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Morvan MG, Teque F, Ye L, Moreno ME, Wang J, VandenBerg S, Stoddart CA, Kan YW, Levy JA. Genetically edited CD34 + cells derived from human iPS cells in vivo but not in vitro engraft and differentiate into HIV-resistant cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2102404118. [PMID: 33975958 PMCID: PMC8158014 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2102404118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic editing of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells represents a promising avenue for an HIV cure. However, certain challenges remain before bringing this approach to the clinic. Among them, in vivo engraftment of cells genetically edited in vitro needs to be achieved. In this study, CD34+ cells derived in vitro from iPS cells genetically modified to carry the CCR5Δ32 mutant alleles did not engraft in humanized immunodeficient mice. However, the CD34+ cells isolated from teratomas generated in vivo from these genetically edited iPS cells engrafted in all experiments. These CD34+ cells also gave rise to peripheral blood mononuclear cells in the mice that, when inoculated with HIV in cell culture, were resistant to HIV R5-tropic isolates. This study indicates that teratomas can provide an environment that can help evaluate the engraftment potential of CD34+ cells derived from the genetically modified iPS cells in vitro. The results further confirm the possibility of using genetically engineered iPS cells to derive engraftable hematopoietic stem cells resistant to HIV as an approach toward an HIV cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maelig G Morvan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-1270
| | - Fernando Teque
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-1270
| | - Lin Ye
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Mary E Moreno
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94110
| | - Jiaming Wang
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Scott VandenBerg
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, Biorepository and Tissue Biomarker Technology Core, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0875
| | - Cheryl A Stoddart
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94110
| | - Yuet Wai Kan
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143;
| | - Jay A Levy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-1270;
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2
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Cham LB, Torrez Dulgeroff LB, Tal MC, Adomati T, Li F, Bhat H, Huang A, Lang PA, Moreno ME, Rivera JM, Galkina SA, Kosikova G, Stoddart CA, McCune JM, Myers LM, Weissman IL, Lang KS, Hasenkrug KJ. Immunotherapeutic Blockade of CD47 Inhibitory Signaling Enhances Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses to Viral Infection. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107494. [PMID: 32294445 PMCID: PMC8369894 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.03.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Paradoxically, early host responses to infection include the upregulation of the antiphagocytic molecule, CD47. This suggests that CD47 blockade could enhance antigen presentation and subsequent immune responses. Indeed, mice treated with anti-CD47 monoclonal antibody following lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infections show increased activation of both macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs), enhancement of the kinetics and potency of CD8+ T cell responses, and significantly improved virus control. Treatment efficacy is critically dependent on both APCs and CD8+ T cells. In preliminary results from one of two cohorts of humanized mice infected with HIV-1 for 6 weeks, CD47 blockade reduces plasma p24 levels and restores CD4+ T cell counts. The results indicate that CD47 blockade not only enhances the function of innate immune cells but also links to adaptive immune responses through improved APC function. As such, immunotherapy by CD47 blockade may have broad applicability to treat a wide range of infectious diseases. Cham et al. describe a way to enhance natural immune responses to infections by blocking interactions between two molecules (CD47 and SIRPα) that normally put brakes on the immune system. Since this therapy targets the immune system, it could have broad applicability against a wide range of infectious agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamin B Cham
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Laughing Bear Torrez Dulgeroff
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, and Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michal Caspi Tal
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, and Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tom Adomati
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Fanghui Li
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Hilal Bhat
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Anfei Huang
- Department of Molecular Medicine II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Philipp A Lang
- Department of Molecular Medicine II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Mary E Moreno
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Jose M Rivera
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Sofiya A Galkina
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Galina Kosikova
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Cheryl A Stoddart
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Joseph M McCune
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Lara M Myers
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Irving L Weissman
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, and Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Karl S Lang
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147 Essen, Germany.
| | - Kim J Hasenkrug
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA.
