351
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Koethe JR, Heimburger DC, PrayGod G, Filteau S. From Wasting to Obesity: The Contribution of Nutritional Status to Immune Activation in HIV Infection. J Infect Dis 2017; 214 Suppl 2:S75-82. [PMID: 27625434 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection on innate and adaptive immune activation occurs in the context of host factors, which serve to augment or dampen the physiologic response to the virus. Independent of HIV infection, nutritional status, particularly body composition, affects innate immune activation through a variety of conditions, including reduced mucosal barrier defenses and microbiome dysbiosis in malnutrition and the proinflammatory contribution of adipocytes and stromal vascular cells in obesity. Similarly, T-cell activation, proliferation, and cytokine expression are reduced in the setting of malnutrition and increased in obesity, potentially due to adipokine regulatory mechanisms restraining energy-avid adaptive immunity in times of starvation and exerting a paradoxical effect in overnutrition. The response to HIV infection is situated within these complex interactions between host nutritional health and immunologic function, which contribute to the varied phenotypes of immune activation among HIV-infected patients across a spectrum from malnutrition to obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Koethe
- Division of Infectious Diseases Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Douglas C Heimburger
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - George PrayGod
- Mwanza Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, Tanzania
| | - Suzanne Filteau
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
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352
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Dietary Supplementation With Nonfermentable Fiber Alters the Gut Microbiota and Confers Protection in Murine Models of Sepsis. Crit Care Med 2017; 45:e516-e523. [PMID: 28252538 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000002291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Links between microbial alterations and systemic inflammation have been demonstrated in chronic disease, but little is known about these interactions during acute inflammation. This study investigates the effect of dietary supplementation with cellulose, a nonfermentable fiber, on the gut microbiota, inflammatory markers, and survival in two murine models of sepsis. DESIGN Prospective experimental study. SETTING University laboratory. SUBJECTS Six-week-old male C57BL/6 wild-type mice. INTERVENTIONS Mice were assigned to low-fiber, normal-fiber, or high-fiber diets with or without antibiotics for 2 weeks and then subjected to sepsis by cecal ligation and puncture or endotoxin injection. Fecal samples were collected for microbiota analyses before and after dietary interventions. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Mice that received a high-fiber diet demonstrated increased survival after cecal ligation and puncture relative to mice receiving low-fiber or normal-fiber diets. The survival benefit was associated with decreased serum concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokines, reduced neutrophil infiltration in the lungs, and diminished hepatic inflammation. The high-fiber diet also increased survival after endotoxin injection. Bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences from each sample were amplified, sequenced, and analyzed. Fiber supplementation yielded an increase in relative abundance of the genera Akkermansia and Lachnospiraceae, taxa commonly associated with metabolic health. Administration of antibiotics to mice on the high-fiber diet negated the enrichment of Akkermansia species and the survival benefit after cecal ligation and puncture. CONCLUSION Dietary supplementation with cellulose offers a microbe-mediated survival advantage in murine models of sepsis. Improved understanding of the link between diet, the microbiota, and systemic illness may yield new therapeutic strategies for patients with sepsis.
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353
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Non LR, Escota GV, Powderly WG. HIV and its relationship to insulin resistance and lipid abnormalities. Transl Res 2017; 183:41-56. [PMID: 28068521 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy has revolutionized the care of people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) by reducing morbidity and mortality from acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related conditions. Despite longer life expectancy, however, HIV-infected individuals continue to have a higher risk of death compared with the general population. This has been attributed to the increasing incidence of noncommunicable diseases, in particular, atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. This is driven, in part, by the emergence of metabolic disorders, particularly dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and lipodystrophy, in those on antiretroviral therapy. The pathogenesis of these metabolic derangements is complex and multifactorial, and could be a consequence of an interplay between traditional age-related risk factors, HIV infection, antiretroviral therapy effects, and the inflammatory state and immune activation in this population. Understanding the contributions of each of these factors could not just impact the current management of these individuals and help mitigate the risk for premature cardiovascular disease, but also shape the future direction of research in HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lemuel R Non
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Mo.
| | - Gerome V Escota
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Mo
| | - William G Powderly
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Mo
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354
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Zhao J, Nian L, Kwok LY, Sun T, Zhao J. Reduction in fecal microbiota diversity and short-chain fatty acid producers in Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infected individuals as revealed by PacBio single molecule, real-time sequencing technology. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2017; 36:1463-1472. [PMID: 28455781 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-017-2955-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) may cause potentially lethal infections. Increasing evidence suggests that the gut microbiota is associated with human health. Yet, whether patients with MRSA infections carry specific signatures in their fecal microbiota composition has not been determined. Thus, this study aimed to compare the fecal microbiota profile of MRSA-positive patients (n=15) with individuals without MRSA infection (n=15) by using the PacBio single molecule, real-time (SMRT) DNA sequencing system and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Mann-Whitney tests and unweighted UniFrac principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) showed that the profile of fecal microbiota was apparently different between the two populations. Both the community richness and diversity were reduced in the MRSA-positive group (p<0.050). The genera Acinetobacter and Enterococcus were highly enriched in the MRSA-positive group, whereas less short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria, including Butyricimonas, Faecalibacterium, Roseburia, Ruminococcus, Megamonas and Phascolarctobacterium, were detected in the MRSA-positive group. At species level, the species Acinetobacter baumannii and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron were prevalent in the MRSA-positive group, whereas opposite trends were observed in 17 other species, such as Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Lactobacillus rogosae, Megamonas rupellensis and Phascolarctobacterium faecium. Positive correlations were observed between Acinetobacter baumannii and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) (R=0.554, p=0.001), as well as hypersensitive C reactive protein (hsCRP) (R=0.406, p=0.026). Faecalibacterium prausnitzii was negatively associated with ESR (R=-0.545, p=0.002), hsCRP (R=-0.401, p=0.028) and total bile acids (TBA) (R=-0.364, p=0.048). In conclusion, the fecal microbiota structure was different between MRSA-positive and -negative patients. The increase in potential pathogens with the reduction of beneficial populations, such as SCFA-producing bacteria, in MRSA-positive patients may affect prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Education Ministry of China, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongoli, 010018, China
| | - L Nian
- The Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010018, China
| | - L Y Kwok
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Education Ministry of China, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongoli, 010018, China
| | - T Sun
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Education Ministry of China, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongoli, 010018, China
| | - J Zhao
- The Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010018, China.
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355
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Gong W, Jia J, Zhang B, Mi S, Zhang L, Xie X, Guo H, Shi J, Tu C. Serum Metabolomic Profiling of Piglets Infected with Virulent Classical Swine Fever Virus. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:731. [PMID: 28496435 PMCID: PMC5406397 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) is a highly contagious swine infectious disease and causes significant economic losses for the pig industry worldwide. The objective of this study was to determine whether small molecule metabolites contribute to the pathogenesis of CSF. Birefly, serum metabolomics of CSFV Shimen strain-infected piglets were analyzed by ultraperformance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/ESI-Q-TOF/MS) in combination with multivariate statistical analysis. In CSFV-infected piglets at days 3 and 7 post-infection changes were found in metabolites associated with several key metabolic pathways, including tryptophan catabolism and the kynurenine pathway, phenylalanine metabolism, fatty acid and lipid metabolism, the tricarboxylic acid and urea cycles, branched-chain amino acid metabolism, and nucleotide metabolism. Several pathways involved in energy metabolism including fatty acid biosynthesis and β-oxidation, branched-chain amino acid metabolism, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle were significantly inhibited. Changes were also observed in several metabolites exclusively associated with gut microbiota. The metabolomic profiles indicate that CSFV-host gut microbiome interactions play a role in the development of CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Gong
- Department of Virology, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical SciencesChangchun, China.,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State UniversityManhattan, KS, USA
| | - Junjie Jia
- Department of Virology, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical SciencesChangchun, China
| | - Bikai Zhang
- Department of Virology, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical SciencesChangchun, China
| | - Shijiang Mi
- Department of Virology, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical SciencesChangchun, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Virology, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical SciencesChangchun, China
| | - Xiaoming Xie
- Department of Virology, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical SciencesChangchun, China
| | - Huancheng Guo
- Department of Virology, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical SciencesChangchun, China
| | - Jishu Shi
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State UniversityManhattan, KS, USA
| | - Changchun Tu
- Department of Virology, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical SciencesChangchun, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and ZoonosesYangzhou, China
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356
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Associations of the vaginal microbiota with HIV infection, bacterial vaginosis, and demographic factors. AIDS 2017; 31:895-904. [PMID: 28121709 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We sought to investigate the effects of HIV infection on the vaginal microbiota and associations with treatment and demographic factors. We thus compared vaginal microbiome samples from HIV-infected (HIV+) and HIV-uninfected (HIV-) women collected at two Chicago area hospitals. DESIGN We studied vaginal microbiome samples from 178 women analyzed longitudinally (n = 324 samples) and collected extensive data on clinical status and demographic factors. METHODS We used 16S rRNA gene sequencing to characterize the bacterial lineages present, then UniFrac, Shannon diversity, and other measures to compare community structure with sample metadata. RESULTS Differences in microbiota measures were modest in the comparison of HIV+ and HIV- samples, in contrast to several previous studies, consistent with effective antiretroviral therapy. Proportions of healthy Lactobacillus species were not higher in HIV- patients overall, but were significantly higher when analyzed within each hospital in isolation. Rates of bacterial vaginosis were higher among African-American women and HIV+ women. Bacterial vaginosis was associated with higher frequency of HIV+. Unexpectedly, African-American women were more likely to switch bacterial vaginosis status between sampling times; switching was not associated with HIV+ status. CONCLUSION The influence of HIV infection on the vaginal microbiome was modest for this cohort of well suppressed urban American women, consistent with effective antiretroviral therapy. HIV+ was found to be associated with bacterial vaginosis. Although bacterial vaginosis has previously been associated with HIV transmission, most of the women studied here became HIV+ many years before our test for bacterial vaginosis, thus implicating additional mechanisms linking HIV infection and bacterial vaginosis.
