities and fatigue. All toxicities resolved following drug cessation. No grade 4 treatment-related adverse event was observed. The pharmacokinetic profile was dose-proportional with low inter-patient variability. Pharmacodynamic inhibition of HDAC enzyme was dose-dependent and reached 100% at doses ≥400 mg. Eleven heavily pretreated patients had stable disease and 1 patient with metastatic thymoma had a 27% reduction in target lesion dimensions. CONCLUSIONS Resminostat was safely administered with a dose-proportional pharmacokinetic profile, optimal on-target pharmacodynamic activity at dose levels ≥400 mg and signs of antitumor efficacy. The recommended phase II dose is 600 mg once-daily on days 1 to 5 every 14 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- André T Brunetto
- Authors' Affiliations: Drug Development Unit, Divisions of Cancer Therapeutics & Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom; and 4SC AG, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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3764
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Hanauske-Abel HM, Saxena D, Palumbo PE, Hanauske AR, Luchessi AD, Cambiaghi TD, Hoque M, Spino M, Gandolfi DD, Heller DS, Singh S, Park MH, Cracchiolo BM, Tricta F, Connelly J, Popowicz AM, Cone RA, Holland B, Pe’ery T, Mathews MB. Drug-induced reactivation of apoptosis abrogates HIV-1 infection. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74414. [PMID: 24086341 PMCID: PMC3781084 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 blocks apoptosis, programmed cell death, an innate defense of cells against viral invasion. However, apoptosis can be selectively reactivated in HIV-infected cells by chemical agents that interfere with HIV-1 gene expression. We studied two globally used medicines, the topical antifungal ciclopirox and the iron chelator deferiprone, for their effect on apoptosis in HIV-infected H9 cells and in peripheral blood mononuclear cells infected with clinical HIV-1 isolates. Both medicines activated apoptosis preferentially in HIV-infected cells, suggesting that the drugs mediate escape from the viral suppression of defensive apoptosis. In infected H9 cells, ciclopirox and deferiprone enhanced mitochondrial membrane depolarization, initiating the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis to execution, as evidenced by caspase-3 activation, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase proteolysis, DNA degradation, and apoptotic cell morphology. In isolate-infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells, ciclopirox collapsed HIV-1 production to the limit of viral protein and RNA detection. Despite prolonged monotherapy, ciclopirox did not elicit breakthrough. No viral re-emergence was observed even 12 weeks after drug cessation, suggesting elimination of the proviral reservoir. Tests in mice predictive for cytotoxicity to human epithelia did not detect tissue damage or activation of apoptosis at a ciclopirox concentration that exceeded by orders of magnitude the concentration causing death of infected cells. We infer that ciclopirox and deferiprone act via therapeutic reclamation of apoptotic proficiency (TRAP) in HIV-infected cells and trigger their preferential elimination. Perturbations in viral protein expression suggest that the antiretroviral activity of both drugs stems from their ability to inhibit hydroxylation of cellular proteins essential for apoptosis and for viral infection, exemplified by eIF5A. Our findings identify ciclopirox and deferiprone as prototypes of selectively cytocidal antivirals that eliminate viral infection by destroying infected cells. A drug-based drug discovery program, based on these compounds, is warranted to determine the potential of such agents in clinical trials of HIV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hartmut M. Hanauske-Abel
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Women’s Health, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Deepti Saxena
- Department of Pediatrics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Paul E. Palumbo
- Department of Pediatrics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Axel-Rainer Hanauske
- Oncology Center and Medical Clinic III, Asklepios Clinic St. George, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Augusto D. Luchessi
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Tavane D. Cambiaghi
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Mainul Hoque
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Michael Spino
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- ApoPharma Inc., Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Debra S. Heller
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Sukhwinder Singh
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Myung Hee Park
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute for Dental and Craniofacial Research, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Bernadette M. Cracchiolo
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Women’s Health, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | | | | | - Anthony M. Popowicz
- Department of Information Technology, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Richard A. Cone
- Department of Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Bart Holland
- Department of Preventive Medicine & Community Health, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Tsafi Pe’ery
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Michael B. Mathews
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
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3765
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Lee C, Oh JI, Park J, Choi JH, Bae EK, Lee HJ, Jung WJ, Lee DS, Ahn KS, Yoon SS. TNF α mediated IL-6 secretion is regulated by JAK/STAT pathway but not by MEK phosphorylation and AKT phosphorylation in U266 multiple myeloma cells. Biomed Res Int. 2013;2013:580135. [PMID: 24151609 DOI: 10.1155/2013/580135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
IL-6 and TNFα were significantly increased in the bone marrow aspirate samples of patients with active multiple myeloma (MM) compared to those of normal controls. Furthermore, MM patients with advanced aggressive disease had significantly higher levels of IL-6 and TNFα than those with MM in plateau phase. TNFα increased interleukin-6 (IL-6) production from MM cells. However, the detailed mechanisms involved in signaling pathways by which TNFα promotes IL-6 secretion from MM cells are largely unknown. In our study, we found that TNFα treatments induce MEK and AKT phosphorylation. TNFα-stimulated IL-6 production was abolished by inhibition of JAK2 and IKKβ or by small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting TNF receptors (TNFR) but not by MEK, p38, and PI3K inhibitors. Also, TNFα increased phosphorylation of STAT3 (ser727) including c-Myc and cyclin D1. Three different types of JAK inhibitors decreased the activation of the previously mentioned pathways. In conclusion, blockage of JAK/STAT-mediated NF-κB activation was highly effective in controlling the growth of MM cells and, consequently, an inhibitor of TNFα-mediated IL-6 secretion would be a potential new therapeutic agent for patients with multiple myeloma.
