351
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Iida S, Chu Y, Weiss RM, Kang YM, Faraci FM, Heistad DD. Vascular effects of a common gene variant of extracellular superoxide dismutase in heart failure. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2006; 291:H914-20. [PMID: 16840738 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00080.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A common gene variant of human extracellular superoxide dismutase (ecSOD), in ∼5% of humans, is associated with increased risk of ischemic heart disease. The purpose of this study was to examine vascular effects of ecSOD with effects of the ecSOD variant (ecSODR213G) in rats with heart failure. Seven weeks after coronary artery ligation, we studied rats with heart failure and sham-operated rats. Adenoviral vectors expressing human ecSOD, ecSODR213G, or a control virus were injected intravenously. In the aorta from rats with heart failure, responses to acetylcholine (69 ± 4% relaxation, means ± SE) and basal levels of nitric oxide (NO) (vasoconstrictor responses to a NO synthase inhibitor) were greatly impaired, and levels of superoxide and peroxynitrite were increased. Gene transfer of ecSOD restored responses to acetylcholine (92 ± 2% relaxation) and basal levels of NO to normal and reduced levels of superoxide [from 2.3 ± 0.2 to 0.9 ± 0.2 relative light units per second per millimeter squared (RLU·s−1·mm−2)] and peroxynitrite (from 2.4 ± 0.2 to 0.9 ± 0.1 RLU·s−1·mm−2) in the aorta from rats with heart failure. Gene transfer of ecSODR213G produced little or no improvement. Responses to nitroprusside were not different among the groups. Expression of endogenous mRNA for SODs (CuZnSOD, MnSOD, and ecSOD) and endothelial NOS in the aorta was not different among the groups. In contrast to ecSOD, gene transfer of ecSODR213G in rats with heart failure has minimal beneficial effect on oxidative stress, endothelial function, or basal bioavailability of NO. We speculate that greatly diminished efficacy of ecSODR213G in protection against oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction may contribute to increased risk of cardiovascular disease in humans with ecSODR213G.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichiro Iida
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, Univ. of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver, College of Medicine Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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352
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Ha HY, Kim Y, Ryoo ZY, Kim TY. Inhibition of the TPA-induced cutaneous inflammation and hyperplasia by EC-SOD. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 348:450-8. [PMID: 16890203 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.07.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2006] [Accepted: 07/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study reports the roles of extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD) in the cutaneous inflammation and hyperplasia with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-3-acetate (TPA) application in EC-SOD transgenic mice (Tg EC-SOD). Topical double TPA treatment induced the various inflammatory changes including the epidermal thickness, elevated the PCNA-labeling index, the edema formation, and increased production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in wild type mice (WT). These changes were markedly suppressed in TPA-treated Tg EC-SOD. The expressions of the inflammatory cytokines, IL-1alpha and IL-1beta, were reduced in the TPA-treated Tg EC-SOD compared with those in TPA-treated WT. The expression of IL-1alpha was significantly increased in the skin of TPA-treated WT, especially in the basal and suprabasal layers, but it was restricted focally in basal layer of the skin of TPA-treated Tg EC-SOD. The number of infiltrating inflammatory cells and the IL-1beta expressing cells was obviously reduced in TPA-treated Tg EC-SOD in comparison with TPA-treated WT. The result suggests that EC-SOD might play an important role in the suppression of TPA-induced cutaneous inflammation and epidermal hyperplasia by regulating the expression of IL-1alpha and IL-1beta, although the mechanisms remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Yeong Ha
- Department of Dermatology and Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137-040, Republic of Korea
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353
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Kaya S, Sütçü R, Cetin ES, Aridogan BC, Delibaş N, Demirci M. Lipid peroxidation level and antioxidant enzyme activities in the blood of patients with acute and chronic fascioliasis. Int J Infect Dis 2006; 11:251-5. [PMID: 16859944 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2006.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2006] [Revised: 05/08/2006] [Accepted: 05/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this study, we investigated the relationship between fascioliasis and serum malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities. We also investigated whether there are significant differences in MDA levels and antioxidant enzymatic activities between acute and chronic fascioliasis. METHODS Forty fascioliasis patients who were diagnosed by ES-ELISA positivity were included in this study. The patients were classified as 18 with acute and 22 with chronic fascioliasis. RESULTS In patients with fascioliasis, levels of MDA were statistically higher and erythrocyte SOD and GPx activities were statistically lower than in healthy controls. MDA levels were found to be higher in patients with acute fascioliasis than in patients with chronic fascioliasis although MDA levels were significantly higher in patients with chronic fascioliasis than in controls. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups for the antioxidant enzyme activities. CONCLUSION The results of this study may indicate that fascioliasis produces specific effects on the antioxidant defense mechanisms due to its inflammatory character. Our results also allow us to suggest that oxidative stress has an important role in the pathogenesis of fascioliasis and the persistence of this oxidative stress can be one of the underlying factors in the pathogenesis of the chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selçuk Kaya
- Department of Microbiology, Medicine Faculty, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey.
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354
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Lee SR, Kim MO, Kim SH, Kim BS, Yoo DH, Park YS, Park YB, Ha JH, Ryoo ZY. Effect of conditioned medium of mouse embryonic fibroblasts produced from EC-SOD transgenic mice in nuclear maturation of canine oocytes in vitro. Anim Reprod Sci 2006; 99:106-16. [PMID: 16837148 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2006.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2005] [Revised: 04/21/2006] [Accepted: 05/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The rate of in vitro maturation (IVM) of canine oocytes has not improved in comparison to that of other mammalian species. This study aims to improve the efficiency of canine oocytes IVM using the antioxidant, extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD). Thus, the effect of conditioned medium of EC-SOD transgenic mouse embryonic fibroblasts cultured with MEF culture medium (DMEM + 5% FBS) for in vitro nuclear maturation in canine oocytes was investigated. In experiment I, oocytes were collected from the ovaries of domestic bitches, which were allotted to one of two groups: (1) TCM199 + 1% FBS (n = 108) or (2) DMEM + 5% FBS (n = 112), cultured for 48 h and investigated for in vitro nuclear maturation of canine oocytes using Hoechst staining. Meiotic progression to metaphase II in group 1 was 1.8% compared to 1.8% in group 2. In experiment II, EC-SOD levels were examined in NTg-CMEF and Tg-CMEF at 0, 2 and 4 days obtained from EC-SOD transgenic mice generated in our laboratory. The concentration of EC-SOD in Tg-CMEF at day 2 (371.7 +/- 3.1 ng/ml) was the highest for all groups (P < 0.05). EC-SOD levels in Tg-CMEF were higher than in NTg-CMEF; therefore, the efficiency of Tg-CMEF for IVM was investigated. In experiment III, oocytes were allotted to one of three groups: (1) Tg-CMEF at day 0 (n = 84), (2) Tg-CMEF at day 2 (n = 92) or (3) Tg-CMEF at day 4 (n = 98), cultured for 48 h and the IVM of canine oocytes investigated. The mean percentage of MII oocytes in IVM was 2.4, 4.4 and 2.0% for groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. In experiment IV, the effects of conditioned medium of EC-SOD transgenic mouse embryonic fibroblasts (Tg-CMEF) cultured in MEF culture medium were compared with conditioned medium acquired from non-transgenic mouse embryonic fibroblasts (NTg-CMEF) on IVM of canine oocytes. In this experiment, meiotic progression to metaphase II was 7.1% in Tg-CMEF versus 0% in NTg-CMEF (P < 0.05). Tg-CMEF was more effective than NTg-CMEF. In conclusion, it was verified that canine oocytes were able to effectively progress to metaphase II in IVM when cultured in Tg-CMEF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Ryeul Lee
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, 1370 Sankyuk-dong, Buk-ku, Daegu 702-701, South Korea
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355
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Kaleli S, Akkaya A, Akdogan M, Gültekin F. The effects of different treatments on prolidase and antioxidant enzyme activities in patients with bronchial asthma. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2006; 22:35-39. [PMID: 21783683 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2005.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2005] [Accepted: 11/19/2005] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The effects of two different treatment combinations of bronchial asthma on antioxidant defense systems and serum prolidase activity were investigated. The groups were organized as follows: the first group (control) consisted of healthy subjects. The second group (treatment 1) consisted of patients with bronchial asthma inhaling budesonide (2×400mcg/d, as puff)+formaterol (2×9mcg/d, as puff). In the third group (treatment 2) patients with bronchial asthma were treated with montelukast (1×10mg/d, as pill)+budesonide (2×400mcg/d, as puff)+formaterol (2×9mcg/d, as puff). The medical therapy of the patients in treatment 1 and treatment 2 lasted 12 weeks. Before and after treatment in all three groups blood samples were taken and the level of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) and the activities of prolidase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione reductase (GSSG-Rd) and catalase (CAT) were measured. Prolidase activity was found to be significantly higher in patients compared to control (p<0.05). Treatment 2 was successfully reduced the prolidase activity (p<0.05). Before treatments, SOD activity was significantly decreased whereas TBARS level and other antioxidant enzymes were increased in both treatment groups comparing with control (p<0.05). Both of different treatments given in treatment 1 and treatment 2 groups caused significant increase in SOD whereas decrease in TBARS, CAT, GSSG-Rd, GSH-Px (p<0.05). When compared the treatment groups after treatments, SOD activity was significantly higher in treatment 2 group than treatment 1 group (p<0.05). No significant difference was seen in other parameters. The balance between oxidant-antioxidant system is impaired in patients with asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Süleyman Kaleli