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357
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Hove-Skovsgaard M, Gaardbo JC, Kolte L, Winding K, Seljeflot I, Svardal A, Berge RK, Gerstoft J, Ullum H, Trøseid M, Nielsen SD. HIV-infected persons with type 2 diabetes show evidence of endothelial dysfunction and increased inflammation. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:234. [PMID: 28356058 PMCID: PMC5372333 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2334-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Increased incidence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in both HIV infection and type 2 diabetes (T2D) compared to the general population has been described. Little is known about the combined effect of HIV infection and T2D on inflammation and endothelial function, both of which may contribute to elevated risk of CVD. Methods Cross-sectional study including 50 HIV-infected persons on combination anti-retroviral therapy (cART), with HIV RNA <200 copies/mL (n = 25 with T2D (HIV + T2D+), n = 25 without T2D (HIV + T2D-)) and 50 uninfected persons (n = 22 with T2D (HIV-T2D+) and n = 28 without T2D (HIV-T2D-)). Groups were matched on age and sex. High sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP) was used to determine inflammation (cut-off 3 mg/L). The marker of endothelial dysfunction asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) was measured using high performance liquid chromatography. Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), a microbiota-dependent, pro-atherogenic marker was measured using stable isotope dilution LC/MS/MS. Results The percentage of HIV + T2D+, HIV + T2D-, HIV-T2D+, and HIV-T2D- with hsCRP above cut-off was 50%, 19%, 47%, and 11%, respectively. HIV + T2D+ had elevated ADMA (0.67 μM (0.63-0.72) compared to HIV + T2D- (0.60 μM (0.57-0.64) p = 0.017), HIV-T2D+ (0.57 μM (0.51-63) p = 0.008), and HIV-T2D- (0.55 μM (0.52-0.58) p < 0.001). No differences in TMAO between groups were found. However, a positive correlation between ADMA and TMAO was found in the total population (rs = 0.32, p = 0.001), which was mainly driven by a close correlation in HIV + T2D+ (rs = 0.63, p = 0.001). Conclusion Elevated inflammation and evidence of endothelial dysfunction was found in HIV-infected persons with T2D. The effect on inflammation was mainly driven by T2D, while both HIV infection and T2D may contribute to endothelial dysfunction. Whether gut microbiota is a contributing factor to this remains to be determined. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-017-2334-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malene Hove-Skovsgaard
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, opgang 86, 3 sal, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Kbh Ø, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Julie Christine Gaardbo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, opgang 86, 3 sal, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Kbh Ø, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lilian Kolte
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hvidovre Hospital, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kamilla Winding
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ingebjørg Seljeflot
- Center for Clinical Heart Research, Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital Ulleval, Oslo, Norway.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Asbjørn Svardal
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, N-5020, Bergen, Norway
| | - Rolf Kristian Berge
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, N-5020, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jan Gerstoft
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, opgang 86, 3 sal, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Kbh Ø, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Ullum
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marius Trøseid
- Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Copenhagen, Norway.,Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,K.G. Jebsen Inflammatory Research Center, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Susanne Dam Nielsen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, opgang 86, 3 sal, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Kbh Ø, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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358
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Untreated advanced HIV infection alters the gut microbiota, but it is unclear whether antiretroviral therapy (ART) reverses these changes. We compared the composition of the rectal microbiota among three groups of men who have sex with men (MSM): HIV-uninfected, untreated HIV, and ART-treated HIV-infected. DESIGN A cross-sectional study was conducted among 130 MSM (55 HIV-uninfected, 41 untreated HIV, and 34 ART-treated HIV) in Abuja, Nigeria. METHODS Bacterial 16S rRNA genes were amplified from rectal swabs, sequenced and clustered into Genera-level operational taxonomic units. Alpha diversity was quantified using the Shannon index and compared among groups using the Kruskal-Wallis test; associations with other scale variables were quantified using Spearman's rank correlation (Rs). The relative abundance of the top 15 taxa was compared according to HIV infection/treatment status using the Wilcoxon rank sum test. RESULTS HIV-treated MSM had a decrease in a commensal phylum, Bacteroidetes (P < 0.01). Alpha diversity was positively correlated with viral loads (Rs = 0.32, P < 0.01). Statistically significant shifts in relative abundance of rectal microbiota for the HIV-treated group included a decrease in the most abundant bacteria, Prevotella (P = 0.02) and an increase in pathogenic bacteria, Peptoniphilus (P = 0.04), Finegoldia (P = 0.01), Anaerococcus (P = 0.03), and Campylobacter (P = 0.03) compared with the other groups. CONCLUSION Untreated HIV infection does not significantly alter the rectal microbiota, whereas prior treatment is associated with a shift toward a more pathogenic pattern of microbiota. Treatment with an antibiotic, co-trimoxazole, in conjunction with ART may have contributed to this shift.
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359
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360
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Chua LL, Rajasuriar R, Azanan MS, Abdullah NK, Tang MS, Lee SC, Woo YL, Lim YAL, Ariffin H, Loke P. Reduced microbial diversity in adult survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia and microbial associations with increased immune activation. MICROBIOME 2017; 5:35. [PMID: 28320465 PMCID: PMC5359958 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-017-0250-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adult survivors of childhood cancers such as acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) have health problems that persist or develop years after cessation of therapy. These late effects include chronic inflammation-related comorbidities such as obesity and type 2 diabetes, but the underlying cause is poorly understood. RESULTS We compared the anal microbiota composition of adult survivors of childhood ALL (N = 73) with healthy control subjects (N = 61). We identified an altered community with reduced microbial diversity in cancer survivors, who also exhibit signs of immune dysregulation including increased T cell activation and chronic inflammation. The bacterial community among cancer survivors was enriched for Actinobacteria (e.g. genus Corynebacterium) and depleted of Faecalibacterium, correlating with plasma concentrations of IL-6 and CRP and HLA-DR+CD4+ and HLA-DR+CD8+ T cells, which are established markers of inflammation and immune activation. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated a relationship between microbial dysbiosis and immune dysregulation in adult ALL survivors. These observations suggest that interventions that could restore microbial diversity may ameliorate chronic inflammation and, consequently, development of late effects of childhood cancer survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Ling Chua
- University Malaya Cancer Research Institute, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Reena Rajasuriar
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERIA), University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mohamad Shafiq Azanan
- University Malaya Cancer Research Institute, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Pediatric, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Noor Kamila Abdullah
- Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERIA), University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mei San Tang
- Departments of Microbiology and Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016 USA
| | - Soo Ching Lee
- Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERIA), University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yin Ling Woo
- University Malaya Cancer Research Institute, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERIA), University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yvonne Ai Lian Lim
- Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERIA), University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hany Ariffin
- University Malaya Cancer Research Institute, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Pediatric, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - P’ng Loke
- Departments of Microbiology and Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016 USA
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361
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Reid KM, Patel S, Robinson AJ, Bu L, Jarungsriapisit J, Moore LJ, Salinas I. Salmonid alphavirus infection causes skin dysbiosis in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) post-smolts. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172856. [PMID: 28264056 PMCID: PMC5338768 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Interactions among host, microbiota and viral pathogens are complex and poorly understood. The goal of the present study is to assess the changes in the skin microbial community of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in response to experimental infection with salmonid alphavirus (SAV). The salmon skin microbial community was determined using 16S rDNA pyrosequencing in five different experimental groups: control, 7 days after infection with low-dose SAV, 14 days after infection with low-dose SAV, 7 days after infection with high-dose SAV, and 14 days after infection with high-dose SAV. Both infection treatment and time after infection were strong predictors of the skin microbial community composition. Skin samples from SAV3 infected fish showed an unbalanced microbiota characterized by a decreased abundance of Proteobacteria such as Oleispira sp. and increased abundances of opportunistic taxa including Flavobacteriaceae, Streptococcaceae and Tenacibaculum sp. These results demonstrate that viral infections can result in skin dysbiosis likely rendering the host more susceptible to secondary bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M. Reid
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Sonal Patel
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Aaron J. Robinson
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Lijing Bu
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | | | | | - Irene Salinas
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
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Pinto-Cardoso S, Lozupone C, Briceño O, Alva-Hernández S, Téllez N, Adriana A, Murakami-Ogasawara A, Reyes-Terán G. Fecal Bacterial Communities in treated HIV infected individuals on two antiretroviral regimens. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43741. [PMID: 28262770 PMCID: PMC5338340 DOI: 10.1038/srep43741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal microbiome changes that occur in HIV positive individuals on different antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens are important to understand, as they are potentially linked with chronic inflammation and microbiome-linked comorbidities that occur at increased incidence in this population. We conducted a cross-sectional study comparing the fecal microbiomes of HIV-uninfected (HIV SN) to HIV-infected individuals on long-term ART (HIV+ LTART) from Mexico using 16S ribosomal RNA (16sRNA) targeted sequencing. These individuals were on two ART regimens based on either Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (EFV) or ritonavir-boosted Protease Inhibitors (PI) with the same backbone of Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors. Microbiome diversity was reduced in treated HIV infection compared to HIV SN (p < 0.05). Several operational taxonomic units (OTUs) related to the Ruminococcaceae family including Faecalibacterium prausnitzii were depleted in EFV and PI compared to HIV SN and negatively correlated with intestinal gut dysfunction as measured by the intestinal fatty binding protein (p < 0.05). This is the first report to address the fecal bacterial communities in HIV-infected individuals on two ARV regimens from Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Pinto-Cardoso
- Center for Research in Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Olivia Briceño
- Center for Research in Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Selma Alva-Hernández
- Center for Research in Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Norma Téllez
- Center for Research in Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Aguilar Adriana
- Center for Research in Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Akio Murakami-Ogasawara
- Center for Research in Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Reyes-Terán
- Center for Research in Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Mexico City, Mexico
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Yoder AC, Guo K, Dillon SM, Phang T, Lee EJ, Harper MS, Helm K, Kappes JC, Ochsenbauer C, McCarter MD, Wilson CC, Santiago ML. The transcriptome of HIV-1 infected intestinal CD4+ T cells exposed to enteric bacteria. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006226. [PMID: 28241075 PMCID: PMC5344538 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Global transcriptome studies can help pinpoint key cellular pathways exploited by viruses to replicate and cause pathogenesis. Previous data showed that laboratory-adapted HIV-1 triggers significant gene expression changes in CD4+ T cell lines and mitogen-activated CD4+ T cells from peripheral blood. However, HIV-1 primarily targets mucosal compartments during acute infection in vivo. Moreover, early HIV-1 infection causes extensive depletion of CD4+ T cells in the gastrointestinal tract that herald persistent inflammation due to the translocation of enteric microbes to the systemic circulation. Here, we profiled the transcriptome of primary intestinal CD4+ T cells infected ex vivo with transmitted/founder (TF) HIV-1. Infections were performed in the presence or absence of Prevotella stercorea, a gut microbe enriched in the mucosa of HIV-1-infected individuals that enhanced both TF HIV-1 replication and CD4+ T cell death ex vivo. In the absence of bacteria, HIV-1 triggered a cellular shutdown response involving the downregulation of HIV-1 reactome genes, while perturbing genes linked to OX40, PPAR and FOXO3 signaling. However, in the presence of bacteria, HIV-1 did not perturb these gene sets or pathways. Instead, HIV-1 enhanced granzyme expression and Th17 cell function, inhibited G1/S cell cycle checkpoint genes and triggered downstream cell death pathways in microbe-exposed gut CD4+ T cells. To gain insights on these differential effects, we profiled the gene expression landscape of HIV-1-uninfected gut CD4+ T cells exposed to bacteria. Microbial exposure upregulated genes involved in cellular proliferation, MAPK activation, Th17 cell differentiation and type I interferon signaling. Our findings reveal that microbial exposure influenced how HIV-1 altered the gut CD4+ T cell transcriptome, with potential consequences for HIV-1 susceptibility, cell survival and inflammation. The HIV-1- and microbe-altered pathways unraveled here may serve as a molecular blueprint to gain basic insights in mucosal HIV-1 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyson C. Yoder
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Kejun Guo
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
- RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Stephanie M. Dillon
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Tzu Phang
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
- The Cancer Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Eric J. Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Michael S. Harper
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Karen Helm
- The Cancer Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - John C. Kappes
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
- Center for AIDS Research, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Christina Ochsenbauer
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
- Center for AIDS Research, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Martin D. McCarter
