351
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Rojas-Lillo Y, Alberdi M, Acevedo P, Inostroza-Blancheteau C, Rengel Z, Mora MDLL, Reyes-D Az M. Manganese toxicity and UV-B radiation differentially influence the physiology and biochemistry of highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) cultivars. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2014; 41:156-167. [PMID: 32480975 DOI: 10.1071/fp12393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Manganese (Mn2+) toxicity or UV-B radiation and their individual effects on plants have been documented previously. However, no study about the combined effect of these stresses is available. We evaluated the individual and combined effects of excess Mn2+ and UV-B radiation on physiological and biochemical parameters in two highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) cultivars differing in resistance to Mn toxicity (Brigitta (resistant) and Bluegold (sensitive)). Plants grown in Hoagland nutrient solution were subjected to the following treatments: 2µM MnCl2 (control), 500µM MnCl2 (toxic Mn2+), UV-B radiation (a daily dose of 94.4kJm-2), and the combined treatment (toxic Mn2++UV-B) for 30 days. In both cultivars, the Mn2++UV-B treatment caused a more negative effect on net photosynthesis (Pn), stomatal conductance (gs), the photochemical parameters of PSII and the chl a/b ratio than the treatments with toxic Mn2+ or UV-B alone. However, Brigitta showed also a better acclimation response in Pn and gs than Bluegold at the end of the experiment. The Mn2++UV-B treatment inhibited growth, enhanced radical scavenging activity and superoxide dismutase activity, and increased the concentration of total UV-absorbing compounds, phenols and anthocyanins, mainly in Bluegold. In conclusion, Mn-resistant Brigitta showed a better acclimation response and greater resistance to the combined stress of Mn2+ toxicity and UV-B exposure than the Mn-sensitive Bluegold. An increased concentration of photoprotective compounds and enhanced resistance to oxidative stress in Brigitta could underpin increased resistance to the combined stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yesenia Rojas-Lillo
- Programa de Doctorado y Magíster en Recursos de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, PO Box 54-D, Temuco, Chile
| | - Miren Alberdi
- Center of Plant-Soil Interaction and Natural Resources Biotechnology, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, PO Box 54-D, Temuco, Chile
| | - Patricio Acevedo
- Departamento de Ciencias Físicas, Facultad de Ingeniería, Ciencias y Administración, Universidad de La Frontera, PO Box 54-D, Temuco, Chile
| | - Claudio Inostroza-Blancheteau
- Center of Plant-Soil Interaction and Natural Resources Biotechnology, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, PO Box 54-D, Temuco, Chile
| | - Zed Rengel
- Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, School of Earth and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Maria de la Luz Mora
- Center of Plant-Soil Interaction and Natural Resources Biotechnology, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, PO Box 54-D, Temuco, Chile
| | - Marjorie Reyes-D Az
- Center of Plant-Soil Interaction and Natural Resources Biotechnology, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, PO Box 54-D, Temuco, Chile
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352
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Polonini HC, Brandão MAF, Raposo NRB. A natural broad-spectrum sunscreen formulated from the dried extract of Brazilian Lippia sericea as a single UV filter. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra11577e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The photoprotective activity of someLippiaspecies is described for the first time, in terms of UVA and UVB protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. C. Polonini
- Núcleo de Pesquisa e Inovação em Ciências da Saúde (NUPICS)
- Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora
- Campus Universitário
- Juiz de Fora, Brazil
- Chemical and Food Engineering Department
| | - M. A. F. Brandão
- Núcleo de Pesquisa e Inovação em Ciências da Saúde (NUPICS)
- Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora
- Campus Universitário
- Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - N. R. B. Raposo
- Núcleo de Pesquisa e Inovação em Ciências da Saúde (NUPICS)
- Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora
- Campus Universitário
- Juiz de Fora, Brazil
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353
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Valdés-López O, Hernández G. Phenylpropanoids as master regulators: state of the art and perspectives in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:336. [PMID: 25101096 PMCID: PMC4102167 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Oswaldo Valdés-López
- Unidad de Morfología y Función, Laboratorio de Bioquímica, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoTlalnepantla, Mexico
- *Correspondence:
| | - Georgina Hernández
- Genómica Funcional de Eucariotes, Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCuernavaca, México
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354
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Kumar S, Pandey AK. Chemistry and biological activities of flavonoids: an overview. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:162750. [PMID: 24470791 PMCID: PMC3891543 DOI: 10.1155/2013/162750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1798] [Impact Index Per Article: 163.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There has been increasing interest in the research on flavonoids from plant sources because of their versatile health benefits reported in various epidemiological studies. Since flavonoids are directly associated with human dietary ingredients and health, there is need to evaluate structure and function relationship. The bioavailability, metabolism, and biological activity of flavonoids depend upon the configuration, total number of hydroxyl groups, and substitution of functional groups about their nuclear structure. Fruits and vegetables are the main dietary sources of flavonoids for humans, along with tea and wine. Most recent researches have focused on the health aspects of flavonoids for humans. Many flavonoids are shown to have antioxidative activity, free radical scavenging capacity, coronary heart disease prevention, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities, while some flavonoids exhibit potential antiviral activities. In plant systems, flavonoids help in combating oxidative stress and act as growth regulators. For pharmaceutical purposes cost-effective bulk production of different types of flavonoids has been made possible with the help of microbial biotechnology. This review highlights the structural features of flavonoids, their beneficial roles in human health, and significance in plants as well as their microbial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashank Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad 211002, India
| | - Abhay K. Pandey
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad 211002, India
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355
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Liu M, Li X, Liu Y, Cao B. Regulation of flavanone 3-hydroxylase gene involved in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway in response to UV-B radiation and drought stress in the desert plant, Reaumuria soongorica. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2013; 73:161-7. [PMID: 24121417 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoid are known to have various functions in growth, development, reproduction, and also involved in diverse stress responses in plants. However, little is known about the roles of the key enzymes in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway in response to environmental stress, such as UV-B radiation and drought. To understand this problem, we investigated the participation of flavanone 3-hydroxylase gene (F3H), a key enzyme in flavonoid biosynthetic pathway under UV-B radiation and drought stress in the desert plant Reaumuria soongorica. A novel cDNA sequence, named as RsF3H, was isolated from R. soongorica. The deduced amino acids showed high identities to other F3Hs. A phylogenetic analysis indicated that RsF3H appeared to be most homologous to F3H from Malus domestica (MdF3H). RsF3H protein structure contained all five conserved motifs for 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases (2-ODDs) and an Arg-X-Ser motif, all of which were also found in other F3Hs. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis showed that there was a rapid increase in gene expression of RsF3H under stress. Both UV-B radiation and drought stress induced an increase in RsF3H enzyme activity and the accumulation of the products in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway (total flavonoid and anthocyanin). The antioxidant ability (inhibition of lipid oxidation) of total flavonoid was enhanced during this study. The results suggested that one explanation of the stress tolerance of R. soongorica may be a combination of an increase in RsF3H gene expression, RsF3H enzyme activity and the anti-oxidative ability of the metabolic end products in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway in response to UV-B radiation and drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Liu
- Shapotou Desert Research & Experiment Station, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donggang West Road 320, Lanzhou 730000, PR China; Key Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Ecology in Cold and Arid Regions, Gansu Province, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
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356
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Zhu JJ, Li YR, Liao JX. Involvement of anthocyanins in the resistance to chilling-induced oxidative stress in Saccharum officinarum L. leaves. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2013; 73:427-33. [PMID: 23932150 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Whether anthocyanins elevate resistance to chilling-induced oxidative stress in Saccharum officinarum L. cv Badila seedlings is investigated. Plants with four fully expanded leaves were exposed to chilling stress (8 °C/4 °C, 11 h photoperiod) for 3 days and then transferred to rewarming condition (25 °C/20 °C, 11 h photoperiod) for another 2 days. At the end of the chilling period, H2O2 and superoxide radical (O2-) levels increased sharply and were near the same in the central (CL) and the final fully expanded leaves (FL). Moreover, the degree of chilling injury indicated by malonaldehyde concentration and percent of ion leakage also was near the same. Most of the tested parameters returned near to the control level after 2 days of rewarming. With further analyzing, we found that superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1), ascorbate peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.11), glutathione reductase (EC 1.6.4.2) activities increased much higher and catalase (EC 1.11.1.6) activity and ascorbate/dehydroascorbate ratio decreased much more in FL than CL in response to chilling. However, anthocyanins concentration coupling with glutathione/oxidized glutathione increased much higher in CL than FL under chilling stress. These finds suggest that anthocyanins at least partially compensate the relative deficiency of antioxidants in CL compared with FL. α,α-Diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl assays further confirmed this idea. The relationships between anthocyanins and antioxidants were analyzed and the possible mechanisms of the affection of anthocyanins on antioxidant metabolism were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Jie Zhu
- Sugarcane Research Center of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Research, Nanning, Guangxi 530007, China; Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi 530007, China.