- Isparta Health High School, University of Süleyman Demirel, Isparta, Turkey
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356
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Chu Y, Piper R, Richardson S, Watanabe Y, Patel P, Heistad DD. Endocytosis of extracellular superoxide dismutase into endothelial cells: role of the heparin-binding domain. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2006; 26:1985-90. [PMID: 16809550 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000234921.88489.5c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD) is a secreted antioxidant enzyme that binds to the outer plasma membrane and extracellular matrix through its heparin-binding domain (HBD). Carriers of a common genetic variant of EC-SOD (EC-SOD(R213G), within the HBD) have higher plasma concentration of EC-SOD and increased risk for vascular disease. In the present study, we used confocal fluorescence microscopy to examine mechanisms of endocytosis of EC-SOD to determine whether EC-SOD translocates to the nucleus of endothelial cells, and to test the hypothesis that EC-SOD, but not EC-SOD(R213G), is endocytosed into endothelial cells. METHODS AND RESULTS Mouse endothelial cells (MS-1) were incubated with EC-SOD, EC-SOD(R213G), or HBD-deleted EC-SOD (EC-SODdeltaHBD). Binding to MS-1 was observed only with EC-SOD, but not EC-SOD(R213G) or EC-SODdeltaHBD. Endocytosis of EC-SODs was monitored after coincubation of MS-1 cells with EC-SODs and BSA-Texas Red (BSA-TR), which marks endosomes and lysosomes. Only EC-SOD was endocytosed, colocalizing with BSA-TR. EC-SOD also colocalized with early endosome antigen 1 (EEA-1), a specific marker for endocytosis. Endocytosis of EC-SOD was inhibited by chlorpromazine, but not by methyl-beta-cyclodextrin or nystatin, which suggests that endocytosis of EC-SOD is mediated by clathrin but not by caveolae. Minimal or no localization of EC-SOD in the nucleus of MS-1 cells was detected. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that EC-SOD, but not EC-SOD(R213G), is endocytosed into endothelial cells through clathrin-mediated pathway, but does not translocate to the nucleus. We speculate that impairment of endocytosis may contribute to high plasma levels of EC-SOD(R213G) in R213G carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chu
- Cardiovascular Center and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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357
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Schepetkin I, Potapov A, Khlebnikov A, Korotkova E, Lukina A, Malovichko G, Kirpotina L, Quinn MT. Decomposition of reactive oxygen species by copper(II) bis(1-pyrazolyl)methane complexes. J Biol Inorg Chem 2006; 11:499-513. [PMID: 16680452 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-006-0101-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2005] [Accepted: 03/17/2006] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Two bis(1-pyrazolyl)alkane ligands, bis(3,5-dimethyl-1-pyrazolyl)methane and bis(4-iodo-3,5-dimethyl-1-pyrazolyl)methane, and their copper(II) complexes, bis(3,5-dimethyl-1-pyrazolyl)methanedinitratocopper(II) [CuL1(NO3)2] and bis(4-iodo-3,5-dimethyl-1-pyrazolyl)methanedinitratocopper(II) [CuL2(NO3)2] x 2H2O, were prepared. Physiochemical properties of the copper(II) complexes were studied by spectroscopic (UV-vis, IR, EPR) techniques and cyclic voltammetry. Spectroscopic analysis revealed a 1:1 stoichiometry of ligand:copper(II) ion and a bidentate coordination mode for the nitrate ions in both of the complexes. According to experimental and theoretical ab initio data, the copper(II) ion is located in an octahedral hexacoordinated environment. Both complexes were able to catalyze the dismutation of superoxide anion (O2*-) (pH 7.5) and decomposition of H2O2 (pH 7.5) and peroxynitrite (pH 10.9). In addition, both complexes exhibited superoxide dismutase (SOD) like activity toward extracellular and intracellular reactive oxygen species produced by activated human neutrophils in whole blood. Thus, these complexes represent useful SOD mimetics with a broad range of antioxidant activity toward a variety of reactive oxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Schepetkin
- Department of Veterinary Molecular Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
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358
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Louden C, Brott D, Katein A, Kelly T, Gould S, Jones H, Betton G, Valetin JP, Richardson RJ. Biomarkers and mechanisms of drug-induced vascular injury in non-rodents. Toxicol Pathol 2006; 34:19-26. [PMID: 16507540 DOI: 10.1080/01926230500512076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In preclinical safety studies, drug-induced vascular injury can negatively impact candidate-drug selection because there are no obvious diagnostic markers for monitoring this pathology preclinically or clinically. Furthermore, our current understanding of the pathogenesis of this lesion is limited. While vasodilatation and increased shear stress appear to play a role, the exact mechanism(s) of injury to the primary target cells, smooth muscle (SMC) and endothelial cell (EC), are unknown. Evaluation of potential novel markers for clinical monitoring with a mechanistic underpinning would add value in risk assessment and risk management. This mini review focuses on the efforts and progress to identify diagnostic markers as well as understanding the mechanism of action in nonrodent drug-induced vascular injury.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Biomarkers/analysis
- Biomarkers/metabolism
- Dogs
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
- Drugs, Investigational/adverse effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Nitric Oxide/analysis
- Nitric Oxide/metabolism
- Vascular Diseases/chemically induced
- Vascular Diseases/metabolism
- Vascular Diseases/pathology
- von Willebrand Factor/analysis
- von Willebrand Factor/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvert Louden
- Department of Safety Assessment, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, Cheshire, UK.
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359
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Spontaneous age-dependent epithelial cell hyperplasia occurs in the lateral and dorsal, but not the ventral, lobes of aging Brown Norway (BN) rats. Diminished antioxidant enzyme activities and increased formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) promote the pathology of many aging disorders. We investigated the hypothesis that prostatic epithelial cell hyperplasia in the BN rat was related to age-dependent and/or lobe-specific changes in superoxide dismutase (SOD). MATERIALS AND METHODS Using Western blots, immunohistochemistry and enzyme activity assays we determined the levels of protein expression, subcellular localization, and activities, respectively, of the three SOD isoforms, cytoplasmic SOD1, mitochondrial SOD2, and extracellular SOD3 in the ventral, lateral, and dorsal prostate lobes of 4-month-old rats with normal prostate morphology, in 24-month-old rats with lobe-specific hyperplasia and in older 30-month-old rats. RESULTS We observed little change in SOD activities as a function of age, although expression of SOD3 increased in the prostatic lobes of older rats. SOD2 levels were higher in the lateral lobe of 4- and 24-month-old rats, but declined by 30 months of age to levels in the ventral and dorsal lobes. SOD1 was localized by immunohistochemistry to the nuclei of epithelial cells in all lobes, but the number of immunopositive nuclei increased in the lateral and dorsal lobes of 24-month-old animals. The concentration of zinc was highest in the prostate lobes of 24-month-old animals. CONCLUSION Based upon our data, superoxide dismutase is not significantly altered in the rat prostate during aging and thus is unlikely to be an important factor in the evolution of epithelial cell hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela S Pechenino
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Division of Reproductive Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205-2103, USA
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360
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Raijmakers MTM, Burton GJ, Jauniaux E, Seed PT, Peters WHM, Steegers EAP, Poston L. Placental NAD(P)H oxidase mediated superoxide generation in early pregnancy. Placenta 2006; 27:158-63. [PMID: 16338460 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2005.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2004] [Revised: 02/11/2005] [Accepted: 02/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Early placental development is characterised by rapid cell differentiation and migration, matrix remodelling and angiogenesis. The enzyme NAD(P)H oxidase is a major source of superoxide anions implicated in signalling pathways regulating these processes in other systems. It is also thought to be involved in oxygen sensing and regulation of the expression of antioxidant genes. We therefore investigated NAD(P)H oxidase activity in placental tissues in early pregnancy and at term, and correlated this with antioxidant capacity. We collected placental tissues from women undergoing termination of pregnancy (n=19; gestational age 11(+6)+/-1(+0) weeks), and those with elective caesarean section at term after uncomplicated pregnancy (n=15; gestational age 38(+6)+/-0(+4) weeks). Tissues were assayed for superoxide production, using lucigenin chemiluminescence, and three independent markers of antioxidant capacity. In human placentas from normal deliveries at term substantial basal NAD(P)H activity was present. Activity was almost threefold higher in early pregnancy (P<0.0001). This was paralleled by higher total antioxidant capacity (P<0.0001), tissue glutathione concentrations (P<0.01) and gluthathione S-transferase enzyme activity (P<0.05) when compared to corresponding term placental values. NAD(P)H oxidase mediated superoxide generation could be an important modulator of the antioxidant defence response in early pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T M Raijmakers
- MFRU, Division of Reproductive Health, Endocrinology and Development, GKT School of Medicine, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, UK.