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Cara C. Wilson
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
- RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MLS); (CCW)
| | - Mario L. Santiago
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
- RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MLS); (CCW)
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364
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Low abundance of colonic butyrate-producing bacteria in HIV infection is associated with microbial translocation and immune activation. AIDS 2017; 31:511-521. [PMID: 28002063 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Gut microbial translocation is a major driving force behind chronic immune activation during HIV-1 infection. HIV-1-related intestinal dysbiosis, including increases in mucosa-associated pathobionts, may influence microbial translocation and contribute to mucosal and systemic inflammation. Thus, it is critical to understand the mechanisms by which gut microbes and their metabolic products, such as butyrate, influence immune cell function during HIV-1 infection. DESIGN A cross-sectional study was performed to compare the relative abundance of butyrate-producing bacterial (BPB) species in colonic biopsies and stool of untreated, chronic HIV-1-infected (n = 18) and HIV-1-uninfected (n = 14) study participants. The effect of exogenously added butyrate on gut T-cell activation and HIV-1 infection was evaluated using an ex-vivo human intestinal cell culture model. METHODS Species were identified in 16S ribosomal RNA sequence datasets. Ex-vivo isolated lamina propria mononuclear cells were infected with C-C chemokine receptor type 5-tropic HIV-1Bal, cultured with enteric gram-negative bacteria and a range of butyrate doses, and lamina propria T-cell activation and HIV-1 infection levels measured. RESULTS Relative abundance of total BPB and specifically of Roseburia intestinalis, were lower in colonic mucosa of HIV-1-infected versus HIV-1-uninfected individuals. In HIV-1-infected study participants, R. intestinalis relative abundance inversely correlated with systemic indicators of microbial translocation, immune activation, and vascular inflammation. Exogenous butyrate suppressed enteric gram-negative bacteria-driven lamina propria T-cell activation and HIV-1 infection levels in vitro. CONCLUSION Reductions in mucosal butyrate from diminished colonic BPB may exacerbate pathobiont-driven gut T-cell activation and HIV replication, thereby contributing to HIV-associated mucosal pathogenesis.
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365
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Serrano-Villar S, Ferrer M, Gosalbes MJ, Moreno S. How can the gut microbiota affect immune recovery in HIV-infected individuals? Future Microbiol 2017; 12:195-199. [PMID: 28262047 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2016-0226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Serrano-Villar
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Alcalá (IRYCIS). Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Ferrer
- Institute of Catalysis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - María José Gosalbes
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Genómica y Salud de la Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunidad Valenciana (FISABIO-Salud Pública) y el Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva (Universidad de Valencia), Valencia, Spain.,CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Moreno
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Alcalá (IRYCIS). Madrid, Spain
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366
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Verna EC. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in patients with HIV. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 2:211-223. [PMID: 28404136 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-1253(16)30120-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Liver disease is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among people with HIV, and in this era of safer and more effective hepatitis C therapy, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) could soon emerge as the most common liver disease in this population. NAFLD is common among patients with HIV, and might be more likely to progress to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and NAFLD-related fibrosis or cirrhosis in these patients than in individuals without HIV. Several mechanisms of NAFLD pathogenesis are postulated to explain the disease severity in patients with HIV; these mechanisms include the influence of the gut microbiome, and also metabolic, genetic, and immunological factors. Although treatment strategies are currently based on modification of NAFLD risk factors, many new drugs are now in clinical trials, including trials specifically in patients with HIV. Thus, the identification and risk-stratification of patients with HIV and NAFLD are becoming increasingly important for accurately counselling of these patients regarding their prognosis and for establishing the most appropriate disease-altering therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Verna
- Center for Liver Disease and Transplantation, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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367
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Maidji E, Somsouk M, Rivera JM, Hunt PW, Stoddart CA. Replication of CMV in the gut of HIV-infected individuals and epithelial barrier dysfunction. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006202. [PMID: 28241080 PMCID: PMC5328284 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Although invasive cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease is uncommon in the era of antiretroviral therapy (ART), asymptomatic CMV coinfection is nearly ubiquitous in HIV infected individuals. While microbial translocation and gut epithelial barrier dysfunction may promote persistent immune activation in treated HIV infection, potentially contributing to morbidity and mortality, it has been unclear whether CMV replication in individuals with no symptoms of CMV disease might play a role in this process. We hypothesized that persistent CMV replication in the intestinal epithelium of HIV/CMV-coinfected individuals impairs gut epithelial barrier function. Using a combination of state-of-the-art in situ hybridization technology (RNAscope) and immunohistochemistry, we detected CMV DNA and proteins and evidence of intestinal damage in rectosigmoid samples from CMV-positive individuals with both untreated and ART-suppressed HIV infection. Two different model systems, primary human intestinal cells differentiated in vitro to form polarized monolayers and a humanized mouse model of human gut, together demonstrated that intestinal epithelial cells are fully permissive to CMV replication. Independent of HIV, CMV disrupted tight junctions of polarized intestinal cells, significantly reducing transepithelial electrical resistance, a measure of monolayer integrity, and enhancing transepithelial permeability. The effect of CMV infection on the intestinal epithelium is mediated, at least in part, by the CMV-induced proinflammatory cytokine IL-6. Furthermore, letermovir, a novel anti-CMV drug, dampened the effects of CMV on the epithelium. Together, our data strongly suggest that CMV can disrupt epithelial junctions, leading to bacterial translocation and chronic inflammation in the gut and that CMV could serve as a target for therapeutic intervention to prevent or treat gut epithelial barrier dysfunction during HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Maidji
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Ma Somsouk
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jose M. Rivera
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Peter W. Hunt
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Cheryl A. Stoddart
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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368
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Drew DA, Chin SM, Gilpin KK, Parziale M, Pond E, Schuck MM, Stewart K, Flagg M, Rawlings CA, Backman V, Carolan PJ, Chung DC, Colizzo FP, Freedman M, Gala M, Garber JJ, Huttenhower C, Kedrin D, Khalili H, Kwon DS, Markowitz SD, Milne GL, Nishioka NS, Richter JM, Roy HK, Staller K, Wang M, Chan AT. ASPirin Intervention for the REDuction of colorectal cancer risk (ASPIRED): a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2017; 18:50. [PMID: 28143522 PMCID: PMC5286828 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-016-1744-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although aspirin is recommended for the prevention of colorectal cancer, the specific individuals for whom the benefits outweigh the risks are not clearly defined. Moreover, the precise mechanisms by which aspirin reduces the risk of cancer are unclear. We recently launched the ASPirin Intervention for the REDuction of colorectal cancer risk (ASPIRED) trial to address these uncertainties. METHODS/DESIGN ASPIRED is a prospective, double-blind, multidose, placebo-controlled, biomarker clinical trial of aspirin use in individuals previously diagnosed with colorectal adenoma. Individuals (n = 180) will be randomized in a 1:1:1 ratio to low-dose (81 mg/day) or standard-dose (325 mg/day) aspirin or placebo. At two study visits, participants will provide lifestyle, dietary and biometric data in addition to urine, saliva and blood specimens. Stool, grossly normal colorectal mucosal biopsies and cytology brushings will be collected during a flexible sigmoidoscopy without bowel preparation. The study will examine the effect of aspirin on urinary prostaglandin metabolites (PGE-M; primary endpoint), plasma inflammatory markers (macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 (MIC-1)), colonic expression of transcription factor binding (transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2)), colonocyte gene expression, including hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase 15-(NAD) (HPGD) and those that encode Wnt signaling proteins, colonic cellular nanocytology and oral and gut microbial composition and function. DISCUSSION Aspirin may prevent colorectal cancer through multiple, interrelated mechanisms. The ASPIRED trial will scrutinize these pathways and investigate putative mechanistically based risk-stratification biomarkers. TRIAL REGISTRATION This protocol is registered with the U.S. National Institutes of Health trial registry, ClinicalTrials.gov, under the identifier NCT02394769 . Registered on 16 March 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Drew
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Samantha M. Chin
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Katherine K. Gilpin
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Melanie Parziale
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Emily Pond
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Madeline M. Schuck
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Kathleen Stewart
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Meaghan Flagg
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
| | | | - Vadim Backman
- McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL USA
| | - Peter J. Carolan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Daniel C. Chung
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Francis P. Colizzo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | | | - Manish Gala
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - John J. Garber
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Curtis Huttenhower
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA
| | - Dmitriy Kedrin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Hamed Khalili
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Douglas S. Kwon
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Sanford D. Markowitz
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Ginger L. Milne
- Eicosanoid Core Laboratory, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN USA
| | - Norman S. Nishioka
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - James M. Richter
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Hemant K. Roy
- Section of Gastroenterology, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA USA
| | - Kyle Staller
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Molin Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Andrew T. Chan
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
- Division of Gastroenterology and Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, GRJ-825C, Boston, MA 02114 USA
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Wagner Mackenzie B, Waite DW, Hoggard M, Douglas RG, Taylor MW, Biswas K. Bacterial community collapse: a meta-analysis of the sinonasal microbiota in chronic rhinosinusitis. Environ Microbiol 2017; 19:381-392. [PMID: 27902866 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a common, debilitating condition characterized by long-term inflammation of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. The role of the sinonasal bacteria in CRS is unclear. We conducted a meta-analysis combining and reanalysing published bacterial 16S rRNA sequence data to explore differences in sinonasal bacterial community composition and predicted function between healthy and CRS affected subjects. The results identify the most abundant bacteria across all subjects as Staphylococcus, Propionibacterium, Corynebacterium, Streptococcus and an unclassified lineage of Actinobacteria. The meta-analysis results suggest that the bacterial community associated with CRS patients is dysbiotic and ecological networks fostering healthy communities are fragmented. Increased dispersion of bacterial communities, significantly lower bacterial diversity, and increased abundance of members of the genus Corynebacterium are associated with CRS. Increased relative abundance and diversity of other members belonging to the phylum Actinobacteria and members from the genera Propionibacterium differentiated healthy sinuses from those that were chronically inflamed. Removal of Burkholderia and Propionibacterium phylotypes from the healthy community dataset was correlated with a significant increase in network fragmentation. This meta-analysis highlights the potential importance of the genera Burkholderia and Propionibacterium as gatekeepers, whose presence may be important in maintaining a stable sinonasal bacterial community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett Wagner Mackenzie
- School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - David W Waite
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Michael Hoggard
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Richard G Douglas
- School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Michael W Taylor
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kristi Biswas
- School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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370
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Lin L, Zhang J. Role of intestinal microbiota and metabolites on gut homeostasis and human diseases. BMC Immunol 2017; 18:2. [PMID: 28061847 PMCID: PMC5219689 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-016-0187-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 414] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A vast diversity of microbes colonizes in the human gastrointestinal tract, referred to intestinal microbiota. Microbiota and products thereof are indispensable for shaping the development and function of host innate immune system, thereby exerting multifaceted impacts in gut health. Methods This paper reviews the effects on immunity of gut microbe-derived nucleic acids, and gut microbial metabolites, as well as the involvement of commensals in the gut homeostasis. We focus on the recent findings with an intention to illuminate the mechanisms by which the microbiota and products thereof are interacting with host immunity, as well as to scrutinize imbalanced gut microbiota (dysbiosis) which lead to autoimmune disorders including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Type 1 diabetes (T1D) and systemic immune syndromes such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Results In addition to their well-recognized benefits in the gut such as occupation of ecological niches and competition with pathogens, commensal bacteria have been shown to strengthen the gut barrier and to exert immunomodulatory actions within the gut and beyond. It has been realized that impaired intestinal microbiota not only contribute to gut diseases but also are inextricably linked to metabolic disorders and even brain dysfunction. Conclusions A better understanding of the mutual interactions of the microbiota and host immune system, would shed light on our endeavors of disease prevention and broaden the path to our discovery of immune intervention targets for disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Lin
- Department of Bioengineering, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianqiong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China.