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3766
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Parrondo R, de Las Pozas A, Reiner T, Perez-Stable C. ABT-737, a small molecule Bcl-2/Bcl-xL antagonist, increases antimitotic-mediated apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells. PeerJ 2013; 1:e144. [PMID: 24058878 PMCID: PMC3775631 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) expresses high levels of the anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2, Bcl-xL and Mcl-1, resulting in resistance to apoptosis and association with poor prognosis. Docetaxel, an antimitotic drug that is the first-line treatment strategy for CRPC, is known to provide a small survival benefit. However, docetaxel chemotherapy alone is not enough to counteract the high levels of Bcl-2/Bcl-xL/Mcl-1 present in CRPC. ABT-737 is a small molecule that binds to Bcl-2/Bcl-xL (but not Mcl-1) with high affinity and disrupts their interaction with pro-apoptotic Bax/Bak, thus enhancing apoptosis. Our results indicate that ABT-737 can sensitize androgen-dependent LNCaP and CRPC PC3 cells to docetaxel- and to the novel antimitotic ENMD-1198-mediated caspase-dependent apoptosis. CRPC DU145 cells, however, are more resistant to ABT-737 because they are Bax null and not because they express the highest levels of anti-apoptotic Mcl-1 (associated with ABT-737 resistance). Knockdown of Bax or Bak in LNCaP indicates that ABT-737-induced antimitotic enhancement of apoptosis is more dependent on the levels of Bax than Bak. Furthermore, we find that the ability of docetaxel to increase cyclin B1/Cdk1-mediated phosphorylation of Bcl-2/Bcl-xL and decrease Mcl-1 is required for ABT-737 to enhance apoptosis in PC3 cells, as determined by addition of Cdk1 inhibitor purvalanol A and expression of shRNA specific for cyclin B1. Overall, our data suggests that the high levels of anti-apoptotic proteins in Bax-expressing CRPC cells can be overcome by targeting Bcl-2/Bcl-xL with ABT-737 and Mcl-1 with antimitotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Parrondo
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center and Research Service, Bruce W. Carter Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Miami, FL , USA
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3767
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Bartlett DL, Liu Z, Sathaiah M, Ravindranathan R, Guo Z, He Y, Guo ZS. Oncolytic viruses as therapeutic cancer vaccines. Mol Cancer 2013; 12:103. [PMID: 24020520 PMCID: PMC3847443 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-12-103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are tumor-selective, multi-mechanistic antitumor agents. They kill infected cancer and associated endothelial cells via direct oncolysis, and uninfected cells via tumor vasculature targeting and bystander effect. Multimodal immunogenic cell death (ICD) together with autophagy often induced by OVs not only presents potent danger signals to dendritic cells but also efficiently cross-present tumor-associated antigens from cancer cells to dendritic cells to T cells to induce adaptive antitumor immunity. With this favorable immune backdrop, genetic engineering of OVs and rational combinations further potentiate OVs as cancer vaccines. OVs armed with GM-CSF (such as T-VEC and Pexa-Vec) or other immunostimulatory genes, induce potent anti-tumor immunity in both animal models and human patients. Combination with other immunotherapy regimens improve overall therapeutic efficacy. Coadministration with a HDAC inhibitor inhibits innate immunity transiently to promote infection and spread of OVs, and significantly enhances anti-tumor immunity and improves the therapeutic index. Local administration or OV mediated-expression of ligands for Toll-like receptors can rescue the function of tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells inhibited by the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and thus enhances the antitumor effect. Combination with cyclophosphamide further induces ICD, depletes Treg, and thus potentiates antitumor immunity. In summary, OVs properly armed or in rational combinations are potent therapeutic cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Bartlett
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute and Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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3768
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Moding EJ, Kastan MB, Kirsch DG. Strategies for optimizing the response of cancer and normal tissues to radiation. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2013; 12:526-42. [PMID: 23812271 DOI: 10.1038/nrd4003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 50% of all patients with cancer receive radiation therapy at some point during the course of their treatment, and the majority of these patients are treated with curative intent. Despite recent advances in the planning of radiation treatment and the delivery of image-guided radiation therapy, acute toxicity and potential long-term side effects often limit the ability to deliver a sufficient dose of radiation to control tumours locally. In the past two decades, a better understanding of the hallmarks of cancer and the discovery of specific signalling pathways by which cells respond to radiation have provided new opportunities to design molecularly targeted therapies to increase the therapeutic window of radiation therapy. Here, we review efforts to develop approaches that could improve outcomes with radiation therapy by increasing the probability of tumour cure or by decreasing normal tissue toxicity.
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3769
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Bruyère C, Meijer L. Targeting cyclin-dependent kinases in anti-neoplastic therapy. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2013; 25:772-9. [PMID: 24011867 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cell cycle progression is controlled by sequential activation of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), which are often deregulated in cancer. Consequently numerous pharmacological inhibitors of CDKs have been developed with the aim of treating cancers. The article briefly reviews CDK inhibitors and their use to treat cancers, with specific focus on the use of biomarkers and drugs combination to improve their therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Bruyère
- ManRos Therapeutics, Centre de Perharidy, 29680 Roscoff, France
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3770
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Abstract
A major advancement in the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) has been the development of imatinib, which has shown striking activity in the chronic phase and the accelerated phase, but less so in the blast phase of the disease. Despite high rates of hematologic and cytogenetic responses to therapy, the emergence of resistance to imatinib has been recognized as a major problem in the treatment of patients with CML. Various cellular mechanisms may be involved in the nature of cellular resistance. Increased amount of target, alteration in structure of target proteins, decreased drug uptake and increased detoxification are well-known mechanisms of resistance. On the other hand, in some cases, even if anticancer drugs reach their sites of action, bypassing drug efflux system of the cells, some cells still may survive via the dysregulation of apoptotic signalling. In this study, mechanisms of resistance to imatinib-induced apoptosis in human Meg-01 CML cells were examined. Continuous exposure of cells to step-wise increasing concentrations of imatinib resulted in the selection of 200- and 1000 nM imatinib-resistant sub-lines referred to as Meg-01/IMA-0,2 and Meg-01/IMA-1, respectively. MTT cell proliferation, cell cycle analyses and trypan blue dye exclusion analyses showed that Meg-01/IMA-1 cells were resistant to imatinib-induced apoptosis as compared to parental sensitive cells. There was an increased expression of BCR/ABL, Bcl-2 and an increase in mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) detected in resistant cells comparing to parental sensitive cells. There was no mutation detected in imatinib binding site of ABL kinase region. Various diverse mechanisms have been reported for their involvement in the multidrug resistance. In this study, it has been shown that the degree of BCR/ABL expression appears to be directly proportional to the levels of imatinib resistance. In addition, there have been BCR/ABL-independent mechanisms reported for deriving resistance against imatinib. Our results revealed that besides BCR/ABL overexpression, imatinib resistance also depends on the inhibition of apoptosis as a result of up-regulation of anti-apoptotic stimuli and down-regulation of pro-apoptotic stimuli through MMP but does not depend on any mutation on imatinib binding site of ABL kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Baran
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey.