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361
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Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a well-documented component of living cells. It plays important roles in host defense and oxidative biosynthetic reactions. In addition there is growing evidence that at low levels, H2O2 also functions as a signaling agent, particularly in higher organisms. This review evaluates the evidence that H2O2 functions as a signaling agent in higher organisms in light of the known biology and biochemistry of H2O2. All aerobic organisms studied to date from prokaryotes to humans appear to tightly regulate their intracellular H2O2 concentrations at relatively similar levels. Multiple biochemical strategies for rapidly reacting with these low endogenous levels of H2O2 have been elucidated from the study of peroxidases and catalases. Well-defined biochemical pathways involved in the response to exogenous H2O2 have been described in both prokaryotes and yeast. In animals and plants, regulated enzymatic systems for generating H2O2 have been described. In addition oxidation-dependent steps in signal transduction pathways are being uncovered, and evidence is accumulating regarding the nature of the specific reactive oxygen species involved in each of these pathways. Application of physiologic levels of H2O2 to mammalian cells has been shown to stimulate biological responses and to activate specific biochemical pathways in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Stone
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
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362
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Fattman CL, Tan RJ, Tobolewski JM, Oury TD. Increased sensitivity to asbestos-induced lung injury in mice lacking extracellular superoxide dismutase. Free Radic Biol Med 2006; 40:601-7. [PMID: 16458190 PMCID: PMC2431170 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2005.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2005] [Revised: 08/30/2005] [Accepted: 09/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Asbestosis is a chronic form of interstitial lung disease characterized by inflammation and fibrosis that results from the inhalation of asbestos fibers. Although the pathogenesis of asbestosis is poorly understood, reactive oxygen species may mediate the progression of this disease. The antioxidant enzyme extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD) can protect the lung against a variety of insults; however, its role in asbestosis is unknown. To determine if EC-SOD plays a direct role in protecting the lung from asbestos-induced injury, intratracheal injections of crocidolite were given to wild-type and ec-sod-null mice. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from asbestos-treated ec-sod-null mice at 24 h, 14 days, or 28 days posttreatment showed increased inflammation and total BALF protein content compared to that of wild-type mice. In addition, lungs from ec-sod-null mice showed increased hydroxyproline content compared to those of wild-type mice, indicating a greater fibrotic response. Finally, lungs from ec-sod-null mice showed greater oxidative damage, as assessed by nitrotyrosine content compared to those of their wild-type counterparts. These results indicate that depletion of EC-SOD from the lung increases oxidative stress and injury in response to asbestos.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tim D. Oury
- Corresponding author. Fax: +1 412 648 9172. E-mail address: (T.D. Oury)
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363
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Due AV, Petersen SV, Valnickova Z, Østergaard L, Oury TD, Crapo JD, Enghild JJ. Extracellular superoxide dismutase exists as an octamer. FEBS Lett 2006; 580:1485-9. [PMID: 16469315 PMCID: PMC2652396 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.01.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2006] [Accepted: 01/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Human extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD) is involved in the defence against oxidative stress induced by the superoxide radical. The protein is a homotetramer stabilised by hydrophobic interactions within the N-terminal region. During the purification of EC-SOD from human aorta, we noticed that material with high affinity for heparin-Sepharose formed not only a tetramer but also an octamer. Analysis of the thermodynamic stability of the octamer suggested that the C-terminal region is involved in formation of the quaternary structure. In addition, we show that the octamer is composed of both aEC-SOD and iEC-SOD folding variants. The presence of the EC-SOD octamer with high affinity may represent a way to influence the local concentration of EC-SOD to protect tissues specifically sensitive to oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne V. Due
- Center for Insoluble Protein Structures (inSPIN), Department of Molecular Biology, University of Aarhus, Gustav Wieds Vej 10C, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Steen V. Petersen
- Center for Insoluble Protein Structures (inSPIN), Department of Molecular Biology, University of Aarhus, Gustav Wieds Vej 10C, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Zuzana Valnickova
- Center for Insoluble Protein Structures (inSPIN), Department of Molecular Biology, University of Aarhus, Gustav Wieds Vej 10C, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Louise Østergaard
- Center for Insoluble Protein Structures (inSPIN), Department of Molecular Biology, University of Aarhus, Gustav Wieds Vej 10C, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Tim D. Oury
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States
| | - James D. Crapo
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO 80206, United States
| | - Jan J. Enghild
- Center for Insoluble Protein Structures (inSPIN), Department of Molecular Biology, University of Aarhus, Gustav Wieds Vej 10C, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Corresponding author. Fax: +45 8942 5063. E-mail address: (J.J. Enghild)
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364
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Tamai M, Furuta H, Kawashima H, Doi A, Hamanishi T, Shimomura H, Sakagashira S, Nishi M, Sasaki H, Sanke T, Nanjo K. Extracellular superoxide dismutase gene polymorphism is associated with insulin resistance and the susceptibility to type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2006; 71:140-5. [PMID: 15990193 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2005.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2005] [Revised: 04/21/2005] [Accepted: 05/24/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been implicated in pancreatic beta-cell damage, insulin resistance and vascular function in diabetic patients and the dysfunction of antioxidant enzymes may be associated with the pathogenesis of diabetes. Extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD) is found in the extracellular matrix of tissues and the major scavenger of superoxide radical. To investigate the role of genetic variability for the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes, we scanned the protein coding exon and flanking introns of EC-SOD gene for mutation in Japanese type 2 diabetic patients. We identified two missense mutations, Ala40Thr (GCG-->ACG) and Arg213Gly (CGG-->GGG), and a silent mutation, Leu53Leu (CTG-->TTG). For one of these variants, the Ala40Thr polymorphism, the frequency of Thr allele and the number of subjects with Thr allele (Ala/Thr+Thr/Thr) were higher in type 2 diabetic patients (n=205) than those in non-diabetic subjects (n=220) (33.2% versus 24.1%, p=0.003 and 55.6% versus 42.7%, p=0.008, respectively). The patients with Thr allele also showed earlier age at diagnosis of diabetes (42.2+/-7.8 years versus 44.4+/-6.9 years, p=0.037) and higher prevalence of hypertension (53.5% versus 38.5%, p=0.032) than those without the allele. Insulin sensitivity, furthermore, was evaluated in 71 type 2 diabetic patients with short insulin tolerance test (SITT). The patients with Thr allele showed lower insulin sensitivity (Kitt value of SITT) than those without the allele (1.78+/-0.78%/min versus 2.33+/-1.02%/min, p=0.012), although no significant differences in other clinical and biochemical characteristics were observed between two groups. These results suggest that the genetic variant of EC-SOD gene is associated with insulin resistance and the susceptibility to type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Tamai
- The First Department of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan
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365
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Brown KA, Chu Y, Lund DD, Heistad DD, Faraci FM. Gene transfer of extracellular superoxide dismutase protects against vascular dysfunction with aging. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2006; 290:H2600-5. [PMID: 16443677 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00676.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Aging is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease, but mechanisms leading to vascular dysfunction have not been fully elucidated. Recent studies suggest that oxidative stress may increase in blood vessels during aging. Levels of superoxide are influenced by the activity of SODs. The goal of this study was to examine the effect of extracellular superoxide dismutase (ECSOD) on superoxide levels and vascular function in an animal model of aging. Aortas from young (4-8 mo old) and old (29-31 mo old) Fischer 344 rats were examined in vitro. Relaxation of aorta to ACh was impaired in old rats compared with young rats; e.g., 3 muM ACh produced 57 +/- 4% (mean +/- SE) and 84 +/- 2% relaxation in old and young rats, respectively (P < 0.0001). Three days after gene transfer of adenovirus expressing human ECSOD (AdECSOD), the response to ACh was not affected in young rats but was improved in old rats. There was no difference in relaxation to the endothelium-independent dilator sodium nitroprusside between young, aged, and AdECSOD-treated old rats. Superoxide levels (lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence) were significantly increased in aged rats compared with young rats. After gene transfer of ECSOD to aged rats, superoxide levels in aorta were similar in old and young rats. Gene transfer of an ECSOD with the heparin-binding domain deleted had no effect on vascular function or superoxide levels in old rats. These results suggest that 1) vascular dysfunction associated with aging is mediated in part by increased levels of superoxide, 2) gene transfer of ECSOD reduces vascular superoxide and dysfunction in old rats, and 3) beneficial effects of ECSOD in old rats require the heparin-binding domain of ECSOD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A Brown
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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366
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Domański L, Dołegowska B, Safranow K, Rózański J, Myślak M, Romanowski M, Sieńko J, Sulikowski T, Ostrowski M, Kedzierska K, Domański M, Chlubek D, Pawlik A, Ciechanowski K. Activity of CuZn-superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase in erythrocytes in kidney allografts during reperfusion in patients with and without delayed graft function. Clin Transplant 2006; 20:67-71. [PMID: 16556156 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0012.2005.00442.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is the main mechanism involved in the ischemic/reperfusion damage of the transplanted organ. Oxygen burst is a trigger for complex biochemical events leading to generation of oxygenated lipids and changes in microcirculation. Many markers have been researched to prove the presence of ROS in the transplanted tissue. Some of them, like superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) are considered to play a major role in graft protection against oxygen stress during reperfusion. METHODS The aim of this study was to examine the changes of SOD1, CAT and GPx activity in erythrocytes during the first minutes after total graft reperfusion. Forty patients undergoing kidney transplantation at our center were assigned to two groups: with or without delayed graft function (DGF). Before anastomosing kidney vessels with recipient's iliac vessels, the '0' blood sample was taken from the iliac vein. Next blood samples I, II and III were taken from the graft's renal vein. The reperfusion of the transplanted kidney was evaluated precisely with the thermovision camera. Erythrocyte SOD1, CAT and GPx activity was measured with a spectrophotometric method. RESULTS We did not observe statistically significant changes in SOD1, CAT and GPx activity in erythrocytes during the early phase of reperfusion in patients with and without DGF. CONCLUSIONS Erythrocyte-antioxidative system in graft's vein remain stable during the early phase of reperfusion. The results of the study suggest that further studies on extracellular enzymes are required for the assessment of antioxidant system in the conditions of ischemia/reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Domański
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
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367
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Patel K, Chen Y, Dennehy K, Blau J, Connors S, Mendonca M, Tarpey M, Krishna M, Mitchell JB, Welch WJ, Wilcox CS. Acute antihypertensive action of nitroxides in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2006; 290:R37-43. [PMID: 16179488 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00469.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tempol is an amphipathic radical nitroxide (N) that acutely reduces blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). We investigated the hypothesis that the response to nitroxides is determined by SOD mimetic activity or lipophilicity. Groups ( n = 6–10) of anesthetized SHRs received graded intravenous doses of Ns: tempol (T), 4-amino-tempo (AT), 4-oxo-tempo (OT), 4-trimethylammonium-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl iodide (CAT-1), 3-carbamoyl-proxyl (3-CP), or 3-carboxy-proxyl (3-CTPY). Others received native or liposomal (L) Cu/Zn SOD. T and OT are uncharged, AT is positively charged and cell-permeable, and CAT-1 is positively charged and cell-impermeable. 3-CP and 3-CTPY have five-member pyrrolidine rings, whereas T, AT, OT, and CAT-1 have six-member piperidine rings. T and AT reduced mean arterial pressure (MAP) similarly (−48 ± 2 mmHg and −55 ± 8 mmHg) but more ( P < 0.05) than OT and CAT-1. 3-CP and 3-CTPY were ineffective. The group mean change in MAP with piperidine Ns correlated with SOD activity ( r = −0.94), whereas their ED50correlated with lipophilicity ( r = 0.89). SOD and L-SOD did not lower BP acutely but reduced it after 90 min (−32 ± 5 and −31 ± 6 mmHg; P < 0.05 vs. vehicle). Pyrrolidine nitroxides are ineffective antihypertensive agents. The antihypertensive response to piperidine Ns is predicted by SOD mimetic action, and the sensitivity of response is by hydrophilicity. SOD exerts a delayed hypotensive action that is not enhanced by liposome encapsulation, suggesting it must diffuse to an extravascular site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinjal Patel
- Georgetown University, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, 3800 Reservoir Rd., NW, PHC F6003, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
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368
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Regan E, Flannelly J, Bowler R, Tran K, Nicks M, Carbone BD, Glueck D, Heijnen H, Mason R, Crapo J. Extracellular superoxide dismutase and oxidant damage in osteoarthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 52:3479-91. [PMID: 16255039 PMCID: PMC2755499 DOI: 10.1002/art.21387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To use human cartilage samples and a mouse model of osteoarthritis (OA) to determine whether extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD) is a constituent of cartilage and to evaluate whether there is a relationship between EC-SOD deficiency and OA. METHODS Samples of human cartilage were obtained from femoral heads at the time of joint replacement surgery for OA or femoral neck fracture. Samples of mouse tibial cartilage obtained from STR/ort mice and CBA control mice were compared at 5, 15, and 35 weeks of age. EC-SOD was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry techniques. Real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was used to measure messenger RNA for EC-SOD and for endothelial cell, neuronal, and inducible nitric oxide synthases. Nitrotyrosine formation was assayed by Western blotting in mouse cartilage and by fluorescence immunohistochemistry in human cartilage. RESULTS Human articular cartilage contained large amounts of EC-SOD (mean +/- SEM 18.8 +/- 3.8 ng/gm wet weight of cartilage). Cartilage from patients with OA had an approximately 4-fold lower level of EC-SOD compared with cartilage from patients with hip fracture. Young STR/ort mice had decreased levels of EC-SOD in tibial cartilage before histologic evidence of disease occurred, as well as significantly more nitrotyrosine formation at all ages studied. CONCLUSION EC-SOD, the major scavenger of reactive oxygen species in extracellular spaces, is decreased in humans with OA and in an animal model of OA. Our findings suggest that inadequate control of reactive oxygen species plays a role in the pathophysiology of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Regan
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO 80206, USA.