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371
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Croteau JD, Engle EL, Queen SE, Shirk EN, Zink MC. Marked Enteropathy in an Accelerated Macaque Model of AIDS. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 187:589-604. [PMID: 28056337 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Enteropathy in HIV infection is not eliminated with combination antiretroviral therapy and is possibly linked to microbial translocation. We used a rapidly progressing SIV/pigtailed macaque model of HIV to examine enteropathy and microbial translocation. Histologic evidence of intestinal disease was observed in only half of infected macaques during late-stage infection (LSI). Combination antiretroviral therapy initiated during acute infection prevented intestinal disease. In the ileum and colon, enteropathy was associated with increased caspase-3 staining, decreased CD3+ T cells, and increased SIV-infected cells. CD3+ T cells were preserved in LSI animals without intestinal disease, and levels of CD3 staining in all LSI animals strongly correlated with the number of infected cells in the intestine and plasma viral load. Unexpectedly, there was little evidence of microbial translocation as measured by soluble CD14, soluble CD163, lipopolysaccharide binding protein, and microbial 16s ribosomal DNA. Loss of epithelial integrity indicated by loss of the tight junction protein claudin-3 was not observed during acute infection despite significantly fewer T cells. Claudin-3 was reduced in LSI animals with severe intestinal disease but did not correlate with increased microbial translocation. LSI animals that did not develop intestinal disease had increased T-cell intracytoplasmic antigen 1-positive cytotoxic T lymphocytes, suggesting a robust adaptive cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response may, in part, confer resilience to SIV-induced intestinal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Croteau
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Elizabeth L Engle
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Suzanne E Queen
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Erin N Shirk
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - M Christine Zink
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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372
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Villar-García J, Güerri-Fernández R, Moya A, González A, Hernández JJ, Lerma E, Guelar A, Sorli L, Horcajada JP, Artacho A, D´Auria G, Knobel H. Impact of probiotic Saccharomyces boulardii on the gut microbiome composition in HIV-treated patients: A double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173802. [PMID: 28388647 PMCID: PMC5384743 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysbalance in gut microbiota has been linked to increased microbial translocation, leading to chronic inflammation in HIV-patients, even under effective HAART. Moreover, microbial translocation is associated with insufficient reconstitution of CD4+T cells, and contributes to the pathogenesis of immunologic non-response. In a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial, we recently showed that, compared to placebo, 12 weeks treatment with probiotic Saccharomyces boulardii significantly reduced plasma levels of bacterial translocation (Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein or LBP) and systemic inflammation (IL-6) in 44 HIV virologically suppressed patients, half of whom (n = 22) had immunologic non-response to antiretroviral therapy (<270 CD4+Tcells/μL despite long-term suppressed viral load). The aim of the present study was to investigate if this beneficial effect of the probiotic Saccharomyces boulardii is due to modified gut microbiome composition, with a decrease of some species associated with higher systemic levels of microbial translocation and inflammation. In this study, we used 16S rDNA gene amplification and parallel sequencing to analyze the probiotic impact on the composition of the gut microbiome (faecal samples) in these 44 patients randomized to receive oral supplementation with probiotic or placebo for 12 weeks. Compared to the placebo group, in individuals treated with probiotic we observed lower concentrations of some gut species, such as those of the Clostridiaceae family, which were correlated with systemic levels of bacterial translocation and inflammation markers. In a sub-study of these patients, we observed significantly higher parameters of microbial translocation (LBP, soluble CD14) and systemic inflammation in immunologic non-responders than in immunologic responders, which was correlated with a relative abundance of specific gut bacterial groups (Lachnospiraceae genus and Proteobacteria). Thus, in this work, we propose a new therapeutic strategy using the probiotic yeast S. boulardii to modify gut microbiome composition. Identifying pro-inflammatory species in the gut microbiome could also be a useful new marker of poor immune response and a new therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Villar-García
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mediques), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Robert Güerri-Fernández
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mediques), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrés Moya
- Joint Unit of Research in Genomics and Health, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Community (FISABIO) and Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology (Universitat de València), València, Spain
- CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia González
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mediques), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Elisabet Lerma
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mediques), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Guelar
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mediques), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luisa Sorli
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mediques), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan P. Horcajada
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mediques), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alejandro Artacho
- Joint Unit of Research in Genomics and Health, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Community (FISABIO) and Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology (Universitat de València), València, Spain
| | - Giuseppe D´Auria
- Joint Unit of Research in Genomics and Health, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Community (FISABIO) and Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology (Universitat de València), València, Spain
- CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hernando Knobel
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mediques), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
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373
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Monnig MA. Immune activation and neuroinflammation in alcohol use and HIV infection: evidence for shared mechanisms. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2017; 43:7-23. [PMID: 27532935 PMCID: PMC5250549 DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2016.1211667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging research points to innate immune mechanisms in the neuropathological and behavioral consequences of heavy alcohol use. Alcohol use is common among people living with HIV infection (PLWH), a chronic condition that carries its own set of long-term effects on brain and behavior. Notably, neurobiological and cognitive profiles associated with heavy alcohol use and HIV infection share several prominent features. This observation raises questions about interacting biological mechanisms as well as compounded impairment when HIV infection and heavy drinking co-occur. OBJECTIVE AND METHOD This narrative overview discusses peer-reviewed research on specific immune mechanisms of alcohol that exhibit apparent potential to compound the neurobiological and psychiatric sequelae of HIV infection. These include microbial translocation, systemic immune activation, blood-brain barrier compromise, microglial activation, and neuroinflammation. RESULTS Clinical and preclinical evidence supports overlapping mechanistic actions of HIV and alcohol use on peripheral and neural immune systems. In preclinical studies, innate immune signaling mediates many of the detrimental neurocognitive and behavioral effects of alcohol use. Neuropsychopharmacological research suggests potential for a feed-forward cycle in which heavy drinking induces innate immune signaling, which in turn stimulates subsequent alcohol use behavior. CONCLUSION Alcohol-induced immune activation and neuroinflammation are a serious health concern for PLWH. Future research to investigate specific immune effects of alcohol in the context of HIV infection has potential to identify novel targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mollie A. Monnig
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI
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374
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Presti R, Pantaleo G. The Immunopathogenesis of HIV-1 Infection. Infect Dis (Lond) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-6285-8.00092-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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375
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Paquin-Proulx D, Ching C, Vujkovic-Cvijin I, Fadrosh D, Loh L, Huang Y, Somsouk M, Lynch SV, Hunt PW, Nixon DF, SenGupta D. Bacteroides are associated with GALT iNKT cell function and reduction of microbial translocation in HIV-1 infection. Mucosal Immunol 2017; 10:69-78. [PMID: 27049061 PMCID: PMC5053825 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2016.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are innate-like T cells that respond to lipid antigens presented by CD1d. These immunoregulatory cells have the capacity for rapid cytokine release after antigen recognition and are essential for the activation of multiple arms of the immune response. HIV-1 infection is associated with iNKT cell depletion in the peripheral blood; however, their role in the gastrointestinal-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) is less well studied. Our results show that iNKT cells are found at a higher frequency in GALT compared with blood, particularly in HIV-1 elite controllers. The capacity of iNKT cells to produce interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-10 in the GALT was associated with less immune activation and lower markers of microbial translocation, whereas regulatory T cell frequency showed positive associations with immune activation. We hypothesized that the composition of the microbiota would influence iNKT cell frequency and function. We found positive associations between the abundance of several Bacteroides species and iNKT cell frequency and their capacity to produce IL-4 in the GALT but not in the blood. Overall, our results are consistent with the hypothesis that GALT iNKT cells, influenced by certain bacterial species, may have a key role in regulating immune activation in HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Paquin-Proulx
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine,
The George Washington University, Washington, USA
| | - Christopher Ching
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine,
University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ivan Vujkovic-Cvijin
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine,
University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Douglas Fadrosh
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of
California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Liyen Loh
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine,
University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Yong Huang
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, School of
Pharmacy University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ma Somsouk
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of
California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Susan V. Lynch
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of
California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Peter W. Hunt
- HIV/AIDS Division, Department of Medicine, San Francisco General
Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California,
USA
| | - Douglas F. Nixon
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine,
The George Washington University, Washington, USA
| | - Devi SenGupta
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine,
University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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376
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Williams B, Landay A, Presti RM. Microbiome alterations in HIV infection a review. Cell Microbiol 2016; 18:645-51. [PMID: 26945815 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent developments in molecular techniques have allowed researchers to identify previously uncultured organisms, which has propelled a vast expansion of our knowledge regarding our commensal microbiota. Interest in the microbiome specific to HIV grew from earlier findings suggesting that bacterial translocation from the intestines is the cause of persistent immune activation despite effective viral suppression with antiretroviral therapy (ART). Studies of SIV infected primates have demonstrated that Proteobacteria preferentially translocate and that mucosal immunity can be restored with probiotics. Pathogenic SIV infection results in a massive expansion of the virome, whereas non-pathogenic SIV infection does not. Human HIV infected cohorts have been shown to have microbiota distinctive from that of HIV negative controls and efforts to restore the intestinal microbiome via probiotics have often had positive results on host markers. The microbiota of the genital tract may play a significant role in acquisition and transmission of HIV. Modification of commensal microbial communities likely represents an important therapeutic adjunct to treatment of HIV. Here we review the literature regarding human microbiome in HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett Williams
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Rush University Medical Center, USA
| | - Alan Landay
- Department of Immunology/microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, USA
| | - Rachel M Presti
- Division of Infectious Disease, Washington University School of Medicine, USA
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377
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Erlandson KM, Lake JE. Fat Matters: Understanding the Role of Adipose Tissue in Health in HIV Infection. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2016; 13:20-30. [PMID: 26830284 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-016-0298-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
More than one-third of adults in the USA are obese and obesity-related disease accounts for some of the leading causes of preventable death. Mid-life obesity may be a strong predictor of physical function impairment later in life regardless of body mass index (BMI) in older age, highlighting the benefits of obesity prevention on health throughout the lifespan. Adipose tissue disturbances including lipodystrophy and obesity are prevalent in the setting of treated and untreated HIV infection. This article will review current knowledge on fat disturbances in HIV-infected persons, including therapeutic options and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine M Erlandson
- University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Center, 12700 E 19th Ave, Mailstop B168, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Jordan E Lake
- University of California, Los Angeles, 11075 Santa Monica Blvd., Ste. 100, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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378
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan V Lynch
- From the Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (S.V.L.); and the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (O.P.)