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3
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Vasquez JJ, Hussien R, Aguilar-Rodriguez B, Junger H, Dobi D, Henrich TJ, Thanh C, Gibson E, Hogan LE, McCune J, Hunt PW, Stoddart CA, Laszik ZG. Elucidating the Burden of HIV in Tissues Using Multiplexed Immunofluorescence and In Situ Hybridization: Methods for the Single-Cell Phenotypic Characterization of Cells Harboring HIV In Situ. J Histochem Cytochem 2018; 66:427-446. [PMID: 29462571 PMCID: PMC5977441 DOI: 10.1369/0022155418756848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent tissue reservoirs of HIV present a major barrier to cure. Defining subsets of infected cells in tissues is a major focus of HIV cure research. Herein, we describe a novel multiplexed in situ hybridization (ISH) (RNAscope) protocol to detect HIV-DNA (vDNA) and HIV-RNA (vRNA) in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) human tissues in combination with immunofluorescence (IF) phenotyping of the infected cells. We show that multiplexed IF and ISH (mIFISH) is suitable for quantitative assessment of HIV vRNA and vDNA and that multiparameter IF phenotyping allows precise identification of the cellular source of the ISH signal. We also provide semi-quantitative data on the impact of various tissue fixatives on the detectability of vDNA and vRNA with RNAscope technology. Finally, we describe methods to quantitate the ISH signal on whole-slide digital images and validation of the quantitative ISH data with quantitative real-time PCR for vRNA. It is our hope that this approach will provide insight into the biology of HIV tissue reservoirs and to inform strategies aimed at curing HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J. Vasquez
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of
Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy,
and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San
Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rajaa Hussien
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of
Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Brandon Aguilar-Rodriguez
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of
Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Henrik Junger
- Department of Pathology, University of
California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dejan Dobi
- Department of Pathology, University of
California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Timothy J. Henrich
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of
Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Division of HIV/AIDS, Department of Medicine,
University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of
Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Cassandra Thanh
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department
of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Erica Gibson
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department
of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Louise E. Hogan
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department
of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joseph McCune
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department
of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Peter W. Hunt
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department
of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Division of HIV/AIDS, Department of Medicine,
University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of
Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Cheryl A. Stoddart
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department
of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Zoltan G. Laszik
- Department of Pathology, University of
California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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4
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Hogan LE, Vasquez J, Hobbs KS, Hanhauser E, Aguilar-Rodriguez B, Hussien R, Thanh C, Gibson EA, Carvidi AB, Smith LCB, Khan S, Trapecar M, Sanjabi S, Somsouk M, Stoddart CA, Kuritzkes DR, Deeks SG, Henrich TJ. Increased HIV-1 transcriptional activity and infectious burden in peripheral blood and gut-associated CD4+ T cells expressing CD30. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006856. [PMID: 29470552 PMCID: PMC5823470 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1-infected cells persist indefinitely despite the use of combination antiretroviral therapy (ART), and novel therapeutic strategies to target and purge residual infected cells in individuals on ART are urgently needed. Here, we demonstrate that CD4+ T cell-associated HIV-1 RNA is often highly enriched in cells expressing CD30, and that cells expressing this marker considerably contribute to the total pool of transcriptionally active CD4+ lymphocytes in individuals on suppressive ART. Using in situ RNA hybridization studies, we show co-localization of CD30 with HIV-1 transcriptional activity in gut-associated lymphoid tissues. We also demonstrate that ex vivo treatment with brentuximab vedotin, an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) that targets CD30, significantly reduces the total amount of HIV-1 DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from infected, ART-suppressed individuals. Finally, we observed that an HIV-1-infected individual, who received repeated brentuximab vedotin infusions for lymphoma, had no detectable virus in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Overall, CD30 may be a marker of residual, transcriptionally active HIV-1 infected cells in the setting of suppressive ART. Given that CD30 is only expressed on a small number of total mononuclear cells, it is a potential therapeutic target of persistent HIV-1 infection. Previous studies have shown that higher levels of soluble CD30 are associated with HIV-1 disease progression. Many of these studies, however, were performed