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3771
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Abstract
Epigenetic modifications control gene expression by regulating the access of nuclear proteins to their target DNA and have been implicated in both normal cell differentiation and oncogenic transformation. Epigenetic abnormalities can occur both as a cause and as a consequence of cancer. Oncogenic transformation can deeply alter the epigenetic information enclosed in the pattern of DNA methylation or histone modifications. In addition, in some cancers epigenetic dysfunctions can drive oncogenic transformation. Growing evidence emphasizes the interplay between metabolic disturbances, epigenomic changes and cancer, i.e., mutations in the metabolic enzymes SDH, FH, and IDH may contribute to cancer development. Epigenetic-based mechanisms are reversible and the possibility of “resetting” the abnormal cancer epigenome by applying pharmacological or genetic strategies is an attractive, novel approach. Gliomas are incurable with all current therapeutic approaches and new strategies are urgently needed. Increasing evidence suggests the role of epigenetic events in development and/or progression of gliomas. In this review, we summarize current data on the occurrence and significance of mutations in the epigenetic and metabolic enzymes in pathobiology of gliomas. We discuss emerging therapies targeting specific epigenetic modifications or chromatin modifying enzymes either alone or in combination with other treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Maleszewska
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Neurobiology Center, The Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 3 Pasteur Str., Warsaw 02-093, Poland.
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3772
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Gupte M, Tuck AN, Sharma VP, Williams KJ. Major differences between tumor and normal human cell fates after exposure to chemotherapeutic monofunctional alkylator. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74071. [PMID: 24019948 PMCID: PMC3760805 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The major dilemma of cancer chemotherapy has always been a double-edged sword, producing resistance in tumor cells and life-threatening destruction of nontumorigenic tissue. Glioblastoma is the most common form of primary brain tumor, with median survival at 14 months after surgery, radiation and temozolomide (monofunctional alkylator) therapy. Treatment failure is most often due to temozolomide-resistant tumor growth. The underlying basis for development of tumor cell resistance to temozolomide instead of death is not understood. Our current results demonstrate that both cervical carcinoma (HeLa MR) and glioblastoma (U251) tumor cells exposed to an equivalent chemotherapeutic concentration of a monofunctional alkylator undergo multiple cell cycles, maintenance of metabolic activity, and a prolonged time to death that involves accumulation of Apoptosis Inducing Factor (AIF) within the nucleus. A minority of the tumor cell population undergoes senescence, with minimal caspase cleavage. Surviving tumor cells are comprised of a very small subpopulation of individual cells that eventually resume proliferation, out of which resistant cells emerge. In contrast, normal human cells (MCF12A) exposed to a monofunctional alkylator undergo an immediate decrease in metabolic activity and subsequent senescence. A minority of the normal cell population undergoes cell death by the caspase cleavage pathway. All cytotoxic events occur within the first cell cycle in nontumorigenic cells. In summation, we have demonstrated that two different highly malignant tumor cell lines slowly undergo very altered cellular and temporal responses to chemotherapeutic monofunctional alkylation, as compared to rapid responses of normal cells. In the clinic, this produces resistance and growth of tumor cells, cytotoxicity of normal cells, and death of the patient.
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3773
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Giddings LA, Newman DJ. Microbial natural products: molecular blueprints for antitumor drugs. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 40:1181-210. [PMID: 23999966 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-013-1331-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Microbes from two of the three domains of life, the Prokarya, and Eukarya, continue to serve as rich sources of structurally complex chemical scaffolds that have proven to be essential for the development of anticancer therapeutics. This review describes only a handful of exemplary natural products and their derivatives as well as those that have served as elegant blueprints for the development of novel synthetic structures that are either currently in use or in clinical or preclinical trials together with some of their earlier analogs in some cases whose failure to proceed aided in the derivation of later compounds. In every case, a microbe has been either identified as the producer of secondary metabolites or speculated to be involved in the production via symbiotic associations. Finally, rapidly evolving next-generation sequencing technologies have led to the increasing availability of microbial genomes. Relevant examples of genome mining and genetic manipulation are discussed, demonstrating that we have only barely scratched the surface with regards to harnessing the potential of microbes as sources of new pharmaceutical leads/agents or biological probes.
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3774
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Bjornson ZB, Nolan GP, Fantl WJ. Single-cell mass cytometry for analysis of immune system functional states. Curr Opin Immunol 2013; 25:484-94. [PMID: 23999316 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Mass cytometry facilitates high-dimensional, quantitative analysis of the effects of bioactive molecules on cell populations at single-cell resolution. Datasets are generated with panels of up to 45 antibodies. Each antibody is conjugated to a polymer chelated with a stable metal isotope, usually in the lanthanide series of the periodic table. Antibody panels recognize surface markers to delineate cell types simultaneously with intracellular signaling molecules to measure biological functions, such as metabolism, survival, DNA damage, cell cycle and apoptosis, to provide an overall determination of the network state of an individual cell. This review will cover the basics of mass cytometry as well as outline assays developed for the platform that enhance the immunologist's analytical arsenal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zach B Bjornson
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5175, USA
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3775
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Natarajan S, Hombach-Klonisch S, Dröge P, Klonisch T. HMGA2 inhibits apoptosis through interaction with ATR-CHK1 signaling complex in human cancer cells. Neoplasia 2013; 15:263-80. [PMID: 23479505 DOI: 10.1593/neo.121988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The non-histone chromatin binding protein high mobility group AT-hook 2 (HMGA2) is expressed in stem cells and many cancer cells, including tumor initiating cells, but not translated in normal human somatic cells. The presence of HMGA2 is correlated with advanced neoplastic disease and poor prognosis for patients. We had previously demonstrated a role of HMGA2 in DNA repair pathways. In the present study, we employed different human tumor cell models with endogenous and exogenous expression of HMGA2 and show that upon DNA damage, the presence of HMGA2 caused an increased and sustained phosphorylation of the ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related kinase (ATR) and its downstream target checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1). The presence of activated pCHK1(Ser296) coincided with prolonged G2/M block and increased tumor cell survival, which was enhanced further in the presence of HMGA2. Our study, thus, identifies a novel relationship between the ATR-CHK1 DNA damage response pathway and HMGA2, which may support the DNA repair function of HMGA2 in cancer cells. Furthermore, our data provide a rationale for the use of inhibitors to ATR or CHK1 and HMGA2 in the treatment of HMGA2-positive human cancer cells.