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357
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Neugart S, Fiol M, Schreiner M, Rohn S, Zrenner R, Kroh LW, Krumbein A. Low and moderate photosynthetically active radiation affects the flavonol glycosides and hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives in kale (Brassica oleracea var. sabellica) dependent on two low temperatures. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2013; 72:161-8. [PMID: 23647885 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Kale (Brassica oleracea var. sabellica) contains a large number of naturally occurring structurally different non-acylated and acylated flavonol glycosides as well as hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of low and moderate photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) and how these levels interact with low temperature in these phenolic compounds. Juvenile kale plants were treated with PAR levels from 200 to 800 μmol m(-2) s(-1) at 5 and 10 °C under defined conditions in climate chambers. Of the investigated 20 compounds, 11 and 17 compounds were influenced by PAR and temperature, respectively. In addition, an interaction between PAR and temperature was found for eight compounds. The response of the phenolic compounds to PAR was structure-dependent. While quercetin triglycosides increased with higher PAR at 5 and 10 °C, the kaempferol triglycosides exhibited the highest concentrations at 400 μmol m(-2) s(-1). In contrast, kaempferol diglycosides exhibited the highest concentrations at increased PAR levels of 600 and 800 μmol m(-2) s(-1) at 10 °C. However, key genes of flavonol biosynthesis were influenced by temperature but remained unaffected by PAR. Furthermore, there was no interaction between the PAR level and the low temperature in the response of hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives in kale with the exception of caffeoylquinic acid, which decreased with higher PAR levels of 600 and 800 μmol m(-2) s(-1) and at a lower temperature. In conclusion, PAR and its interaction with temperature could be a suitable tool for modifying the profile of phenolic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Neugart
- Leibniz-Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops Grossbeeren/Erfurt e.V., Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979 Grossbeeren, Germany.
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358
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Chen L, Niu K, Wu Y, Geng Y, Mi Z, Flynn DFB, He JS. UV radiation is the primary factor driving the variation in leaf phenolics across Chinese grasslands. Ecol Evol 2013; 3:4696-710. [PMID: 24363898 PMCID: PMC3867905 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the role leaf phenolics in defending against ultraviolet B (UVB) under previously controlled conditions, we hypothesize that ultraviolet radiation (UVR) could be a primary factor driving the variation in leaf phenolics in plants over a large geographic scale. We measured leaf total phenolics, ultraviolet-absorbing compounds (UVAC), and corresponding leaf N, P, and specific leaf area (SLA) in 151 common species. These species were from 84 sites across the Tibetan Plateau and Inner Mongolian grasslands of China with contrasting UVR (354 vs. 161 mW/cm(2) on average). Overall, leaf phenolics and UVAC were all significantly higher on the Tibetan Plateau than in the Inner Mongolian grasslands, independent of phylogenetic relationships between species. Regression analyses showed that the variation in leaf phenolics was strongly affected by climatic factors, particularly UVR, and soil attributes across all sites. Structural equation modeling (SEM) identified the primary role of UVR in determining leaf phenolic concentrations, after accounting for colinearities with altitude, climatic, and edaphic factors. In addition, phenolics correlated positively with UVAC and SLA, and negatively with leaf N and N: P. These relationships were steeper in the lower-elevation Inner Mongolian than on the Tibetan Plateau grasslands. Our data support that the variation in leaf phenolics is controlled mainly by UV radiation, implying high leaf phenolics facilitates the adaptation of plants to strong irradiation via its UV-screening and/or antioxidation functions, particularly on the Tibetan Plateau. Importantly, our results also suggest that leaf phenolics may influence on vegetation attributes and indirectly affect ecosystem processes by covarying with leaf functional traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Litong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences23 Xinning Rd, Xining, 810008, China
| | - Kechang Niu
- Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking UniversityBeijing, 100871, China
| | - Yi Wu
- Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking UniversityBeijing, 100871, China
| | - Yan Geng
- Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking UniversityBeijing, 100871, China
| | - Zhaorong Mi
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences23 Xinning Rd, Xining, 810008, China
| | - Dan FB Flynn
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences23 Xinning Rd, Xining, 810008, China
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of ZurichZürich, 8057, Switzerland
| | - Jin-Sheng He
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences23 Xinning Rd, Xining, 810008, China
- Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking UniversityBeijing, 100871, China
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359
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Agati G, Brunetti C, Di Ferdinando M, Ferrini F, Pollastri S, Tattini M. Functional roles of flavonoids in photoprotection: new evidence, lessons from the past. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2013; 72:35-45. [PMID: 23583204 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We discuss on the relative significance of different functional roles potentially served by flavonoids in photoprotection, with special emphasis to their ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) and control the development of individual organs and whole plant. We propose a model in which chloroplast-located flavonoids scavenge H2O2 and singlet oxygen generated under excess light-stress, thus avoiding programmed cell death. We also draw a picture in which vacuolar flavonoids in conjunction with peroxidases and ascorbic acid constitute a secondary antioxidant system aimed at detoxifying H2O2, which may diffuse out of the chloroplast at considerable rates and enter the vacuole following excess light stress-induced depletion of ascorbate peroxidase. We hypothesize for flavonols key roles as developmental regulators in early and current-day land-plants, based on their ability to modulate auxin movement and auxin catabolism. We show that antioxidant flavonoids display the greatest capacity to regulate key steps of cell growth and differentiation in eukaryotes. These regulatory functions of flavonoids, which are shared by plants and animals, are fully accomplished in the nM concentration range, as likely occurred in early land plants. We therefore conclude that functions of flavonoids as antioxidants and/or developmental regulators flavonoids are of great value in photoprotection. We also suggest that UV-B screening was just one of the multiple functions served by flavonoids when early land-plants faced an abrupt increase in sunlight irradiance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Agati
- Istituto di Fisica Applicata 'Carrara', IFAC, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Madonna del Piano 10, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
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360
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Chen W, Gong L, Guo Z, Wang W, Zhang H, Liu X, Yu S, Xiong L, Luo J. A novel integrated method for large-scale detection, identification, and quantification of widely targeted metabolites: application in the study of rice metabolomics. MOLECULAR PLANT 2013; 6:1769-80. [PMID: 23702596 DOI: 10.1093/mp/sst080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 973] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based metabolomics has been facilitated by the construction of MS(2) spectral tag (MS2T) library from the total scan ESI MS/MS data, and the development of widely targeted metabolomics method using MS/MS data gathered from authentic standards. In this report, a novel strategy called stepwise multiple ion monitoring-enhanced product ions (stepwise MIM-EPI) was developed to construct the MS2T library, in which stepwise MIM was used as survey scans to trigger the acquisition of EPI. A total number of 698 (almost) non-redundant metabolites with MS(2) spectra were obtained, of which 135 metabolites were identified/annotated. Integrating the data gathered from our MS2T library and other available multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) information, a widely targeted metabolomics method was developed to quantify 277 metabolites, including some phytohormones. Evaluation of the dehydration responses and natural variations of these metabolites in rice leaf not only suggested the coordinated regulation of abscisic acid (ABA) with metabolites such as serotonin derivative(s), polyamine conjugates under drought stress, but also revealed some C-glycosylated flavones as the potential markers for the discrimination of indica and japonica rice subspecies. The new MS2T library construction and widely targeted metabolomics strategy could be used as a tool for rice functional genomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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361
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Becker C, Kläring HP, Kroh LW, Krumbein A. Temporary reduction of radiation does not permanently reduce flavonoid glycosides and phenolic acids in red lettuce. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2013; 72:154-60. [PMID: 23735845 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Applying transparent daytime screens in greenhouses in cool seasons reduces the amount of energy needed for heating, but also the solar radiation available for crops. This can reduce yield and product quality of leafy vegetables because of constrained photosynthesis and altered biosynthesis. To study this, we cultivated five-week old red leaf lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) for four weeks in growth chambers under a photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) of 225 and 410 μmol m(-2) s(-1), respectively. Some plants were exchanged between radiation intensities after two weeks. We investigated the concentration of five flavonoid glycosides, three caffeic acid derivatives, reducing sugars as well as plant growth. Remarkably, no significant influence of radiation intensity on the concentration of phenolic acids or anthocyanin glycosides was observed. In contrast, quercetin and luteolin glycoside concentration was between 14 and 34% lower in plants growing under lower compared to higher PPFD. Already after two weeks of cultivation, plants grown under lower PPFD contained less quercetin and luteolin glycosides but they completely compensated if subsequently transferred to higher PPFD until harvest. Hence, marketable lettuce heads which experienced temporary shading followed by an unshaded phase did not contain lower concentrations of flavonoid glycosides or phenolic acids. Also, there was no reduction of head mass in this variant. Our results suggest that saving energy in early growth stages is feasible without losses in yield or health promoting phenolic substances. In addition, there was a close correlation between the concentration of reducing sugars and some flavonoid glycosides, indicating a close metabolic connection between their biosynthesis and the availability of carbohydrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Becker
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops Grossbeeren/Erfurt e.V., Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979 Grossbeeren, Germany.