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- From the Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (S.V.L.); and the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (O.P.)
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379
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Serious Non-AIDS Events: Therapeutic Targets of Immune Activation and Chronic Inflammation in HIV Infection. Drugs 2016; 76:533-49. [PMID: 26915027 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-016-0546-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the antiretroviral therapy (ART) era, serious non-AIDS events (SNAEs) have become the major causes of morbidity and mortality in HIV-infected persons. Early ART initiation has the strongest evidence for reducing SNAEs and mortality. Biomarkers of immune activation, inflammation and coagulopathy do not fully normalize despite virologic suppression and persistent immune activation is an important contributor to SNAEs. A number of strategies aimed to reduce persistent immune activation including ART intensification to reduce residual viremia; treatment of co-infections to reduce chronic antigen stimulation; the use of anti-inflammatory agents, reducing microbial translocation as well as interventions to improve immune recovery through cytokine administration and reducing lymphoid tissue fibrosis, have been investigated. To date, there is little conclusive evidence on which strategies beyond treatment of hepatitis B and C co-infections and reducing cardiovascular risk factors will result in clinical benefits in patients already on ART with viral suppression. The use of statins seems to show early promise and larger clinical trials are underway to confirm their efficacy. At this stage, clinical care of HIV-infected patients should therefore focus on early diagnosis and prompt ART initiation, treatment of active co-infections and the aggressive management of co-morbidities until further data are available.
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380
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Shaw AL, Mathews DW, Hinkle JE, Petschow BW, Weaver EM, Detzel CJ, Klein GL, Bradshaw TP. Absorption and safety of serum-derived bovine immunoglobulin/protein isolate in healthy adults. Clin Exp Gastroenterol 2016; 9:365-375. [PMID: 27980432 PMCID: PMC5147394 DOI: 10.2147/ceg.s120118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Previous studies have shown that oral administration of bovine immunoglobulin protein preparations is safe and provides nutritional and intestinal health benefits. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the plasma amino acid response following a single dose of serum-derived bovine immunoglobulin/protein isolate (SBI) and whether bovine immunoglobulin G (IgG) is present in stool or in blood following multiple doses of SBI in healthy volunteers. Methods A total of 42 healthy adults were administered a single dose of placebo or SBI at one of three doses (5 g, 10 g, or 20 g) in blinded fashion and then continued on SBI (2.5 g, 5 g, or 10 g) twice daily (BID) for an additional 2 weeks. Serial blood samples were collected for amino acid analysis following a single dose of placebo or SBI. Stool and blood samples were collected to assess bovine IgG levels. Results The area under the curve from time 0 minute to 180 minutes for essential and total amino acids as well as tryptophan increased following ingestion of 5 g, 10 g, or 20 g of SBI, with a significant difference between placebo and all doses of SBI (p<0.05) for essential amino acids and tryptophan but only the 10 g and 20 g doses for total amino acids. Bovine IgG was detected in the stool following multiple doses of SBI. No quantifiable levels of bovine IgG were determined in plasma samples 90 minutes following administration of a single dose or multiple doses of SBI. Conclusion Oral administration of SBI leads to increases in plasma essential amino acids during transit through the gastrointestinal tract and is safe at levels as high as 20 g/day.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - John E Hinkle
- Life Sciences Consulting and Analytics, EarlyPhase Sciences, Inc., Cary
| | | | - Eric M Weaver
- Executive Management, Prairie Pharms, LLC, Nora Springs
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381
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Hand TW, Vujkovic-Cvijin I, Ridaura VK, Belkaid Y. Linking the Microbiota, Chronic Disease, and the Immune System. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2016; 27:831-843. [PMID: 27623245 PMCID: PMC5116263 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory diseases (CIDs) are the most important causes of mortality in the world today and are on the rise. We now know that immune-driven inflammation is critical in the etiology of these diseases, though the environmental triggers and cellular mechanisms that lead to their development are still mysterious. Many CIDs are associated with significant shifts in the microbiota toward inflammatory configurations, which can affect the host both by inducing local and systemic inflammation and by alterations in microbiota-derived metabolites. This review discusses recent findings suggesting that shifts in the microbiota may contribute to chronic disease via effects on the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy W. Hand
- R.K. Mellon Institute for Pediatric Research, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224
- Correspondence addressed to: Timothy Hand () or Yasmine Belkaid ()
| | - Ivan Vujkovic-Cvijin
- Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, NIAID/NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Vanessa K. Ridaura
- Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, NIAID/NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Yasmine Belkaid
- Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, NIAID/NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious diseases (NIAID) Microbiome Program, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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382
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Abstract
HIV-1 infection is associated with substantial damage to the gastrointestinal tract resulting in structural impairment of the epithelial barrier and a disruption of intestinal homeostasis. The accompanying translocation of microbial products and potentially microbes themselves from the lumen into systemic circulation has been linked to immune activation, inflammation, and HIV-1 disease progression. The importance of microbial translocation in the setting of HIV-1 infection has led to a recent focus on understanding how the communities of microbes that make up the intestinal microbiome are altered during HIV-1 infection and how they interact with mucosal immune cells to contribute to inflammation. This review details the dysbiotic intestinal communities associated with HIV-1 infection and their potential link to HIV-1 pathogenesis. We detail studies that begin to address the mechanisms driving microbiota-associated immune activation and inflammation and the various treatment strategies aimed at correcting dysbiosis and improving the overall health of HIV-1-infected individuals. Finally, we discuss how this relatively new field of research can advance to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the contribution of the gut microbiome to HIV-1 pathogenesis.
