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Can urinary excretion rate of 8-isoprostrane and malonaldehyde predict postoperative cognitive dysfunction in aging? Neurol Sci 2013; 34:1665-9. [PMID: 23380806 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-013-1314-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been associated with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, little is known about oxidative stress in postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) in aging. The aim of this study was to investigate urinary excretion rate of 8-isoprostane:creatinine (U8-isoPG:Cr) and malonaldehyde:creatinine (UMDA:Cr) to predict short-term POCD in elderly patients undergoing general and orthopedic surgery. 72 patients aged above 65 years were enrolled in this prospective observational study. Each patient underwent cognitive testing to determine POCD performed by an investigator before surgery and 1 week after surgery. Morning urine was collected at baseline, 1, 2, and 7 days postoperatively. U8-isoPG was performed using enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and UMDA levels were measured by chemiluminescence detection. Creatinine levels were also analyzed if differences in the oxidative biomarkers were observed in the urine creatinine concentration. (1). Of 72 patients who completed cognitive testing, postoperative cognitive dysfunction was detected in 29.2 % (n = 21) of patients in 7 days. (2) U8-isoPG:Cr levels in 7 days postoperatively were significantly higher in POCD patients compared with the non-POCD group (p = 0.01). When measuring change from baseline, U8-isoPG:Cr levels were higher than that of control groups (p = 0.01). (3) UMDA:Cr levels were significantly elevated in 1 and 2 days postoperatively in both groups (p < 0.05). U8-isoPG:Cr level seems to be a valuable marker to detect lipid peroxidation early in POCD patients. However, it will also be important to take into account or reduce potential confounders to improve the identification of changes in the status of oxidative stress as a marker for POCD.
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352
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Jellinger KA. The relevance of metals in the pathophysiology of neurodegeneration, pathological considerations. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2013; 110:1-47. [PMID: 24209432 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-410502-7.00002-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders are featured by a variety of pathological conditions that share similar critical processes, such as oxidative stress, free radical activity, proteinaceous aggregations, mitochondrial dysfunctions, and energy failure. They are mediated or triggered by an imbalance of metal ions leading to changes of critical biological systems and initiating a cascade of events finally leading to neurodegeneration and cell death. Their causes are multifactorial, and although the source of the shift in oxidative homeostasis is still unclear, current evidence points to changes in the balance of redox transition metals, especially iron, copper, and other trace metals. They are present at elevated levels in Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, multisystem atrophy, etc., while in other neurodegenerative disorders, copper, zinc, aluminum, and manganese are involved. This chapter will review the recent advances of the role of metals in the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of major neurodegenerative diseases and discuss the use of chelating agents as potential therapies for metal-related disorders.
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353
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Sutherland GT, Chami B, Youssef P, Witting PK. Oxidative stress in Alzheimer's disease: Primary villain or physiological by-product? Redox Rep 2013; 18:134-41. [PMID: 23849337 PMCID: PMC6837641 DOI: 10.1179/1351000213y.0000000052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is increasing rapidly worldwide due to an ageing population and largely ineffective treatments. In AD cognitive decline is due to progressive neuron loss that begins in the medial temporal lobe and spreads through many brain regions. Despite intense research the pathogenesis of the common sporadic form of AD remains largely unknown. The popular amyloid cascade hypothesis suggests that the accumulation of soluble oligomers of beta amyloid peptides (Aβ) initiates a series of events that cause neuronal loss. Among their putative toxic effects, Aβ oligomers are thought to act as pro-oxidants combining with redox-active metals to produce excessive reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. However, to date the experimental therapies that reduce Aβ load in AD have failed to halt cognitive decline. Another hypothesis proposed by the late Mark Smith and colleagues is that oxidative stress, rather than Aβ, precipitates the pathogenesis of AD. That is, Aβ and microtubule-associated protein tau are upregulated to address the redox imbalance in the AD brain. As the disease progresses, excess Aβ and tau oligomerise to further accelerate the disease process. Here, we discuss redox balance in the human brain and how this balance is affected by ageing. We then discuss where oxidative stress is most likely to act in the disease process and the potential for intervention to reduce its effects.
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354
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Schmitt FA, Nelson PT, Abner E, Scheff S, Jicha GA, Smith C, Cooper G, Mendiondo M, Danner DD, Van Eldik LJ, Caban-Holt A, Lovell MA, Kryscio RJ. University of Kentucky Sanders-Brown healthy brain aging volunteers: donor characteristics, procedures and neuropathology. Curr Alzheimer Res 2012; 9:724-33. [PMID: 22471862 DOI: 10.2174/156720512801322591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 12/28/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cognitively intact elderly research volunteers at the University of Kentucky have been recruited, followed longitudinally, and autopsied with extensive neuropathological evaluations since 1989. To date, the cohort has recruited 1,030 individuals with 552 participants being actively followed, 363 deceased, and 273 autopsied. An extensive database has been constructed with continuous updates that include textured clinical, neuropsychological, neuroimaging, and pathological information. The history, demographics, clinical observations, and pathological features of this research cohort are described. We also explain some of the evolving methodologies and the academic contributions that have been made due to this motivated group of older Kentuckians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick A Schmitt
- Department of Neurology and the Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, 303 Sanders-Brown Building, 800 S. Limestone, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA.
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355
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Butterfield DA, Perluigi M, Reed T, Muharib T, Hughes CP, Robinson RAS, Sultana R. Redox proteomics in selected neurodegenerative disorders: from its infancy to future applications. Antioxid Redox Signal 2012; 17:1610-55. [PMID: 22115501 PMCID: PMC3448942 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Revised: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Several studies demonstrated that oxidative damage is a characteristic feature of many neurodegenerative diseases. The accumulation of oxidatively modified proteins may disrupt cellular functions by affecting protein expression, protein turnover, cell signaling, and induction of apoptosis and necrosis, suggesting that protein oxidation could have both physiological and pathological significance. For nearly two decades, our laboratory focused particular attention on studying oxidative damage of proteins and how their chemical modifications induced by reactive oxygen species/reactive nitrogen species correlate with pathology, biochemical alterations, and clinical presentations of Alzheimer's disease. This comprehensive article outlines basic knowledge of oxidative modification of proteins and lipids, followed by the principles of redox proteomics analysis, which also involve recent advances of mass spectrometry technology, and its application to selected age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Redox proteomics results obtained in different diseases and animal models thereof may provide new insights into the main mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis and progression of oxidative-stress-related neurodegenerative disorders. Redox proteomics can be considered a multifaceted approach that has the potential to provide insights into the molecular mechanisms of a disease, to find disease markers, as well as to identify potential targets for drug therapy. Considering the importance of a better understanding of the cause/effect of protein dysfunction in the pathogenesis and progression of neurodegenerative disorders, this article provides an overview of the intrinsic power of the redox proteomics approach together with the most significant results obtained by our laboratory and others during almost 10 years of research on neurodegenerative disorders since we initiated the field of redox proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Allan Butterfield
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Membrane Sciences, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA.
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356
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LoPachin RM, Gavin T. Molecular mechanism of acrylamide neurotoxicity: lessons learned from organic chemistry. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2012; 120:1650-7. [PMID: 23060388 PMCID: PMC3548275 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1205432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acrylamide (ACR) produces cumulative neurotoxicity in exposed humans and laboratory animals through a direct inhibitory effect on presynaptic function. OBJECTIVES In this review, we delineate how knowledge of chemistry provided an unprecedented understanding of the ACR neurotoxic mechanism. We also show how application of the hard and soft, acids and bases (HSAB) theory led to the recognition that the α,β-unsaturated carbonyl structure of ACR is a soft electrophile that preferentially forms covalent bonds with soft nucleophiles. METHODS In vivo proteomic and in chemico studies demonstrated that ACR formed covalent adducts with highly nucleophilic cysteine thiolate groups located within active sites of presynaptic proteins. Additional research showed that resulting protein inactivation disrupted nerve terminal processes and impaired neurotransmission. DISCUSSION ACR is a type-2 alkene, a chemical class that includes structurally related electrophilic environmental pollutants (e.g., acrolein) and endogenous mediators of cellular oxidative stress (e.g., 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal). Members of this chemical family produce toxicity via a common molecular mechanism. Although individual environmental concentrations might not be toxicologically relevant, exposure to an ambient mixture of type-2 alkene pollutants could pose a significant risk to human health. Furthermore, environmentally derived type-2 alkenes might act synergistically with endogenously generated unsaturated aldehydes to amplify cellular damage and thereby accelerate human disease/injury processes that involve oxidative stress. CONCLUSIONS These possibilities have substantial implications for environmental risk assessment and were realized through an understanding of ACR adduct chemistry. The approach delineated here can be broadly applied because many toxicants of different chemical classes are electrophiles that produce toxicity by interacting with cellular proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M LoPachin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10467 , USA.