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362
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Brunetti C, George RM, Tattini M, Field K, Davey MP. Metabolomics in plant environmental physiology. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:4011-20. [PMID: 23922358 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Changes in plant metabolism are at the heart of plant developmental processes, underpinning many of the ways in which plants respond to the environment. As such, the comprehensive study of plant metabolism, or metabolomics, is highly valuable in identifying phenotypic effects of abiotic and biotic stresses on plants. When study is in reference to analysing samples that are relevant to environmental or ecologically based hypotheses, it is termed 'environmental metabolomics'. The emergence of environmental metabolomics as one of the latest of the omics technologies has been one of the most critically important recent developments in plant physiology. Its applications broach the entire landscape of plant ecology, from the understanding of plant plasticity and adaptation through to community composition and even genetic modification in crops. The multitude of novel studies published utilizing metabolomics methods employ a variety of techniques, from the initial stages of tissue sampling, through to sample preservation, transportation, and analysis. This review introduces the concept and applications of plant environmental metabolomics as an ecologically important investigative tool. It examines the main techniques used in situ within field sites, with particular reference to sampling and processing, and those more appropriate for use in laboratory-based settings with emphasis on secondary metabolite analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Brunetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Agroalimentari e dell' Ambiente (DISPAA), Sez. Coltivazioni Arboree, Università di Firenze, Viale delle Idee 30, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
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363
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Xiong L, Li J, Li Y, Yuan L, Liu S, Huang J, Liu Z. Dynamic changes in catechin levels and catechin biosynthesis-related gene expression in albino tea plants (Camellia sinensis L.). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2013; 71:132-43. [PMID: 23911731 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) leaves are a major source of flavonoids that mainly belong to the flavan-3-ols or catechins and are implicated in a wide range of health benefits. Although the catechins in tea leaves were identified long ago, the regulatory mechanisms governing catechin biosynthesis remain unclear. In the present work, the dynamic changes of catechin levels and the expression profiles of catechin-related genes in albino tea plants were intensively examined. The amounts of most catechins decreased to their lowest levels in the albino phase, when epigallocatechingallate was the highest of the catechins compared to all catechins, and catechin the lowest. Enzyme assays indicated that phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity was positively correlated with the concentration of catechins (r = 0.673). Gene expression profiling by quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction showed that the transcript abundance of flavonoid biosynthetic genes followed a tightly regulated biphasic pattern, and was affected by albinism. These genes (PAL, C4H, 4CL, CHS, CHI, F3H, FLS, F3'H, F3'5'H, DFR, LAR, ANS and ANR) encode enzymes in flavonoid biosynthesis. The expression levels of PAL, F3H and FLS were correlated with the concentration of catechins and the correlation coefficients were -0.683, 0.687 and -0.602, respectively. Therefore, these results indicate that PAL might be a core regulator in the control of catechin biosynthesis in albino tea plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ligui Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Hunan, Changsha 410128, China; National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Hunan, Changsha 410128, China
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364
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Barnes PW, Kersting AR, Flint SD, Beyschlag W, Ryel RJ. Adjustments in epidermal UV-transmittance of leaves in sun-shade transitions. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2013; 149:200-13. [PMID: 23330642 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal UV transmittance (TUV ) and UV-absorbing compounds were measured in sun and shade leaves of Populus tremuloides and Vicia faba exposed to contrasting light environments under field conditions to evaluate UV acclimation potentials and regulatory roles of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and UV in UV-shielding. Within a natural canopy of P. tremuloides, TUV ranged from 4 to 98% and showed a strong nonlinear relationship with mid-day horizontal fluxes of PAR [photon flux density (PFD) = 6-1830 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹]; similar patterns were found for V. faba leaves that developed under a comparable PFD range. A series of field transfer experiments using neutral-density shade cloth and UV blocking/transmitting films indicated that PAR influenced TUV during leaf development to a greater degree than UV, and shade leaves of both species increased their UV-shielding when exposed to full sun; however, this required the presence of UV, with both UV-A and UV-B required for full acclimation. TUV of sun leaves of both species was largely unresponsive to shade either with or without UV. In most, but not all cases, changes in TUV were associated with alterations in the concentration of whole-leaf UV-absorbing compounds. These results suggest that, (1) moderate-to-high levels of PAR alone during leaf development can induce substantial UV-protection in field-grown plants, (2) mature shade leaves have the potential to adjust their UV-shielding which may reduce the detrimental effects of UV that could occur following sudden exposures to high light and (3) under field conditions, PAR and UV play different roles in regulating UV-shielding during and after leaf development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Barnes
- Department of Biological Sciences, Loyola University New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA
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365
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Pinelli P, Romani A, Fierini E, Remorini D, Agati G. Characterisation of the polyphenol content in the kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) exocarp for the calibration of a fruit-sorting optical sensor. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2013; 24:460-466. [PMID: 23716352 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Kiwifruit contains high amounts of anti-oxidants beneficial to health. Its quality is influenced by ripening time, genotype, cultivation techniques, climate and storage conditions after harvest. OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to characterise the phenolic content by HPLC methods and to evaluate the performance of a portable optical sensor (Multiplex 3), for in vivo non-destructive phenolic compound assessment in kiwifruits. METHODS Kiwifruits peel extracts were characterised by reverse-phase (RP) HPLC with diode-array detector (DAD) and electrospray ionisation (ESI) with MS using the Zorbax SB-Aq. column from Agilent. The fluorimetric sensor method is based on the screening of fruit chlorophyll fluorescence excitation and allows the UV absorbance of intact fruit skin to be measured. The flavonol index, FLAV, was calculated as log(FRF(R)/FRF(UV)), where FRF(R) and FRF(UV) are the chlorophyll fluorescence excited with red and UV light. RESULTS Hydroxycinnamic acids, procyanidins, and quercetin glycosides were the main polyphenol classes detected by HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS in the kiwifruit skin. A good linear regression (R² = 0.88) was found between the fluorimetric sensor FLAV index and flavonol chromatographic analysis of the fruits. The FLAV index was able to detect the higher content of flavonols in sun-exposed fruits with respect to mid-shaded and shaded ones in accordance with the destructive analysis. CONCLUSION The fluorimetric sensor represents a rapid and non-invasive tool to: (i) monitor the flavonol accumulation in kiwifruit and to assess its quality concerning the healthy anti-oxidant properties; (ii) evaluate the effect of environmental and agronomical factors related to the fruit quality; and (iii) select fruits with the largest flavonol content, and consequently less susceptible to pathogen attack, in order to improve their storage durability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Pinelli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
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366
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Bernal M, Llorens L, Julkunen-Tiitto R, Badosa J, Verdaguer D. Altitudinal and seasonal changes of phenolic compounds in Buxus sempervirens leaves and cuticles. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2013; 70:471-82. [PMID: 23845826 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The variation in the leaf content of phenolic compounds has been related to the UV-B changes of the environment in which plants grow. In this context, we aimed to investigate: a) whether the seasonal and altitudinal changes in the content of phenolic compounds of Buxus sempervirens L. leaves and cuticles could be related to the natural fluctuations in UV-B levels and b) the possible use of specific phenolic compounds as biomarkers of ambient UV-B levels. To achieve these goals we sampled, every three months during one year, leaves of B. sempervirens along an altitudinal gradient. At the lowest and the highest altitudes, we also conducted a UV-exclusion experiment to discern whether the observed changes could be attributed to the natural variation in UV-B. Results show that total phenolic content of leaves was lower in June than in the other sampling dates, which suggests a leaf ontogenic rather than a UV-B effect on the leaf content of these compounds. Regarding the elevational gradient, the overall amount of phenolic acids and neolignan of entire leaves increased with altitude while the total amount of flavonoids in leaf cuticles decreased. However, the lack of a significant effect of our UV-exclusion treatment on the content of these compounds suggests that the observed variations along the altitudinal gradient would respond to other factors rather than to UV-B. Concomitantly, we did not find any phenolic compound in leaves or cuticles of B. sempervirens that could be considered as a biomarker of ambient UV-B levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bernal
- Environmental Sciences Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Girona, C/Mª Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17071 Girona, Spain.