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383
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Davenport ER, Goodrich JK, Bell JT, Spector TD, Ley RE, Clark AG. ABO antigen and secretor statuses are not associated with gut microbiota composition in 1,500 twins. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:941. [PMID: 27871240 PMCID: PMC5117602 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3290-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Host genetics is one of several factors known to shape human gut microbiome composition, however, the physiological processes underlying the heritability are largely unknown. Inter-individual differences in host factors secreted into the gut lumen may lead to variation in microbiome composition. One such factor is the ABO antigen. This molecule is not only expressed on the surface of red blood cells, but is also secreted from mucosal surfaces in individuals containing an intact FUT2 gene (secretors). Previous studies report differences in microbiome composition across ABO and secretor genotypes. However, due to methodological limitations, the specific bacterial taxa involved remain unknown. Results Here, we sought to determine the relationship of the microbiota to ABO blood group and secretor status in a large panel of 1503 individuals from a cohort of twins from the United Kingdom. Contrary to previous reports, robust associations between either ABO or secretor phenotypes and gut microbiome composition were not detected. Overall community structure, diversity, and the relative abundances of individual taxa were not significantly associated with ABO or secretor status. Additionally, joint-modeling approaches were unsuccessful in identifying combinations of taxa that were predictive of ABO or secretor status. Conclusions Despite previous reports, the taxonomic composition of the microbiota does not appear to be strongly associated with ABO or secretor status in 1503 individuals from the United Kingdom. These results highlight the importance of replicating microbiome-associated traits in large, well-powered cohorts to ensure results are robust. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-3290-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Davenport
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | - Julia K Goodrich
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jordana T Bell
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Tim D Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ruth E Ley
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.,Department of Microbiome Science, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübigen, Germany
| | - Andrew G Clark
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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384
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Bandera A, Colella E, Rizzardini G, Gori A, Clerici M. Strategies to limit immune-activation in HIV patients. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2016; 15:43-54. [PMID: 27762148 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2017.1250624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Antiretroviral treatment of HIV infection reduces, but does not eliminate, viral replication and down modulates immune activation. The persistence of low level HIV replication in the host, nevertheless, drives a smouldering degree of immune activation that is observed throughout the natural history of disease and is the main driving force sustaining morbidity and mortality. Areas covered: Early start of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and intensive management of behavioural risk factors are possible but, at best, marginally successful ways to manage immune activation. We review alternative, possible strategies to reduce immune activation in HIV infection including timing of ART initiation and ART intensification to reduce HIV residual viremia; switch of ART to newer molecules with reduced toxicity; use of anti inflammatory/immunomodulatory agents and, finally, interventions aimed at modifying the composition of the microbiota. Expert commentary: Current therapeutic strategies to limit immune activation are only marginally successful. Because HIV eradication is currently impossible, intensive studies are needed to determine if and how immune activation can be silenced in HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Bandera
- a Clinic of Infectious Diseases, 'San Gerardo' Hospital - ASST Monza, School of Medicine and Surgery , University Milano-Bicocca , Monza , Italy
| | - Elisa Colella
- a Clinic of Infectious Diseases, 'San Gerardo' Hospital - ASST Monza, School of Medicine and Surgery , University Milano-Bicocca , Monza , Italy
| | - Giuliano Rizzardini
- b Department of Infectious Diseases , ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco , Milano , Italy.,c School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Science , University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg , South Africa
| | - Andrea Gori
- a Clinic of Infectious Diseases, 'San Gerardo' Hospital - ASST Monza, School of Medicine and Surgery , University Milano-Bicocca , Monza , Italy
| | - Mario Clerici
- d Department of Physiopathology and Transplants , University of Milano , Milano , Italy.,e Don C. Gnocchi Foundation , Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico [IRCCS] , Milano , Italy
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385
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Jørgensen SF, Trøseid M, Kummen M, Anmarkrud JA, Michelsen AE, Osnes LT, Holm K, Høivik ML, Rashidi A, Dahl CP, Vesterhus M, Halvorsen B, Mollnes TE, Berge RK, Moum B, Lundin KEA, Fevang B, Ueland T, Karlsen TH, Aukrust P, Hov JR. Altered gut microbiota profile in common variable immunodeficiency associates with levels of lipopolysaccharide and markers of systemic immune activation. Mucosal Immunol 2016; 9:1455-1465. [PMID: 26982597 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2016.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is the most common symptomatic primary immunodeficiency characterized by low immunoglobulin (Ig)G and IgA, and/or IgM. In addition to bacterial infections, a large subgroup has noninfectious inflammatory and autoimmune complications. We performed 16S ribosomal RNA-based profiling of stool samples in 44 CVID patients, 45 patients with inflammatory bowel disease (disease controls), and 263 healthy controls. We measured plasma lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and markers of immune cell activation (i.e., soluble (s) CD14 and sCD25) in an expanded cohort of 104 patients with CVID and in 30 healthy controls. We found a large shift in the microbiota of CVID patients characterized by a reduced within-individual bacterial diversity (alpha diversity, P<0.001) without obvious associations to antibiotics use. Plasma levels of both LPS (P=0.001) and sCD25 (P<0.0001) were elevated in CVID, correlating negatively with alpha diversity and positively with a dysbiosis index calculated from the taxonomic profile. Low alpha diversity and high dysbiosis index, LPS, and immune markers were most pronounced in the subgroup with inflammatory and autoimmune complications. Low level of IgA was associated with decreased alpha diversity, but not independently from sCD25 and LPS. Our findings suggest a link between immunodeficiency, systemic immune activation, LPS, and altered gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Jørgensen
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Division of Cancer Medicine, Surgery and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Transplantation Medicine, Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,K G Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - M Trøseid
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Division of Cancer Medicine, Surgery and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Transplantation Medicine, Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,K G Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - M Kummen
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Division of Cancer Medicine, Surgery and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,K G Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Norwegian PSC Research Center, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - J A Anmarkrud
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Division of Cancer Medicine, Surgery and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Norwegian PSC Research Center, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - A E Michelsen
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Division of Cancer Medicine, Surgery and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - L T Osnes
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - K Holm
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Division of Cancer Medicine, Surgery and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Norwegian PSC Research Center, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - M L Høivik
- Department of Gastroenterology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | - A Rashidi
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Division of Cancer Medicine, Surgery and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - C P Dahl
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Division of Cancer Medicine, Surgery and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - M Vesterhus
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Medicine, National Centre for Ultrasound in Gastroenterology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - B Halvorsen
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Division of Cancer Medicine, Surgery and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,K G Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - T E Mollnes
- K G Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Research Laboratory, Nordland Hospital, Bodø, and Faculty of Health Sciences, K.G. Jebsen TREC, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway.,Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - R K Berge
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - B Moum
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Gastroenterology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | - K E A Lundin
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Transplantation Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - B Fevang
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Division of Cancer Medicine, Surgery and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Transplantation Medicine, Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - T Ueland
- K G Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Transplantation Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,K G Jebsen Thrombosis Research and Expertise Centre, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - T H Karlsen
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Division of Cancer Medicine, Surgery and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,K G Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Norwegian PSC Research Center, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Transplantation Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Department of clinical medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - P Aukrust
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Division of Cancer Medicine, Surgery and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Transplantation Medicine, Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,K G Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - J R Hov
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Division of Cancer Medicine, Surgery and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,K G Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Norwegian PSC Research Center, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Transplantation Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
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386
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article describes the mechanisms and consequences of both microbial translocation and microbial dysbiosis in HIV infection. RECENT FINDINGS Microbes in HIV are likely playing a large role in contributing to HIV pathogenesis, morbidities and mortality. Two major disruptions to microbial systems in HIV infection include microbial translocation and microbiome dysbiosis. Microbial translocation occurs when the bacteria (or bacterial products) that should be in the lumen of the intestine translocate across the tight epithelial barrier into systemic circulation, where they contribute to inflammation and pathogenesis. This is associated with poorer health outcomes in HIV-infected individuals. In addition, microbial populations in the gastrointestinal tract are also altered after HIV infection, resulting in microbiome dysbiosis, which further exacerbates microbial translocation, epithelial barrier disruption, inflammation and mucosal immune functioning. SUMMARY Altered microbial regulation in HIV infection can lead to poor health outcomes, and understanding the mechanisms underlying microbial dysbiosis and translocation may result in novel pathways for therapeutic interventions.
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387
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Mimee M, Citorik RJ, Lu TK. Microbiome therapeutics - Advances and challenges. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 105:44-54. [PMID: 27158095 PMCID: PMC5093770 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The microbial community that lives on and in the human body exerts a major impact on human health, from metabolism to immunity. In order to leverage the close associations between microbes and their host, development of therapeutics targeting the microbiota has surged in recent years. Here, we discuss current additive and subtractive strategies to manipulate the microbiota, focusing on bacteria engineered to produce therapeutic payloads, consortia of natural organisms and selective antimicrobials. Further, we present challenges faced by the community in the development of microbiome therapeutics, including designing microbial therapies that are adapted for specific geographies in the body, stable colonization with microbial therapies, discovery of clinically relevant biosensors, robustness of engineered synthetic gene circuits and addressing safety and biocontainment concerns. Moving forward, collaboration between basic and applied researchers and clinicians to address these challenges will poise the field to herald an age of next-generation, cellular therapies that draw on novel findings in basic research to inform directed augmentation of the human microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Mimee
- MIT Microbiology Program, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, USA; MIT Synthetic Biology Center, 500 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA, USA; The Center for Microbiome Informatics and Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Robert J Citorik
- MIT Microbiology Program, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, USA; MIT Synthetic Biology Center, 500 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA, USA; The Center for Microbiome Informatics and Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Timothy K Lu
- MIT Microbiology Program, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, USA; MIT Synthetic Biology Center, 500 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; The Center for Microbiome Informatics and Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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388
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Scagnolari C, Corano Scheri G, Selvaggi C, Schietroma I, Najafi Fard S, Mastrangelo A, Giustini N, Serafino S, Pinacchio C, Pavone P, Fanello G, Ceccarelli G, Vullo V, d'Ettorre G. Probiotics Differently Affect Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Indolamine-2,3-Dioxygenase mRNA and Cerebrospinal Fluid Neopterin Levels in Antiretroviral-Treated HIV-1 Infected Patients: A Pilot Study. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17101639. [PMID: 27689995 PMCID: PMC5085672 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17101639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently the tryptophan pathway has been considered an important determinant of HIV-1 infected patients’ quality of life, due to the toxic effects of its metabolites on the central nervous system (CNS). Since the dysbiosis described in HIV-1 patients might be responsible for the microbial translocation, the chronic immune activation, and the altered utilization of tryptophan observed in these individuals, we speculated a correlation between high levels of immune activation markers in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of HIV-1 infected patients and the over-expression of indolamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) at the gut mucosal surface. In order to evaluate this issue, we measured the levels of neopterin in CSF, and the expression of IDO mRNA in gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), in HIV-1-infected patients on effective combined antiretroviral therapy (cART), at baseline and after six months of probiotic dietary management. We found a significant reduction of neopterin and IDO mRNA levels after the supplementation with probiotic. Since the results for the use of adjunctive therapies to reduce the levels of immune activation markers in CSF have been disappointing so far, our pilot study showing the efficacy of this specific probiotic product should be followed by a larger confirmatory trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Scagnolari
- Istituto Pasteur Italia, Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy.
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Virology, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale di Porta Tiburtina 28, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Corano Scheri
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Carla Selvaggi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Virology, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale di Porta Tiburtina 28, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Ivan Schietroma
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Saeid Najafi Fard
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Andrea Mastrangelo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Noemi Giustini
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Sara Serafino
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Claudia Pinacchio
- Istituto Pasteur Italia, Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Paolo Pavone
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Gianfranco Fanello
- Department of Emergency Surgery, Emergency Endoscopic Unit, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Giancarlo Ceccarelli
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Vullo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Gabriella d'Ettorre
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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389
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Hand TW. The Role of the Microbiota in Shaping Infectious Immunity. Trends Immunol 2016; 37:647-658. [PMID: 27616558 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Humans are meta-organisms that maintain a diverse population of microorganisms on their barrier surfaces, collectively named the microbiota. Since most pathogens either cross or inhabit barrier surfaces, the microbiota plays a critical and often protective role during infections, both by modulating immune system responses and by mediating colonization resistance. However, the microbiota can also act as a reservoir for opportunistic microorganisms that can 'bloom', significantly complicating diseases of barrier surfaces by contributing to inflammatory immune responses. This review discusses our current understanding of the complex interactions between the host, its microbiota, and pathogenic organisms, focusing in particular on the intestinal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy W Hand
- Richard King Mellon Institute for Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA.