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369
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress may play an important role in the pathophysiology of preeclampsia. An increase in lipid peroxidation products and a decrease in antioxidant activity in preeclamptic women have been reported in many papers. The objective of this study was to evaluate oxidative stress in infants born to preeclamptic mothers. METHODS Malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were measured in cord plasma of infants born to preeclamptic (n = 18) or normotensive (n = 9) mothers. RESULTS Gestational age was similar in both groups. The mean birth weight was significantly lower in the preeclamptic group (P = 0.007). Maternal age, primigravidity, antenatal steroid use, premature rupture of the membranes, clinical chorioamnionitis and adverse neonatal outcomes including sepsis, respiratory distress syndrome and neonatal mortality did not differ between groups. Cesarean delivery was significantly higher in the preeclamptic group. There was no significant difference in cord plasma levels of MDA and GSH, and activity of GPx between the preeclamptic and control groups. SOD was found to be increased in preeclamptic group (P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS We concluded that although cord plasma MDA levels were similar in both the preeclamptic and control groups, increased SOD activity might be an indicator of increased oxidative stress in infants born to preeclamptic mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayhan Tastekin
- Division of Neonatology, Atatürk University Faculty of Medicine, Erzurum, Turkey.
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370
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Georgiou CD, Papapostolou I, Patsoukis N, Tsegenidis T, Sideris T. An ultrasensitive fluorescent assay for the in vivo quantification of superoxide radical in organisms. Anal Biochem 2005; 347:144-51. [PMID: 16246291 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2005.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2005] [Revised: 09/10/2005] [Accepted: 09/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Superoxide radical is a very important parameter of oxidative stress involved in a variety of biological phenomena; therefore, its in vivo study is of utmost significance. However, its accurate detection is a challenge due to its short lifetime and its very low physiological concentration. All current assays are qualitative and nonspecific, and at best they are performed in vitro. The current dihydroethidine-based assay overcomes all these problems and introduces the following novelties. First, it measures the in vivo superoxide production in animals, plants, and microorganisms. Second, it is ultrasensitive and very simple in that it can measure superoxide radical as low as 1.5 pmol in biological samples as low as 5 mg. Third, the very high sensitivity of the assay renders possible, for the first time, the measurement of the actual rate of formation of superoxide radical under physiological and simulated nonphysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos D Georgiou
- Department of Biology, Section of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Patras, Greece.
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371
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Moeller BJ, Batinic-Haberle I, Spasojevic I, Rabbani ZN, Anscher MS, Vujaskovic Z, Dewhirst MW. A manganese porphyrin superoxide dismutase mimetic enhances tumor radioresponsiveness. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2005; 63:545-52. [PMID: 16168847 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2005.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2004] [Revised: 05/03/2005] [Accepted: 05/04/2005] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the effect of the superoxide dismutase mimetic Mn(III) tetrakis(N-ethylpyridinium-2-yl)porphyrin (MnTE-2-PyP(5+)) on tumor radioresponsiveness. METHODS AND MATERIALS Various rodent tumor (4T1, R3230, B16) and endothelial (SVEC) cell lines were exposed to MnTE-2-PyP(5+) and assayed for viability and radiosensitivity in vitro. Next, tumors were treated with radiation and MnTE-2-PyP(5+)in vivo, and the effects on tumor growth and vascularity were monitored. RESULTS In vitro, MnTE-2-PyP(5+) was not significantly cytotoxic. However, at concentrations as low as 2 mumol/L it caused 100% inhibition of secretion by tumor cells of cytokines protective of irradiated endothelial cells. In vivo, combined treatment with radiation and MnTE-2-PyP(5+) achieved synergistic tumor devascularization, reducing vascular density by 78.7% within 72 h of radiotherapy (p < 0.05 vs. radiation or drug alone). Co-treatment of tumors also resulted in synergistic antitumor effects, extending tumor growth delay by 9 days (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS These studies support the conclusion that MnTE-2-PyP(5+), which has been shown to protect normal tissues from radiation injury, can also improve tumor control through augmenting radiation-induced damage to the tumor vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Moeller
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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372
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Johnson WT, Johnson LAK, Lukaski HC. Serum superoxide dismutase 3 (extracellular superoxide dismutase) activity is a sensitive indicator of Cu status in rats. J Nutr Biochem 2005; 16:682-92. [PMID: 16081273 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2005.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2004] [Revised: 02/25/2005] [Accepted: 03/14/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Sensitivity of the assay for Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase 3 (SOD3), the predominant form of SOD in serum, can be increased, and interferences caused by low-molecular-weight substances in the serum can be reduced by conducting the assay at pH 10 with xanthine/xanthine oxidase and acetylated cytochrome c (cyt c) as superoxide generator and detector, respectively. Serum SOD3 activity was assayed under these conditions in an experiment where weanling, male rats were fed diets for 6 weeks containing 3, 5 and 15 mg Zn/kg with dietary Cu set at 0.3, 1.5 and 5 mg Cu/kg at each level of dietary Zn. Serum SOD3 responded to changes in dietary Cu but not to changes in dietary Zn. A second experiment compared serum SOD3 activity to traditional indices of Cu status in weanling, male and female rats after they were fed diets containing, nominally, 0, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3 and 6 mg Cu/kg for 6 weeks. Serum SOD3 activity was significantly lower (P < .05) in male rats fed diets containing 0 and 1 mg Cu/kg and female rats fed diet containing 0 mg Cu/kg compared with rats fed diet containing 6 mg Cu/kg. These changes were similar to changes in liver Cu concentrations, liver cyt c oxidase (CCO) activity and plasma ceruloplasmin in males and females. Serum SOD3 activity was also strongly, positively correlated with liver Cu concentrations over the entire range of dietary Cu concentrations (R(2) = .942 in males, R(2) = .884 in females, P < .0001). Plots of serum SOD3 activity, liver Cu concentration, liver CCO activity and ceruloplasmin as functions of kidney Cu concentration all had two linear segments that intersected at similar kidney Cu concentrations (18-22 microg/g dry kidney in males, 15-17 microg/g dry kidney in females). These findings indicate that serum SOD3 activity is a sensitive index of Cu status.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Thomas Johnson
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, ND 58202-9034, USA.
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373
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Tan RJ, Lee JS, Manni ML, Fattman CL, Tobolewski JM, Zheng M, Kolls JK, Martin TR, Oury TD. Inflammatory cells as a source of airspace extracellular superoxide dismutase after pulmonary injury. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2005; 34:226-32. [PMID: 16224105 PMCID: PMC2644184 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2005-0212oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD) is an antioxidant abundant in the lung. Previous studies demonstrated depletion of lung parenchymal EC-SOD in mouse models of interstitial lung disease coinciding with an accumulation of EC-SOD in airspaces. EC-SOD sticks to the matrix by a proteolytically sensitive heparin-binding domain; therefore, we hypothesized that interstitial inflammation and matrix remodeling contribute to proteolytic redistribution of EC-SOD from lung parenchyma into the airspaces. To determine if inflammation limited to airspaces leads to EC-SOD redistribution, we examined a bacterial pneumonia model. This model led to increases in airspace polymorphonuclear leukocytes staining strongly for EC-SOD. EC-SOD accumulated in airspaces at 24 h without depletion of EC-SOD from lung parenchyma. This led us to hypothesize that airspace EC-SOD was released from inflammatory cells and was not a redistribution of matrix EC-SOD. To test this hypothesis, transgenic mice with lung-specific expression of human EC-SOD were treated with asbestos or bleomycin to initiate an interstitial lung injury. In these studies, EC-SOD accumulating in airspaces was entirely the mouse isoform, demonstrating an extrapulmonary source (inflammatory cells) for this EC-SOD. We also demonstrate that EC-SOD knockout mice possess greater lung inflammation in response to bleomycin and bacteria when compared with wild types. We conclude that the source of accumulating EC-SOD in airspaces in interstitial lung disease is inflammatory cells and not the lung and that interstitial processes such as those found in pulmonary fibrosis are required to remove EC-SOD from lung matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roderick J Tan
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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374
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Kinnula VL. Focus on antioxidant enzymes and antioxidant strategies in smoking related airway diseases. Thorax 2005; 60:693-700. [PMID: 16061713 PMCID: PMC1747473 DOI: 10.1136/thx.2004.037473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke causes significant oxidant stress which is further enhanced by recruitment and activation of inflammatory cells to the lung. Polymorphisms in some detoxification enzymes are thought to increase the risk of developing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but the ultimate role of genetic variability in antioxidant and/or detoxification enzymes in COPD remains obscure. Some antioxidant enzymes are inducted, but the extent of induction is insufficient to protect the lung/alveolar epithelium against cigarette smoke. Exogenous antioxidants such as vitamins do not seem to protect against cigarette smoke related lung injury. Glutathione related synthetic drugs such as N-acetylcysteine have shown some benefits, but they may have pro-oxidant side effects. Synthetic compounds with superoxide dismutase and catalase activities have shown promising results in animal models against a variety of oxidant exposures including cigarette smoke in the lung. These results are in agreement with studies highlighting the importance of alveolar antioxidant protection mechanisms in oxidant stress and their inducibility. These new drugs need to be tested in cigarette smoking related lung injury/inflammation since inflammation/oxidant stress can continue after discontinuation of smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- V L Kinnula
- University of Helsinki, Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division, P O Box 22, Haartmaninkatu 4, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland.
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375
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Chu Y, Alwahdani A, Iida S, Lund DD, Faraci FM, Heistad DD. Vascular Effects of the Human Extracellular Superoxide Dismutase R213G Variant. Circulation 2005; 112:1047-53. [PMID: 16087794 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.104.531251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background—
Extracellular superoxide dismutase (ECSOD) is a major extracellular antioxidant enzyme. We have demonstrated that vascular effects of ECSOD require an intact heparin-binding domain. A common genetic variant with a substitution in the heparin-binding domain (ECSOD
R213G
) was reported recently to be associated with ischemic heart disease. The goal of this study was to examine vascular effects of ECSOD
R213G
.