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367
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Watanabe M, Balazadeh S, Tohge T, Erban A, Giavalisco P, Kopka J, Mueller-Roeber B, Fernie AR, Hoefgen R. Comprehensive dissection of spatiotemporal metabolic shifts in primary, secondary, and lipid metabolism during developmental senescence in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 162:1290-310. [PMID: 23696093 PMCID: PMC3707545 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.217380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Developmental senescence is a coordinated physiological process in plants and is critical for nutrient redistribution from senescing leaves to newly formed sink organs, including young leaves and developing seeds. Progress has been made concerning the genes involved and the regulatory networks controlling senescence. The resulting complex metabolome changes during senescence have not been investigated in detail yet. Therefore, we conducted a comprehensive profiling of metabolites, including pigments, lipids, sugars, amino acids, organic acids, nutrient ions, and secondary metabolites, and determined approximately 260 metabolites at distinct stages in leaves and siliques during senescence in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). This provided an extensive catalog of metabolites and their spatiotemporal cobehavior with progressing senescence. Comparison with silique data provides clues to source-sink relations. Furthermore, we analyzed the metabolite distribution within single leaves along the basipetal sink-source transition trajectory during senescence. Ceramides, lysolipids, aromatic amino acids, branched chain amino acids, and stress-induced amino acids accumulated, and an imbalance of asparagine/aspartate, glutamate/glutamine, and nutrient ions in the tip region of leaves was detected. Furthermore, the spatiotemporal distribution of tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was already changed in the presenescent leaves, and glucosinolates, raffinose, and galactinol accumulated in the base region of leaves with preceding senescence. These results are discussed in the context of current models of the metabolic shifts occurring during developmental and environmentally induced senescence. As senescence processes are correlated to crop yield, the metabolome data and the approach provided here can serve as a blueprint for the analysis of traits and conditions linking crop yield and senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutsumi Watanabe
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
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368
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Comont D, Winters A, Gomez LD, McQueen-Mason SJ, Gwynn-Jones D. Latitudinal variation in ambient UV-B radiation is an important determinant of Lolium perenne forage production, quality, and digestibility. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:2193-2204. [PMID: 23580749 PMCID: PMC3654412 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Few studies to date have considered the responses of agriculturally important forage grasses to UV-B radiation. Yet grasses such as Lolium perenne have a wide current distribution, representing exposure to a significant variation in ambient UV-B. The current study investigated the responses of L. perenne (cv. AberDart) to a simulated latitudinal gradient of UV-B exposure, representing biologically effective UV-B doses at simulated 70, 60, 50, 40, and 30° N latitudes. Aspects of growth, soluble compounds, and digestibility were assessed, and results are discussed in relation to UV-B effects on forage properties and the implications for livestock and bio-ethanol production. Aboveground biomass production was reduced by approximately 12.67% with every 1 kJ m(-2) day(-1) increase in biologically weighted UV-B. As a result, plants grown in the highest UV-B treatment had a total biomass of just 13.7% of controls. Total flavonoids were increased by approximately 76% by all UV-B treatments, while hydroxycinnamic acids increased in proportion to the UV-B dose. Conversely, the digestibility of the aboveground biomass and concentrations of soluble fructans were reduced by UV-B exposure, although soluble sucrose, glucose, and fructose concentrations were unaffected. These results highlight the capacity for UV-B to directly affect forage productivity and chemistry, with negative consequences for digestibility and bioethanol production. Results emphasize the need for future development and distribution of L. perenne varieties to take UV-B irradiance into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Comont
- Institute of Biological Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Ceredigion, SY23 3DA, Wales, UK
| | - Ana Winters
- Institute of Biological Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Ceredigion, SY23 3DA, Wales, UK
| | - Leonardo D Gomez
- CNAP, Biology Department, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | | | - Dylan Gwynn-Jones
- Institute of Biological Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Ceredigion, SY23 3DA, Wales, UK
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369
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Pallozzi E, Fortunati A, Marino G, Loreto F, Agati G, Centritto M. BVOC emission from Populus × canadensis saplings in response to acute UV-A radiation. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2013; 148:51-61. [PMID: 22931545 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2012.01687.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Revised: 06/16/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid poplar (Populus × canadensis) saplings were subjected to acute ultraviolet-A (UV-A) irradiation (30 W m(-2) , ambient treatment, 60, 90 and 120 W m(-2) of UV-A irradiance) to determine the effects on photosynthesis and biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions in two different short-term experiments (i.e. sequential increase in UV-A irradiance and UV-A intensity-response relationships). Both intensity-response experiments showed that the UV-A ambient treatment did not affect photosynthesis and BVOC emissions. Whereas exposition at 60, 90 and 120 W m(-2) of UV-A (first experiment), increasingly inhibited photosynthesis. This increasing inhibition was also detected by decreasing trends of both photochemical reflectance index (PRI) and fluorescence yield. Isoprene emission resulted to be very sensitive to increasing UV-A irradiances. Methanol was also very sensitive to high UV-A radiation, suggesting the occurrence of strong damages of cellular structures. The second experiment, which was performed both in the middle of July and repeated towards the end of the summer, showed a temporal variations in the UV-A intensity-response relationships. In fact, there were no longer significant differences in photosynthesis, PRI and isoprene emission in response to high UV-A radiation toward the end of the summer season. The adaxial flavonoid level increased significantly over the period monitored, resulting 85% higher toward the end of the summer than during the middle of the summer. This dramatic increase in the adaxial flavonoids may have played a protective role against UV-A radiation by shielding leaves. Our findings add to the understanding of physiological processes involved in plant response to UV radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Pallozzi
- Institute of AgroEnvironmental and Forest Biology, National Research Council, 00015, Monterotondo Scalo, RM, Italy
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370
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Vrancken K, Holtappels M, Schoofs H, Deckers T, Valcke R. Pathogenicity and infection strategies of the fire blight pathogen Erwinia amylovora in Rosaceae: State of the art. Microbiology (Reading) 2013; 159:823-832. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.064881-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- K. Vrancken
- Molecular and Physical Plant Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan gebouw D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - M. Holtappels
- Molecular and Physical Plant Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan gebouw D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - H. Schoofs
- Pomology department, PCFruit Research Station, Fruittuinweg 1, 3800 Sint-Truiden, Belgium
| | - T. Deckers
- Pomology department, PCFruit Research Station, Fruittuinweg 1, 3800 Sint-Truiden, Belgium
| | - R. Valcke
- Molecular and Physical Plant Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan gebouw D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
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371
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Brunetti C, Di Ferdinando M, Fini A, Pollastri S, Tattini M. Flavonoids as antioxidants and developmental regulators: relative significance in plants and humans. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:3540-55. [PMID: 23434657 PMCID: PMC3588057 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14023540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenylpropanoids, particularly flavonoids have been recently suggested as playing primary antioxidant functions in the responses of plants to a wide range of abiotic stresses. Furthermore, flavonoids are effective endogenous regulators of auxin movement, thus behaving as developmental regulators. Flavonoids are capable of controlling the development of individual organs and the whole-plant; and, hence, to contribute to stress-induced morphogenic responses of plants. The significance of flavonoids as scavengers of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in humans has been recently questioned, based on the observation that the flavonoid concentration in plasma and most tissues is too low to effectively reduce ROS. Instead, flavonoids may play key roles as signaling molecules in mammals, through their ability to interact with a wide range of protein kinases, including mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), that supersede key steps of cell growth and differentiation. Here we discuss about the relative significance of flavonoids as reducing agents and signaling molecules in plants and humans. We show that structural features conferring ROS-scavenger ability to flavonoids are also required to effectively control developmental processes in eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Brunetti
- DiSPAA, Department of Agri-Food and Environmental Science, University of Florence, Viale delle Idee 30, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy; E-Mails: (C.B.); (M.D.F.); (A.F.)
| | - Martina Di Ferdinando
- DiSPAA, Department of Agri-Food and Environmental Science, University of Florence, Viale delle Idee 30, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy; E-Mails: (C.B.); (M.D.F.); (A.F.)
| | - Alessio Fini
- DiSPAA, Department of Agri-Food and Environmental Science, University of Florence, Viale delle Idee 30, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy; E-Mails: (C.B.); (M.D.F.); (A.F.)