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3776
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Abstract
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) is a heterogeneous class of cancers displaying a diverse range of biological phenotypes, clinical behaviours and prognoses. Standard treatments for B-cell NHL are anthracycline-based combinatorial chemotherapy regimens composed of cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisolone. Even though complete response rates of 40-50% with chemotherapy can be attained, a substantial proportion of patients relapse, resulting in 3-year overall survival rates of about 30%. Relapsed lymphomas are refractory to subsequent treatments with the initial chemotherapy regimen and can exhibit cross-resistance to a wide variety of anticancer drugs. The emergence of acquired chemoresistance thus poses a challenge in the clinic preventing the successful treatment and cure of disseminated B-cell lymphomas. Gene-expression analyses have increased our understanding of the molecular basis of chemotherapy resistance and identified rational targets for drug interventions to prevent and treat relapsed/refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Acquisition of drug resistance in lymphoma is in part driven by the inherent genetic heterogeneity and instability of the tumour cells. Due to the genetic heterogeneity of B-cell NHL, many different pathways leading to drug resistance have been identified. Successful treatment of chemoresistant NHL will thus require the rational design of combinatorial drugs targeting multiple pathways specific to different subtypes of B-cell NHL as well as the development of personalized approaches to address patient-to-patient genetic heterogeneity. This review highlights the new insights into the molecular basis of chemorefractory B-cell NHL that are facilitating the rational design of novel strategies to overcome drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve A Maxwell
- Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843-1114, USA
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3777
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Kim JA, Kim Y, Kwon BM, Han DC. The natural compound cantharidin induces cancer cell death through inhibition of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and Bcl-2-associated athanogene domain 3 (BAG3) expression by blocking heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) binding to promoters. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:28713-26. [PMID: 23983126 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.488346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) enhances the survival of cancer cells under various stresses. The knock-out of HSF1 impairs cancer formation and progression, suggesting that HSF1 is a promising therapeutic target. To identify inhibitors of HSF1 activity, we performed cell-based screening with a library of marketed and experimental drugs and identified cantharidin as an HSF1 inhibitor. Cantharidin is a potent antitumor agent from traditional Chinese medicine. Cantharidin inhibited heat shock-induced luciferase activity with an IC50 of 4.2 μm. In contrast, cantharidin did not inhibit NF-κB luciferase reporter activity, demonstrating that cantharidin is not a general transcription inhibitor. When the HCT-116 colorectal cancer cells were exposed to heat shock in the presence of cantharidin, the induction of HSF1 downstream target proteins, such as HSP70 and BAG3 (Bcl-2-associated athanogene domain 3), was suppressed. HSP70 and its co-chaperone BAG3 have been reported to protect cells from apoptosis by stabilizing anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins. As expected, treating HCT-116 cancer cells with cantharidin significantly decreased the amounts of BCL-2, BCL-xL, and MCL-1 protein and induced apoptotic cell death. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis showed that cantharidin inhibited the binding of HSF1 to the HSP70 promoter and subsequently blocked HSF1-dependent p-TEFb recruitment. Therefore, the p-TEFb-dependent phosphorylation of the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II was blocked, arresting transcription at the elongation step. Protein phosphatase 2A inhibition with PP2CA siRNA or okadaic acid did not block HSF1 activity, suggesting that cantharidin inhibits HSF1 in a protein phosphatase 2A-independent manner. We show for the first time that cantharidin inhibits HSF1 transcriptional activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Ae Kim
- From the Biomedical Genomics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology and
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3778
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Abstract
To many investigators PARP1 is simply a substrate for caspase 3, and whose cleavage is thought indicative of apoptosis. However, in reality PARP1 plays a major role in the biology of the cell cycle and DNA repair.1,2 PARP1 binds to damaged DNA where it becomes enzymatically activated and ADP ribosylates itself and other proteins. PARP facilitates DNA repair complex formation, e.g., with BRCA1/2, and the activation of the cell cycle regulatory enzymes ATM and ATR.2 PARP inhibitors as a single agent have only shown any degree of efficacy in breast and ovarian cancer patients who lack BRCA1/2 function.3,4 The present studies examined PARP1 inhibitor biology in a range of triple negative and non-triple negative breast cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Dent
- Department of Neurosurgery; Massey Cancer Center; Virginia Commonwealth University; Richmond, VA USA
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3779
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE When lesions are unrepaired or there are defects in the DNA repair system, DNA damage is often correlated to apoptosis. However, different kinds of lesions and different degrees of lesion severity can trigger numerous signaling responses. RECENT ADVANCES DNA repair proteins involved in specific DNA repair pathways can modulate the function or activity of some apoptotic factors, further emphasizing the crosstalk between DNA damage and cell death. CRITICAL ISSUES Here, we discuss the signaling networks that link DNA damage to apoptosis, and we focus on post-translational modifications, leading to crucial changes in protein behavior, following various kinds of DNA damage. Moreover, we analyze the existence of apoptosis-related functions of typical repair proteins, leading to diverse, often-overlapping, DNA damage responses. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The better understanding of the regulation and the functionality of key DNA repair proteins, also involved in apoptosis regulation, has the potential of modulating the cell outcomes on DNA damage, particularly in the context of cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela De Zio
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute at the Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
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3780
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Zou H, Lai Y, Zhao X, Yan G, Ma D, Cardenes N, Shiva S, Liu Y, Bai X, Jiang Y, Jiang Y. Regulation of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 by Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL proteins. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:28824-30. [PMID: 23960074 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.505370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is a key regulator of cell growth and metabolism. Its activity is controlled by various types of signals, including growth factors, nutrients, and stresses. In this study, we show that changes in expression levels of two antiapoptotic proteins, Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL, also affect mTORC1 signaling activity. In cells overexpressing Bcl-XL, mTORC1 activity is increased and becomes less sensitive to growth factor or nutrient conditions. In contrast, reduction in expression levels of the two antiapoptotic proteins inhibits mTORC1 signaling activity. Our results suggest that the effect of Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL on mTORC1 is mediated by FKBP38, an inhibitor of mTORC1. The two proteins compete with mTORC1 for FKBP38 binding and hence alter mTORC1 activity. This study reveals a novel cross-talk between Bcl-2/XL and mTORC1 signaling, which is likely to contribute to cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huafei Zou