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357
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A calorie-restricted diet decreases brain iron accumulation and preserves motor performance in old rhesus monkeys. J Neurosci 2012; 32:11897-904. [PMID: 23082321 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2553-12.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Caloric restriction (CR) reduces the pathological effects of aging and extends the lifespan in many species, including nonhuman primates, although the effect on the brain is less well characterized. We used two common indicators of aging, motor performance speed and brain iron deposition measured in vivo using magnetic resonance imaging, to determine the potential effect of CR on elderly rhesus macaques eating restricted (n=24, 13 males, 11 females) and standard (n=17, 8 males, 9 females) diets. Both the CR and control monkeys showed age-related increases in iron concentrations in globus pallidus (GP) and substantia nigra (SN), although the CR group had significantly less iron deposition in the GP, SN, red nucleus, and temporal cortex. A Diet X Age interaction revealed that CR modified age-related brain changes, evidenced as attenuation in the rate of iron accumulation in basal ganglia and parietal, temporal, and perirhinal cortex. Additionally, control monkeys had significantly slower fine motor performance on the Movement Assessment Panel, which was negatively correlated with iron accumulation in left SN and parietal lobe, although CR animals did not show this relationship. Our observations suggest that the CR-induced benefit of reduced iron deposition and preserved motor function may indicate neural protection similar to effects described previously in aging rodent and primate species.
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358
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Cai Z, Yan LJ, Ratka A. Telomere Shortening and Alzheimer’s Disease. Neuromolecular Med 2012; 15:25-48. [DOI: 10.1007/s12017-012-8207-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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359
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Abstract
Whether mild cognitive impairment (MCI) has a distinct neuropathological profile that reflects an intermediate state between no cognitive impairment and dementia is not clear. Identifying which biological events occur at the earliest stage of progressive disease and which are secondary to the neuropathological process is important for understating pathological pathways and for targeted disease prevention. Many studies have now reported on the neurobiology of this intermediate stage. In this systematic review, we synthesize current evidence on the neuropathological profile of MCI. A total of 162 studies were identified with varied definition of MCI, settings ranging from population to specialist clinics and a wide range of objectives. From these studies, it is clear that MCI is neuropathologically complex and cannot be understood within a single framework. Pathological changes identified include plaque and tangle formation, vascular pathologies, neurochemical deficits, cellular injury, inflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial changes, changes in genomic activity, synaptic dysfunction, disturbed protein metabolism and disrupted metabolic homeostasis. Determining which factors primarily drive neurodegeneration and dementia and which are secondary features of disease progression still requires further research. Standardization of the definition of MCI and reporting of pathology would greatly assist in building an integrated picture of the clinical and neuropathological profile of MCI.
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360
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Quintanilla RA, Orellana JA, von Bernhardi R. Understanding Risk Factors for Alzheimer's Disease: Interplay of Neuroinflammation, Connexin-based Communication and Oxidative Stress. Arch Med Res 2012; 43:632-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2012.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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361
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Alteration in glutathione content and associated enzyme activities in the synaptic terminals but not in the non-synaptic mitochondria from the frontal cortex of Parkinson's disease brains. Neurochem Res 2012; 38:186-200. [PMID: 23070472 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-012-0907-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2012] [Revised: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Altered redox dynamics contribute to physiological aging and Parkinson's disease (PD). This is reflected in the substantia nigra (SN) of PD patients as lowered antioxidant levels and elevated oxidative damage. Contrary to this observation, we previously reported that non-SN regions such as caudate nucleus and frontal cortex (FC) exhibited elevated antioxidants and lowered mitochondrial and oxidative damage indicating constitutive protective mechanisms in PD brains. To investigate whether the sub-cellular distribution of antioxidants could contribute to these protective effects, we examined the distribution of antioxidant/oxidant markers in the neuropil fractions [synaptosomes, non-synaptic mitochondria and cytosol] of FC from PD (n = 9) and controls (n = 8). In the control FC, all the antioxidant activities [Superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), GSH peroxidase (GPx), GSH-S-transferase (GST)] except glutathione reductase (GR) were the highest in cytosol, but several fold lower in mitochondria and much lower in synaptosomes. However, FC synaptosomes from PD brains had significantly higher levels of GSH (p = 0.01) and related enzymes [GPx (p = 0.02), GR (p = 0.06), GST (p = 0.0001)] compared to controls. Conversely, mitochondria from the FC of PD cases displayed elevated SOD activity (p = 0.02) while the GSH and related enzymes were relatively unaltered. These changes in the neuropil fractions were associated with unchanged or lowered oxidative damage. Further, the mitochondrial content in the synaptosomes of both PD and control brains was ≥five-fold lower compared to the non-synaptic mitochondrial fraction. Altered distribution of oxidant/antioxidant markers in the neuropil fractions of the human brain during aging and PD has implications for (1) degenerative and protective mechanisms (2) distinct antioxidant mechanisms in synaptic terminals compared to other compartments.
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362
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Long J, He P, Shen Y, Li R. New evidence of mitochondria dysfunction in the female Alzheimer's disease brain: deficiency of estrogen receptor-β. J Alzheimers Dis 2012; 30:545-58. [PMID: 22451324 DOI: 10.3233/jad-2012-120283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that mitochondria are important targets for the actions of estrogens and studies indicated that localization of estrogen receptor β (ERβ) in neuronal mitochondrial (mtERβ) might directly affect neuronal mitochondrial function in vitro. However, it is unknown what expression levels and how important mtERβ is in the human brain, particularly in a brain with Alzheimer's disease (AD). In the present study, using rapidly autopsied human brain tissue, we found that the frontal cortices of female AD patients exhibited significantly reduced mtERβ, along with reduced mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase activity, and increased protein carbonylation compared to that in normal controls. The correlation between mtERβ expression and mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase activity in the female human brain is significant. To understand the possible mechanisms of mtERβ in AD-related mitochondrial dysfunction, using ERβKO mice as a model, we found that lack of ERβ enhanced brain reactive oxygen species generation and reduced mitochondrial membrane potential under Aβ peptide insult compared to brain mitochondria from wild-type control mice. Our studies, for the first time, demonstrated neuronal mtERβ expression in the human brain and the deficiency of mtERβ in the female AD brain is associated with the dysfunction of mitochondria. Our results from ERβKO mice demonstrated that ERβ depletion-induced mitochondrial dysfunction is mediated through increasing reactive oxygen generation and reduction of mitochondria membrane potential. These results indicate that ERβ depletion impairs mitochondrial function in mice, and reduction of brain mtERβ may significantly contribute to the mitochondrial dysfunction involved in AD pathogenesis in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangang Long
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ, USA
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363
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The neurotoxic effect of astrocytes activated with toll-like receptor ligands. J Neuroimmunol 2012; 254:10-8. [PMID: 22999806 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2012.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key molecules in the innate immune system in the central nervous system. Although astrocytes are believed to play physiological roles in regulating neuronal activity and synaptic transmission, activated astrocytes may also be toxic to neurons. Here, we show that the ligands for TLRs 2, 4, 5 and 6 induce neuronal cell death in neuron-astrocytes co-cultures through the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Inhibition of ROS production by NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin significantly suppresses neuronal cell death. ROS induced in astrocytes via TLRs may be involved in neuroinflammation and a therapeutic target for neurotoxicity by activated astrocytes.