| | - Susanna Pollastri
- IPP, Institute for Plant Protection, National Research Council, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy; E-Mail:
| | - Massimiliano Tattini
- IPP, Institute for Plant Protection, National Research Council, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy; E-Mail:
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372
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Hideg E, Jansen MAK, Strid A. UV-B exposure, ROS, and stress: inseparable companions or loosely linked associates? TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 18:107-15. [PMID: 23084465 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation has long been perceived as a stressor. However, a conceptual U-turn has taken place, and UV-B damage is now considered rare. We question whether UV-stress and UV-B-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) are still relevant concepts, and if ROS-mediated signaling contributes to UV-B acclimation. Measurements of antioxidants and of antioxidant genes show that both low and high UV-B doses alter ROS metabolism. Yet, there is no evidence that ROS control gene expression under low UV-B. Instead, expression of antioxidant genes is linked to the UV RESISTANCE LOCUS 8 pathway. We hypothesize that low UV-B doses cause 'eustress' (good stress) and that stimuli-specific signaling pathways pre-dispose plants to a state of low alert that includes activation of antioxidant defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Hideg
- Institute of Biology, University of Pécs, Ifjuság u. 6. H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
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373
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Tohge T, Watanabe M, Hoefgen R, Fernie AR. The evolution of phenylpropanoid metabolism in the green lineage. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 48:123-52. [PMID: 23350798 DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2012.758083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Phenolic secondary metabolites are only produced by plants wherein they play important roles in both biotic and abiotic defense in seed plants as well as being potentially important bioactive compounds with both nutritional and medicinal benefits reported for animals and humans as a consequence of their potent antioxidant activity. During the long evolutionary period in which plants have adapted to the environmental niches in which they exist (and especially during the evolution of land plants from their aquatic algal ancestors), several strategies such as gene duplication and convergent evolution have contributed to the evolution of this pathway. In this respect, diversity and redundancy of several key genes of phenolic secondary metabolism such as polyketide synthases, cytochrome P450s, Fe(2+)/2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases and UDP-glycosyltransferases have played an essential role. Recent technical developments allowing affordable whole genome sequencing as well as a better inventory of species-by-species chemical diversity have resulted in a dramatic increase in the number of tools we have to assess how these pathways evolved. In parallel, reverse genetics combined with detailed molecular phenotyping is allowing us to elucidate the functional importance of individual genes and metabolites and by this means to provide further mechanistic insight into their biological roles. In this review, phenolic metabolite-related gene sequences (for a total of 65 gene families including shikimate biosynthetic genes) are compared across 23 independent species, and the phenolic metabolic complement of various plant species are compared with one another, in attempt to better understand the evolution of diversity in this crucial pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Tohge
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
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374
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Domínguez E, Fernández MD, Hernández JCL, Parra JP, España L, Heredia A, Cuartero J. Tomato fruit continues growing while ripening, affecting cuticle properties and cracking. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2012; 146:473-86. [PMID: 22582930 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2012.01647.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Fruit cuticle composition and their mechanical performance have a special role during ripening because internal pressure is no longer sustained by the degraded cell walls of the pericarp but is directly transmitted to epidermis and cuticle which could eventually crack. We have studied fruit growth, cuticle modifications and its biomechanics, and fruit cracking in tomato; tomato has been considered a model system for studying fleshy fruit growth and ripening. Tomato fruit cracking is a major disorder that causes severe economic losses and, in cherry tomato, crack appearance is limited to the ripening process. As environmental conditions play a crucial role in fruit growing, ripening and cracking, we grow two cherry tomato cultivars in four conditions of radiation and relative humidity (RH). High RH and low radiation decreased the amount of cuticle and cuticle components accumulated. No effect of RH in cuticle biomechanics was detected. However, cracked fruits had a significantly less deformable (lower maximum strain) cuticle than non-cracked fruits. A significant and continuous fruit growth from mature green to overripe has been detected with special displacement sensors. This growth rate varied among genotypes, with cracking-sensitive genotypes showing higher growth rates than cracking-resistant ones. Environmental conditions modified this growth rate during ripening, with higher growing rates under high RH and radiation. These conditions corresponded to those that favored fruit cracking. Fruit growth rate during ripening, probably sustained by an internal turgor pressure, is a key parameter in fruit cracking, because fruits that ripened detached from the vine did not crack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Domínguez
- IHSM La Mayora (CSIC-Universidad de Málaga), Algarrobo-Costa, E-29750 Málaga, Spain
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375
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Nascimento LBS, Leal-Costa MV, Coutinho MAS, Moreira NDS, Lage CLS, Barbi NDS, Costa SS, Tavares ES. Increased antioxidant activity and changes in phenolic profile of Kalanchoe pinnata (Lamarck) Persoon (Crassulaceae) specimens grown under supplemental blue light. Photochem Photobiol 2012; 89:391-9. [PMID: 23057576 DOI: 10.1111/php.12006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Antioxidant compounds protect plants against oxidative stress caused by environmental conditions. Different light qualities, such as UV-A radiation and blue light, have shown positive effects on the production of phenols in plants. Kalanchoe pinnata (Lamarck) Persoon (Crassulaceae) is used for treating wounds and inflammations. Some of these beneficial effects are attributed to the antioxidant activity of plant components. We investigated the effects of blue light and UV-A radiation supplementation on the total phenol content, antioxidant activity and chromatographic profile of aqueous extracts from leaves of K. pinnata. Monoclonal plants were grown under white light, white plus blue light and white plus UV-A radiation. Supplemental blue light improved the antioxidant activity and changed the phenolic profile of the extracts. Analysis by HPLC of supplemental blue-light plant extracts revealed a higher proportion of the major flavonoid quercetin 3-O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl (1→2) α-L-rhamnopyranoside, as well as the presence of a wide variety of other phenolic substances. These findings may explain the higher antioxidant activity observed for this extract. Blue light is proposed as a supplemental light source in the cultivation of K. pinnata, to improve its antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana B S Nascimento
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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376
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Agati G, Azzarello E, Pollastri S, Tattini M. Flavonoids as antioxidants in plants: location and functional significance. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 196:67-76. [PMID: 23017900 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2012.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 928] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2012] [Revised: 07/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Stress-responsive dihydroxy B-ring-substituted flavonoids have great potential to inhibit the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reduce the levels of ROS once they are formed, i.e., to perform antioxidant functions. These flavonoids are located within or in the proximity of centers of ROS generation in severely stressed plants. Efficient mechanisms have been recently identified for the transport of flavonoids from the endoplasmic reticulum, the site of their biosynthesis, to different cellular compartments. The mechanism underlying flavonoid-mediated ROS reduction in plants is still unclear. 'Antioxidant' flavonoids are found in the chloroplast, which suggests a role as scavengers of singlet oxygen and stabilizers of the chloroplast outer envelope membrane. Dihydroxy B-ring substituted flavonoids are present in the nucleus of mesophyll cells and may inhibit ROS-generation making complexes with Fe and Cu ions. The genes that govern the biosynthesis of antioxidant flavonoids are present in liverworts and mosses and are mostly up-regulated as a consequence of severe stress. This suggests that the antioxidant flavonoid metabolism is a robust trait of terrestrial plants. Vacuolar dihydroxy B-ring flavonoids have been reported to serve as co-substrates for vacuolar peroxidases to reduce H(2)O(2) escape from the chloroplast, following the depletion of ascorbate peroxidase activity. Antioxidant flavonoids may effectively control key steps of cell growth and differentiation, thus acting regulating the development of the whole plant and individual organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Agati
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Fisica Applicata 'Carrara', Via Madonna del Piano 10, I-50019 Sesto F. No, Firenze, Italy
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377
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Xie L, Hauser MT. Induction of ARI12 upon broad band UV-B radiation is suppressed by UVR8 and cryptochromes. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2012; 7:1411-4. [PMID: 22990446 PMCID: PMC3548860 DOI: 10.4161/psb.22052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
ARI12 belongs to a family of 16 potential E3 ligases in Arabidopsis and is strongly induced in leaves upon low and high fluence rates (HFR) of UV-B. We have shown that ARI12 is a downstream target of the UV-B receptor, UVR8, and the transcription factors HY5 and HYH under low fluence rates. However under HFR of broad band UV-B ARI12 expression was still downstream of HY5 and HYH but increased in uvr8 mutants. To determine if other photoreceptors are responsible for the induction of ARI12 we quantified its expression in double mutants of the UV-A and blue light receptors, CRY1/2 and PHOT1/2, and the red light receptors PHYA/B. While the expression of ARI12 was increased in cyr1/2 it was unaffected in phot1/2 and phyA/B. Therefore ARI12 expression is suppressed by UVR8 and cryptochromes, and independent of phototropins and phytochromes A and B upon HFR of broad band UV-B.
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378
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Jansen MAK, Coffey AM, Prinsen E. UV-B induced morphogenesis: four players or a quartet? PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2012; 7:1185-7. [PMID: 22899069 PMCID: PMC3489657 DOI: 10.4161/psb.21260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Low levels of ultraviolet (UV)-radiation alter the morphology of plants. UV-B exposure can lead to shorter petioles and shorter, narrower and/or thicker leaf blades. The resulting decrease in leaf area has been associated with inhibitory UV-B effects on biomass accumulation. In Arabidopsis, UV-B effects on leaf area have variously been attributed to altered cell division, cell expansion or combinations of these two processes. A dedicated UV-B sensory system, crosstalk between flavonoids and auxins, endoreduplication and generic Stress Induced Morphogenic Responses (SIMR) have all been proposed to contribute to the UV-B phenotype. Here, we propose that UV-mediated morphogenesis, rather than being controlled by a single regulatory pathway, is controlled by a regulatory blur involving multiple compensatory molecular and physiological feedback interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel A K Jansen
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Distillery Field, Cork, Ireland.