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology and
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3781
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Kosan C, Ginter T, Heinzel T, Krämer OH. STAT5 acetylation: Mechanisms and consequences for immunological control and leukemogenesis. JAKSTAT 2013; 2:e26102. [PMID: 24416653 PMCID: PMC3876427 DOI: 10.4161/jkst.26102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytokine-inducible transcription factors signal transducer and activator of transcription 5A and 5B (STAT5A and STAT5B) are important for the proper development of multicellular eukaryotes. Disturbed signaling cascades evoking uncontrolled expression of STAT5 target genes are associated with cancer and immunological failure. Here, we summarize how STAT5 acetylation is integrated into posttranslational modification networks within cells. Moreover, we focus on how inhibitors of deacetylases and tyrosine kinases can correct leukemogenic signaling nodes involving STAT5. Such small molecules can be exploited in the fight against neoplastic diseases and immunological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Kosan
- Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB); Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics; University of Jena; Jena, Germany
| | - Torsten Ginter
- Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB); Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics; University of Jena; Jena, Germany
| | - Thorsten Heinzel
- Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB); Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics; University of Jena; Jena, Germany
| | - Oliver H Krämer
- Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB); Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics; University of Jena; Jena, Germany ; Institute of Toxicology; Medical Center of the University Mainz; Mainz, Germany
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3782
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Jin L, Tabe Y, Kojima K, Shikami M, Benito J, Ruvolo V, Wang RY, McQueen T, Ciurea SO, Miida T, Andreeff M, Konopleva M. PI3K inhibitor GDC-0941 enhances apoptotic effects of BH-3 mimetic ABT-737 in AML cells in the hypoxic bone marrow microenvironment. J Mol Med (Berl) 2013; 91:1383-97. [PMID: 23955073 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-013-1076-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Both phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling and antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family members are critical for survival of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells. Here, we demonstrate the antileukemic effects of simultaneous inhibition of PI3K by the selective class I PI3K inhibitor GDC-0941 and of Bcl-2 family members by the BH3 mimetic ABT-737 in the context of the bone marrow microenvironment, where hypoxia and interactions with bone marrow stromal cells promote AML cell survival and chemoresistance. The combination of GDC-0941 and ABT-737 profoundly downregulated antiapoptotic Mcl-1 expression levels, activated BAX, and induced mitochondrial apoptosis in AML cells co-cultured with bone marrow stromal cells under hypoxic conditions. Hypoxia caused degradation of Mcl-1 and rendered Mcl-1-overexpressing OCI-AML3 cells sensitive to ABT-737. Our findings suggest that pharmacologic PI3K inhibition by GDC-0941 enhances ABT-737-induced leukemia cell death even under the protective conditions afforded by the bone marrow microenvironment. KEY MESSAGE Combined blockade of PI3K and Bcl-2 pathways down-regulates anti-apoptotic Mcl-1 expression PI3K and Bcl-2 induced Mcl-1 down-regulation activates BAX PI3K and Bcl-2 blockage induces apoptosis in AML under hypoxic BM microenvironment.
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3783
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Abstract
It has been known for many years that arsenic trioxide (As 2O 3; ATO) is an effective therapy for acute promyelocytic leukemia but has little activity against other forms of the disease. ATO has diverse modes of action, but is well known to generate high levels of reactive oxygen species in cells which are believed to be causal in many of its biologic actions. ROS can both activate and suppress signaling through multiple intracellular pathways based on the amount and duration of ROS production. As the basal activity of the MEK1/2-ERK1/2 pathway is often high in acute myeloid leukemias, and that ATO is known to stimulate MEK1/2-ERK1/2 signaling in leukemia, the authors investigated whether knock down of the downstream effector of ERK1/2, RSK1, could enhance the anti-leukemic activity of ATO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Dent
- Department of Neurosurgery; Massey Cancer Center; Virginia Commonwealth University; Richmond, VA USA
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3784
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Jones DTW, Northcott PA, Kool M, Pfister SM. The role of chromatin remodeling in medulloblastoma. Brain Pathol 2013; 23:193-9. [PMID: 23432644 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The unexpectedly high frequency and universality of alterations to the chromatin machinery is one of the most striking themes emerging from the current deluge of cancer genomics data. Medulloblastoma (MB), a malignant pediatric brain tumor, is no exception to this trend, with a wealth of recent studies indicating multiple alterations at all levels of chromatin processing. MB is typically now regarded as being composed of four major molecular entities (WNT, SHH, Group 3 and Group 4), which vary in their clinical and biological characteristics. Similarities and differences across these subgroups are also reflected in the specific chromatin modifiers that are found to be altered in each group, and each new cancer genome sequence or microarray profile is adding to this important knowledge base. These data are fundamentally changing our understanding of tumor developmental pathways, not just for MB but also for cancer as a whole. They also provide a new class of targets for the development of rational, personalized therapeutic approaches. The mechanisms by which these chromatin remodelers are dysregulated in MB, and the consequences both for future basic research and for translation to the clinic, will be examined here.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T W Jones
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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3785
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Takahashi H, Chen MC, Pham H, Matsuo Y, Ishiguro H, Reber HA, Takeyama H, Hines OJ, Eibl G. Simultaneous knock-down of Bcl-xL and Mcl-1 induces apoptosis through Bax activation in pancreatic cancer cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 2013; 1833:2980-7. [PMID: 23954445 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins have been reported to play an important role in apoptotic cell death of human malignancies. The aim of this study was to delineate the mechanism of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins in pancreatic cancer (PaCa) cell survival. We first analyzed the endogenous expression and subcellular localization of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins in six PaCa cell lines by Western blot. To delineate the functional role of Bcl-2 family proteins, siRNA-mediated knock-down of protein expression was used. Apoptosis was measured by Cell Death ELISA and Hoechst 33258 staining. In the results, the expression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins varied between PaCa cell lines. Mcl-1 knock-down resulted in marked cleavage of PARP and induction of apoptosis. Down-regulation of Bcl-2 or Bcl-xL had a much weaker effect. Simultaneous knock-down of Bcl-xL and Mcl-1 strongly induced apoptosis, but simultaneous knock-down of Bcl-xL/Bcl-2 or Mcl-1/Bcl-2 had no additive effect. The apoptosis-inducing effect of simultaneous knock-down of Bcl-xL and Mcl-1 was associated with translocation of Bax from the cytosol to the mitochondrial membrane, cytochrome c release, and caspase activation. These results demonstrated that Bcl-xL and Mcl-1 play an important role in pancreatic cancer cell survival. Targeting both Bcl-xL and Mcl-1 may be an intriguing therapeutic strategy in PaCa.
