351
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Howell KR, Powell TL. Effects of maternal obesity on placental function and fetal development. Reproduction 2016; 153:R97-R108. [PMID: 27864335 DOI: 10.1530/rep-16-0495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Obesity has reached epidemic proportions, and pregnancies in obese mothers have increased risk for complications including gestational diabetes, hypertensive disorders, pre-term birth and caesarian section. Children born to obese mothers are at increased risk of obesity and metabolic disease and are susceptible to develop neuropsychiatric and cognitive disorders. Changes in placental function not only play a critical role in the development of pregnancy complications but may also be involved in linking maternal obesity to long-term health risks in the infant. Maternal adipokines, i.e., interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), leptin and adiponectin link maternal nutritional status and adipose tissue metabolism to placental function. Adipokines and metabolic hormones have direct impact on placental function by modulating placental nutrient transport. Nutrient delivery to the fetus is regulated by a complex interaction including insulin signaling, cytokine profile and insulin responsiveness, which is modulated by adiponectin and IL-1β. In addition, obese pregnant women are at risk for hypertension and preeclampsia with reduced placental vascularity and blood flow, which would restrict placental nutrient delivery to the developing fetus. These sometimes opposing signals regulating placental function may contribute to the diversity of short and long-term outcomes observed in pregnant obese women. This review focuses on the changes in adipokines and obesity-related metabolic hormones, how these factors influence placental function and fetal development to contribute to long-term metabolic and behavioral consequences of children born to obese mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristy R Howell
- Departments of PsychiatryObstetrics/Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Theresa L Powell
- Departments of PsychiatryObstetrics/Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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352
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353
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Hernandez-Trejo M, Garcia-Rivas G, Torres-Quintanilla A, Laresgoiti-Servitje E. Relationship between Irisin Concentration and Serum Cytokines in Mother and Newborn. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165229. [PMID: 27828992 PMCID: PMC5102349 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Irisin is considered to be a myokine and adipokine that may also participate in reproductive functions, as it increases significantly throughout pregnancy. However, the regulation of circulating irisin and its relationship with other cytokines has not been assessed thus far in pregnant women and their offspring. Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate differences in irisin and cytokine concentrations between women at the end of pregnancy and their offspring, as well as the relationship between maternal and newborn irisin and maternal and newborn biomarkers. Methods Twenty-eight mother/newborn pairs were included in this study. The following biomarkers were evaluated in maternal venous and arterial umbilical cord blood samples: irisin, 27 cytokine panel, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total plasma protein, and free fatty acid concentration. Results The newborns had significantly lower irisin concentrations compared to their mothers (p = 0.03), but this difference was present only in babies born from mothers without labor prior to cesarean section delivery (p = 0.01). No significant differences in maternal and newborn irisin concentrations were found between diabetic and non-diabetic mothers or between overweight/obese and normal weight mothers. A significant positive correlation was found between TAC level and irisin concentration in newborns. Maternal and newborn interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-1RA, IL-5, IL-7, and interferon gamma-induced protein (IP)-10 levels were significantly positively correlated with irisin concentrations in both study groups. In addition, maternal IL1β, IL-5, IL-7, and IP-10 levels positively predicted maternal irisin concentrations. Furthermore, arterial cord blood TAC and IL-1β and IL1-RA levels positively predicted newborn irisin concentrations. Multiple regression analyses showed that maternal IL-13 negatively predicted offspring irisin levels (p = 0.03) and that maternal IL-1β positively predicted newborn irisin concentrations (p = 0.046). Conclusion No evidence was found that serum irisin concentrations in mothers at pregnancy termination or those of their newborns correlated with maternal body mass index, the presence of diabetes mellitus, or free fatty acid levels. However, the results of this study indicated that cytokines might predict irisin concentration in mothers and their offspring, although interactions between irisin levels during pregnancy and the newborn have not yet been fully elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Hernandez-Trejo
- Neurobiology of Development, Instituto Nacional de Perinatologia, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Garcia-Rivas
- Catedra de Cardiologia, Escuela Nacional de Medicina, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, México
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica, Hospital Zambrano-Hellion, Tecnologico de Monterrey, San Pedro Garza-Garcia, Mexico