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390
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Antibiotic-mediated modification of the intestinal microbiome in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 2016; 52:183-190. [PMID: 27526283 DOI: 10.1038/bmt.2016.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is curative for many patients with severe benign and malignant hematologic disorders. The success of allogeneic HSCT is limited by the development of transplant-related complications such as acute graft-versus-host disease (GvHD). Early pre-clinical studies suggested that intestinal microflora contribute to the pathogenesis of acute GvHD, and that growth suppression or eradication of intestinal bacteria prevented the development of acute GvHD even in MHC-mismatched transplants. These observations led to the practice of gut decontamination (GD) with oral non-absorbable antibiotics in patients undergoing allogeneic HSCT as a method of acute GvHD prophylaxis. Microbiome studies in the modern sequencing era are beginning to challenge the benefit of this practice. In this review, we provide a historical perspective on the practice of GD and highlight findings from the limited number of clinical trials evaluating the use of GD for acute GvHD prevention in allogeneic HSCT patients. In addition, we examine the role of the gut microbiota in allogeneic HSCT in the context of recent studies linking the microflora to regulation of intestinal immune homeostasis. We discuss the implications of these findings for future strategies to reduce acute GvHD risk by selective manipulation of the microbiota.
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391
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Kynurenine Reduces Memory CD4 T-Cell Survival by Interfering with Interleukin-2 Signaling Early during HIV-1 Infection. J Virol 2016; 90:7967-79. [PMID: 27356894 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00994-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Early HIV-1 infection is characterized by enhanced tryptophan catabolism, which contributes to immune suppression and disease progression. However, the mechanism by which kynurenine, a tryptophan-related metabolite, induces immune suppression remains poorly understood. Herein, we show that the increased production of kynurenine correlates with defective interleukin-2 (IL-2) signaling in memory CD4 T cells from HIV-infected subjects. Defective IL-2 signaling in these subjects, which drives reduced protection from Fas-mediated apoptosis, was also associated with memory CD4 T-cell loss. Treatment of memory CD4 T cells with the concentration of kynurenine found in plasma inhibited IL-2 signaling through the production of reactive oxygen species. We further show that IL-2 signaling in memory CD4 T cells is improved by the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine. Early initiation of antiretroviral therapy restored the IL-2 response in memory CD4 T cells by reducing reactive oxygen species and kynurenine production. The study findings provide a kynurenine-dependent mechanism through IL-2 signaling for reduced CD4 T-cell survival, which can be reversed by early treatment initiation in HIV-1 infection. IMPORTANCE The persistence of functional memory CD4 T cells represents the basis for long-lasting immune protection in individuals after exposure to HIV-1. Unfortunately, primary HIV-1 infection results in the massive loss of these cells within weeks of infection, which is mainly driven by inflammation and massive infection by the virus. These new findings show that the enhanced production of kynurenine, a metabolite related to tryptophan catabolism, also impairs memory CD4 T-cell survival and interferes with IL-2 signaling early during HIV-1 infection.
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392
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HIV-1 Tat exacerbates lipopolysaccharide-induced cytokine release via TLR4 signaling in the enteric nervous system. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31203. [PMID: 27491828 PMCID: PMC4974559 DOI: 10.1038/srep31203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The loss of gut epithelium integrity leads to translocation of microbes and microbial products resulting in immune activation and drives systemic inflammation in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients. Although viral loads in HIV patients are significantly reduced in the post-cART era, inflammation and immune activation persist and can lead to morbidity. Here, we determined the interactive effects of the viral protein HIV-1 Tat and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on enteric neurons and glia. Bacterial translocation was significantly enhanced in Tat-expressing (Tat+) mice. Exposure to HIV-1 Tat in combination with LPS enhanced the expression and release of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α in the ilea of Tat+ mice and by enteric glia. This coincided with enhanced NF-κB activation in enteric glia that was abrogated in glia from TLR4 knockout mice and by knockdown (siRNA) of MyD88 siRNA in wild type glia. The synergistic effects of Tat and LPS resulted in a reduced rate of colonic propulsion in Tat+ mice treated with LPS. These results show that HIV-1 Tat interacts with the TLR4 receptor to enhance the pro-inflammatory effects of LPS leading to gastrointestinal dysmotility and enhanced immune activation.
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393
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Honda K, Littman DR. The microbiota in adaptive immune homeostasis and disease. Nature 2016; 535:75-84. [PMID: 27383982 DOI: 10.1038/nature18848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1151] [Impact Index Per Article: 143.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the mucosa, the immune system's T cells and B cells have position-specific phenotypes and functions that are influenced by the microbiota. These cells play pivotal parts in the maintenance of immune homeostasis by suppressing responses to harmless antigens and by enforcing the integrity of the barrier functions of the gut mucosa. Imbalances in the gut microbiota, known as dysbiosis, can trigger several immune disorders through the activity of T cells that are both near to and distant from the site of their induction. Elucidation of the mechanisms that distinguish between homeostatic and pathogenic microbiota-host interactions could identify therapeutic targets for preventing or modulating inflammatory diseases and for boosting the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenya Honda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.,RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan.,AMED-CREST, Chiyoda, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - Dan R Littman
- The Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA.,The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
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394
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Tomalka J, Ghneim K, Bhattacharyya S, Aid M, Barouch DH, Sekaly RP, Ribeiro SP. The sooner the better: innate immunity as a path toward the HIV cure. Curr Opin Virol 2016; 19:85-91. [PMID: 27497036 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
To combat the diverse pathogens that infect humans, the immune system has evolved complex and diverse transcriptional signatures, which drive differential cellular and humoral responses. These signatures are induced by immune receptor sensing of pathogens and by cytokines produced at the earliest onset of infection. The specific nature of immune activation is as critical to pathogen clearance as the induction of an adaptive immune response. This is particularly true for HIV, which has developed numerous immune evasion mechanisms. In this review, we will highlight recent findings that show the differential role for early innate immune responses in promoting infection versus clearance and demonstrate the need for continued research on these pathways for development of effective HIV treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Tomalka
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Pathology, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Khader Ghneim
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Pathology, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Malika Aid
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dan H Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Boston, MA, USA
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395
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Ling Z, Jin C, Xie T, Cheng Y, Li L, Wu N. Alterations in the Fecal Microbiota of Patients with HIV-1 Infection: An Observational Study in A Chinese Population. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30673. [PMID: 27477587 PMCID: PMC4967929 DOI: 10.1038/srep30673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The available evidence suggests that alterations in gut microbiota may be tightly linked to the increase in microbial translocation and systemic inflammation in patients with human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) infection. We profiled the fecal microbiota as a proxy of gut microbiota by parallel barcoded 454-pyrosequencing in 67 HIV-1-infected patients (32 receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy [HAART] and 35 HAART naïve) and 16 healthy controls from a Chinese population. We showed that α-diversity indices did not differ significantly between the healthy control and HIV-1-infected patients. The ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes increased significantly in HIV-1-infected patients. Several key bacterial phylotypes, including Prevotella, were prevalent in HIV-1-infected patients; whereas Phascolarctobacterium, Clostridium XIVb, Dialister and Megamonas were significantly correlated with systemic inflammatory cytokines. After short-term, effective HAART, the viral loads of HIV-1 were reduced; however, the diversity and composition of the fecal microbiota were not completely restored. and the dysbiosis remained among HIV-1-infected subjects undergoing HAART. Our detailed analysis demonstrated that dysbiosis of fecal microbiota might play an active role in HIV-1 infection. Thus, new insights may be provided into therapeutics that target the microbiota to attenuate the progression of HIV disease and to reduce the risk of gut-linked disease in HIV-1-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongxin Ling
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China
| | - Changzhong Jin
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China
| | - Tiansheng Xie
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China
| | - Yiwen Cheng
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China
| | - Lanjuan Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China
| | - Nanping Wu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China
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396
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Dubourg G, Lagier JC, Hüe S, Surenaud M, Bachar D, Robert C, Michelle C, Ravaux I, Mokhtari S, Million M, Stein A, Brouqui P, Levy Y, Raoult D. Gut microbiota associated with HIV infection is significantly enriched in bacteria tolerant to oxygen. BMJ Open Gastroenterol 2016; 3:e000080. [PMID: 27547442 PMCID: PMC4985784 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgast-2016-000080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Gut microbiota modifications occurring during HIV infection have recently been associated with inflammation and microbial translocation. However, discrepancies between studies justified a comprehensive analysis performed on a large sample size. Design and methods In a case–control study, next-generation sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene was applied to the faecal microbiota of 31 HIV-infected patients, of whom 18 were treated with antiretroviral treatment (ART), compared with 27 healthy controls. 21 sera samples from HIV-infected patients and 7 sera samples from control participants were used to test the presence of 25 markers of inflammation and/or immune activation. Results Diversity was significantly reduced in HIV individuals when compared with controls and was not restored in the ART group. The relative abundance of several members of Ruminococcaceae such as Faecalibacterium prausnitzii was critically less abundant in the HIV-infected group and inversely correlated with inflammation/immune activation markers. Members of Enterobacteriaceae and Enterococcaceae were found to be enriched and positively correlated with these markers. There were significantly more aerotolerant species enriched in HIV samples (42/52 species, 80.8%) when compared with the control group (14/87 species, 16.1%; χ2 test, p<10−5, conditional maximum-likelihood estimate (CMLE) OR=21.9). Conclusions Imbalance between aerobic and anaerobic flora observed in HIV faecal microbiota could be a consequence of the gut impairment classically observed in HIV infection via the production of oxygen. Overgrowth of proinflammatory aerobic species during HIV infection raises the question of antioxidant supplementation, such as vitamin C, E or N-acetylcysteine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Dubourg
- Faculté de Médecine, URMITE, UMR CNRS 6236-IRD 198, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France; Pôle des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Clinique et Biologique, Fédération de Bactériologie-Hygiène-Virologie, University Hospital Centre Timone, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU) Méditerranée Infection, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Lagier
- Faculté de Médecine, URMITE , UMR CNRS 6236-IRD 198, Aix-Marseille Université , Marseille , France
| | - Sophie Hüe
- INSERM, U955, Equipe 16, Créteil, 94000, France; Université Paris Est, Faculté de médecine, Créteil, France; Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Créteil, France; AP-HP, Hôpital H. Mondor-A. Chenevier, Service d'immunologie biologique, Créteil, France
| | - Mathieu Surenaud
- INSERM, U955, Equipe 16, Créteil, 94000, France; Université Paris Est, Faculté de médecine, Créteil, France; Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Créteil, France
| | - Dipankar Bachar
- Faculté de Médecine, URMITE , UMR CNRS 6236-IRD 198, Aix-Marseille Université , Marseille , France
| | - Catherine Robert
- Faculté de Médecine, URMITE , UMR CNRS 6236-IRD 198, Aix-Marseille Université , Marseille , France
| | - Caroline Michelle
- Faculté de Médecine, URMITE , UMR CNRS 6236-IRD 198, Aix-Marseille Université , Marseille , France
| | - Isabelle Ravaux