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364
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Izuo N, Kume T, Sato M, Murakami K, Irie K, Izumi Y, Akaike A. Toxicity in rat primary neurons through the cellular oxidative stress induced by the turn formation at positions 22 and 23 of Aβ42. ACS Chem Neurosci 2012; 3:674-81. [PMID: 23019494 DOI: 10.1021/cn300033k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The 42-mer amyloid β-protein (Aβ42) aggregates to form soluble oligomers that cause memory loss and synaptotoxicity in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Oxidative stress is closely related to the pathogenesis of AD. We previously identified the toxic conformer of Aβ42 with a turn at positions 22 and 23 ("toxic turn") by solid-state NMR and demonstrated that a monoclonal antibody (11A1) against the toxic turn in Aβ42 mainly detected the oligomer in the brains of AD patients. Our recent study suggested that oxidative stress is a key factor of the oligomerization and cognitive impairment induced by Aβ overproduction in vivo. However, the involvement of the toxic conformer in Aβ42-induced oxidative damage remains unclear. To investigate this mechanism, we examined the levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and neurotoxicity in rat primary neurons using E22P-Aβ42, a mutant that induces a turn at positions 22 and 23, and E22V-Aβ42, a turn-preventing mutant. E22P-Aβ42, but not E22V-Aβ42, induced greater ROS production than Wt-Aβ42 in addition to potent neurotoxicity. Interestingly, the formation of the toxic conformer in both E22P-Aβ42 and Wt-Aβ42 probed by the 11A1 antibody preceded Aβ42-induced neurotoxicity. Trolox (a radical scavenger) and Congo red (an aggregation inhibitor) significantly prevented the neurotoxicity and intracellular ROS induced by E22P-Aβ42 and Wt-Aβ42, respectively. These results suggest that Aβ42-mediated toxicity is caused by the turn that favors toxic oligomers, which increase generation of ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naotaka Izuo
- Department of Pharmacology,
Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Kume
- Department of Pharmacology,
Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Mizuho Sato
- Division of Food Science and
Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Kazuma Murakami
- Division of Food Science and
Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Irie
- Division of Food Science and
Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Izumi
- Department of Pharmacology,
Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Akinori Akaike
- Department of Pharmacology,
Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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365
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Ramamoorthy M, Sykora P, Scheibye-Knudsen M, Dunn C, Kasmer C, Zhang Y, Becker KG, Croteau DL, Bohr VA. Sporadic Alzheimer disease fibroblasts display an oxidative stress phenotype. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 53:1371-80. [PMID: 22885031 PMCID: PMC4617209 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Revised: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is a major health problem in the United States, affecting one in eight Americans over the age of 65. The number of elderly suffering from AD is expected to continue to increase over the next decade, as the average age of the U.S. population increases. The risk factors for and etiology of AD are not well understood; however, recent studies suggest that exposure to oxidative stress may be a contributing factor. Here, microarray gene expression signatures were compared in AD-patient-derived fibroblasts and normal fibroblasts exposed to hydrogen peroxide or menadione (to simulate conditions of oxidative stress). Using the 23K Illumina cDNA microarray to screen expression of >14,000 human genes, we identified a total of 1017 genes that are chronically up- or downregulated in AD fibroblasts, 215 of which were also differentially expressed in normal human fibroblasts within 12h after exposure to hydrogen peroxide or menadione. Pathway analysis of these 215 genes and their associated pathways revealed cellular functions that may be critically dysregulated by oxidative stress and play a critical role in the etiology and/or pathology of AD. We then examined the AD fibroblasts for the presence of oxidative DNA damage and found increased accumulation of 8-oxo-guanine. These results indicate the possible role of oxidative stress in the gene expression profile seen in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Ramamoorthy
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, Biomedical Research Center, 251 Bayview Boulevard, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Peter Sykora
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, Biomedical Research Center, 251 Bayview Boulevard, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Morten Scheibye-Knudsen
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, Biomedical Research Center, 251 Bayview Boulevard, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Christopher Dunn
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, Biomedical Research Center, 251 Bayview Boulevard, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Cindy Kasmer
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, Biomedical Research Center, 251 Bayview Boulevard, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Yongqing Zhang
- Gene Expression and Genomics Unit, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Kevin G. Becker
- Gene Expression and Genomics Unit, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Deborah L. Croteau
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, Biomedical Research Center, 251 Bayview Boulevard, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Vilhelm A. Bohr
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, Biomedical Research Center, 251 Bayview Boulevard, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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366
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Fleming AM, Muller JG, Dlouhy AC, Burrows CJ. Structural context effects in the oxidation of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine to hydantoin products: electrostatics, base stacking, and base pairing. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:15091-102. [PMID: 22880947 DOI: 10.1021/ja306077b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
8-Oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (OG) is the most common base damage found in cells, where it resides in many structural contexts, including the nucleotide pool, single-stranded DNA at transcription forks and replication bubbles, and duplex DNA base-paired with either adenine (A) or cytosine (C). OG is prone to further oxidation to the highly mutagenic hydantoin products spiroiminodihydantoin (Sp) and 5-guanidinohydantoin (Gh) in a sharply pH-dependent fashion within nucleosides. In the present work, studies were conducted to determine how the structural context affects OG oxidation to the hydantoins. These studies revealed a trend in which the Sp yield was greatest in unencumbered contexts, such as nucleosides, while the Gh yield increased in oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) contexts or at reduced pH. Oxidation of oligomers containing hydrogen-bond modulators (2,6-diaminopurine, N(4)-ethylcytidine) or alteration of the reaction conditions (pH, temperature, and salt) identify base stacking, electrostatics, and base pairing as the drivers of the key intermediate 5-hydroxy-8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (5-HO-OG) partitioning along the two hydantoin pathways, allowing us to propose a mechanism for the observed base-pairing effects. Moreover, these structural effects cause an increase in the effective pK(a) of 5-HO-OG, following an increasing trend from 5.7 in nucleosides to 7.7 in a duplex bearing an OG·C base pair, which supports the context-dependent product yields. The high yield of Gh in ODNs underscores the importance of further study on this lesion. The structural context of OG also determined its relative reactivity toward oxidation, for which the OG·A base pair is ~2.5-fold more reactive than an OG·C base pair, and with the weak one-electron oxidant ferricyanide, the OG nucleoside reactivity is >6000-fold greater than that of OG·C in a duplex, leading to the conclusion that OG in the nucleoside pool should act as a protective agent for OG in the genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M Fleming
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-0850, USA
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367
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Long J, Aksenov V, Rollo CD, Liu J. A complex dietary supplement modulates nitrative stress in normal mice and in a new mouse model of nitrative stress and cognitive aging. Mech Ageing Dev 2012; 133:523-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Revised: 03/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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368
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Redox regulation of cysteine-dependent enzymes in neurodegeneration. Int J Cell Biol 2012; 2012:703164. [PMID: 22829832 PMCID: PMC3398591 DOI: 10.1155/2012/703164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence of increased oxidative stress has been found in various neurodegenerative diseases and conditions. While it is unclear whether oxidative stress is a cause or effect, protein, lipid, and DNA have all been found to be susceptible to oxidant-induced modifications that alter their function. Results of clinical trials based on the oxidative-stress theory have been mixed, though data continues to indicate that prevention of high levels of oxidative stress is beneficial for health and increases longevity. Due to the highly reactive nature of the sulfhydryl group, the focus of this paper is on the impact of oxidative stress on cysteine-dependent enzymes and how oxidative stress may contribute to neurological dysfunction through this selected group of proteins.