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354
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In utero exposure to gestational diabetes mellitus conditions TLR4 and TLR2 activated IL-1beta responses in spleen cells from rat offspring. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2016; 1862:2137-2146. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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355
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Yung HW, Alnæs-Katjavivi P, Jones CJP, El-Bacha T, Golic M, Staff AC, Burton GJ. Placental endoplasmic reticulum stress in gestational diabetes: the potential for therapeutic intervention with chemical chaperones and antioxidants. Diabetologia 2016; 59:2240-50. [PMID: 27406815 PMCID: PMC5016560 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-4040-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The aim of this work was to determine whether placental endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress may contribute to the pathophysiology of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and to test the efficacy of chemical chaperones and antioxidant vitamins in ameliorating that stress in a trophoblast-like cell line in vitro. METHODS Placental samples were obtained from women suffering from GDM and from normoglycaemic controls and were frozen immediately. Women with GDM had 2 h serum glucose levels > 9.0 mmol/l following a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test and were treated with diet and insulin when necessary. Western blotting was used to assess markers of ER stress. To test the effects of hyperglycaemia on the generation of ER stress, a new trophoblast-like cell line, BeWo-NG, was generated by culturing in a physiological glucose concentration of 5.5 mmol/l (over 20 passages) before challenging with 10 or 20 mmol/l glucose. RESULTS All GDM patients were well-controlled (HbA1c 5.86 ± 0.55% or 40.64 ± 5.85 mmol/mol, n = 11). Low-grade ER stress was observed in the placental samples, with dilation of ER cisternae and increased phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 subunit α. Challenge of BeWo-NG with high glucose activated the same pathways, but this was as a result of acidosis of the culture medium rather than the glucose concentration per se. Addition of chemical chaperones 4-phenylbutyrate and tauroursodeoxycholic acid and vitamins C and E ameliorated the ER stress. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION This is the first report of placental ER stress in GDM patients. Chemical chaperones and antioxidant vitamins represent potential therapeutic interventions for GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Wa Yung
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Physiological Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Patji Alnæs-Katjavivi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål and Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Carolyn J P Jones
- Centre for Maternal and Fetal Health, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Tatiana El-Bacha
- Institute of Nutrition, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Michaela Golic
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and the Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne-Cathrine Staff
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål and Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Graham J Burton
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Physiological Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK.
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356
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Ullah N, Hafeez K, Farooq S, Batool A, Aslam N, Hussain M, Ahmad S. Anti-diabetes and anti-obesity: A meta-analysis of different compounds. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(16)61123-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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357
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Wedekind L, Belkacemi L. Altered cytokine network in gestational diabetes mellitus affects maternal insulin and placental-fetal development. J Diabetes Complications 2016; 30:1393-400. [PMID: 27230834 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2016.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Revised: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy is characterized by an altered inflammatory profile, compared to the non-pregnant state with an adequate balance between pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines needed for normal development. Cytokines are small secreted proteins expressed mainly in immunocompetent cells in the reproductive system. From early developmental stages onward, the secretory activity of placenta cells clearly contributes to increase local as well as systemic levels of cytokines. The placental production of cytokines may affect mother and fetus independently. In turn because of this unique position at the maternal fetal interface, the placenta is also exposed to the regulatory influence of cytokines from maternal and fetal circulations, and hence, may be affected by changes in any of these. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is associated with an overall alteration of the cytokine network. This review discusses the changes that occur in cytokines post GDM and their negative effects on maternal insulin and placental-fetal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Wedekind
- Stanford University, Program in Human Biology, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Louiza Belkacemi
- University of Houston, Departments of Biology and Biochemistry, Houston, TX, 77204, USA.