Methods and Results—
A recombinant adenovirus (Ad) that expresses ECSOD
R213G
was constructed. ECSOD
R213G
and ECSOD proteins bound to collagen type I in vitro, but binding to aorta ex vivo was 10-fold greater with ECSOD than ECSOD
R213G
. Three days after intravenous injection of AdECSOD
R213G
or AdECSOD in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), immunostaining demonstrated binding of ECSOD to carotid arteries and kidneys but minimal binding of ECSOD
R213G
. Binding to aorta and carotid artery was 2.5- to 3-fold greater with ECSOD than ECSOD
R213G
by immunoblotting. Arterial pressure was significantly reduced by AdECSOD but not by AdECSOD
R213G
. Responses to acetylcholine and basal levels of nitric oxide in carotid arteries were impaired in SHR compared with normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats and were improved after AdECSOD but not AdECSOD
R213G
. Levels of superoxide and nitrotyrosine in aorta were higher in SHR than Wistar-Kyoto rats and were greatly reduced after AdECSOD but not AdECSOD
R213G
.
Conclusions—
In contrast to ECSOD, ECSOD
R213G
has no significant protective effect on arterial pressure, vascular function, or vascular levels of oxidative stress in SHR. These findings may provide a mechanistic basis for association studies that suggest that human beings carrying ECSOD
R213G
are predisposed to vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chu
- Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Roy J and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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376
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Auten RL, O'Reilly MA, Oury TD, Nozik-Grayck E, Whorton MH. Transgenic extracellular superoxide dismutase protects postnatal alveolar epithelial proliferation and development during hyperoxia. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2005; 290:L32-40. [PMID: 16100289 PMCID: PMC2661116 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00133.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Transgenic (TG) human (h) extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD) targeted to type II cells protects postnatal newborn mouse lung development against hyperoxia by unknown mechanisms. Because alveolar development depends on timely proliferation of type II epithelium and differentiation to type I epithelium, we measured proliferation in bronchiolar and alveolar (surfactant protein C-positive) epithelium in air and 95% O2-exposed wild-type (WT) and TG hEC-SOD newborn mice at postnatal days 3, 5, and 7 (P3-P7), traversing the transition from saccular to alveolar stages. We found that TG hEC-SOD ameliorated the 95% O2-impaired bromodeoxyuridine uptake in alveolar and bronchiolar epithelium at P3, but not at P5 and P7, when overall epithelial proliferation rates were lower in air-exposed WT mice. Mouse EC-, CuZn-, and Mn-SOD expression were unaffected by hyperoxia or genotype. TG mice had less DNA damage than 95% O2-exposed WT mice at P3, measured by TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (P < 0.05). Hyperoxia induced cell-cycle inhibitory protein p21cip/waf mRNA at P3, WT > TG, P = 0.06. 95% O2 impaired apical expression of type I cell alpha protein (T1alpha) in WT but not in TG mice at P3 and increased T1alpha in WT and TG mice at P7. Reducing the 95% O2-induced impairment of epithelial proliferation at a critical window of lung development was associated with protection against DNA damage and preservation of apical T1alpha expression at P3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Auten
- Neonatal-Perinatal Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
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377
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Hwang IK, Eum WS, Yoo KY, Cho JH, Kim DW, Choi SH, Kang TC, Kwon OS, Kang JH, Choi SY, Won MH. Copper chaperone for Cu,Zn-SOD supplement potentiates the Cu,Zn-SOD function of neuroprotective effects against ischemic neuronal damage in the gerbil hippocampus. Free Radic Biol Med 2005; 39:392-402. [PMID: 15993338 PMCID: PMC1992741 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2005.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2004] [Revised: 03/16/2005] [Accepted: 03/23/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the chronological alterations in SOD1 and its copper chaperone (chaperone for superoxide dismutase, CCS) immunoreactivities and their neuroprotective effects against neuronal damage in the gerbil hippocampus after 5 min of transient forebrain ischemia. SOD1 and CCS immunoreactivities were significantly increased in the stratum pyramidale of the CA1 region at 24 and 12 h after ischemic insult, respectively. At 24 h after ischemic insult, the SOD1 and CCS immunoreactivities were colocalized in the CA1 pyramidal cells of the stratum pyramidale. Thereafter, their immunoreactivities were significantly decreased in the CA1 region. To elucidate the effects of CCS or CCS/SOD1, we constructed the expression vectors PEP-1-SOD and PEP-1-CCS. In the CCS-treated group and the CCS/SOD1-treated group, 43.9 and 78.9% pyramidal cells, respectively, compared to the sham-operated group, were stained with cresyl violet 5 or 7 days after ischemic insult. The distribution pattern of active astrocytes and microglia in the PEP-CCS/SOD1-treated group 5 days after ischemic insult was similar to that of the sham-operated group. In addition, the SOD activity in the PEP-CCS- or PEP-CCS/SOD1-treated group was maintained by 10 days after ischemic insult. The SOD activity was higher in the PEP-CCS/SOD1-treated group vs the CCS-treated group. These results suggest that the enhanced expression of SOD1 and CCS may be related to compensatory mechanisms against ischemic damage and that cotreatment with CCS and SOD1 has a greater neuroprotective effect than treatment with CCS or SOD1 in isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Koo Hwang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chunchon 200-702, South Korea
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378
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Iida S, Chu Y, Francis J, Weiss RM, Gunnett CA, Faraci FM, Heistad DD. Gene transfer of extracellular superoxide dismutase improves endothelial function in rats with heart failure. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2005; 289:H525-32. [PMID: 16014615 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00108.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is associated with endothelial dysfunction in heart failure. The goals of this study were to determine whether 1) gene transfer of extracellular superoxide dismutase (ecSOD) reduces levels of superoxide and improves endothelial function in the aorta and mesenteric artery in rats with heart failure, and 2) the heparin-binding domain (HBD) of ecSOD, by which ecSOD binds to cells, is required for protective effects of ecSOD. Seven weeks after coronary ligation, in rats with heart failure and sham-operated rats, we injected adenoviral vectors intravenously that express ecSOD, ecSOD with deletion of the HBD (ecSODΔHBD), or a control vector. Four days after injection of viruses, responses to acetylcholine, ADP, and sodium nitroprusside were examined in rings of the aorta and mesenteric artery. ecSOD bound to endothelium and increased SOD activity in the aorta after gene transfer of ecSOD, not ecSODΔHBD. Gene transfer of ecSOD, but not ecSODΔHBD, reduced levels of superoxide and improved relaxation to acetylcholine and ADP in the aorta and mesenteric artery from rats with heart failure. Improvement of relaxation to acetylcholine in the mesenteric artery from rats with heart failure after gene transfer of ecSOD was mediated in part by hydrogen peroxide. The major finding of this study is that the HBD of ecSOD is necessary for protection against endothelial dysfunction in rats with heart failure. We speculate that a common gene variant in the HBD of ecSOD, which is a risk factor for ischemic heart disease, may be a risk factor for vascular maladaptation and endothelial dysfunction in heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichiro Iida
- Cardiovascular Center and Dept. of Internal Medicine, Univ. of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A Carver, College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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379
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Nozik-Grayck E, Suliman HB, Piantadosi CA. Extracellular superoxide dismutase. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2005; 37:2466-71. [PMID: 16087389 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2005.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2005] [Revised: 06/15/2005] [Accepted: 06/22/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular space is protected from oxidant stress by the antioxidant enzyme extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD), which is highly expressed in selected tissues including blood vessels, heart, lungs, kidney and placenta. EC-SOD contains a unique heparin-binding domain at its carboxy-terminus that establishes localization to the extracellular matrix where the enzyme scavenges superoxide anion. The EC-SOD heparin-binding domain can be removed by proteolytic cleavage, releasing active enzyme into the extracellular fluid. In addition to protecting against extracellular oxidative damage, EC-SOD, by scavenging superoxide, preserves nitric oxide bioactivity and facilitates hypoxia-induced gene expression. Loss of EC-SOD activity contributes to the pathogenesis of a number of diseases involving tissues with high levels of constitutive extracellular superoxide dismutase expression. A thorough understanding of the biological role of EC-SOD will be invaluable for developing novel therapies to prevent stress by extracellular oxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Nozik-Grayck
- Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 4200 E 9th Ave B131, Denver, CO 80262, USA.
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380
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Raychaudhury B, Banerjee S, Gupta S, Singh RV, Datta SC. Antiparasitic activity of a triphenyl tin complex against Leishmania donovani. Acta Trop 2005; 95:1-8. [PMID: 15896700 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2005.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2004] [Revised: 02/28/2005] [Accepted: 03/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis is a life-threatening human disease commonly known as kala-azar. Leishmania donovani is the causative agent of this parasitic disease transmitted by the sand fly vector to infect hosts. Triphenyl tin salicylanilide thiosemicarbazone [Ph(3)Sn(OSal.TSCZH)] (TTST) which is an organometallic complex of triphenyl tin has been evaluated to explore possibility to develop a potent chemotherapeutic agent against visceral leishmaniasis. Effect of triphenyl tin complex on growth inhibition and host--parasite interaction were examined both in vitro and in vivo. Release of toxic superoxide radical was measured spectrophotometrically through the formation of blue formazan derived from reduced nitrobluetetrazolium. To understand mode of action of Ph(3)Sn(OSal.TSCZH), superoxide dismutase activity was determined spectrophotometrically by measuring ability of this enzyme to inhibit pyrogallol autoxidation and also by activity staining of the non-denaturing polyacrylamide gels after separating superoxide dismutase. Antileishmanial activity of triphenyl tin complex were found to be effective both in vitro and in vivo at lower concentrations compared to the existing toxic drugs available. IC(50) of Ph(3)Sn(OSal.TSCZH) was calculated as 0.05+/-0.01mg/L. Intracellular survival of the parasite in host macrophages was inhibited by TTST in a dose dependent manner. Parasite burden in spleen was reduced to 87% under TTST treatment (10mg/kg body weight) and under sodium antimony gluconate (20mg/kg body weight) reduced nearly to 65%. Its action as a chemotherapeutic agent is found to be mediated through inhibition of superoxide dismutase and simultaneous release of toxic superoxide radical. We propose that Ph(3) Sn(OSal.TSCZH) may be considered as a prospective candidate to establish a better line of therapeutic process against experimental visceral leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikramjit Raychaudhury
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Infectious Diseases Group, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja SC Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
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381
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Petersen S, Olsen D, Kenney J, Oury T, Valnickova Z, Thøgersen I, Crapo J, Enghild J. The high concentration of Arg213-->Gly extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD) in plasma is caused by a reduction of both heparin and collagen affinities. Biochem J 2005; 385:427-32. [PMID: 15362977 PMCID: PMC1134713 DOI: 10.1042/bj20041218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The C-terminal region of EC-SOD (extracellular superoxide dismutase) mediates the binding to both heparin/heparan sulphate and type I collagen. A mutation (Arg213-->Gly; R213G) within this extracellular matrix-binding region has recently been implicated in the development of heart disease. This relatively common mutation affects the heparin affinity, and the concentration of EC-SOD in the plasma of R213G homozygous individuals is increased 10- to 30-fold. In the present study we confirm, using R213G EC-SOD purified from a homozygous individual, that the heparin affinity is reduced. Significantly, the collagen affinity of the R213G EC-SOD variant was similarly affected and both the heparin and collagen affinities were reduced by 12-fold. Structural analysis of synthetic extracellular matrix-binding regions suggests that the mutation alters the secondary structure. We conclude that the increased concentration of EC-SOD in the plasma of R213G carriers is caused by a reduction in both heparin and collagen affinities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steen V. Petersen
- *Department of Molecular Biology, University of Aarhus, Gustav Wieds Vej 10C, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Dorte Aa. Olsen
- *Department of Molecular Biology, University of Aarhus, Gustav Wieds Vej 10C, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - John M. Kenney
- †Department of Physics, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, U.S.A
| | - Tim D. Oury
- ‡Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, U.S.A
| | - Zuzana Valnickova
- *Department of Molecular Biology, University of Aarhus, Gustav Wieds Vej 10C, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Ida B. Thøgersen
- *Department of Molecular Biology, University of Aarhus, Gustav Wieds Vej 10C, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - James D. Crapo
- §Department of Medicine, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO 80206, U.S.A
| | - Jan J. Enghild
- *Department of Molecular Biology, University of Aarhus, Gustav Wieds Vej 10C, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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382
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Kruger AL, Peterson S, Turkseven S, Kaminski PM, Zhang FF, Quan S, Wolin MS, Abraham NG. D-4F Induces Heme Oxygenase-1 and Extracellular Superoxide Dismutase, Decreases Endothelial Cell Sloughing, and Improves Vascular Reactivity in Rat Model of Diabetes. Circulation 2005; 111:3126-34. [PMID: 15939814 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.104.517102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background—
Apolipoprotein A1 mimetic peptide, synthesized from D-amino acid (D-4F), enhances the ability of HDL to protect LDL against oxidation in atherosclerotic animals.