- Service de Maladies Infectieuses et tropicales, CHU de la Conception , 147, boulevard Baille, Pôle Infectieux, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection , Marseille , France
| | - Saadia Mokhtari
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, CHU Nord, Pôle Infectieux, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection , Marseille , France
| | - Matthieu Million
- Faculté de Médecine, URMITE, UMR CNRS 6236-IRD 198, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France; Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, CHU Nord, Pôle Infectieux, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Andreas Stein
- Service de Maladies Infectieuses et tropicales, CHU de la Conception , 147, boulevard Baille, Pôle Infectieux, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection , Marseille , France
| | - Philippe Brouqui
- Faculté de Médecine, URMITE, UMR CNRS 6236-IRD 198, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France; Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, CHU Nord, Pôle Infectieux, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Yves Levy
- INSERM, U955, Equipe 16, Créteil, 94000, France; Université Paris Est, Faculté de médecine, Créteil, France; Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Créteil, France; AP-HP, Hôpital H. Mondor-A. Chenevier, Service d'immunologie biologique, Créteil, France; AP-HP, Hôpital H. Mondor-A. Chenevier, Service d'immunologie clinique et maladies infectieuses, Créteil, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- Faculté de Médecine, URMITE, UMR CNRS 6236-IRD 198, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France; Pôle des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Clinique et Biologique, Fédération de Bactériologie-Hygiène-Virologie, University Hospital Centre Timone, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU) Méditerranée Infection, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France; Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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397
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Bender JM, Li F, Martelly S, Byrt E, Rouzier V, Leo M, Tobin N, Pannaraj PS, Adisetiyo H, Rollie A, Santiskulvong C, Wang S, Autran C, Bode L, Fitzgerald D, Kuhn L, Aldrovandi GM. Maternal HIV infection influences the microbiome of HIV-uninfected infants. Sci Transl Med 2016; 8:349ra100. [PMID: 27464748 PMCID: PMC5301310 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf5103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
More than 1 million HIV-exposed, uninfected infants are born annually to HIV-positive mothers worldwide. This growing population of infants experiences twice the mortality of HIV-unexposed infants. We found that although there were very few differences seen in the microbiomes of mothers with and without HIV infection, maternal HIV infection was associated with changes in the microbiome of HIV-exposed, uninfected infants. Furthermore, we observed that human breast milk oligosaccharides were associated with bacterial species in the infant microbiome. The disruption of the infant's microbiome associated with maternal HIV infection may contribute to the increased morbidity and mortality of HIV-exposed, uninfected infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Bender
- Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA. Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Fan Li
- Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Shoria Martelly
- GHESKIO Centers, The Haitian Group for the Study of Kaposi's Sarcoma and Opportunistic Infections, Port-au-Prince, Ouest 15727, Haiti
| | - Erin Byrt
- Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA. Center for Global Health, Weill-Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Vanessa Rouzier
- GHESKIO Centers, The Haitian Group for the Study of Kaposi's Sarcoma and Opportunistic Infections, Port-au-Prince, Ouest 15727, Haiti
| | - Marguerite Leo
- GHESKIO Centers, The Haitian Group for the Study of Kaposi's Sarcoma and Opportunistic Infections, Port-au-Prince, Ouest 15727, Haiti
| | - Nicole Tobin
- Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Pia S Pannaraj
- Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA. Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | | | | | | | - Shaun Wang
- Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Chloe Autran
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Lars Bode
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Daniel Fitzgerald
- Center for Global Health, Weill-Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Louise Kuhn
- Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Grace M Aldrovandi
- Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA. Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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398
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van Beek AA, Hugenholtz F, Meijer B, Sovran B, Perdijk O, Vermeij WP, Brandt RMC, Barnhoorn S, Hoeijmakers JHJ, de Vos P, Leenen PJM, Hendriks RW, Savelkoul HFJ. Frontline Science: Tryptophan restriction arrests B cell development and enhances microbial diversity in WT and prematurely aging Ercc1-/Δ7 mice. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 101:811-821. [PMID: 27418353 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1hi0216-062rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
With aging, tryptophan metabolism is affected. Tryptophan has a crucial role in the induction of immune tolerance and the maintenance of gut microbiota. We, therefore, studied the effect of dietary tryptophan restriction in young wild-type (WT) mice (118-wk life span) and in DNA-repair deficient, premature-aged (Ercc1-/Δ7 ) mice (20-wk life span). First, we found that the effect of aging on the distribution of B and T cells in bone marrow (BM) and in the periphery of 16-wk-old Ercc1-/Δ7 mice was comparable to that in 18-mo-old WT mice. Dietary tryptophan restriction caused an arrest of B cell development in the BM, accompanied by diminished B cell frequencies in the periphery. In general, old Ercc1-/Δ7 mice showed similar responses to tryptophan restriction compared with young WT mice, indicative of age-independent effects. Dietary tryptophan restriction increased microbial diversity and made the gut microbiota composition of old Ercc1-/Δ7 mice more similar to that of young WT mice. The decreased abundances of Alistipes and Akkermansia spp. after dietary tryptophan restriction correlated significantly with decreased B cell precursor numbers. In conclusion, we report that dietary tryptophan restriction arrests B cell development and concomitantly changes gut microbiota composition. Our study suggests a beneficial interplay between dietary tryptophan, B cell development, and gut microbial composition on several aspects of age-induced changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriaan A van Beek
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands; .,Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Floor Hugenholtz
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ben Meijer
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno Sovran
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Host-Microbe Interactomics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Olaf Perdijk
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wilbert P Vermeij
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Renata M C Brandt
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Barnhoorn
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan H J Hoeijmakers
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul de Vos
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; and
| | - Pieter J M Leenen
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rudi W Hendriks
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Huub F J Savelkoul
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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399
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Jacobs JP, Goudarzi M, Singh N, Tong M, McHardy IH, Ruegger P, Asadourian M, Moon BH, Ayson A, Borneman J, McGovern DP, Fornace AJ, Braun J, Dubinsky M. A Disease-Associated Microbial and Metabolomics State in Relatives of Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 2:750-766. [PMID: 28174747 PMCID: PMC5247316 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Microbes may increase susceptibility to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) by producing bioactive metabolites that affect immune activity and epithelial function. We undertook a family based study to identify microbial and metabolic features of IBD that may represent a predisease risk state when found in healthy first-degree relatives. METHODS Twenty-one families with pediatric IBD were recruited, comprising 26 Crohn's disease patients in clinical remission, 10 ulcerative colitis patients in clinical remission, and 54 healthy siblings/parents. Fecal samples were collected for 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing, untargeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry metabolomics, and calprotectin measurement. Individuals were grouped into microbial and metabolomics states using Dirichlet multinomial models. Multivariate models were used to identify microbes and metabolites associated with these states. RESULTS Individuals were classified into 2 microbial community types. One was associated with IBD but irrespective of disease status, had lower microbial diversity, and characteristic shifts in microbial composition including increased Enterobacteriaceae, consistent with dysbiosis. This microbial community type was associated similarly with IBD and reduced microbial diversity in an independent pediatric cohort. Individuals also clustered bioinformatically into 2 subsets with shared fecal metabolomics signatures. One metabotype was associated with IBD and was characterized by increased bile acids, taurine, and tryptophan. The IBD-associated microbial and metabolomics states were highly correlated, suggesting that they represented an integrated ecosystem. Healthy relatives with the IBD-associated microbial community type had an increased incidence of elevated fecal calprotectin. CONCLUSIONS Healthy first-degree relatives can have dysbiosis associated with an altered intestinal metabolome that may signify a predisease microbial susceptibility state or subclinical inflammation. Longitudinal prospective studies are required to determine whether these individuals have a clinically significant increased risk for developing IBD.
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Key Words
- AUC, area under the curve
- CD, Crohn’s disease
- Family Cohort
- IBD, inflammatory bowel disease
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease
- LC/MS, liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry
- Metabolomics
- Microbiome
- OTU, operational taxonomic unit
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- PCoA, principal coordinates analysis
- ToFMS, time-of-flight mass spectrometry
- UC, ulcerative colitis
- UPLC, ultra-performance liquid chromatography
- rRNA, ribosomal RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P. Jacobs
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Maryam Goudarzi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Namita Singh
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Maomeng Tong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ian H. McHardy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Paul Ruegger
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California
| | - Miro Asadourian
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Bo-Hyun Moon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Allyson Ayson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - James Borneman
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California
| | - Dermot P.B. McGovern
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Albert J. Fornace
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Jonathan Braun
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Jonathan Braun, MD, PhD, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, 924 Westwood Boulevard, Suite 705, Los Angeles, California 90095. fax: (310) 267-4486.Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of California Los Angeles924 Westwood BoulevardSuite 705Los AngelesCalifornia 90095
| | - Marla Dubinsky
- Susan and Leonard Feinstein Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York,Marla Dubinsky, MD, Susan and Leonard Feinstein Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine, 17 East 102nd Street, East Tower, 5th Floor, New York, New York 10029. fax: (646) 537-8924.Susan and Leonard Feinstein Inflammatory Bowel Disease CenterDepartment of PediatricsIcahn School of Medicine17 East 102nd StreetEast Tower5th FloorNew YorkNew York 10029
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400
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Following tissue barrier breaches, interleukin-33 (IL-33) is released as an 'alarmin' to induce inflammation. Soluble suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (sST2), as an IL-33 decoy receptor, contributes to limit inflammation. We assessed the relationship between the IL-33/ST2 axis and markers of gut mucosal damage in patients with early (EHI) and chronic HIV infection (CHI) and elite controllers. DESIGN Analyses on patients with EHI and CHI were conducted to determine IL-33/sST2 changes over time. METHODS IL-33 and sST2 levels were measured in plasma. Correlations between sST2 levels and plasma viral load, CD4 and CD8 T-cell counts, expression of T-cell activation/exhaustion markers, gut mucosal damage, microbial translocation and inflammation markers, as well as kynurenine/tryptophan ratio were assessed. RESULTS Plasma sST2 levels were elevated in EHI compared with untreated CHI and uninfected controls, whereas IL-33 levels were comparable in all groups. In EHI, sST2 levels were positively correlated with the CD8 T-cell count and the percentage of T cells expressing activation and exhaustion markers, but not with viral load or CD4 T-cell count. Plasma sST2 levels also correlated with plasma levels of gut mucosal damage, microbial translocation and kynurenine/tryptophan ratio and for some markers of inflammation. Prospective analyses showed that early antiretroviral therapy had no impact on sST2 levels, whereas longer treatment duration initiated during CHI normalized sST2. CONCLUSION As sST2 levels were elevated in EHI and were correlated with CD8 T-cell count, immune activation, and microbial translocation, sST2 may serve as a marker of disease progression, gut damage and may directly contribute to HIV pathogenesis.
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