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358
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Krakowiak P, Walker CK, Tancredi D, Hertz-Picciotto I, Van de Water J. Autism-specific maternal anti-fetal brain autoantibodies are associated with metabolic conditions. Autism Res 2016; 10:89-98. [PMID: 27312731 DOI: 10.1002/aur.1657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 23% of mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) produce specific patterns of autoantibodies to fetal brain proteins that have been detected in only 1% of mothers of typically developing children. The biological mechanisms underlying the development of ASD-specific maternal autoantibodies are poorly understood. We sought to determine whether ASD-specific maternal autoantibodies identified postnatally were associated with metabolic conditions (MCs) during gestation. Participants were 227 mothers of 2-5 year old children with confirmed ASD, enrolled in CHARGE (Childhood Autism Risk from Genetics and the Environment) between January 2003 and April 2008, and from whom blood samples were collected and analyzed for anti-fetal brain autoantibodies (Ab+). MCs included diabetes, hypertensive disorders, and prepregnancy obesity or overweight, ascertained from medical records or structured telephone interviews. Log-linear regression models were performed to estimate prevalence ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI) based on robust standard errors. Fifty-six (25%) mothers were Ab+. Ab+ prevalence was higher among mothers with diabetes, hypertensive disorders, or overweight compared to healthy mothers, but differences were not statistically significant. In a subset of 145 mothers whose children exhibited severe ASD (31 Ab+), those diagnosed with type 2 or gestational diabetes were 2.7-fold more likely to be Ab+ (95% CI 1.1, 6.6), controlling for delivery payer and smoking. Gestational diabetes specifically was associated with a 3.2-fold increased Ab+ prevalence (95% CI 1.2, 8.6). In this exploratory study, mothers whose children had severe ASD and who experienced diabetes were more likely to have anti-fetal brain autoantibodies 2-5 years later. Autism Res 2017, 10: 89-98. © 2016 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Krakowiak
- Divisions of Epidemiology and of Environmental and Occupational Health, Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California.,Medical Investigations of Neurodevelopmental Disorders Institute (MIND), University of California, Davis, California
| | - Cheryl K Walker
- Medical Investigations of Neurodevelopmental Disorders Institute (MIND), University of California, Davis, California.,Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Daniel Tancredi
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Irva Hertz-Picciotto
- Divisions of Epidemiology and of Environmental and Occupational Health, Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California.,Medical Investigations of Neurodevelopmental Disorders Institute (MIND), University of California, Davis, California
| | - Judy Van de Water
- Medical Investigations of Neurodevelopmental Disorders Institute (MIND), University of California, Davis, California.,Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
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359
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Siwetz M, Blaschitz A, El-Heliebi A, Hiden U, Desoye G, Huppertz B, Gauster M. TNF-α alters the inflammatory secretion profile of human first trimester placenta. J Transl Med 2016; 96:428-38. [PMID: 26752743 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2015.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Implantation and subsequent placental development depend on a well-orchestrated interaction between fetal and maternal tissues, involving a fine balanced synergistic cross-talk of inflammatory and immune-modulating factors. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α has been increasingly recognized as pivotal factor for successful pregnancy, although high maternal TNF-α levels are associated with a number of adverse pregnancy conditions including gestational hypertension and gestational diabetes mellitus. This study describes effects of exogenously applied TNF-α, mimicking increased maternal TNF-α levels, on the secretion profile of inflammation associated factors in human first trimester villous placenta. Conditioned culture media from first trimester villous placental explants were analyzed by inflammation antibody arrays and ELISA after 48 h culture in the presence or absence of TNF-α. Inflammation antibody arrays identified interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2), CCL4, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) as the most abundantly secreted inflammation-associated factors under basal culture conditions. In the presence of TNF-α, secretion of GM-CSF, CCL5, and IL-10 increased, whereas IL-4 and macrophage CSF levels decreased compared with controls. ELISA analysis verified antibody arrays by showing significantly increased synthesis and release of GM-CSF and CCL5 by placental explants in response to TNF-α. Immunohistochemistry localized GM-CSF in the villous trophoblast compartment, whereas CCL5 was detected in maternal platelets adhering to perivillous fibrin deposits on the villous surface. mRNA-based in situ padlock probe approach localized GM-CSF and CCL5 transcripts in the villous trophoblast layer and the villous stroma. Results from this study suggest that the inflammatory secretion profile of human first trimester placenta shifts towards increased levels of GM-CSF, CCL5, and IL10 in response to elevated maternal TNF-α levels, whereas IL-6 and IL-8 remain unaffected. This shift may represent a protective mechanism by human first trimester villous placenta to sustain trophoblast function and dampen inflammatory processes in the intervillous space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Siwetz
- Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Astrid Blaschitz
- Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Amin El-Heliebi
- Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ursula Hiden
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Gernot Desoye
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Berthold Huppertz
- Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Gauster
- Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
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360
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Lekva T, Norwitz ER, Aukrust P, Ueland T. Impact of Systemic Inflammation on the Progression of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Curr Diab Rep 2016; 16:26. [PMID: 26879309 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-016-0715-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
With increasing rates of obesity and new diagnostic criteria for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), the overall prevalence of GDM is increasing worldwide. Women with GDM have an increased risk of maternal and fetal complications during pregnancy as well as long-term risks including higher prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. In recent years, the role of immune activation and inflammation in the pathogenesis of GDM has gained increasing attention. This monograph explores the current state of the literature as regards the expression of markers of inflammation in the maternal circulation, placenta, and adipose tissue of women with GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tove Lekva
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Sognsvannsveien 20, 0027, Oslo, Norway.