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3786
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Beurlet S, Omidvar N, Gorombei P, Krief P, Le Pogam C, Setterblad N, de la Grange P, Leboeuf C, Janin A, Noguera ME. BCL-2 inhibition with ABT-737 prolongs survival in an NRAS/BCL-2 mouse model of AML by targeting primitive LSK and progenitor cells. Blood. 2013;122:2864-2876. [PMID: 23943652 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-07-445635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) transforms into an acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) with associated increased bone marrow (BM) blast infiltration. Using a transgenic mouse model, MRP8[NRASD12/hBCL-2], in which the NRAS:BCL-2 complex at the mitochondria induces MDS progressing to AML with dysplastic features, we studied the therapeutic potential of a BCL-2 homology domain 3 mimetic inhibitor, ABT-737. Treatment significantly extended lifespan, increased survival of lethally irradiated secondary recipients transplanted with cells from treated mice compared with cells from untreated mice, with a reduction of BM blasts, Lin-/Sca-1(+)/c-Kit(+), and progenitor populations by increased apoptosis of infiltrating blasts of diseased mice assessed in vivo by technicium-labeled annexin V single photon emission computed tomography and ex vivo by annexin V/7-amino actinomycin D flow cytometry, terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling, caspase 3 cleavage, and re-localization of the NRAS:BCL-2 complex from mitochondria to plasma membrane. Phosphoprotein analysis showed restoration of wild-type (WT) AKT or protein kinase B, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and mitogen-activated protein kinase patterns in spleen cells after treatment, which showed reduced mitochondrial membrane potential. Exon specific gene expression profiling corroborates the reduction of leukemic cells, with an increase in expression of genes coding for stem cell development and maintenance, myeloid differentiation, and apoptosis. Myelodysplastic features persist underscoring targeting of BCL-2-mediated effects on MDS-AML transformation and survival of leukemic cells.
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3787
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3788
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Krawczyk J, Keane N, Swords R, O'Dwyer M, Freeman CL, Giles FJ. Perifosine--a new option in treatment of acute myeloid leukemia? Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2013; 22:1315-27. [PMID: 23931614 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2013.826648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Perifosine is a novel targeted oral Akt inhibitor. In preclinical leukemia models, perifosine has an independent cytotoxic potential but also synergizes well with other rationally selected targeted agents. The evidence from clinical trials supporting the use of perifosine in the therapy of leukemias is limited. The optimal dose and schedule have yet to be defined. However, given its favorable toxicity profile and mechanism of action, the therapeutic potential of perifosine should be evaluated in well-designed clinical trials. AREAS COVERED The role of the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt zpathway in normal cells, cancer and leukemias is discussed. The mechanism of action of perifosine and the basic information on the development and chemical properties are summarized. The evidence from in vivo and in vitro studies is presented. The efficacy and side effect profile are summarized. EXPERT OPINION The safety and tolerability profile of perifosine are satisfactory. The evidence from clinical trials in patients with leukemias is very limited. The preclinical data are encouraging. Perifosine has the potential to play a role in the treatment of leukemias in the future. Its role needs to be confirmed in clinical trials.
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3789
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Gourzones-Dmitriev C, Kassambara A, Sahota S, Rème T, Moreaux J, Bourquard P, Hose D, Pasero P, Constantinou A, Klein B. DNA repair pathways in human multiple myeloma: role in oncogenesis and potential targets for treatment. Cell Cycle 2013; 12:2760-73. [PMID: 23966156 DOI: 10.4161/cc.25951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Every day, cells are faced with thousands of DNA lesions, which have to be repaired to preserve cell survival and function. DNA repair is more or less accurate and could result in genomic instability and cancer. We review here the current knowledge of the links between molecular features, treatment, and DNA repair in multiple myeloma (MM), a disease characterized by the accumulation of malignant plasma cells producing a monoclonal immunoglobulin. Genetic instability and abnormalities are two hallmarks of MM cells and aberrant DNA repair pathways are involved in disease onset, primary translocations in MM cells, and MM progression. Two major drugs currently used to treat MM, the alkylating agent Melphalan and the proteasome inhibitor Bortezomib act directly on DNA repair pathways, which are involved in response to treatment and resistance. A better knowledge of DNA repair pathways in MM could help to target them, thus improving disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Gourzones-Dmitriev
- CHU Montpellier; Institute of Research in Biotherapy; Montpellier, France; INSERM; U1040; Montpellier, France
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3790
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Wang X, Yan Z, Fulciniti M, Li Y, Gkotzamanidou M, Amin SB, Shah PK, Zhang Y, Munshi NC, Li C. Transcription factor-pathway coexpression analysis reveals cooperation between SP1 and ESR1 on dysregulating cell cycle arrest in non-hyperdiploid multiple myeloma. Leukemia 2014; 28:894-903. [PMID: 23925045 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2013.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma is a hematological cancer of plasma B-cells and remains incurable. Two major subtypes of myeloma, hyperdiploid (HMM) and non-hyperdiploid myeloma (NHMM), have distinct chromosomal alterations and different survival outcomes. Transcription factors (TrFs) have been implicated in myeloma oncogenesis but their dysregulation in myeloma subtypes are less studied. Here we develop a TrF-pathway co-expression analysis to identify altered co-expression between two sample types. We apply the method to the two myeloma subtypes and the cell cycle arrest pathway, which is significantly differentially expressed between the two subtypes. We find that TrFs MYC, NF-κB and HOXA9 have significantly lower co-expression with cell cycle arrest in HMM, co-occurring with their over-activation in HMM. In contrast, TrFs ESR1, SP1 and E2F1 have significantly lower co-expression with cell cycle arrest in NHMM. SP1 ChIP targets are enriched by cell cycle arrest genes. These results motivate a cooperation model of ESR1 and SP1 in regulating cell cycle arrest, and a hypothesis that their over-activation in NHMM disrupts proper regulation of cell cycle arrest. Co-targeting ESR1 and SP1 shows a synergistic effect on inhibiting myeloma proliferation in NHMM cell lines. Therefore, studying TrF-pathway co-expression dysregulation in human cancers facilitates forming novel hypotheses towards clinical utility.