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369
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Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) extract prevents and improves D-galactose and NaNO2 induced memory impairment in mice. EXCLI JOURNAL 2012; 11:328-37. [PMID: 27418908 PMCID: PMC4941809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to examine the effects of saffron extract on preventing D-galactose and NaNO2 induced memory impairment and improving learning and memory deficits in amnestic mice. In this study, the learning and memory functions in ovariectomized mice were examined by the one way passive and active avoidance tests. In active avoidance test, training in amnestic treated (AT) and amnestic prophylaxis (AP) groups, was improved so that there was a significant difference between them and the amnestic control (AC) group. In passive avoidance test, animal's step through latency, as an index for learning, in all test groups was significantly greater than control group. Total time spent in dark room (DS), which opposes the memory retention ability, in AC was significantly greater than AT group at 1 and 2 hours after full training, while there was not any significant difference between this index in AP and AT as compared with normal control (NC) group. Our findings indicate that saffron hydro-alcoholic extract prevents and improves amnesia induced by D-galactose and NaNO2 in mice.
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370
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Ferreiro E, Baldeiras I, Ferreira IL, Costa RO, Rego AC, Pereira CF, Oliveira CR. Mitochondrial- and endoplasmic reticulum-associated oxidative stress in Alzheimer's disease: from pathogenesis to biomarkers. Int J Cell Biol 2012; 2012:735206. [PMID: 22701485 PMCID: PMC3373122 DOI: 10.1155/2012/735206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly, affecting several million of people worldwide. Pathological changes in the AD brain include the presence of amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, loss of neurons and synapses, and oxidative damage. These changes strongly associate with mitochondrial dysfunction and stress of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Mitochondrial dysfunction is intimately linked to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial-driven apoptosis, which appear to be aggravated in the brain of AD patients. Concomitantly, mitochondria are closely associated with ER, and the deleterious crosstalk between both organelles has been shown to be involved in neuronal degeneration in AD. Stimuli that enhance expression of normal and/or folding-defective proteins activate an adaptive unfolded protein response (UPR) that, if unresolved, can cause apoptotic cell death. ER stress also induces the generation of ROS that, together with mitochondrial ROS and decreased activity of several antioxidant defenses, promotes chronic oxidative stress. In this paper we discuss the critical role of mitochondrial and ER dysfunction in oxidative injury in AD cellular and animal models, as well as in biological fluids from AD patients. Progress in developing peripheral and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers related to oxidative stress will also be summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Ferreiro
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - I. Baldeiras
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
- University Coimbra Hospital, 3000-075, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - I. L. Ferreira
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - R. O. Costa
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - A. C. Rego
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - C. F. Pereira
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - C. R. Oliveira
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
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371
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Harish G, Venkateshappa C, Mahadevan A, Pruthi N, Srinivas Bharath M, Shankar S. Effect of Premortem and Postmortem Factors on the Distribution and Preservation of Antioxidant Activities in the Cytosol and Synaptosomes of Human Brains. Biopreserv Biobank 2012; 10:253-65. [DOI: 10.1089/bio.2012.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- G. Harish
- Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - C. Venkateshappa
- Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Anita Mahadevan
- Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Nupur Pruthi
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - M.M. Srinivas Bharath
- Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - S.K. Shankar
- Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
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372
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Fraguas D, Gonzalez-Pinto A, Micó JA, Reig S, Parellada M, Martínez-Cengotitabengoa M, Castro-Fornieles J, Rapado-Castro M, Baeza I, Janssen J, Desco M, Leza JC, Arango C. Decreased glutathione levels predict loss of brain volume in children and adolescents with first-episode psychosis in a two-year longitudinal study. Schizophr Res 2012; 137:58-65. [PMID: 22365149 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2012.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Revised: 01/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Progressive loss of cortical gray matter (GM), as measured by magnetic resonance imaging, has been described early in the course of first-episode psychosis. This study aims to assess the relationship between oxidative balance and progression of cortical GM changes in a multicenter sample of first-episode early-onset psychosis (EOP) patients from baseline to two-year follow-up. A total of 48 patients (13 females, mean age 15.9±1.5 years) and 56 age- and gender-matched healthy controls (19 females, 15.3±1.5 years) were assessed. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans performed both at the time of the first psychotic episode and 2 years later were used for volumetric measurements of left and right gray matter regions (frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes) and total sulcal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Total glutathione (GSH) blood levels were determined at baseline. In patients, after controlling for possible confounding variables, lower baseline GSH levels were significantly associated with greater volume decrease in left frontal (B=0.034, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.011 to 0.056, r=0.620, p=0.006), parietal (B=0.039, 95% CI: 0.020 to 0.059, r=0.739, p=0.001), temporal (B=0.026, 95% CI: 0.016 to 0.036, r=0.779, p<0.001), and total (B=0.022, 95% CI: 0.014 to 0.031, r=0.803, p<0.001) gray matter, and with greater increase in total CSF (B=-0.560, 95% CI: -0.270 to -0.850, r=-0.722, p=0.001). Controls did not show significant associations between brain volume changes and GSH levels. GSH deficit during the first psychotic episode was related to greater loss of cortical GM two years later in patients with first-episode EOP, suggesting that oxidative damage may contribute to the progressive loss of cortical GM found in patients with first-episode psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Fraguas
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain
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373
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Elevated Oxidative Stress and Decreased Antioxidant Function in the Human Hippocampus and Frontal Cortex with Increasing Age: Implications for Neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s Disease. Neurochem Res 2012; 37:1601-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-012-0755-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Revised: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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374
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Lanza IR, Bhagra S, Nair KS, Port JD. Measurement of human skeletal muscle oxidative capacity by 31P-MR spectroscopy: a cross-validation with in vitro measurements. J Magn Reson Imaging 2012; 34:1143-50. [PMID: 22006551 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.22733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To cross-validate skeletal muscle oxidative capacity measured by (31)P-MR spectroscopy with in vitro measurements of oxidative capacity in mitochondria isolated from muscle biopsies of the same muscle group in 18 healthy adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS Oxidative capacity in vivo was determined from PCr recovery kinetics following a 30-s maximal isometric knee extension. State 3 respiration was measured in isolated mitochondria using high-resolution respirometry. A second cohort of 10 individuals underwent two (31)P-MRS testing sessions to assess the test-retest reproducibility of the method. RESULTS Overall, the in vivo and in vitro methods were well-correlated (r = 0.66-0.72) and showed good agreement by Bland Altman plots. Excellent reproducibility was observed for the PCr recovery rate constant (CV = 4.6%; ICC = 0.85) and calculated oxidative capacity (CV = 3.4%; ICC = 0.83). CONCLUSION These results indicate that (31)P-MRS corresponds well with gold-standard in vitro measurements and is highly reproducible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian R Lanza
- Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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375
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Sabens Liedhegner EA, Gao XH, Mieyal JJ. Mechanisms of altered redox regulation in neurodegenerative diseases--focus on S--glutathionylation. Antioxid Redox Signal 2012; 16:543-66. [PMID: 22066468 PMCID: PMC3270051 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by progressive loss of neurons. A common feature is oxidative stress, which arises when reactive oxygen species (ROS) and/or reactive nitrogen species (RNS) exceed amounts required for normal redox signaling. An imbalance in ROS/RNS alters functionality of cysteines and perturbs thiol-disulfide homeostasis. Many cysteine modifications may occur, but reversible protein mixed disulfides with glutathione (GSH) likely represents the common steady-state derivative due to cellular abundance of GSH and ready conversion of cysteine-sulfenic acid and S-nitrosocysteine precursors to S-glutathionylcysteine disulfides. Thus, S-glutathionylation acts in redox signal transduction and serves as a protective mechanism against irreversible cysteine oxidation. Reversal of protein-S-glutathionylation is catalyzed specifically by glutaredoxin which thereby plays a critical role in cellular regulation. This review highlights the role of oxidative modification of proteins, notably S-glutathionylation, and alterations in thiol homeostatic enzyme activities in neurodegenerative diseases, providing insights for therapeutic intervention. RECENT ADVANCES Recent studies show that dysregulation of redox signaling and sulfhydryl homeostasis likely contributes to onset/progression of neurodegeneration. Oxidative stress alters the thiol-disulfide status of key proteins that regulate the balance between cell survival and cell death. CRITICAL ISSUES Much of the current information about redox modification of key enzymes and signaling intermediates has been gleaned from studies focused on oxidative stress situations other than the neurodegenerative diseases. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The findings in other contexts are expected to apply to understanding neurodegenerative mechanisms. Identification of selectively glutathionylated proteins in a quantitative fashion will provide new insights about neuropathological consequences of this oxidative protein modification.