- Mother Infant Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington Street, Boston, MA, 02116, USA.
| | - Errol R Norwitz
- Mother Infant Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington Street, Boston, MA, 02116, USA.
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Tufts Medical Center and Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Pål Aukrust
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Sognsvannsveien 20, 0027, Oslo, Norway.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
- Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Thor Ueland
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Sognsvannsveien 20, 0027, Oslo, Norway.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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361
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Calabuig-Navarro V, Puchowicz M, Glazebrook P, Haghiac M, Minium J, Catalano P, Hauguel deMouzon S, O’Tierney-Ginn P. Effect of ω-3 supplementation on placental lipid metabolism in overweight and obese women. Am J Clin Nutr 2016; 103:1064-72. [PMID: 26961929 PMCID: PMC4807706 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.115.124651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The placentas of obese women accumulate lipids that may alter fetal lipid exposure. The long-chain omega-3 fatty acids (n–3 FAs) docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) alter FA metabolism in hepatocytes, although their effect on the placenta is poorly understood. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate whether n–3 supplementation during pregnancy affects lipid metabolism in the placentas of overweight and obese women at term. DESIGN A secondary analysis of a double-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted in healthy overweight and obese pregnant women who were randomly assigned to DHA plus EPA (2 g/d) or placebo twice a day from early pregnancy to term. Placental FA uptake, esterification, and oxidation pathways were studied by measuring the expression of key genes in the placental tissue of women supplemented with placebo and n–3 and in vitro in isolated trophoblast cells in response to DHA and EPA treatment. RESULTS Total lipid content was significantly lower in the placentas of overweight and obese women supplemented with n–3 FAs than in those supplemented with placebo (14.14 ± 1.03 compared with 19.63 ± 1.45 mg lipid/g tissue; P < 0.05). The messenger RNA expression of placental FA synthase (FAS) and diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) was negatively correlated with maternal plasma enrichment in DHA and EPA (P < 0.05). The expression of placental peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor γ (r = −0.39, P = 0.04) and its target genes DGAT1 (r = −0.37, P = 0.02) and PLIN2 (r = −0.38, P = 0.04) significantly decreased, with an increasing maternal n–3:n–6 ratio (representing the n–3 status) near the end of pregnancy. The expression of genes that regulate FA oxidation or uptake was not changed. Birth weight and length were significantly higher in the offspring of n–3-supplemented women than in those in the placebo group (P < 0.05), but no differences in the ponderal index were observed. Supplementation of n–3 significantly decreased FA esterification in isolated trophoblasts without affecting FA oxidation. CONCLUSION Supplementing overweight and obese women with n–3 FAs during pregnancy inhibited the ability of the placenta to esterify and store lipids. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00957476.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Maricela Haghiac
- Department of Reproductive Biology, MetroHealth Medical Center, and
| | - Judi Minium
- Department of Reproductive Biology, MetroHealth Medical Center, and
| | - Patrick Catalano
- Department of Reproductive Biology, MetroHealth Medical Center, and
| | | | - Perrie O’Tierney-Ginn
- Department of Reproductive Biology, MetroHealth Medical Center, and
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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362
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Bossick AS, Peters RM, Burmeister C, Kakumanu N, Shill JE, Cassidy-Bushrow AE. Antenatal inflammation and gestational diabetes mellitus risk among pregnant African-American women. J Reprod Immunol 2016; 115:1-5. [PMID: 27061480 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although inflammation is associated with risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), little is known if there is an association between inflammation and GDM in African-American women, a group at higher risk for GDM complications. In the present study, we aimed to determine if selected inflammatory cytokines (i.e. TNF-α, hs-CRP, IL-6, IL-10, IL-6/IL-10 ratio, IL-1β) measured in the 2nd trimester, were associated with GDM risk in 185 pregnant African-American women. GDM was defined as a physician-documented GDM diagnosis, a fasting glucose between 92 and 125mg/dl, or evidence of glucose intolerance (defined using the 3-h glucose tolerance test). A total of 18 women (9.7%) had GDM. After covariate adjustment, C-reactive protein, measured at a mean 21.2±3.7 weeks gestation, was statistically significantly associated with GDM development (P=0.025); for every one-unit increase in log-transformed C-reactive protein, the odds of GDM increased by 5.3. Results were similar using a principal component analysis approach. This study provides evidence that higher levels of 2nd trimester C-reactive protein is associated with increased risk of GDM in African-American women. Further research is needed to examine whether C-reactive protein may be a useful early-pregnancy screen for evaluating potential GDM risk in African-American women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Bossick