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3791
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Tsubaki M, Komai M, Itoh T, Imano M, Sakamoto K, Shimaoka H, Ogawa N, Mashimo K, Fujiwara D, Takeda T, Mukai J, Sakaguchi K, Satou T, Nishida S. Inhibition of the tumour necrosis factor-alpha autocrine loop enhances the sensitivity of multiple myeloma cells to anticancer drugs. Eur J Cancer 2013; 49:3708-17. [PMID: 23932230 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2013.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Several autocrine soluble factors, including macrophage inflammatory protein-1α and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), promote the survival and growth of multiple myeloma (MM) cells. We hypothesised that inhibition of the TNF-α autocrine loop may enhance the cytotoxic effect of anticancer drugs in MM cell lines. In the present study, a TNF-α-neutralizing antibody suppressed cell proliferation and enhanced the cytotoxic effect of anticancer drugs on MM cells. In addition, combination treatment with the TNF-α-neutralizing antibody and the chemotherapy agent melphalan inhibited nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) p65 nuclear translocation and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activation and upregulated the expression of Bax and Bim. Treatment of ARH-77 cells with the NF-κB inhibitor dimethyl fumarate or the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin suppressed NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation and enhanced the cytotoxic effect of melphalan. Furthermore, infliximab, a monoclonal antibody against TNF-α, also enhanced the cytotoxic effect of anticancer drugs in ARH-77 cells. These results indicated that TNF-α-neutralizing antibodies or infliximab enhanced the cytotoxic effect of anticancer drugs by suppressing the TNF receptor/mTOR/NF-κB pathways. The inhibition of TNF-α may thus provide a new therapeutic approach to control tumour progression and bone destruction in MM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanobu Tsubaki
- Division of Pharmacotherapy, Kinki University School of Pharmacy, Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Japan
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3792
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Sarai N, Nimura K, Tamura T, Kanno T, Patel MC, Heightman TD, Ura K, Ozato K. WHSC1 links transcription elongation to HIRA-mediated histone H3.3 deposition. EMBO J 2013; 32:2392-406. [PMID: 23921552 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2013.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Actively transcribed genes are enriched with the histone variant H3.3. Although H3.3 deposition has been linked to transcription, mechanisms controlling this process remain elusive. We investigated the role of the histone methyltransferase Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome candidate 1 (WHSC1) (NSD2/MMSET) in H3.3 deposition into interferon (IFN) response genes. IFN treatment triggered robust H3.3 incorporation into activated genes, which continued even after cessation of transcription. Likewise, UV radiation caused H3.3 deposition in UV-activated genes. However, in Whsc1(-/-) cells IFN- or UV-triggered H3.3 deposition was absent, along with a marked reduction in IFN- or UV-induced transcription. We found that WHSC1 interacted with the bromodomain protein 4 (BRD4) and the positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb) and facilitated transcriptional elongation. WHSC1 also associated with HIRA, the H3.3-specific histone chaperone, independent of BRD4 and P-TEFb. WHSC1 and HIRA co-occupied IFN-stimulated genes and supported prolonged H3.3 incorporation, leaving a lasting transcriptional mark. Our results reveal a previously unrecognized role of WHSC1, which links transcriptional elongation and H3.3 deposition into activated genes through two molecularly distinct pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoyuki Sarai
- Program in Genomics of Differentiation, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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3793
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Abstract
The use of combination chemotherapy to cure acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children and acute myeloid leukemia in adults emerged for acute myeloid leukemia in the 1960s and for acute lymphoblastic leukemia in the 1980s as a paradigm for curing any disseminated cancer. This article summarizes recent developments and considerations in the use of acute leukemia xenografts established in immunodeficient mice to elucidate the genetic and genomic basis of acute leukemia pathogenesis and treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soizic Guihard
- Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, INSERM U837, Institute for Cancer Research, 1 Place de Verdun, F-59045 Lille Cedex, France
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3794
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Pavey S, Spoerri L, Haass NK, Gabrielli B. DNA repair and cell cycle checkpoint defects as drivers and therapeutic targets in melanoma. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2013; 26:805-16. [PMID: 23837768 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The ultraviolet radiation (UVR) component of sunlight is the major environmental risk factor for melanoma, producing DNA lesions that can be mutagenic if not repaired. The high level of mutations in melanomas that have the signature of UVR-induced damage indicates that the normal mechanisms that detect and repair this damage must be defective in this system. With the exception of melanoma-prone heritable syndromes which have mutations of repair genes, there is little evidence for somatic mutation of known repair genes. Cell cycle checkpoint controls are tightly associated with repair mechanisms, arresting cells to allow for repair before continuing through the cell cycle. Checkpoint signaling components also regulate the repair mechanisms. Defects in checkpoint mechanisms have been identified in melanomas and are likely to be responsible for increased mutation load in melanoma. Loss of the checkpoint responses may also provide an opportunity to target melanomas using a synthetic lethal approach to identify and inhibit mechanisms that compensate for the defective checkpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Pavey
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
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3795
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Balakrishnan K, Gandhi V. Bcl-2 antagonists: a proof of concept for CLL therapy. Invest New Drugs. 2013;31:1384-1394. [PMID: 23907405 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-013-0002-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Defective apoptosis is a fundamental hallmark feature of CLL biology and is a major target of cancer therapy development. High levels of Bcl-2 family anti-apoptotic proteins are considered primarily responsible for inhibiting apoptosis in CLL cells. While several approaches were considered to selectively inhibit Bcl-2 family anti-apoptotic proteins, the discovery that gossypol binds and antagonizes anti-apoptotic effect of Bcl-2 family proteins was a major breakthrough in identifying specific Bcl-2 antagonists. The concept of mimicking BH3 domain emphasized the importance of Bcl-2 family-targeted therapy that can modulate the function of anti-apoptotic proteins. Although parent compound gossypol did not sustain in the clinic, its structural modifications led to the development of additional analogues that demonstrated improved efficacy and reduced toxicity in preclinical and clinical investigations. Proof of concept of this hypothesis was demonstrated by structure based BH3 mimetic ABT-737 that has shown greater cytotoxicity towards CLL cells both in pre-clinical models and clinical trials. Its oral compound ABT-263 has demonstrated the substantial susceptibility of chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells through Bcl-2 inhibition. Collectively, results of a Phase I Study of Navitoclax (ABT-263) in patients with relapsed or refractory disease warrants Bcl-2 as a valid therapeutic target in CLL. Importantly, molecules that mimic pro-apoptotic BH3 domains represent a direct approach to overcoming the protective effects of anti-apoptotic proteins such as Mcl-1, Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL.