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376
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Fernández-Bachiller MI, Pérez C, Monjas L, Rademann J, Rodríguez-Franco MI. New Tacrine–4-Oxo-4H-chromene Hybrids as Multifunctional Agents for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease, with Cholinergic, Antioxidant, and β-Amyloid-Reducing Properties. J Med Chem 2012; 55:1303-17. [DOI: 10.1021/jm201460y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- María Isabel Fernández-Bachiller
- Instituto de Química
Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQM-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Medicinal Chemistry, Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP),
Campus Berlin-Buch, Robert-Rössle Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin,
Germany
| | - Concepción Pérez
- Instituto de Química
Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQM-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Leticia Monjas
- Instituto de Química
Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQM-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jörg Rademann
- Medicinal Chemistry, Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP),
Campus Berlin-Buch, Robert-Rössle Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin,
Germany
- Medicinal Chemistry,
Institute
of Pharmacy, Leipzig University, Brüderstrasse
34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - María Isabel Rodríguez-Franco
- Instituto de Química
Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQM-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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377
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Silva DF, Selfridge JE, Lu J, Lezi E, Cardoso SM, Swerdlow RH. Mitochondrial abnormalities in Alzheimer's disease: possible targets for therapeutic intervention. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2012; 64:83-126. [PMID: 22840745 PMCID: PMC3625400 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394816-8.00003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria from persons with Alzheimer's disease (AD) differ from those of age-matched control subjects. Differences in mitochondrial morphology and function are well documented, and are not brain-limited. Some of these differences are present during all stages of AD, and are even seen in individuals who are without AD symptoms and signs but who have an increased risk of developing AD. This chapter considers the status of mitochondria in AD subjects, the potential basis for AD subject mitochondrial perturbations, and the implications of these perturbations. Data from multiple lines of investigation, including epidemiologic, biochemical, molecular, and cytoplasmic hybrid studies, are reviewed. The possibility that mitochondria could potentially constitute a reasonable AD therapeutic target is discussed, as are several potential mitochondrial medicine treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana F. Silva
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas USA
- Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra Portugal
| | - J. Eva Selfridge
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas USA
| | - Jianghua Lu
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas USA
| | - E Lezi
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas USA
| | - Sandra M. Cardoso
- Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra Portugal
| | - Russell H. Swerdlow
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas USA
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas USA
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378
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Murakami K, Murata N, Noda Y, Tahara S, Kaneko T, Kinoshita N, Hatsuta H, Murayama S, Barnham KJ, Irie K, Shirasawa T, Shimizu T. SOD1 (copper/zinc superoxide dismutase) deficiency drives amyloid β protein oligomerization and memory loss in mouse model of Alzheimer disease. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:44557-68. [PMID: 22072713 PMCID: PMC3247976 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.279208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Revised: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is closely linked to the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration. Soluble amyloid β (Aβ) oligomers cause cognitive impairment and synaptic dysfunction in Alzheimer disease (AD). However, the relationship between oligomers, oxidative stress, and their localization during disease progression is uncertain. Our previous study demonstrated that mice deficient in cytoplasmic copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZn-SOD, SOD1) have features of drusen formation, a hallmark of age-related macular degeneration (Imamura, Y., Noda, S., Hashizume, K., Shinoda, K., Yamaguchi, M., Uchiyama, S., Shimizu, T., Mizushima, Y., Shirasawa, T., and Tsubota, K. (2006) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103, 11282-11287). Amyloid assembly has been implicated as a common mechanism of plaque and drusen formation. Here, we show that Sod1 deficiency in an amyloid precursor protein-overexpressing mouse model (AD mouse, Tg2576) accelerated Aβ oligomerization and memory impairment as compared with control AD mouse and that these phenomena were basically mediated by oxidative damage. The increased plaque and neuronal inflammation were accompanied by the generation of N(ε)-carboxymethyl lysine in advanced glycation end products, a rapid marker of oxidative damage, induced by Sod1 gene-dependent reduction. The Sod1 deletion also caused Tau phosphorylation and the lower levels of synaptophysin. Furthermore, the levels of SOD1 were significantly decreased in human AD patients rather than non-AD age-matched individuals, but mitochondrial SOD (Mn-SOD, SOD2) and extracellular SOD (CuZn-SOD, SOD3) were not. These findings suggest that cytoplasmic superoxide radical plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of AD. Activation of Sod1 may be a therapeutic strategy for the inhibition of AD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuma Murakami
- From Molecular Gerontology
- the Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Nakaba Murata
- From Molecular Gerontology
- Applied Biological Chemistry, United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Hiroyuki Hatsuta
- Department of Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Shigeo Murayama
- Department of Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Kevin J. Barnham
- the Department of Pathology, Bio21 Molecular and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia, and
| | - Kazuhiro Irie
- the Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Takuji Shirasawa
- the Department of Aging Control Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takahiko Shimizu
- From Molecular Gerontology
- Applied Biological Chemistry, United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
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379
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Skoumalová A, Mádlová P, Topinková E. End products of lipid peroxidation in erythrocyte membranes in Alzheimer's disease. Cell Biochem Funct 2011; 30:205-10. [PMID: 22161584 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.1836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Revised: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is accompanied by oxidative stress in the brain. Because the brain tissue is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, it is prone to the free radical attack resulting in lipid peroxidation. Intermediates of lipid peroxidation may diffuse from the primary site, cross the blood-brain barrier and modify erythrocyte membranes in the bloodstream. We exposed isolated erythrocyte membranes from patients with AD and the control group to in vitro free radical damage and monitored the accumulation of the end products of lipid peroxidation, lipofuscin-like pigments (LFPs), by fluorescence spectroscopy. LFPs were analyzed by means of tridimensional and synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy. The levels of LFP formed during in vitro peroxidation were significantly higher in erythrocyte membranes from patients with AD compared with the control group. Furthermore, the chemical composition of LFP in AD was different from the control group. The analysis of the specific modifications of erythrocyte membranes in AD is of great medical importance regarding the need of a diagnostic blood biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Skoumalová
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Charles Universtity in Prague, Prague, The Czech Republic.
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380
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Massaad CA. Neuronal and vascular oxidative stress in Alzheimer's disease. Curr Neuropharmacol 2011; 9:662-73. [PMID: 22654724 PMCID: PMC3263460 DOI: 10.2174/157015911798376244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Revised: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain is a highly metabolically active organ producing large amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS). These ROS are kept in check by an elaborate network of antioxidants. Although ROS are necessary for signaling and synaptic plasticity, their uncontrolled levels cause oxidation of essential macromolecules such as membrane lipids, nucleic acids, enzymes and cytoskeletal proteins. Indeed, overproduction of ROS and/or failure of the antioxidant network lead to neuronal oxidative stress, a condition associated with not only aging but also Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the specific source of excessive ROS production has not yet been identified. On one hand, amyloid beta (Aβ) has been extensively shown to act as an oxidant molecule. On the other hand, oxidative stress has been shown to precede and exacerbate Aβ pathology. This review will address the involvement of oxidative stress in the context of neuronal as well as vascular dysfunction associated with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia A Massaad
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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381
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Brain oxidative stress: detection and mapping of anti-oxidant marker 'Glutathione' in different brain regions of healthy male/female, MCI and Alzheimer patients using non-invasive magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 417:43-8. [PMID: 22120629 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) serves as an important anti-oxidant in the brain by scavenging harmful reactive oxygen species that are generated during different molecular processes. The GSH level in the brain provides indirect information on oxidative stress of the brain. We report in vivo detection of GSH non-invasively from various brain regions (frontal cortex, parietal cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum) in bilateral hemispheres of healthy male and female subjects and from bi-lateral frontal cortices in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). All AD patients who participated in this study were on medication with cholinesterase inhibitors. Healthy young male (age 26.4±3.0) and healthy young female (age 23.6±2.1) subjects have higher amount of GSH in the parietal cortical region and a specific GSH distribution pattern (parietal cortex>frontal cortex>hippocampus ~ cerebellum) has been found. Overall mean GSH content is higher in healthy young female compared to healthy young male subjects and GSH is distributed differently in two hemispheres among male and female subjects. In both young female and male subjects, statistically significant (p=0.02 for young female and p=0.001 for young male) difference in mean GSH content is found when compared between left frontal cortex (LFC) and right frontal cortex (RFC). In healthy young female subjects, we report statistically significant positive correlation of GSH content between RFC and LFC (r=0.641, p=0.004) as well as right parietal cortex (RPC) and left parietal cortex (LPC) (r=0.797, p=0.000) regions. In healthy young male subjects, statistically significant positive correlation of GSH content was observed between LFC and LPC (r=0.481, p=0.032) regions. This statistical analysis implicates that in case of a high GSH content in LPC of a young male, his LFC region would also contain high GSH and vice versa. The difference in mean of GSH content between healthy young female control and female AD patients in RFC region (p=0.003) and difference in mean of GSH content between healthy young male control and male AD patients (p=0.05) in LFC region is found to be statistically significant. It is the first scientific report correlating alteration (in selective brain regions) of GSH level with clinical status of male and female subjects using non-invasive imaging technique.