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | | | - Charlotte Burmeister
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Naveen Kakumanu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Jessica E Shill
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone and Mineral Disorders, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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Bo QL, Chen YH, Yu Z, Fu L, Zhou Y, Zhang GB, Wang H, Zhang ZH, Xu DX. Rosiglitazone pretreatment protects against lipopolysaccharide-induced fetal demise through inhibiting placental inflammation. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 423:51-9. [PMID: 26773728 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 12/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ is highly expressed in human and rodent placentas. Nevertheless, its function remains obscure. The present study investigated the effects of rosiglitazone, a PPAR-γ agonist, on LPS-induced fetal death. All pregnant mice except controls were intraperitoneally injected with LPS (150 μg/kg) daily from gestational day (GD)15 to GD17. As expected, maternal LPS injection caused placental inflammation and resulted in 63.6% fetal death in dams that completed the pregnancy. Interestingly, LPS-induced fetal mortality was reduced to 16.0% when pregnant mice were pretreated with RSG. Additional experiment showed that rosiglitazone pretreatment inhibited LPS-induced expressions of tumor necrosis factor (Tnf)-α, interleukin (Il)-1β, Il-6, macrophage inflammatory protein (Mip)-2 and keratinocyte-derived chemokine (Kc) in mouse placenta. Although rosiglitazone had little effect on LPS-evoked elevation of IL-10 in amniotic fluid, it alleviated LPS-evoked release of TNF-α and MIP-2 in amniotic fluid. Further analysis showed that pretreatment with rosiglitazone, which activated placental PPAR-γ signaling, simultaneously suppressed LPS-evoked nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activation and blocked nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 and p50 subunits in trophoblast giant cells of the labyrinth layer. These results provide a mechanistic explanation for PPAR-γ-mediated anti-inflammatory activity in the placentas. Overall, the present study provides additional evidence for roles of PPAR-γ as an important regulator of placental inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Li Bo
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Yuan-Hua Chen
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics, Hefei, 230032, China; Department of Histology and Embryology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Zhen Yu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Lin Fu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Gui-Bin Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Zhi-Hui Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - De-Xiang Xu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics, Hefei, 230032, China.
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Capobianco E, Fornes D, Linenberg I, Powell TL, Jansson T, Jawerbaum A. A novel rat model of gestational diabetes induced by intrauterine programming is associated with alterations in placental signaling and fetal overgrowth. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 422:221-232. [PMID: 26747729 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A family history of diabetes predisposes to gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). We hypothesized that female offspring of rats with pre-gestational diabetes will develop GDM, a pathology associated with fetal overgrowth and altered placental signaling. We found normal glycemia and insulinemia in the offspring from pre-gestational diabetic rats at three months of age. However, consistent with GDM, maternal hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia and increased fetal weight were evident when compared to controls. In this intrauterine programmed GDM model, the placentas showed alterations in mTOR pathway: unchanged phosphorylation of 4EBP-1 and PKCα despite reduced total expression of 4EBP-1 and PKCα, and increased phosphorylation of SGK1. GDM placentas also showed reduced expression of PPARα and PPARγ, and increased lipoperoxidation, nitric oxide production and peroxynitrite-induced damage. We conclude that exposure of maternal diabetes in utero programs GDM in the female offspring, leading to a GDM model associated with impaired placental signaling pathways, increased pro-oxidant/pro-inflammatory environment and fetal overgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelina Capobianco
- Laboratory of Reproduction and Metabolism, CEFYBO. CONICET School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daiana Fornes
- Laboratory of Reproduction and Metabolism, CEFYBO. CONICET School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ivana Linenberg
- Laboratory of Reproduction and Metabolism, CEFYBO. CONICET School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Theresa L Powell
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics Department of OB/GYN, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of OB/GYN, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Thomas Jansson