Methods and Results—
We investigated the mechanisms by which D-4F provides antioxidant effects in a diabetic model. Sprague-Dawley rats developed diabetes with administration of streptozotocin (STZ). We examined the effects of daily D-4F (100 μg/100 g of body weight, intraperitoneal injection) on superoxide (O
2
−
), extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD), vascular heme oxygenase (HO-1 and HO-2) levels, and circulating endothelial cells in diabetic rats. In response to D-4F, both the quantity and activity of HO-1 were increased. O
2
−
levels were elevated in diabetic rats (74.8±8×10
3
cpm/10 mg protein) compared with controls (38.1±8×10
3
cpm/10 mg protein;
P
<0.01). D-4F decreased O
2
−
levels to 13.23±1×10
3
(
P
<0.05 compared with untreated diabetics). The average number of circulating endothelial cells was higher in diabetics (50±6 cells/mL) than in controls (5±1 cells/mL) and was significantly decreased in diabetics treated with D-4F (20±3 cells/mL;
P
<0.005). D-4F also decreased endothelial cell fragmentation in diabetic rats. The impaired relaxation typical of blood vessels in diabetic rats was prevented by administration of D-4F (85.0±2.0% relaxation). Western blot analysis showed decreased EC-SOD in the diabetic rats, whereas D-4F restored the EC-SOD level.
Conclusions—
We conclude that an increase in circulating endothelial cell sloughing, superoxide anion, and vasoconstriction in diabetic rats can be prevented by administration of D-4F, which is associated with an increase in 2 antioxidant proteins, HO-1 and EC-SOD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam L Kruger
- Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
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383
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Kinnula VL, Fattman CL, Tan RJ, Oury TD. Oxidative stress in pulmonary fibrosis: a possible role for redox modulatory therapy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 172:417-22. [PMID: 15894605 PMCID: PMC2718525 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200501-017pp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic ulmonary fibrosis (histopathology of usual interstitial pneumonia) is a progressive lung disease of unknown etiology. No treatment has been shown to improve the prognosis of the patients with this disease. Recent evidence, including the observations that the patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis have higher levels of oxidant stress than control patients, and a recent multicenter European study examining the effect of the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine on the progression of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis suggest that the cellular redox state may play a significant role in the progression of this disease. These complex mechanisms include activation of growth factors as well as regulation of matrix metalloproteinases and protease inhibitors. Potential future approaches for the therapy of interstitial pulmonary fibrosis may involve synthetic agents able to modulate cellular redox state. Investigation into therapeutic approaches to inhibit oxidant-mediated reactions in the initiation and progression of pulmonary fibrosis may provide hope for the future treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vuokko L Kinnula
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 22 (Haartmaninkatu 4), FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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384
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Petersen SV, Enghild JJ. Extracellular superoxide dismutase: structural and functional considerations of a protein shaped by two different disulfide bridge patterns. Biomed Pharmacother 2005; 59:175-82. [PMID: 15862712 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2005.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of reactive oxygen species are detrimental and can cause damage to DNA, protein, and lipids. Hence, the etiology of a large range of diseases resides in the generation of excess reactive oxygen species. However, these species are also involved in the maintenance of physiological functions. In tissues, it is therefore essential to maintain a steady-state level of antioxidant activity to allow both for the physiological functions of reactive oxygen species to proceed and at the same time preventing tissue damage. Extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD) is the only extracellular scavenger of the superoxide radical. The reactivity of superoxide is promiscuous and it is crucial that EC-SOD is positioned at the site of superoxide production to prevent adventitious reactions. It is therefore likely beneficial to have mechanisms for regulating the EC-SOD tissue distribution and enzymatic activity. The modular architecture of EC-SOD, encompassing three functional regions, is an ideal construction to generate diversity. By intracellular proteolytic processing and generation of active and inactive molecules, EC-SOD represents a flexible protein with the capacity to fine-tune the tissue localization and the antioxidant level in the extracellular space. The present review will address the function and activity of the separate regions of EC-SOD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steen V Petersen
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Aarhus, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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385
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Ozumi K, Tasaki H, Takatsu H, Nakata S, Morishita T, Koide S, Yamashita K, Tsutsui M, Okazaki M, Sasaguri Y, Adachi T, Nakashima Y. Extracellular superoxide dismutase overexpression reduces cuff-induced arterial neointimal formation. Atherosclerosis 2005; 181:55-62. [PMID: 15939054 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2005.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2004] [Revised: 12/19/2004] [Accepted: 01/10/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms of neointimal formation in cuff-injury models are still uncertain. To examine whether extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD) can reduce neointimal formation in a cuff-injury model, adenoviruses expressing EC-SOD (AxCAEC-SOD) or Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase (AxCALacZ) was injected between the cuff and the adventitia of rat femoral arteries. As a result, EC-SOD protein was effectively produced in the adventitia, as assessed by immunohistochemical staining. In comparison with cuff-treated control arteries and AxCALacZ-transfected arteries, neointimal formation was significantly reduced in AxCAEC-SOD-transfected arteries. Furthermore, proliferating smooth muscle cells in neointima and media were reduced by EC-SOD treatment. Similarly, augmented iNOS expression, apoptosis and collagen content in the vascular wall were also reduced by EC-SOD treatment. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in tissue was reduced by EC-SOD expression, as assessed by dihydroethidium staining and coelenterazine chemiluminescence. These results suggest that ROS, especially superoxide anions at an adventitia, are responsible for neointimal formation in a cuff-injury model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshi Ozumi
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Yahatanishiku, Kitakyushu, Japan
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386
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Janssen-Heininger Y, Ckless K, Reynaert N, van der Vliet A. SOD inactivation in asthma: bad or no news? THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2005; 166:649-52. [PMID: 15743777 PMCID: PMC1602369 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)62286-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Janssen-Heininger
- Department of Pathology, University of Vermont, Health Sciences Research Facility, 216A, 149 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington VT 05405, USA.