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382
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Stone JG, Casadesus G, Gustaw-Rothenberg K, Siedlak SL, Wang X, Zhu X, Perry G, Castellani RJ, Smith MA. Frontiers in Alzheimer's disease therapeutics. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2011; 2:9-23. [PMID: 21743833 DOI: 10.1177/2040622310382817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease which begins with insidious deterioration of higher cognition and progresses to severe dementia. Clinical symptoms typically involve impairment of memory and at least one other cognitive domain. Because of the exponential increase in the incidence of AD with age, the aging population across the world has seen a congruous increase AD, emphasizing the importance of disease altering therapy. Current therapeutics on the market, including cholinesterase inhibitors and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists, provide symptomatic relief but do not alter progression of the disease. Therefore, progress in the areas of prevention and disease modification may be of critical interest. In this review, we summarize novel AD therapeutics that are currently being explored, and also mechanisms of action of specific drugs within the context of current knowledge of AD pathologic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy G Stone
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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383
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Sultana R, Robinson RAS, Di Domenico F, Mohmmad Abdul H, St. Clair DK, Markesbery WR, Cai J, Pierce WM, Butterfield DA. Proteomic identification of specifically carbonylated brain proteins in APP(NLh)/APP(NLh) × PS-1(P264L)/PS-1(P264L) human double mutant knock-in mice model of Alzheimer disease as a function of age. J Proteomics 2011; 74:2430-40. [PMID: 21726674 PMCID: PMC3199338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia and is characterized pathologically by the presence of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), senile plaques (SPs), and loss of synapses. The main component of SP is amyloid-beta peptide (Aβ), a 39 to 43 amino acid peptide, generated by the proteolytic cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) by the action of beta- and gamma-secretases. The presenilins (PS) are components of the γ-secretase, which contains the protease active center. Mutations in PS enhance the production of the Aβ42 peptide. To date, more than 160 mutations in PS1 have been identified. Many PS mutations increase the production of the β-secretase-mediated C-terminal (CT) 99 amino acid-long fragment (CT99), which is subsequently cleaved by γ-secretase to yield Aβ peptides. Aβ has been proposed to induce oxidative stress and neurotoxicity. Previous studies from our laboratory and others showed an age-dependent increase in oxidative stress markers, loss of lipid asymmetry, and Aβ production and amyloid deposition in the brain of APP/PS1 mice. In the present study, we used APP (NLh)/APP(NLh) × PS-1(P246L)/PS-1(P246L) human double mutant knock-in APP/PS-1 mice to identify specific targets of brain protein carbonylation in an age-dependent manner. We found a number of proteins that are oxidatively modified in APP/PS1 mice compared to age-matched controls. The relevance of the identified proteins to the progression and pathogenesis of AD is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rukhsana Sultana
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Membrane Sciences, and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506
| | - Renã A. S. Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Membrane Sciences, and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506
| | - Fabio Di Domenico
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Hafiz Mohmmad Abdul
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Membrane Sciences, and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506
| | - Daret K. St. Clair
- Graduate Center of Toxicology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | | | - Jian Cai
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292
| | - William M. Pierce
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292
| | - D. Allan Butterfield
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Membrane Sciences, and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506
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384
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Legleiter J, Fryer JD, Holtzman DM, Kowalewski T. The modulating effect of mechanical changes in lipid bilayers caused by apoE-containing lipoproteins on Aβ induced membrane disruption. ACS Chem Neurosci 2011; 2:588-599. [PMID: 22125665 DOI: 10.1021/cn2000475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A major feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD), a late-onset neurodegenerative disorder, is the ordered aggregation of the β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) into fibrils that comprise extracellular neuritic plaques found in the disease brain. One of many potential pathways for Aβ toxicity may be modulation of lipid membrane function. Here, we show by in situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) that astrocyte secreted lipoprotein particles (ASLPs) containing different isoforms of apolipoprotein E (apoE), of which the apoE4 allele is a major risk factor for the development of AD, can protect total brain lipid extract bilayers from Aβ(1-40) induced disruption. The apoE4 allele was less effective in protecting lipid bilayers from disruption compared with apoE3. Size analysis of apoE-containing ASLPs and mechanical studies of bilayer properties revealed that apoE-containing ASLPs modulate the mechanical properties of bilayers by acquiring some bilayer components (most likely cholesterol and/or oxidatively damaged lipids). Measurement of bilayer mechanical properties was accomplished with scanning probe acceleration microscopy (SPAM). These measurements demonstrated that apoE4 was also less effective in modulating mechanical properties of bilayers in comparison with apoE3. This ability of apoE to alter the mechanical properties of lipid membranes may represent a potential mechanism for the suppression of Aβ(1-40) induced bilayer disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Legleiter
- The C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, WVnano Initiative, the Center for Neurosciences, West Virginia University, 217 Clark Hall, P.O. Box 6045, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - John D. Fryer
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - David M. Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Box 8111, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Tomasz Kowalewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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385
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Nepliouev I, Zhang ZS, Stiber JA. Effect of oxidative stress on homer scaffolding proteins. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26128. [PMID: 22043307 PMCID: PMC3197146 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Homer proteins are a family of multifaceted scaffolding proteins that participate in the organization of signaling complexes at the post-synaptic density and in a variety of tissues including striated muscle. Homer isoforms form multimers via their C-terminal coiled coil domains, which allows for the formation of a polymeric network in combination with other scaffolding proteins. We hypothesized that the ability of Homer isoforms to serve as scaffolds would be influenced by oxidative stress. We have found by standard SDS-PAGE of lysates from adult mouse skeletal muscle exposed to air oxidation that Homer migrates as both a dimer and monomer in the absence of reducing agents and solely as a monomer in the presence of a reducing agent, suggesting that Homer dimers exposed to oxidation could be modified by the presence of an inter-molecular disulfide bond. Analysis of the peptide sequence of Homer 1b revealed the presence of only two cysteine residues located adjacent to the C-terminal coiled-coil domain. HEK 293 cells were transfected with wild-type and cysteine mutant forms of Homer 1b and exposed to oxidative stress by addition of menadione, which resulted in the formation of disulfide bonds except in the double mutant (C246G, C365G). Exposure of myofibers from adult mice to oxidative stress resulted in decreased solubility of endogenous Homer isoforms. This change in solubility was dependent on disulfide bond formation. In vitro binding assays revealed that cross-linking of Homer dimers enhanced the ability of Homer 1b to bind Drebrin, a known interacting partner. Our results show that oxidative stress results in disulfide cross-linking of Homer isoforms and loss of solubility of Homer scaffolds. This suggests that disulfide cross-linking of a Homer polymeric network may contribute to the pathophysiology seen in neurodegenerative diseases and myopathies characterized by oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Nepliouev
- Ion Channel Research Unit and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Zhu-Shan Zhang
- Ion Channel Research Unit and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jonathan A. Stiber
- Ion Channel Research Unit and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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386
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Oxidative Stress and β-Amyloid Protein in Alzheimer’s Disease. Neuromolecular Med 2011; 13:223-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s12017-011-8155-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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387
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Mancuso C, Siciliano R, Barone E, Butterfield DA, Preziosi P. Pharmacologists and Alzheimer disease therapy: to boldly go where no scientist has gone before. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2011; 20:1243-61. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2011.601740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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388