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of OB/GYN, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Alicia Jawerbaum
- Laboratory of Reproduction and Metabolism, CEFYBO. CONICET School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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365
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Diet-induced changes in maternal gut microbiota and metabolomic profiles influence programming of offspring obesity risk in rats. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20683. [PMID: 26868870 PMCID: PMC4751613 DOI: 10.1038/srep20683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal obesity and overnutrition during pregnancy and lactation can program an increased risk of obesity in offspring. In this context, improving maternal metabolism may help reduce the intergenerational transmission of obesity. Here we show that, in Sprague-Dawley rats, selectively altering obese maternal gut microbial composition with prebiotic treatment reduces maternal energy intake, decreases gestational weight gain, and prevents increased adiposity in dams and their offspring. Maternal serum metabolomics analysis, along with satiety hormone and gut microbiota analysis, identified maternal metabolic signatures that could be implicated in programming offspring obesity risk and highlighted the potential influence of maternal gut microbiota on maternal and offspring metabolism. In particular, the metabolomic signature of insulin resistance in obese rats normalized when dams consumed the prebiotic. In summary, prebiotic intake during pregnancy and lactation improves maternal metabolism in diet-induced obese rats in a manner that attenuates the detrimental nutritional programming of offspring associated with maternal obesity. Overall, these findings contribute to our understanding of the maternal mechanisms influencing the developmental programming of offspring obesity and provide compelling pre-clinical evidence for a potential strategy to improve maternal and offspring metabolic outcomes in human pregnancy.
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366
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Dimasuay KG, Boeuf P, Powell TL, Jansson T. Placental Responses to Changes in the Maternal Environment Determine Fetal Growth. Front Physiol 2016; 7:12. [PMID: 26858656 PMCID: PMC4731498 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Placental responses to maternal perturbations are complex and remain poorly understood. Altered maternal environment during pregnancy such as hypoxia, stress, obesity, diabetes, toxins, altered nutrition, inflammation, and reduced utero-placental blood flow may influence fetal development, which can predispose to diseases later in life. The placenta being a metabolically active tissue responds to these perturbations by regulating the fetal supply of nutrients and oxygen and secretion of hormones into the maternal and fetal circulation. We have proposed that placental nutrient sensing integrates maternal and fetal nutritional cues with information from intrinsic nutrient sensing signaling pathways to balance fetal demand with the ability of the mother to support pregnancy by regulating maternal physiology, placental growth, and placental nutrient transport. Emerging evidence suggests that the nutrient-sensing signaling pathway mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) plays a central role in this process. Thus, placental nutrient sensing plays a critical role in modulating maternal-fetal resource allocation, thereby affecting fetal growth and the life-long health of the fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kris Genelyn Dimasuay
- Department of Medicine, The University of MelbourneMelbourne, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet InstituteMelbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAurora, CO, USA
| | - Philippe Boeuf
- Department of Medicine, The University of MelbourneMelbourne, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet InstituteMelbourne, VIC, Australia
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne HospitalMelbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Theresa L. Powell
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAurora, CO, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAurora, CO, USA
| | - Thomas Jansson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAurora, CO, USA
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367
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Ma Y, Gao J, Yin J, Gu L, Liu X, Chen S, Huang Q, Lu H, Yang Y, Zhou H, Wang Y, Peng Y. Identification of a Novel Function of Adipocyte Plasma Membrane-Associated Protein (APMAP) in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus by Proteomic Analysis of Omental Adipose Tissue. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:628-37. [PMID: 26767403 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b01030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is considered as an early stage of type 2 diabetes mellitus. In this study, we compared demographic and clinical data between six GDM subjects and six normal glucose tolerance (NGT; healthy controls) subjects and found that homeostasis model of assessment for insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) increased in GDM. Many previous studies demonstrated that omental adipose tissue dysfunction could induce insulin resistance. Thus, to investigate the cause of insulin resistance in GDM, we used label-free proteomics to identify differentially expressed proteins in omental adipose tissues from GDM and NGT subjects (data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD003095). A total of 3528 proteins were identified, including 66 significantly changed proteins. Adipocyte plasma membrane-associated protein (APMAP, a.k.a. C20orf3), one of the differentially expressed proteins, was down-regulated in GDM omental adipose tissues. Furthermore, mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes were used to simulate omental adipocytes. The inhibition of APMAP expression by RNAi impaired insulin signaling and activated NFκB signaling in these adipocytes. Our study revealed that the down-regulation of APMAP in omental adipose tissue may play an important role in insulin resistance in the pathophysiology of GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jing Gao
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | | | | | - Xing Liu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | | | | | | | | | - Hu Zhou
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
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368
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Chiba H, Fukui A, Fuchinoue K, Funamizu A, Tanaka K, Mizunuma H. Expression of Natural Cytotoxicity Receptors on and Intracellular Cytokine Production by NK Cells in Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Am J Reprod Immunol 2016; 75:529-38. [PMID: 26813019 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM To determine the role of peripheral blood NK (pNK) cells in putative etiology of gestational diabetes, the expression of surface markers on pNK cells and the percentage of cytokine-producing pNK cells in women at 12 weeks of pregnancy with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) were studied. METHOD OF STUDY Multicolor flow cytometry was used to analyze the expression of NK cell surface receptors (CD16, NKp46, and NKp30) and intracellular cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α, TGF-β, and VEGF) in pNK cells (CD56(dim) and CD56(bright) ) at 12 weeks of pregnancy with GDM (n = 7) and non-GDM (n = 28). RESULTS CD56(bright) /CD16(-) NK and CD56(bright) /NKp46(+) NK cell percentage were significantly lower in GDM women than that in non-GDM women. IFN-γ- and TNF-α-producing CD56(+) cells, respectively, were significantly high, while TGF-β- and VEGF-producing CD56(+) cells and CD56(bright) cells, respectively, were significantly low in GDM women. CONCLUSIONS Women with GDM possibly have abnormal NK cell function for the expression of surface receptors and cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Chiba
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Atsushi Fukui
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Kohei Fuchinoue
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Ayano Funamizu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Kanji Tanaka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Hideki Mizunuma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
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369
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Crew RC, Waddell BJ, Mark PJ. Maternal obesity induced by a 'cafeteria' diet in the rat does not increase inflammation in maternal, placental or fetal tissues in late gestation. Placenta 2016; 39:33-40. [PMID: 26992672 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Obesity during pregnancy can cause serious complications for maternal and infant health. While this has often been attributed to increased inflammation during obese pregnancy, human and animal studies exhibit variable results with respect to the inflammatory status of the mother, placenta and fetus. Cafeteria (CAF) feeding induces more inflammation than standard high-fat feeding in non-pregnant animal models. This study investigated whether maternal obesity induced by a CAF diet increases maternal, fetal or placental inflammation. METHODS Maternal obesity was established in rats by 8 weeks of pre-pregnancy CAF feeding. Maternal plasma inflammatory markers (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12p40, MCP1, GRO/KC, MIP-2 and TNFα) and expression of inflammatory genes (Tnfα, Il-6, Il-1β, Tlr2, Tlr4, Cox2 and Emr1) in maternal, placental and fetal tissues were measured at day 21 of gestation. RESULTS Despite CAF animals having 63% more central body fat than controls at day 21 of gestation, plasma inflammatory markers were not increased; indeed, levels of IL-6, IL-12p40 and MIP2 were reduced slightly. Similarly, inflammatory gene expression remained largely unaffected by CAF feeding, except for slight reductions to Tlr4 and Emr1 expression in CAF maternal adipose tissue, and reduced Tlr4 expression in male labyrinth zone (LZ). The junctional zone (JZ) displayed increased Il-6 expression in CAF animals when fetal sexes were combined, but no inflammatory genes were affected by the CAF diet in fetal liver. CONCLUSIONS Maternal obesity induced by a CAF diet before and during pregnancy does not increase the inflammatory status of the mother, placenta or fetus in late gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael C Crew
- School of Anatomy, Physiology & Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Brendan J Waddell
- School of Anatomy, Physiology & Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Peter J Mark
- School of Anatomy, Physiology & Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia.