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3796
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Perona M, Rodríguez C, Carpano M, Thomasz L, Nievas S, Olivera M, Thorp S, Curotto P, Pozzi E, Kahl S, Pisarev M, Juvenal G, Dagrosa A. Improvement of the boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) by the previous administration of the histone deacetylase inhibitor sodium butyrate for the treatment of thyroid carcinoma. Radiat Environ Biophys 2013; 52:363-373. [PMID: 23636505 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-013-0470-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We have shown that boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) could be an alternative for the treatment of poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma (PDTC). Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACI) like sodium butyrate (NaB) cause hyperacetylation of histone proteins and show capacity to increase the gamma irradiation effect. The purpose of these studies was to investigate the use of the NaB as a radiosensitizer of the BNCT for PDTC. Follicular thyroid carcinoma cells (WRO) and rat thyroid epithelial cells (FRTL-5) were incubated with 1 mM NaB and then treated with boronophenylalanine ¹⁰BPA (10 μg ¹⁰B ml⁻¹) + neutrons, or with 2, 4-bis (α,β-dihydroxyethyl)-deutero-porphyrin IX ¹⁰BOPP (10 μg ¹⁰B ml⁻¹) + neutrons, or with a neutron beam alone. The cells were irradiated in the thermal column facility of the RA-3 reactor (flux = (1.0 ± 0.1) × 10¹⁰ n cm⁻² s⁻¹). Cell survival decreased as a function of the physical absorbed dose in both cell lines. Moreover, the addition of NaB decreased cell survival (p < 0.05) in WRO cells incubated with both boron compounds. NaB increased the percentage of necrotic and apoptotic cells in both BNCT groups (p < 0.05). An accumulation of cells in G2/M phase at 24 h was observed for all the irradiated groups and the addition of NaB increased this percentage. Biodistribution studies of BPA (350 mg kg⁻¹ body weight) 24 h after NaB injection were performed. The in vivo studies showed that NaB treatment increases the amount of boron in the tumor at 2-h post-BPA injection (p < 0.01). We conclude that NaB could be used as a radiosensitizer for the treatment of thyroid carcinoma by BNCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Perona
- Department of Radiobiology, National Atomic Energy Commission-CNEA, Avenida General Paz 1499, San Martín 1650, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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3797
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Abstract
The cellular reaction to genomic instability includes a network of signal transduction pathways collectively referred to as the DNA damage response (DDR). Activated by a variety of DNA lesions, the DDR orchestrates cell cycle arrest and DNA repair, and initiates apoptosis in instances where damage cannot be repaired. As such, disruption of the DDR increases the prevalence of DNA damage secondary to incomplete repair, and in doing so, enhances radiation-induced cytotoxicity. This article describes the molecular agents and their targets within DDR pathways that sensitize cells to radiation. Moreover, it reviews the therapeutic implications of these compounds, provides an overview of relevant clinical trials and offers a viewpoint on the evolution of the field in the years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Raleigh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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3798
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Su J, Zhao P, Kong L, Li X, Yan J, Zeng Y, Li Y. Trichothecin induces cell death in NF-κB constitutively activated human cancer cells via inhibition of IKKβ phosphorylation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71333. [PMID: 23936501 PMCID: PMC3731298 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Constitutive activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) is involved in tumorigenesis and chemo-resistance. As the key regulator of NF-κB, IKKβ is a major therapeutic target for various cancers. Trichothecin (TCN) is a metabolite isolated from an endophytic fungus of the herbal plant Maytenus hookeri Loes. In this study, we evaluated the anti-tumor activity of TCN and found that TCN markedly inhibits the growth of cancer cells with constitutively activated NF-κB. TCN induces G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in cancer cells, activating pro-apoptotic proteins, including caspase-3, -8 and PARP-1, and decreasing the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, and survivin. Reporter activity assay and target genes expression analysis illustrated that TCN works as a potent inhibitor of the NF-κB signaling pathway. TCN inhibits the phosphorylation and degradation of IκBα and blocks the nuclear translocation of p65, and thus inhibits the expression of NF-κB target genes XIAP, cyclin D1, and Bcl-xL. Though TCN does not directly interfere with IKKβ kinase, it suppresses the phosphorylation of IKKβ. Overexpression of constitutively activated IKKβ aborted TCN induced cancer cell apoptosis, whereas knockdown of endogenous IKKβ with siRNA sensitized cancer cells toward apoptosis induced by TCN. Moreover, TCN showed a markedly weaker effect on normal cells. These findings suggest that TCN may be a potential therapeutic candidate for cancer treatment, targeting NF-κB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Su
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Peiji Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Lingmei Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xingyao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Juming Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- * E-mail:
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3799
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Liu Y, Gao F, Jiang H, Niu L, Bi Y, Young CY, Yuan H, Lou H. Induction of DNA damage and ATF3 by retigeric acid B, a novel topoisomerase II inhibitor, promotes apoptosis in prostate cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2013; 337:66-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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3800
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Abstract
Abstract As the rational application of targeted therapies in cancer supplants traditional cytotoxic chemotherapy, there is an ever-greater need for a thorough understanding of the complex machinery of the cell and an application of this knowledge to the development of novel therapeutics and combinations of agents. Here, we review the current state of knowledge of the class of targeted agents known as cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors, with a focus on chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Flavopiridol (alvocidib) is the best studied of the CDK inhibitors, producing a dramatic cytotoxic effect in vitro and in vivo, with the principal limiting factor of acute tumor lysis. Unfortunately, flavopiridol has a narrow therapeutic window and is relatively non-selective with several off-target (i.e. non-CDK) effects, which prompted development of the second-generation CDK inhibitor dinaciclib. Dinaciclib appears to be both more potent and selective than flavopiridol, with at least an order of magnitude greater therapeutic index, and is currently in phase III clinical trials. In additional to flavopiridol and dinaciclib, we also review the current status of other members of this class, and provide commentary as to the future direction of combination therapy including CDK inhibitors.
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