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da Cunha FM, Demasi M, Kowaltowski AJ. Aging and calorie restriction modulate yeast redox state, oxidized protein removal, and the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51:664-70. [PMID: 21684330 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Revised: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system governs the half-life of most cellular proteins. Calorie restriction (CR) extends the maximum life span of a variety of species and prevents oxidized protein accumulation. We studied the effects of CR on the ubiquitin-proteasome system and protein turnover in aging Saccharomyces cerevisiae. CR increased chronological life span as well as proteasome activity compared to control cells. The levels of protein carbonyls, a marker of protein oxidation, and those of polyubiquitinated proteins were modulated by CR. Controls, but not CR cells, exhibited a significant increase in oxidized proteins. In keeping with decreased proteasome activity, polyubiquitinated proteins were increased in young control cells compared to time-matched CR cells, but were profoundly decreased in aged control cells despite decreased proteasomal activity. This finding is related to a decreased polyubiquitination ability due to the impairment of the ubiquitin-activating enzyme in aged control cells, probably related to a more oxidative microenvironment. CR preserves the ubiquitin-proteasome system activity. Overall, we found that aging and CR modulate many aspects of protein modification and turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Marques da Cunha
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-900 Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, Brazil
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389
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Hashimoto T, Nakai M. Increased hippocampal quinone reductase 2 in Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Lett 2011; 502:10-2. [PMID: 21803122 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Quinone reductase 2 (QR2), a detoxifying cytosolic flavoenzyme, is thought to play an important role in the acquisition and loss of memory. We determined the amount of QR2 in the hippocampus, amygdala, and superior frontal gyrus of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients with dementia by using western blot analysis. The level of QR2 was significantly higher in the hippocampus of AD patients than in that of the control subjects. The relation between QR2 and AD has not yet been determined; however, our results suggest that the increase in hippocampal QR2 might be a cause of AD or might promote the progression of AD by causing an increase in the toxic quinone levels and consequent loss of cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Hashimoto
- Qs' Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 463-10 Kagasuno, Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima 771-0192, Japan.
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390
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Le Prell CG, Gagnon PM, Bennett DC, Ohlemiller KK. Nutrient-enhanced diet reduces noise-induced damage to the inner ear and hearing loss. Transl Res 2011; 158:38-53. [PMID: 21708355 PMCID: PMC3132794 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2011.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Revised: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been implicated broadly as a cause of cell death and neural degeneration in multiple disease conditions; however, the evidence for successful intervention with dietary antioxidant manipulations has been mixed. In this study, we investigated the potential for protection of cells in the inner ear using a dietary supplement with multiple antioxidant components, which were selected for their potential interactive effectiveness. Protection against permanent threshold shift (PTS) was observed in CBA/J mice maintained on a diet supplemented with a combination of β-carotene, vitamins C and E, and magnesium when compared with PTS in control mice maintained on a nutritionally complete control diet. Although hair cell survival was not enhanced, noise-induced loss of type II fibrocytes in the lateral wall was significantly reduced (P < 0.05), and there was a trend toward less noise-induced loss in strial cell density in animals maintained on the supplemented diet. Taken together, our data suggest that prenoise oral treatment with the high-nutrient diet can protect cells in the inner ear and reduce PTS in mice. The demonstration of functional and morphologic preservation of cells in the inner ear with oral administration of this antioxidant supplemented diet supports the possibility of translation to human patients and suggests an opportunity to evaluate antioxidant protection in mouse models of oxidative stress-related disease and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen G Le Prell
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, University of Florida, Box 100174, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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391
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Ansari MA, Scheff SW. NADPH-oxidase activation and cognition in Alzheimer disease progression. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51:171-8. [PMID: 21457777 PMCID: PMC3109185 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Revised: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Superoxide production via NADPH-oxidase (NOX) has been shown to play a role in a variety of neurological disorders, including Alzheimer disease (AD). To improve our understanding of the NOX system and cognitive impairment, we studied the various protein components of the phagocytic isoform (gp91(phox), or NOX2) in the frontal and temporal cortex of age- and postmortem-matched samples. Individuals underwent antemortem cognitive testing and postmortem histopathologic assessment to determine disease progression and assignment to one of the following groups: no cognitive impairment (NCI), preclinical AD, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), early AD, and mild-to-moderate AD. Biochemical methods were used to determine overall NOX activity as well as levels of the various subunits (gp91(phox), p67(phox), p47(phox), p40(phox), and p22(phox)). Overall enzyme activity was significantly elevated in the MCI cohort in both cortical regions compared to the NCI cohort. This activity level remained elevated in the AD groups. Only the NOX cytosolic subunit proteins (p67(phox), p47(phox), and p40(phox) ) were significantly elevated with disease progression; the membrane-bound subunits (gp91(phox) and p22(phox)) remained stable. In addition, there was a robust correlation between NOX activity and the individual's cognitive status such that as the enzyme activity increased, cognitive performance decreased. Collectively, these data show that upregulated NADPH-oxidase in frontal and temporal cortex suggests that increases in NOX-associated redox pathways might participate in early pathogenesis and contribute to AD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mubeen A. Ansari
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Stephen W. Scheff
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Spinal Cord Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests to: Stephen W. Scheff, Ph.D., 101 Sanders-Brown, Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536–0230, U.S.A. Tel: (859)257-1412 Ext. 270; Fax: (859)323-2866.
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392
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Herring A, Lewejohann L, Panzer AL, Donath A, Kröll O, Sachser N, Paulus W, Keyvani K. Preventive and therapeutic types of environmental enrichment counteract beta amyloid pathology by different molecular mechanisms. Neurobiol Dis 2011; 42:530-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2011.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Revised: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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393
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Lee HG, Won SM, Gwag BJ, Lee YB. Microglial P2X₇ receptor expression is accompanied by neuronal damage in the cerebral cortex of the APPswe/PS1dE9 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Exp Mol Med 2011; 43:7-14. [PMID: 21088470 DOI: 10.3858/emm.2011.43.1.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The possibility that P2X₇ receptor (P2X₇R) expression in microglia would mediate neuronal damage via reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was examined in the APPswe/PS1dE9 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (AD). P2X7R was predominantly expressed in CD11b-immunopositive microglia from 3 months of age before Abeta plaque formation. In addition, gp91phox, a catalytic subunit of NADPH oxidase, and ethidium fluorescence were detected in P2X₇R-positive microglial cells of animals at 6 months of age, indicating that P2X₇R-positive microglia could produce ROS. Postsynaptic density 95-positive dendrites showed significant damage in regions positive for P2X₇R in the cerebral cortex of 6 month-old mice. Taken together, up-regulation of P2X₇R activation and ROS production in microglia are parallel with Aβ increase and correlate with synaptotoxicity in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwan Goo Lee
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
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394
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Proteomic identification of carbonylated proteins in 1,3-dinitrobenzene neurotoxicity. Neurotoxicology 2011; 32:362-73. [PMID: 21402099 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2010.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2010] [Revised: 08/21/2010] [Accepted: 10/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This study demonstrated that 1,3-dinitrobenzene-induced (1,3-DNB) oxidative stress led to the oxidative carbonlyation of specific protein targets in DI TNC1 cells. 1,3-DNB-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, as indicated by loss of tetramethyl rhodamine methyl ester (TMRM) fluorescence, was initially observed at 5h and coincided with peak reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. ROS production was inhibited in cells pre-treated with the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) inhibitor, bonkrekic acid (BkA). Pre-incubation with the antioxidant deferoxamine inhibited loss of TMRM fluorescence until 24h after initial exposure to 1,3-DNB. Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D PAGE) and subsequent Oxyblot analysis were used to determine if 1,3-DNB exposure led to the formation of protein carbonyls. Exposing DI TNC1 cells to 1,3-DNB led to marked protein carbonylation 45 min following initial exposure. Pre-treatment with deferoxamine or Trolox reduced the intensity of protein carbonylation in DI TNC1 cells exposed to 1mM 1,3-DNB. Tandem MS/MS performed on protein samples isolated from 1,3-DNB-treated cells revealed that specific proteins within the mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and cytosol are targets of protein carbonylation. The results presented in this study are the first to suggest that the molecular mechanism of 1,3-DNB neurotoxicity may occur through selective carbonylation of protein targets found within specific intracellular compartments of susceptible cells.