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379
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Neugart S, Kläring HP, Zietz M, Schreiner M, Rohn S, Kroh LW, Krumbein A. The effect of temperature and radiation on flavonol aglycones and flavonol glycosides of kale (Brassica oleracea var. sabellica). Food Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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380
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Hectors K, van Oevelen S, Guisez Y, Prinsen E, Jansen MAK. The phytohormone auxin is a component of the regulatory system that controls UV-mediated accumulation of flavonoids and UV-induced morphogenesis. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2012; 145:594-603. [PMID: 22304327 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2012.01590.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In plants, ultraviolet (UV)-B acclimation is a complex, dynamic process that plays an essential role in preventing UV-B damage to targets such as DNA and the photosynthetic machinery. In this study we tested the hypothesis that the phytohormone auxin is a component of the regulatory system that controls both UV-mediated accumulation of flavonoids and UV-induced morphogenesis. We found that the leaf area of Arabidopsis thaliana Col-0 plants raised under a low dose of UV radiation (0.56 kJ m(-2) daily dose) was, on average, decreased by 23% relative to plants raised in the absence of UV-B, and this was accompanied by a decrease (P = 0.063) in free auxin in young leaf tissues. Compared to Col-0, both the auxin influx mutant axr4-1 and the auxin biosynthesis mutant nit1-3 displayed significantly stronger morphogenic responses, i.e. relative decreases in leaf area were greater for these two mutants. UV exposure also induced accumulation of flavonoids. In Col-0, increases in the concentrations of specific kaempferol derivatives ranged from 2.1- to 19-fold. Thus, UV induces complex changes in flavonoid-glycosylation patterns. Compared to Col-0, three auxin mutants displayed significantly different flavonoid profiles. Thus, based on mutant analysis, it is concluded that the phytohormone auxin plays a role in UV acclimation by regulating flavonoid concentration, flavonoid-glycosylation pattern and by controlling UV-induced morphogenic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Hectors
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
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381
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Neugart S, Zietz M, Schreiner M, Rohn S, Kroh LW, Krumbein A. Structurally different flavonol glycosides and hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives respond differently to moderate UV-B radiation exposure. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2012; 145:582-93. [PMID: 22292604 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2012.01567.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the modifying influence of moderate ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation exposure on structurally different flavonol glycosides and hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives during pre-harvest using kale, a leafy Brassica species with a wide spectrum of different non-acylated and acylated flavonol glycosides. Juvenile kale plants were treated with short-term (1 day), moderate UV-B radiation [0.22-0.88 kJ m⁻² day⁻¹ biologically effective UV-B (UV-B(BE))]. Twenty compounds were quantified, revealing a structure-specific response of flavonol glycosides and hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives to UV-B radiation. A dose- and structure-dependent response of the investigated phenolic compounds to additional UV-B radiation was found. The investigated quercetin glycosides decreased under UV-B; for kaempferol glycosides, however, the amount of sugar moieties and the flavonol glycoside hydoxycinnamic acid residue influenced the response to UV-B. Monoacylated kaempferol tetraglucosides decreased in the investigated UV-B range, whereas the monoacylated kaempferol diglucosides increased strongly with doses of 0.88 kJ m⁻² day⁻¹ UV-B(BE) . The UV-B-induced increase in monoacylated kaempferol triglucosides was dependent on the acylation pattern. Furthermore, the hydroxycinnamic acid glycosides disinapoyl-gentiobiose and sinapoyl-feruloyl-gentiobiose were enhanced in a dose-dependent manner under UV-B. While UV-B radiation treatments often focus on flavonol aglycones or total flavonols, our investigations were extended to structurally different non-acylated and acylated glycosides of quercetin and kaempferol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Neugart
- Leibniz-Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops Grossbeeren/Erfurt e.V., Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979 Grossbeeren, Germany
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382
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Fini A, Guidi L, Ferrini F, Brunetti C, Di Ferdinando M, Biricolti S, Pollastri S, Calamai L, Tattini M. Drought stress has contrasting effects on antioxidant enzymes activity and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis in Fraxinus ornus leaves: an excess light stress affair? JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 169:929-39. [PMID: 22537713 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2012.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Revised: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The experiment was conducted using Fraxinus ornus plants grown outside under full sunlight irradiance, and supplied with 100% (well-watered, WW), 40% (mild drought, MD), or 20% (severe drought, SD) of the daily evapotranspiration demand, with the main objective of exploring the effect of excess light stress on the activity of antioxidant enzymes and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. Net CO₂ assimilation rate at saturating light and daily assimilated CO₂ were significantly smaller in SD than in WW and MD plants. Xanthophyll-cycle pigments supported nonphotochemical quenching to a significantly greater extent in SD than in MD and WW leaves. As a consequence, the actual efficiency of PSII (Φ(PSII)) was smaller, while the excess excitation-energy in the photosynthetic apparatus was greater in SD than in WW or MD plants. The concentrations of violaxanthin-cycle pigments relative to total chlorophyll (Chl(tot)) exceeded 200 mmol mol⁻¹ Chl(tot) in SD leaves at the end of the experiment. This leads to hypothesize for zeaxanthin a role not only as nonphotochemical quencher, but also as chloroplast antioxidant. Reductions in ascorbate peroxidase and catalase activities, as drought-stress progressed, were paralleled by greater accumulations of esculetin and quercetin 3-O-glycosides, both phenylpropanoids having effective capacity to scavenge H₂O₂. The drought-induced accumulation of esculetin and quercetin 3-O-glycosides in the vacuoles of mesophyll cells is consistent with their putative functions as reducing agents for H₂O₂ in excess light-stressed leaves. Nonetheless, the concentration of H₂O₂ and the lipid peroxidation were significantly greater in SD than in MD and WW leaves. It is speculated that vacuolar phenylpropanoids may constitute a secondary antioxidant system, even on a temporal basis, activated upon the depletion of primary antioxidant defences, and aimed at keeping whole-cell H₂O₂ within a sub-lethal concentration range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Fini
- Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Vegetali, del Suolo e dell'Ambiente Agroforestale, Università di Firenze, Viale delle Idee 30, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
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383
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Betemps DL, Fachinello JC, Galarça SP, Portela NM, Remorini D, Massai R, Agati G. Non-destructive evaluation of ripening and quality traits in apples using a multiparametric fluorescence sensor. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2012; 92:1855-1864. [PMID: 22231404 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.5552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Revised: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The detection of pigments and colourless flavonoids in apples can provide a useful indication of fruit quality. Optical methods are preferable because they are fast and non-destructive. In this study, a fluorescence-based portable sensor was used in order to non-invasively determine the content of chlorophylls, anthocyanins and flavonols in Fuji, Granny Smith and Golden Delicious apple cultivars. The aim was to define new non-destructive optical indices of apple quality. RESULTS The anthocyanin index (ANTH) in Fuji was higher in the sunny (i.e. sun-exposed) side of the fruit compared to the shady side. For all cultivars, the flavonol index (FLAV) was higher in the sunny side compared with the shady side. The chlorophyll index (CHL) for the shady sides of Granny Smith and Golden Delicious was significantly higher than for the sunny sides. Fine linear regressions were found between the ANTH, FLAV and CHL indices and the actual anthocyanin, flavonol and chlorophyll concentrations, respectively, which were determined destructively on the apple peel extracts. A negative correlation was found between the apple sugar content and the chlorophyll fluorescence in the far-red spectral band. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that a single multiparametric fluorescence-based sensor can provide valuable non-destructive markers of ripening and quality in apples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora L Betemps
- "Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel", Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário s/n, Caixa Posta n° 354-Pelotas, RS, Brazil
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384
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De Micco V, Aronne G. Occurrence of morphological and anatomical adaptive traits in young and adult plants of the rare Mediterranean cliff species Primula palinuri Petagna. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:471814. [PMID: 22666127 PMCID: PMC3361286 DOI: 10.1100/2012/471814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cliffs worldwide are known to be reservoirs of relict biodiversity. Despite the presence of harsh abiotic conditions, large endemic floras live in such environments. Primula palinuri Petagna is a rare endemic plant species, surviving on cliff sites along a few kilometres of the Tyrrhenian coast in southern Italy. This species is declared at risk of extinction due to human impact on the coastal areas in question. Population surveys have shown that most of the plants are old individuals, while seedlings and plants at early stages of development are rare. We followed the growth of P. palinuri plants from seed germination to the adult phase and analysed the morphoanatomical traits of plants at all stages of development. Our results showed that the pressure of cliff environmental factors has been selected for seasonal habitus and structural adaptive traits in this species. The main morphoanatomical modifications are suberized cell layers and accumulation of phenolic compounds in cell structures. These features are strictly related to regulation of water uptake and storage as well as defence from predation. However, we found them well established only in adult plants and not in juvenile individuals. These findings contribute to explain the rare recruitment of the present relict populations, identifying some of the biological traits which result in species vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica De Micco