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387
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Park JW, Qi WN, Cai Y, Zelko I, Liu JQ, Chen LE, Urbaniak JR, Folz RJ. Skeletal muscle reperfusion injury is enhanced in extracellular superoxide dismutase knockout mouse. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2005; 289:H181-7. [PMID: 15778274 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00458.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the role of extracellular SOD (EC-SOD), the major extracellular antioxidant enzyme, in skeletal muscle ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury. Pedicled cremaster muscle flaps from homozygous EC-SOD knockout (EC-SOD-/-) and wild-type (WT) mice were subjected to 4.5-h ischemia and 90-min reperfusion followed by functional and molecular analyses. Our results revealed that EC-SOD-/- mice showed significantly profound I/R injury compared with WT littermates. In particular, there was a delayed and incomplete recovery of arterial spasm and blood flow during reperfusion, and more severe acute inflammatory reaction and muscle damage were noted in EC-SOD-/- mice. After 90-min reperfusion, intracellular SOD [copper- and zinc-containing SOD (CuZn-SOD) and manganese-containing (Mn-SOD)] mRNA levels decreased similarly in both groups. EC-SOD mRNA levels increased in WT mice, whereas EC-SOD mRNA was undetectable, as expected, in EC-SOD-/- mice. In both groups of animals, CuZn-SOD protein levels decreased and Mn-SOD protein levels remained unchanged. EC-SOD protein levels decreased in WT mice. Histological analysis showed diffuse edema and inflammation around muscle fibers, which was more pronounced in EC-SOD-/- mice. In conclusion, our data suggest that EC-SOD plays an important role in the protection from skeletal muscle I/R injury caused by excessive generation of reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Woong Park
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
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388
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Callio J, Oury TD, Chu CT. Manganese superoxide dismutase protects against 6-hydroxydopamine injury in mouse brains. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:18536-42. [PMID: 15755737 PMCID: PMC1885201 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m413224200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra are susceptible to toxin-based insults. Intrastriatal injection of 6-hydroxydopamine results in selective toxicity to these neurons. A mechanistic role for reactive oxygen species is supported by observations that antioxidants confer protection from 6-hydroxydopamine. Although cell culture studies have suggested extracellular or nonmitochondrial mechanisms in 6-hydroxydopamine toxicity, the compartmentalization of oxidative injury mechanisms is incompletely defined in vivo. Transgenic mice overexpressing mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase or extracellular superoxide dismutase received unilateral intrastriatal injections of 6-hydroxydopamine. Mice that overexpress manganese superoxide dismutase showed significantly smaller striatal lesions than littermate controls. There were no differences in nonspecific striatal injury associated with contralateral vehicle injection. Manganese superoxide dismutase overexpression also protected against loss of neuronal cell bodies in the substantia nigra. In contrast, mice overexpressing extracellular superoxide dismutase showed no protection from 6-hydroxydopamine toxicity in either brain region. Protection of the nigrostriatal system by overexpression of manganese superoxide dismutase supports a role for mitochondrially derived superoxide in 6-hydroxydopamine toxicity. Mitochondrial oxidative stress appears to be a common mechanism among diverse models of Parkinson disease, whether involving toxins, mutated genes, or cybrid cells containing patient mitochondria. Antioxidant therapies that target this subcellular compartment may prove promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Callio
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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389
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Sánchez-Rodríguez MA, Retana-Ugalde R, Ruíz-Ramos M, Muñoz-Sánchez JL, Vargas-Guadarrama LA, Mendoza-Núñez VM. Efficient antioxidant capacity against lipid peroxide levels in healthy elderly of Mexico City. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2005; 97:322-329. [PMID: 15589241 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2004.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2003] [Revised: 04/20/2004] [Accepted: 05/04/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated antioxidant activity against lipid peroxide levels (LPO) in healthy elderly and adults of Mexico City in comparison with a population of a rural area. The study included free-living subjects: 38 adults aged <60 years and 129 older subjects aged > or = 60 years of urban Mexico City in addition to 37 adults aged <60 years and 88 older subjects aged > or = 60 years of rural area (Actopan, Hidalgo State, Mexico). LPO were observed as higher in adults and elderly of the urban area than among rural subjects (P<0.01), although LPO levels were similar in rural adults and elderly (P>0.05); conversely, in urban area levels were higher in the elderly than in adults (P<0.01). On the other hand, the superoxide dismutase in urban elderly was higher than that in rural elderly (P<0.05) but similar between urban adults and urban elderly (P>0.05). Total oxidant status in urban elderly was higher than that in rural elderly (P<0.01). Our findings allow us to conclude that the urban elderly (residents of Mexico City) have higher oxidative stress than the rural-dwelling elderly, though the urban elderly have efficient antioxidant capacity as a response to elevated LPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha A Sánchez-Rodríguez
- Unidad de Investigación en Gerontología, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Fuerte de Loreto, Col. Ejercito de Oriente, Batalla 5 de mayo s/n, esq. 09230 Mexico City, Mexico
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390
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Uzun H, Simsek G, Aydin S, Unal E, Karter Y, Yelmen NK, Vehid S, Curgunlu A, Kaya S. Potential effects of L-NAME on alcohol-induced oxidative stress. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11:600-4. [PMID: 15641155 PMCID: PMC4250820 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i4.600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: Nitric oxide (NO) is a highly reactive oxidant synthesized from L-arginine by nitric oxide synthase (NOS). NO may cause injury through the generation of potent radicals. Nw- nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) is a non-selective inhibitor of NOS. We aimed to evaluate whether L-NAME treatment had protective effects against oxidative stress in rats intragastrically fed with ethanol during a 4 wk-period.
METHODS: Thirty-six male Wistar rats were divided into 3 equal groups: group 1 (control group-isocaloric dextrose was given), group 2 (6 g/kg·d ethanol-induced group) and group 3 (both ethanol 6 g/kg·d and L-NAME 500 mg/L in drinking water-given group). Animals were sacrificed at the end of 4 wk-experimental period, and intracardiac blood and liver tissues were obtained. Biochemical measurements were performed both in plasma and in homogenized liver tissues. Alanine amino transferase (ALT), aspartate amino transferase (AST), malondialdehyde (MDA), NO, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione (GSH) levels were measured by spectrophotometry.
RESULTS: ALT and AST in group 2 (62 U/L and 128 U/L, respectively) were higher than those in group 1 (24 U/L and 38 U/L) and group 3 (37 U/L and 81 U/L) (P<0.001 for both). Plasma and tissue levels of MDA in group 2 (4.66 μmol/L and 0.55 nmol/mg protein) were higher than in group 1 (2.65 μmol/L and 0.34 nmol/mg protein) and group 3 (3.43 μmol/L and 0.36 nmol/mg protein) (P<0.001 for both). Plasma and liver tissue levels of NO in group 2 (54.67 μmol/L and 586.50 nmol/mg protein) were higher than in group 1 (34.67 μmol/L and 435.33 nmol/mg protein) and group 3 (27.50 μmol/L and 412.75 nmol/mg protein ) (P<0.001 for both). Plasma and liver tissue SOD activities in group 2 (15.25 U/mL and 5.38 U/ mg protein, respectively) were lower than in group 1 (20.00 U/mL and 8.13 U/ mg protein) and group 3 (19.00 U/mL and 6.93 U/ mg protein) (P<0.001 for both). Plasma and liver tissue CAT activities in group 2 (145 U/mL and 37 U/ mg protein, respectively) were lower than in group 1 (176 U/mL and 73 U/mg protein) and group 3 (167 U/mL and 61 U/mg protein) (P<0.001 for both). Meanwhile, erythrocytes and liver tissue levels of GSH in group 2 (4.12 mg/g Hb and 5.38 nmol/mg protein, respectively) were lower than in group 1 (5.52 mg/g Hb and 4.49 nmol/mg protein) and group 3 (5.64 mg/g Hb and 4.18 nmol/mg protein) (P<0.001 for both).
CONCLUSION: Our findings show that L-NAME may produce a restorative effect on ethanol-induced liver damage via decreasing oxidative stress and increasing antioxidant status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafize Uzun
- Department of Biochemistry, Istanbul University, Cerrahpata School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.
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391
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Patel M, Li QY, Chang LY, Crapo J, Liang LP. Activation of NADPH oxidase and extracellular superoxide production in seizure-induced hippocampal damage. J Neurochem 2005; 92:123-31. [PMID: 15606902 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2004.02838.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We sought to determine whether the extracellular compartment contributed to seizure-induced superoxide (O2*-) production and to determine the role of the NADPH oxidase complex as a source of this O2*- production. The translocation of NADPH oxidase subunits (p47phox, p67phox and rac1) was assessed by immunoblot analysis and NADPH-driven O2*- production was measured using 2-(4-hydroxybenzyl)-6-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-8-benzyl-3,7-dihydroimidazo [1,2-alpha] pyrazin-3-one-enhanced chemiluminescence. Kainate-induced status epilepticus resulted in a time-dependent translocation of NADPH oxidase subunits (p47phox, p67phox and rac-1) from hippocampal cytosol to membrane fractions. Hippocampal membrane fractions from kainate-injected rats showed increased NADPH-driven and diphenylene iodonium-sensitive O2*- production in comparison to vehicle-treated rats. The time-course of kainate-induced NADPH oxidase activation coincided with microglial activation in the rat hippocampus. Finally, kainate-induced neuronal damage and membrane oxygen consumption were inhibited in mice overexpressing extracellular superoxide dismutase. These results suggest that seizure activity activates the membrane NADPH oxidase complex resulting in increased formation of O2*-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80262, USA.
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392
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Park JW, Qi WN, Liu JQ, Urbaniak JR, Folz RJ, Chen LE. Inhibition of iNOS attenuates skeletal muscle reperfusion injury in extracellular superoxide dismutase knockout mice. Microsurgery 2005; 25:606-13. [PMID: 16284952 DOI: 10.1002/micr.20175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are closely involved in the mechanism of skeletal muscle ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. This study was designed to determine the effects of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) inhibitor 1400 W on the reperfused cremaster muscle in extracellular super-oxide dismutase knockout (EC-SOD(-/-)) mice. The muscle was exposed to 4.5 h of ischemia, followed by 90 min of reperfusion. Mice received either 3 mg/kg of 1400 W or the same amount of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, as a control) subcutaneously at 10 min before the start of reperfusion. 1400 W treatment markedly improved the recovery speed of vessel diameter and blood flow in the reperfused cremaster muscle of EC-SOD(-/-) mice compared to controls. Histological examination showed reduced edema in the interstitial space and muscle fiber, and reduced density of nitrotyrosine (a marker of total peroxi-nitrate (ONOO(-)) level) in 1400 W-treated muscles compared to controls. Our results suggest that iNOS and ONOO(-) products are involved in skeletal muscle I/R injury. Reduced I/R injury by using selective inhibition of iNOS perhaps works by limiting cytotoxic ONOO(-) generation, a reaction product of nitric oxide (NO) and super-oxide anion (O(2) (-)). Thus, inhibition of iNOS appears to be a treatment strategy for reducing clinical I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Woong Park
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
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393
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Lapenna D, Ciofani G, Pierdomenico SD, Giamberardino MA, Cuccurullo F. Copper, zinc superoxide dismutase plus hydrogen peroxide: a catalytic system for human lipoprotein oxidation. FEBS Lett 2004; 579:245-50. [PMID: 15620721 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2004.11.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2004] [Accepted: 11/05/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We report for the first time that bovine or human CuZnSOD plus H2O2 can catalyze human lipoprotein oxidation, inducing like free copper ions a typical oxidative kinetics with lag and propagation phases. Free copper released from CuZnSOD by H2O2, but not enzyme peroxidase activity and carbonate radical anion, is responsible for lipoprotein oxidation, which is indeed totally inhibited by copper chelators and BHT but unaffected by bicarbonate. Moreover, lipoprotein oxidation is significantly counteracted by the OH* scavengers formate and azide, which can enter the active site of CuZnSOD and decrease copper release through scavenging of copper-bound OH*; benzoate and ethanol, which cannot enter, are instead ineffective, indicating no oxidative involvement of free OH* escaped from the enzyme active site. The possibility of CuZnSOD/H2O2-catalyzed lipoprotein oxidation in vivo is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Lapenna