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370
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Mandò C, Calabrese S, Mazzocco MI, Novielli C, Anelli GM, Antonazzo P, Cetin I. Sex specific adaptations in placental biometry of overweight and obese women. Placenta 2015; 38:1-7. [PMID: 26907375 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Placental biometry at birth has been shown to predict chronic disease in later life. We hypothesized that maternal overweight/obesity, a state of low-grade inflammation and risk factor for adverse pregnancy outcome, could negatively influence placental development and that differences would be sex-specific. METHODS 696 women (537 normal-weight, NW; 112 overweight, OW; 47 obese, OB) with singleton uncomplicated pregnancies were prospectively enrolled at term delivery. Gestational age, maternal (age, height, pre-pregnancy BMI, gestational weight gain -GWG, hemoglobin, hematocrit and glycemia), fetal (weight, length, ponderal index, cranial circumference) and placental (weight, diameters) data were collected. Placental area, thickness and efficiency (fetal/placental weight ratio, F/P) were calculated. RESULTS GWG was within standard recommendations in OB, while OW exceeded it. Placental weight was significantly higher in OW versus NW, but not in OB, leading to significantly higher placental thickness and lower F/P in this group. In the total population, a significant interaction effect between maternal BMI and fetal sex on placental weight and efficiency was found. Indeed, differences in placental parameters were present only in female offspring. DISCUSSION In our population of OW and OB uncomplicated pregnancies only OW women, presenting GWG over standard recommendations, had thicker and less efficient placentas. We also reported different placental adaptation depending on fetal sex, with significant changes only in female fetuses. This may be part of a female-specific strategy aiming to ensure survival if another adverse event occurs. Customized counseling according to maternal BMI and fetal sex should be evaluated in clinical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Mandò
- Department of Mother and Child, Hospital L. Sacco, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, and Center for Fetal Research Giorgio Pardi, Università degli studi di Milano, Italy.
| | - Stefania Calabrese
- Department of Mother and Child, Hospital L. Sacco, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, and Center for Fetal Research Giorgio Pardi, Università degli studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Martina Ilaria Mazzocco
- Department of Mother and Child, Hospital L. Sacco, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, and Center for Fetal Research Giorgio Pardi, Università degli studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Chiara Novielli
- Department of Mother and Child, Hospital L. Sacco, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, and Center for Fetal Research Giorgio Pardi, Università degli studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Gaia Maria Anelli
- Department of Mother and Child, Hospital L. Sacco, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, and Center for Fetal Research Giorgio Pardi, Università degli studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Patrizio Antonazzo
- Department of Mother and Child, Hospital L. Sacco, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, and Center for Fetal Research Giorgio Pardi, Università degli studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Irene Cetin
- Department of Mother and Child, Hospital L. Sacco, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, and Center for Fetal Research Giorgio Pardi, Università degli studi di Milano, Italy
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Loardi C, Falchetti M, Prefumo F, Facchetti F, Frusca T. Placental morphology in pregnancies associated with pregravid obesity. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2015; 29:2611-6. [DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2015.1094792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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372
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Aye ILMH, Jansson T, Powell TL. TNF-α stimulates System A amino acid transport in primary human trophoblast cells mediated by p38 MAPK signaling. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:3/10/e12594. [PMID: 26508738 PMCID: PMC4632960 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal obesity and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) increase the risk of delivering infants that are large for gestational age with greater adiposity, who are prone to the development of metabolic disease in childhood and beyond. These maternal conditions are also associated with increased levels of the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α in maternal tissues and the placenta. Recent evidence suggests that changes in placental amino acid transport contribute to altered fetal growth. TNF-α was previously shown to stimulate System A amino acid transport in primary human trophoblasts (PHTs), however the molecular mechanisms remain unknown. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that TNF-α regulates amino acid uptake in cultured PHTs by a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-dependent mechanism. Treatment of PHTs with TNF-α significantly increased System A amino acid transport, as well as Erk and p38 MAPK signaling. Pharmacological antagonism of p38, but not Erk MAPK activity, inhibited TNF-α stimulated System A activity. Silencing of p38 MAPK using siRNA transfections prevented TNF-α stimulated System A transport in PHTs. TNF-α significantly increased the protein expression of System A transporters SNAT1 and SNAT2, but did not affect their mRNA expression. The effects of TNF-α on SNAT1 and SNAT2 protein expression were reversed by p38 MAPK siRNA silencing. In conclusion, TNF-α regulates System A activity through increased SNAT1 and SNAT2 transporter protein expression in PHTs. These findings suggest that p38 MAPK may represent a critical mechanistic link between elevated proinflammatory cytokines and increased placental amino acid transport in obese and GDM pregnancies associated with fetal overgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irving L M H Aye
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Thomas Jansson
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Theresa L Powell
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
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