- Laboratorio di Botanica ed Ecologia Riproduttiva, Dipartimento di Arboricoltura, Botanica e Patologia Vegetale, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Viale Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy
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385
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Ballizany WL, Hofmann RW, Jahufer MZZ, Barrett BA. Multivariate associations of flavonoid and biomass accumulation in white clover (Trifolium repens) under drought. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2012; 39:167-177. [PMID: 32480771 DOI: 10.1071/fp11193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 11/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
White clover (Trifolium repens L.) is an important pasture legume in temperate regions, but growth is often strongly reduced under summer drought. Cloned individuals from a full-sib progeny of a pair cross between two phenotypically distinct white clover populations were exposed to water deficit in pots under outdoor conditions for 9 weeks, while control pots were maintained at field capacity. Water deficit decreased leaf water potential by more than 50% overall, but increased the levels of the flavonol glycosides of quercetin (Q) and the ratio of quercetin and kaempferol glycosides (QKR) by 111% and by 90%, respectively. Water deficit reduced dry matter (DM) by 21%, with the most productive genotypes in the controls showing the greatest proportional reduction. The full-sib progeny displayed a significant increase in the root:shoot ratio by 53% under water deficit. Drought-induced changes in plant morphology were associated with changes in Q, but not kaempferol (K) glycosides. The genotypes with high QKR levels reduced their DM production least under water deficit and increased their Q glycoside levels and QKR most. These data show, at the individual genotype level, that increased Q glycoside accumulation in response to water deficit stress can be positively associated with retaining higher levels of DM production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter L Ballizany
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, PO Box 84, Lincoln 7608, New Zealand
| | - Rainer W Hofmann
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, PO Box 84, Lincoln 7608, New Zealand
| | - M Z Zulfiqhar Jahufer
- AgResearch Grasslands Research Centre, PO Box 11008, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Brent A Barrett
- AgResearch Grasslands Research Centre, PO Box 11008, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
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386
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Bernonville TDD, Gaucher M, Guyot S, Durel CE, Dat JF, Brisset MN. The constitutive phenolic composition of two Malus×domestica genotypes is not responsible for their contrasted susceptibilities to fire blight. ENVIRONMENTAL AND EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2011. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1016/j.envexpbot.2011.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
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387
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Pollastri S, Tattini M. Flavonols: old compounds for old roles. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2011; 108:1225-33. [PMID: 21880658 PMCID: PMC3197460 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcr234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND New roles for flavonoids, as developmental regulators and/or signalling molecules, have recently been proposed in eukaryotic cells exposed to a wide range of environmental stimuli. In plants, these functions are actually restricted to flavonols, the ancient and widespread class of flavonoids. In mosses and liverworts, the whole set of genes for flavonol biosynthesis - CHS, CHI, F3H, FLS and F3'H - has been detected. The flavonol branch pathway has remained intact for millions of years, and is almost exclusively involved in the responses of plants to a wide array of stressful agents, despite the fact that evolution of flavonoid metabolism has produced >10 000 structures. SCOPE Here the emerging functional roles of flavonoids in the responses of present-day plants to different stresses are discussed based on early, authoritative views of their primary functions during the colonization of land by plants. Flavonols are not as efficient as other secondary metabolites in absorbing wavelengths in the 290-320 nm spectral region, but display the greatest potential to keep stress-induced changes in cellular reactive oxygen species homeostasis under control, and to regulate the development of individual organs and the whole plant. Very low flavonol concentrations, as probably occurred in early terrestrial plants, may fully accomplish these regulatory functions. CONCLUSIONS During the last two decades the routine use of genomic, chromatography/mass spectrometry and fluorescence microimaging techniques has provided new insights into the regulation of flavonol metabolism as well as on the inter- and intracellular distribution of stress-responsive flavonols. These findings offer new evidence on how flavonols may have performed a wide array of functional roles during the colonization of land by plants. In our opinion this ancient flavonoid class is still playing the same old and robust roles in present-day plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Pollastri
- Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Vegetali, del Suolo e dell'Ambiente Agroforestale, Sezione Coltivazioni Arboree, Università di Firenze, Viale delle Idee 30, I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Tattini
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Protezione delle Piante, Via Madonna del Piano, I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
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388
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Domínguez E, Cuartero J, Heredia A. An overview on plant cuticle biomechanics. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 181:77-84. [PMID: 21683870 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2011.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Revised: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant biomechanics combines the principles of physics, chemistry and engineering to answer questions about plant growth, development and interaction with the environment. The epidermal-growth-control theory, postulated in 1867 and verified in 2007, states that epidermal cells determine the rate of organ elongation since they are under tension, while inner tissues are under compression. The lipid cuticle layer is deposited on the surface of outer epidermal cell walls and modifies the chemical and mechanical nature of these cell walls. Thus, the plant cuticle plays a key role in plant interaction with the environment and in controlling organ expansion. Rheological analyses indicate that the cuticle is a mostly viscoelastic and strain-hardening material that stiffens the comparatively more elastic epidermal cell walls. Cuticle stiffness can be attributed to polysaccharides and flavonoids present in the cuticle whereas a cutin matrix is mainly responsible for its extensibility. Environmental conditions such as temperature and relative humidity have a plasticizing effect on the mechanical properties of cuticle since they lower cuticle stiffness and strength. The external appearance of agricultural commodities, especially fruits, is of great economic value. Mechanical properties of the cuticle can have a positive or negative effect on disorders like fruit cracking, fungal pathogen penetration and pest infestation. Cuticle rheology has significant variability within a species and thus can be subjected to selection in order to breed cultivars resistant to pests, infestation and disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Domínguez
- Estación Experimental La Mayora, CSIC, E-29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
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389
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Wargent JJ, Elfadly EM, Moore JP, Paul ND. Increased exposure to UV-B radiation during early development leads to enhanced photoprotection and improved long-term performance in Lactuca sativa. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2011; 34:1401-13. [PMID: 21535014 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2011.02342.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant responses to solar UV radiation are numerous and have often been considered from a perspective of negative outcomes for plant productivity. In this study, we used two experimental approaches consisting of: (1) field-based spectrally modifying filters in addition to (2) controlled indoor exposure to UV-B, to examine the effects of UV radiation on growth and photosynthetic performance of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) seedlings. Various aspects of growth were affected in plants grown under a UV-inclusive environment compared to a UV-depleted environment, including reductions in leaf expansion, increases in leaf thickness and the rate of net photosynthesis. After transplantation to a uniform field environment, lettuce plants initially propagated under the UV-inclusive environment exhibited higher harvestable yields than those from a UV-depleted environment. In controlled conditions, photosynthetic rates were higher in plants grown in the presence of UV-B radiation, and relative growth of plants pre-acclimatized to UV-B was also increased, in addition to higher maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) (F(v) /F(m) ) following subsequent exposure to high photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and temperature stress. Our findings are discussed within the context of sustainability in agriculture and the paradigm shift in photobiology which such beneficial responses to UV radiation could represent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason J Wargent
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK.