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Scienze dell'Invecchiamento, and Centro di Scienze dell'Invecchiamento-Fondazione Università G. d'Annunzio, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università G. d'Annunzio, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
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394
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Nguyen AD, Itoh S, Jeney V, Yanagisawa H, Fujimoto M, Ushio-Fukai M, Fukai T. Fibulin-5 is a novel binding protein for extracellular superoxide dismutase. Circ Res 2004; 95:1067-74. [PMID: 15528465 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.0000149568.85071.fb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular superoxide dismutase (ecSOD) plays an important role in atherosclerosis and endothelial function by modulating levels of the superoxide anion (O2*-) in the extracellular space. Although heparan sulfate proteoglycan is an important ligand for ecSOD, little is known about other biological binding partners of ecSOD. The goal of this study was to identify novel proteins that interact with ecSOD. A yeast two-hybrid screening of a human aorta cDNA library using ecSOD as bait identified fibulin-5 as a predominant binding protein for ecSOD. Further analysis showed that the binding domain of ecSOD within fibulin-5 mapped to its C-terminal domain. In vitro pulldown assays and coimmunoprecipitation analysis further confirmed that ecSOD interacts with fibulin-5 in vitro and in vivo. Studies using fibulin-5-/- mice indicated that fibulin-5 is required for binding of ecSOD to vascular tissue. Importantly, the decrease in tissue-bound ecSOD levels in aortas from fibulin-5-/- mice was associated with an increase in vascular O2*- levels. Furthermore, immunohistochemical analysis using ApoE-/- mice suggested a codistribution of ecSOD and fibulin-5 in atherosclerotic vessels. In summary, we provide in this study the first evidence that the ecSOD-fibulin-5 interaction is required for ecSOD binding to vascular tissues, thereby regulating vascular O2*- levels. This interaction may represent a novel mechanism for controlling vascular redox state in the extracellular space in various cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis and hypertension in which oxidative stress is increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Nguyen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga 30322, USA
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395
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Plantivaux A, Furla P, Zoccola D, Garello G, Forcioli D, Richier S, Merle PL, Tambutté E, Tambutté S, Allemand D. Molecular characterization of two CuZn-superoxide dismutases in a sea anemone. Free Radic Biol Med 2004; 37:1170-81. [PMID: 15451057 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2004] [Revised: 06/02/2004] [Accepted: 06/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cnidarians living in symbiosis with photosynthetic cells--called zooxanthellae--are submitted to high oxygen levels generated by photosynthesis. To cope with this hyperoxic state, symbiotic cnidarians present a high diversity of superoxide dismutases (SOD) isoforms. To understand better the mechanism of resistance of cnidarian hosts to hyperoxia, we studied copper- and zinc-containing SOD (CuZnSOD) from Anemonia viridis, a temperate symbiotic sea anemone. We cloned two CuZnSOD genes that we call AvCuZnSODa and AvCuZnSODb. Their molecular analysis suggests that the AvCuZnSODa transcript encodes an extracellular form of CuZnSOD, whereas the AvCuZnSODb transcript encodes an intracellular form. Using in situ hybridization, we showed that both AvCuZnSODa and AvCuZnSODb transcripts are expressed in the endodermal and ectodermal cells of the sea anemone, but not in the zooxanthellae. The genomic flanking sequences of AvCuZnSODa and AvCuZnSODb revealed different putative binding sites for transcription factors, suggesting different modes of regulation for the two genes. This study represents a first step in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of host animal resistance to permanent hyperoxia status resulting from the photosynthetic symbiosis. Moreover, AvCuZnSODa and AvCuZnSODb are the first SODs cloned from a diploblastic animal, contributing to the evolutionary understanding of SODs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Plantivaux
- UMR 1112 UNSA-INRA ROSE, Nice-Sophia Antipolis University, Parc Valrose, BP 71, F-06108 Nice Cedex 02, France
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396
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Li J, Li W, Liu W, Altura BT, Altura BM. Mechanisms of hydroxyl radical-induced contraction of rat aorta. Eur J Pharmacol 2004; 499:171-8. [PMID: 15363964 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.07.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2004] [Revised: 07/16/2004] [Accepted: 07/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the effects of hydroxyl radicals (*OH), generated via the Fe2+-mediated Fenton reaction, on isolated rat aortic rings with and without endothelium. In the absence of any vasoactive agent, generation of *OH alone elicited an endothelium-independent contraction in rat aortic rings in a concentration-dependent manner. Hydroxyl radical-induced contractions of denuded rat aortic rings appeared, however, to be slightly stronger than those on intact rat aortic rings. The contractile responses to *OH were neither reversible nor reproducible in the same ring; even small concentrations of *OH radicals resulted in tachyphylaxis. Removal of extracellular calcium ions (Ca2+) or buffering intracellular Ca2+ with 10 microM acetyl methyl ester of bis(o-aminophenoxy) ethane-N,N,N',N',-tetraacetic acid (BAPTA-AM) significantly attenuated the contractile actions of *OH radicals. The presence of 1 microM staurosporine, 1 microM bisindolylmaleimide I, 1 microM Gö6976 [inhibitor of protein kinase C (PKC)], 2 microM PD-980592 (inhibitor of ERK), 10 microM genistein, and 1 microM wortmannin significantly inhibited the contractions induced by *OH. Proadifen (10 microM), on the other hand, significantly potentiated the hydroxyl radical-induced contractions. Exposure of primary cultured aortic smooth muscle cells to *OH produced significant, rapid rises of intracellular free Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i). Several, specific antagonists of possible endogenously formed vasoconstrictors did not inhibit or attenuate either hydroxyl radical-induced contractions or the elevation of [Ca2+]i. Our new results suggest that hydroxyl radical-triggered contractions on rat aortic rings are Ca2+-dependent. Several intracellular signal transduction systems seem to play some role in hydroxyl radical-induced vasoconstriction of rat aortic rings.
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MESH Headings
- Androstadienes/pharmacology
- Animals
- Aorta/drug effects
- Aorta/physiology
- Calcium/metabolism
- Calcium/pharmacology
- Carbazoles/pharmacology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Endothelium, Vascular/physiology
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Ferrous Compounds/pharmacology
- Genistein/pharmacology
- Hydrogen Peroxide/pharmacology
- Hydroxyl Radical/pharmacology
- In Vitro Techniques
- Indoles/pharmacology
- Male
- Maleimides/pharmacology
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors
- Proadifen/pharmacology
- Protein Kinase C/antagonists & inhibitors
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Staurosporine/pharmacology
- Vasoconstriction/drug effects
- Wortmannin
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Li
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203-2056, USA
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397
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Tan RJ, Fattman CL, Watkins SC, Oury TD. Redistribution of pulmonary EC-SOD after exposure to asbestos. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2004; 97:2006-13. [PMID: 15298984 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00480.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhalation of asbestos fibers leads to interstitial lung disease (asbestosis) characterized by inflammation and fibrosis. The pathogenesis of asbestosis is not fully understood, but reactive oxygen species are thought to play a central role. Extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD) is an antioxidant enzyme that protects the lung in a bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis model, but its role has not been studied in asbestos-mediated disease. EC-SOD is found in high levels in the extracellular matrix of lung alveoli because of its positively charged heparin-binding domain. Proteolytic removal of this domain results in clearance of EC-SOD from the matrix of tissues. We treated wild-type C57BL/6 mice with 0.1 mg of crocidolite asbestos by intratracheal instillation and euthanized them 24 h later. Compared with saline- or titanium dioxide-treated control mice, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from asbestos-treated mice contained significantly higher total protein levels and increased numbers of inflammatory cells, predominantly neutrophils, indicating acute lung injury in response to asbestos. Decreased EC-SOD protein and activity were found in the lungs of asbestos-treated mice, whereas more EC-SOD was found in the BALF of these mice. The EC-SOD in the BALF was predominantly in the proteolyzed form, which lacks the heparin-binding domain. This redistribution of EC-SOD correlated with development of fibrosis 14 days after asbestos exposure. These data suggest that asbestos injury leads to enhanced proteolysis and clearance of EC-SOD from lung parenchyma into the air spaces. The depletion of EC-SOD from the extracellular matrix may increase susceptibility of the lung to oxidative stress during asbestos-mediated lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roderick J Tan
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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398
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Mamo LB, Suliman HB, Giles BL, Auten RL, Piantadosi CA, Nozik-Grayck E. Discordant Extracellular Superoxide Dismutase Expression and Activity in Neonatal Hyperoxic Lung. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004; 170:313-8. [PMID: 15117745 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200309-1282oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antioxidant defenses in the neonatal lung are required to adapt to the oxygen (O(2))-rich postnatal environment, and oxidant/antioxidant imbalance is a predisposition to lung injury when high concentrations of inspired O(2) are used in neonatal lung diseases. The lung's main extracellular enzymatic defense against superoxide, extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD), is closely regulated during development. In testing the hypothesis that developmental change in EC-SOD expression and activity in the immature lung would be disrupted by hyperoxia, we found a doubling of lung EC-SOD protein in newborn rats exposed to 95% O(2) for 1 week. Furthermore, EC-SOD protein secretion increased, but EC-SOD enzyme activity did not change with O(2) exposure. EC-SOD mRNA did not change at multiple points between 6 hours and 8 days. Lung EC-SOD recovered by immunoprecipitation after 1 week of O(2) showed strong increases in protein nitrotyrosine and variable, nonsignificant differences in protein carbonyl content. These data provide the first direct evidence that EC-SOD is itself a target of nitration in hyperoxia, and offer a plausible explanation for low EC-SOD activity despite its increased secretion by O(2)-exposed neonatal lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa B Mamo
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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399
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Abstract
Oxidative stress contributes to the initiation and the development of atherosclerotic plaques and adversely influences myocardial integrity. Statins interfere with oxidation in several ways that may contribute to reducing the atherogenic process. In addition to direct antioxidant effects, statins reduce circulating oxidized low-density lipoproteins (oxLDL) and inhibit their uptake by macrophages. They also reduce circulating markers of oxidation such as F2-isoprostane and nitrotyrosine. Statins inhibit oxidant enzymes activity such as that of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAD[P]H) oxidase and myeloperoxidase and up-regulate the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase and paraoxonase. They reduce endothelial dysfunction mainly by their ability to enhance endothelial nitric oxide bioavailability, which is achieved by several mechanisms. The antioxidant properties of statins extend to organ protection especially the myocardium and the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Davignon
- Hyperlipidemia and Atherosclerosis Research Group, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, and University of Montreal Hospital Medical Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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400
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Abstract
Blood vessels express 3 isoforms of superoxide dismutase (SOD): cytosolic or copper-zinc SOD (CuZn-SOD), manganese SOD (Mn-SOD) localized in mitochondria, and an extracellular form of CuZn-SOD (EC-SOD). Because there are no selective pharmacological inhibitors of individual SOD isoforms, the functional importance of the different SODs has been difficult to define. Recent molecular approaches, primarily the use of genetically-altered mice and viral-mediated gene transfer, have allowed investigators to begin to define the role of specific SOD isoforms in vascular biology. This review will focus mainly on the role of individual SODs in relation to endothelium under normal conditions and in disease states. This area is important because reactive oxygen species and superoxide anion are thought to play major roles in changes in vascular structure and function in pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank M Faraci
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242-1081, USA.
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