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395
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Burns TA, Westerman T, Nuovo GJ, Watts MR, Pettigrew A, Yin C, Belknap JK. Role of oxidative tissue injury in the pathophysiology of experimentally induced equine laminitis: a comparison of 2 models. J Vet Intern Med 2011; 25:540-8. [PMID: 21418321 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.0706.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress reportedly plays a role in sepsis-induced organ dysfunction and failure in many species. In septic horses, laminae are targeted; evidence of laminar oxidative stress has been reported experimentally in the black walnut extract (BWE) model. Carbohydrate (CHO)-induced laminitis may be more similar to clinical sepsis-related laminitis than the BWE model in that animals with CHO-induced disease commonly develop laminar failure. The role of oxidative stress in the CHO model remains unknown. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES Markers of oxidative stress will be increased in laminae from horses with BWE- and CHO-induced laminitis. ANIMALS Banked laminar tissue from various time points from animals subjected to BWE (n = 15) and CHO (n = 20) protocols. METHODS Laminar 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) and protein carbonyl content were evaluated by slot blot analysis. Laminar 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) immunohistochemistry was performed. RESULTS The number of laminar 3-NT (+) cells was increased at developmental and Obel grade 1 (OG1) time points in the BWE model (versus control [CON]; P= .013) and lower in OG1 tissues than CON in the CHO model (P = .04). No change in 4-HNE content was observed in the CHO model, and no increase in laminar protein carbonyl content was present in either model (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE These results do not support a prominent role for oxidative stress at examined time points in CHO-overload laminitis and support transient oxidative stress in the BWE model. Tissue oxidation does not appear to be a central early pathophysiologic event in CHO-associated laminitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Burns
- Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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396
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Pecorelli A, Ciccoli L, Signorini C, Leoncini S, Giardini A, D'Esposito M, Filosa S, Hayek J, De Felice C, Valacchi G. Increased levels of 4HNE-protein plasma adducts in Rett syndrome. Clin Biochem 2011; 44:368-71. [PMID: 21276437 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2011.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Revised: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Rett syndrome (RTT) is a neurological disorder and a leading cause of mental retardation in females. It is caused by mutations in methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MeCP2) gene and more rarely in cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5 (CDKL5) and forkhead box protein G1 (FOXG1) genes. Increased oxidative stress (OS) has been documented in MeCP2-RTT patients. Here, we evaluated the levels of 4-hydroxynonenal plasma protein adducts (4HNE-PAs) in MeCP2-, CDKL5-, and FOXG1-RTT and in their clinical variants. DESIGN AND METHODS 4HNE-PAs were determined by Western blot in plasma from healthy subjects and RTT patients. RESULTS 4HNE-PAs levels were increased in MeCP2- and CDKL5-related RTT but not in FOXG1-related RTT. CONCLUSION These results showed that OS is present in RTT clinical variants and could play a key role in RTT pathogenesis. Under the OS point of view FOXG1-related RTT appears to be distinct from the MeCP2/CDKL5, suggesting a distinct mechanism involved in its pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Pecorelli
- Department of Pathophysiology, Experimental Medicine and Public Health, University of Siena, Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
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397
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Murotomi K, Takagi N, Takeo S, Tanonaka K. NADPH oxidase-mediated oxidative damage to proteins in the postsynaptic density after transient cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. Mol Cell Neurosci 2011; 46:681-8. [PMID: 21262362 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2011.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Revised: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
NADPH oxidase is an important source of superoxide in the central nervous system. Although NADPH oxidase is localized near the postsynaptic site in neurons, little is known about the pathophysiological role of NADPH oxidase in synapses after cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. In the present study, we sought to determine the role of NADPH oxidase in oxidative damage to postsynaptic density (PSD) proteins, which were isolated from rats subjected to transient focal cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. The amounts of carbonylated PSD proteins were increased after transient focal cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. This change was accompanied by an increase in the level of NADPH oxidase subunits in the PSD. The administration of apocynin, an NADPH oxidase inhibitor, attenuated both the protein carbonylation in the PSD and cerebral infarct volume. We further demonstrated that the decreases seen in the amounts of PSD-associated proteins, such as neuroligin, N-cadherin, and SAP102, in the PSD were prevented by treatment with apocynin. These results suggest that pronounced activation of NADPH oxidase in the PSD after cerebral ischemia and reperfusion may be related to the focal oxidative damage to synaptic functions and subsequent development of ischemia and reperfusion-induced cerebral injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutoshi Murotomi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
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398
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Murakami K, Shimizu T, Irie K. Formation of the 42-mer Amyloid β Radical and the Therapeutic Role of Superoxide Dismutase in Alzheimer's Disease. JOURNAL OF AMINO ACIDS 2011; 2011:654207. [PMID: 22332002 PMCID: PMC3276080 DOI: 10.4061/2011/654207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is closely involved in age-related diseases and ageing itself. There is evidence of the leading contribution of oxidative damage to neurodegenerative disease, in contrast to other diseases where oxidative stress plays a secondary role. The 42-mer amyloid β (Aβ42) peptide is thought to be a culprit in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Aβ42 aggregates form the oligomeric assembly and show neurotoxicity, causing synaptic dysfunction. Aβ42 also induces tissue oxidation (DNA/RNA, proteins, and lipids) through trace metals (Cu, Zn, and Fe), which can be protected by antioxidant enzymes, vitamin C, and vitamin E. Superoxide dismutase catalyzes the conversion of toxic superoxide radical to less reactive hydrogen peroxide, contributing to protection from AD. Here we review the involvement of oxidative stress in AD progression induced from an imbalance between the radical formation of Aβ42 itself together with unique turn structure at positions Glu22 and Asp23 and several defense systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuma Murakami
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry in Life Science, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Takahiko Shimizu
- Molecular Gerontology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Irie
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry in Life Science, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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399
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Potential therapeutic agents against Alzheimer’s disease from natural sources. Arch Pharm Res 2010; 33:1589-609. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-010-1010-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2010] [Revised: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 08/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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400
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Abstract
Mitochondria are primary loci for the intracellular formation and reactions of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species including superoxide (O₂•⁻), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and peroxynitrite (ONOO⁻). Depending on formation rates and steady-state levels, the mitochondrial-derived short-lived reactive species contribute to signalling events and/or mitochondrial dysfunction through oxidation reactions. Among relevant oxidative modifications in mitochondria, the nitration of the amino acid tyrosine to 3-nitrotyrosine has been recognized in vitro and in vivo. This post-translational modification in mitochondria is promoted by peroxynitrite and other nitrating species and can disturb organelle homeostasis. This study assesses the biochemical mechanisms of protein tyrosine nitration within mitochondria, the main nitration protein targets and the impact of 3-nitrotyrosine formation in the structure, function and fate of modified mitochondrial proteins. Finally, the inhibition of mitochondrial protein tyrosine nitration by endogenous and mitochondrial-targeted antioxidants and their physiological or pharmacological relevance to preserve mitochondrial functions is analysed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Castro
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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