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390
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Widiez T, Hartman TG, Dudai N, Yan Q, Lawton M, Havkin-Frenkel D, Belanger FC. Functional characterization of two new members of the caffeoyl CoA O-methyltransferase-like gene family from Vanilla planifolia reveals a new class of plastid-localized O-methyltransferases. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 76:475-88. [PMID: 21629984 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-011-9772-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Caffeoyl CoA O-methyltransferases (OMTs) have been characterized from numerous plant species and have been demonstrated to be involved in lignin biosynthesis. Higher plant species are known to have additional caffeoyl CoA OMT-like genes, which have not been well characterized. Here, we identified two new caffeoyl CoA OMT-like genes by screening a cDNA library from specialized hair cells of pods of the orchid Vanilla planifolia. Characterization of the corresponding two enzymes, designated Vp-OMT4 and Vp-OMT5, revealed that in vitro both enzymes preferred as a substrate the flavone tricetin, yet their sequences and phylogenetic relationships to other enzymes are distinct from each other. Quantitative analysis of gene expression indicated a dramatic tissue-specific expression pattern for Vp-OMT4, which was highly expressed in the hair cells of the developing pod, the likely location of vanillin biosynthesis. Although Vp-OMT4 had a lower activity with the proposed vanillin precursor, 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde, than with tricetin, the tissue specificity of expression suggests it may be a candidate for an enzyme involved in vanillin biosynthesis. In contrast, the Vp-OMT5 gene was mainly expressed in leaf tissue and only marginally expressed in pod hair cells. Phylogenetic analysis suggests Vp-OMT5 evolved from a cyanobacterial enzyme and it clustered within a clade in which the sequences from eukaryotic species had predicted chloroplast transit peptides. Transient expression of a GFP-fusion in tobacco demonstrated that Vp-OMT5 was localized in the plastids. This is the first flavonoid OMT demonstrated to be targeted to the plastids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Widiez
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, 59 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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391
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Modes of complexation of rutin with the flavonoid reagent diphenylborinic acid 2-aminoethyl ester. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-011-0545-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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392
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Fini A, Brunetti C, Di Ferdinando M, Ferrini F, Tattini M. Stress-induced flavonoid biosynthesis and the antioxidant machinery of plants. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2011; 6:709-11. [PMID: 21448007 PMCID: PMC3172844 DOI: 10.4161/psb.6.5.15069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2011] [Accepted: 02/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing body of evidence that flavonoids do not primarily function as UV-B screening pigments in photoprotection. Recent findings support the idea that excess light stress, irrespective of the relative proportions of the solar wavebands reaching the leaf surface, up-regulates the biosynthesis of dihydroxy B-ring-substituted flavonoid glycosides, as a consequence of and aimed at countering the generation of ROS. Intriguingly, the very conditions that lead to the inactivation of antioxidant enzymes can also up-regulate the biosynthesis of antioxidant flavonoids, which suggests flavonoids constituting a secondary ROS-scavenging system in plants exposed to severe/prolonged stress conditions. H2O2 may diffuse out of the chloroplast at considerable rates and be transported to the vacuole, the storing site for flavonoids, by tonoplast intrinsic proteins, under severe excess light conditions. We suggest that the unanticipated key role of the vacuole in the ROS homeostasis might be mediated by flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Fini
- Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Vegetali; del Suolo e dell'Ambiente Agroforestale; Università di Firenze; Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze Italy
| | - Cecilia Brunetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Vegetali; del Suolo e dell'Ambiente Agroforestale; Università di Firenze; Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze Italy
| | - Martina Di Ferdinando
- Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Vegetali; del Suolo e dell'Ambiente Agroforestale; Università di Firenze; Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze Italy
| | - Francesco Ferrini
- Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Vegetali; del Suolo e dell'Ambiente Agroforestale; Università di Firenze; Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze Italy
| | - Massimiliano Tattini
- Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Vegetali; del Suolo e dell'Ambiente Agroforestale; Università di Firenze; Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze Italy
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche; Istituto per la Protezione delle Piante; Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze Italy
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393
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Hofmann RW, Jahufer MZZ. Tradeoff between biomass and flavonoid accumulation in white clover reflects contrasting plant strategies. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18949. [PMID: 21526153 PMCID: PMC3079752 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2010] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An outdoor study was conducted to examine relationships between plant productivity and stress-protective phenolic plant metabolites. Twenty-two populations of the pasture legume white clover were grown for 4½ months during spring and summer in Palmerston North, New Zealand. The major phenolic compounds identified and quantified by HPLC analysis were glycosides of the flavonoids quercetin and kaempferol. Multivariate analysis revealed a trade-off between flavonoid accumulation and plant productivity attributes. White clover populations with high biomass production, large leaves and thick tap roots showed low levels of quercetin glycoside accumulation and low quercetin:kaempferol ratios, while the opposite was true for less productive populations. The latter included stress-resistant ecotypes from Turkey and China, and the analysis also identified highly significant positive relationships of quercetin glycoside accumulation with plant morphology (root:shoot ratio). Importantly, a high degree of genetic variation was detected for most of the measured traits. These findings suggest merit for considering flavonoids such as quercetin as potential selection criteria in the genetic improvement of white clover and other crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer W Hofmann
- Lincoln University, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln, New Zealand.
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394
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Dóka O, Ficzek G, Bicanic D, Spruijt R, Luterotti S, Tóth M, Buijnsters JG, Végvári G. Direct photothermal techniques for rapid quantification of total anthocyanin content in sour cherry cultivars. Talanta 2011; 84:341-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Revised: 12/28/2010] [Accepted: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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395
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Agati G, Biricolti S, Guidi L, Ferrini F, Fini A, Tattini M. The biosynthesis of flavonoids is enhanced similarly by UV radiation and root zone salinity in L. vulgare leaves. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 168:204-12. [PMID: 20850892 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2010.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Revised: 06/30/2010] [Accepted: 07/02/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids have recently been suggested to have the potential to serve as antioxidants other than effective UV attenuators in photoprotection. Here, we tested the hypothesis that flavonoids accumulate in response to "excess light" in the presence or in the absence of UV radiation. In a UV exclusion experiment, we grew Ligustrum vulgare plants outdoors under 30% or 100% sunlight irradiance, by cutting-off the whole UV waveband. These plants were also exposed to UV irradiance or supplied with 125 mM NaCl at the root zone. Leaves of plants under 100% sunlight irradiance suffered from excess light, which was exacerbated greatly by root zone salinity stress. Salinity stress repressed the activities of antioxidant enzymes, particularly in full sunlight, and led to severe leaf oxidative damage. Dihydroxy B-ring-substituted flavonoids, namely quercetin 3-O- and luteolin 7-O-glycosides, accumulated steeply in response to sunlight irradiance in the absence of UV radiation. UV radiation and root zone NaCl increased, to a similar degree, the concentration of these flavonoids, which have a great potential to scavenge various forms of reactive oxygen. Treatment-induced changes in leaf phenylpropanoid concentration affected antioxidant activities to a greater extent than the UV-screening capacities of leaf extracts. Early responses to an abrupt increase in sunlight irradiance included a steep increase in the concentrations of quercetin derivatives and cyanidin 3-O-glucoside, with the latter negligibly absorbing in the UV-spectral region. In contrast, effective UV attenuators, such as hydroxycinnamates and monohydroxy B-ring flavonoids, were unresponsive to the light treatments. Overall, these findings lead to the hypothesis that flavonoids may have an important antioxidant function in photoprotection. This hypothesis is further corroborated by the large distribution of quercetin and luteolin derivatives in the vacuoles of mesophyll, not only in the corresponding compartments of epidermal cells, but also in full sunlight-treated leaves in the absence of UV radiation. Future experiments aimed at evaluating the relative contribution of flavonoids within the complex antioxidant defense systems operating in the leaf are needed to help conclusively address the relevance of their antioxidant functions in photoprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Agati
- Istituto di Fisica Applicata Carrara, IFAC, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Madonna del Piano 10, I-50019 Sesto. F.no, Firenze, Italy
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396
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Hernández I, Alegre L, Munné-Bosch S. Plant aging and excess light enhance flavan-3-ol content in Cistus clusii. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 168:96-102. [PMID: 20817313 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2010.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Revised: 06/10/2010] [Accepted: 06/10/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Physiological studies on aging in perennials are mainly focused either on the primary metabolism or the hormonal regulation of the process. However, to our knowledge, the involvement of the secondary metabolism in this process has not yet been explored. Cistus clusii, a Mediterranean sclerophyllous evergreen bush, shows considerable amounts of flavan-3-ols in leaves. In the present study, we aimed at determining the impact of environmental conditions and plant aging in the flavan-3-ol content in C. clusii plants grown in field conditions, which included summer drought and recovery periods. Six-year-old plants suffered more from photo-oxidative stress, especially during excess light periods, and showed lower maximum photosynthetic rates than 1-year-old plants. C. clusii leaves accumulated (-)-epigallocatechin gallate in early summer, in a strong positive correlation with both the photon flux density and the photoperiod, but not with the plant water status. Moreover, C. clusii plants accumulated proanthocyanidins (polymeric flavan-3-ols) in leaves during summer. Older plants showed higher levels of proanthocyanidins and (-)-epicatechin, but only during late spring and summer. From the result of the present study, we conclude that excess light enhances flavan-3-ol content in C. clusii, a process enhanced as plants age due to increased excess light stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iker Hernández
- Departament de Biologia Vegetal, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avinguda Diagonal 645, Barcelona, Spain.
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397
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Cartea ME, Francisco M, Soengas P, Velasco P. Phenolic compounds in Brassica vegetables. Molecules 2010; 16:251-80. [PMID: 21193847 PMCID: PMC6259264 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16010251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 489] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Revised: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 12/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenolic compounds are a large group of phytochemicals widespread in the plant kingdom. Depending on their structure they can be classified into simple phenols, phenolic acids, hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives and flavonoids. Phenolic compounds have received considerable attention for being potentially protective factors against cancer and heart diseases, in part because of their potent antioxidative properties and their ubiquity in a wide range of commonly consumed foods of plant origin. The Brassicaceae family includes a wide range of horticultural crops, some of them with economic significance and extensively used in the diet throughout the world. The phenolic composition of Brassica vegetables has been recently investigated and, nowadays, the profile of different Brassica species is well established. Here, we review the significance of phenolic compounds as a source of beneficial compounds for human health and the influence of environmental conditions and processing mechanisms on the phenolic composition of Brassica vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Elena Cartea
- Misión Biológica de Galicia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Apartado 28, 36080 Pontevedra, Spain.
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398
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Abstract
Flavonoids and their photochemical transformations play an important role in biological processes in nature. Synthetic photochemistry allows access to molecules that cannot be obtained via more conventional methods. This review covers all published synthetic photochemical transformations of the different classes of flavonoids. It is first comprehensive review on the photochemistry of flavonoids.
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