prior to the implementation of combination ART, and the relationship between surface CD30 expression, soluble CD30 and HIV-1 infection in ART suppressed individuals, or those with viremic control off ART, is not known. We demonstrate that cell-associated HIV-1 RNA is highly enriched in CD4+ T cells expressing CD30, a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily. These findings were observed in several HIV-1 infected donor groups, regardless of whether or not the participants were receiving suppressive ART. Furthermore, we demonstrate that ex vivo treatment with brentuximab vedotin, an antibody-drug conjugate that targets CD30, reduces the total amount of HIV-1 DNA in PBMC obtained from infected individuals. Finally, we show through in situ RNA hybridization studies that CD30 and HIV transcriptional activity co-localize in cells from gut biopsies obtained from HIV-1 infected donors. These data suggest that CD30 may be a marker of residual, transcriptionally active HIV-1 infected cells in the setting of suppressive ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise E. Hogan
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LEH); (TJH)
| | - Joshua Vasquez
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Kristen S. Hobbs
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Emily Hanhauser
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Brandon Aguilar-Rodriguez
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Rajaa Hussien
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Cassandra Thanh
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Erica A. Gibson
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Alexander B. Carvidi
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Louis C. B. Smith
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Shahzada Khan
- Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Martin Trapecar
- Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Shomyseh Sanjabi
- Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Ma Somsouk
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Cheryl A. Stoddart
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel R. Kuritzkes
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Steven G. Deeks
- Positive Health Program, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Timothy J. Henrich
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LEH); (TJH)
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Rose R, Nolan DJ, Maidji E, Stoddart CA, Singer EJ, Lamers SL, McGrath MS. Eradication of HIV from Tissue Reservoirs: Challenges for the Cure. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2018; 34:3-8. [PMID: 28691499 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2017.0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The persistence of HIV infection, even after lengthy and successful combined antiretroviral therapy (cART), has precluded an effective cure. The anatomical locations and biological mechanisms through which the viral population is maintained remain unknown. Much research has focused nearly exclusively on circulating resting T cells as the predominant source of persistent HIV, a strategy with limited success in developing an effective cure strategy. In this study, we review research supporting the importance of anatomical tissues and other immune cells for HIV maintenance and expansion, including the central nervous system, lymph nodes, and macrophages. We present accumulated research that clearly demonstrates the limitations of using blood-derived cells as a proxy for tissue reservoirs and sanctuaries throughout the body. We cite recent studies that have successfully used deep-sequencing strategies to uncover the complexity of HIV infection and the ability of the virus to evolve despite undetectable plasma viral loads. Finally, we suggest new strategies and highlight the importance of tissue banks for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ekaterina Maidji
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Cheryl A. Stoddart
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Elyse J. Singer
- The National Neurological AIDS Bank at David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine and Olive View-UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Michael S. McGrath
- The AIDS and Cancer Specimen Resource, San Francisco, California
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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Maidji E, Somsouk M, Rivera JM, Hunt PW, Stoddart CA. Replication of CMV in the gut of HIV-infected individuals and epithelial barrier dysfunction. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006202. [PMID: 28241080 PMCID: PMC5328284 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Although invasive cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease is uncommon in the era of antiretroviral therapy (ART), asymptomatic CMV coinfection is nearly ubiquitous in HIV infected individuals. While microbial translocation and gut epithelial barrier dysfunction may promote persistent immune activation in treated HIV infection, potentially contributing to morbidity and mortality, it has been unclear whether CMV replication in individuals with no symptoms of CMV disease might play a role in this process. We hypothesized that persistent CMV replication in the intestinal epithelium of HIV/CMV-coinfected individuals impairs gut epithelial barrier function. Using a combination of state-of-the-art in situ hybridization technology (RNAscope) and immunohistochemistry, we detected CMV DNA and proteins and evidence of intestinal damage in rectosigmoid samples from CMV-positive individuals with both untreated and ART-suppressed HIV infection. Two different model systems, primary human intestinal cells differentiated in vitro to form polarized monolayers and a humanized mouse model of human gut, together demonstrated that intestinal epithelial cells are fully permissive to CMV replication. Independent of HIV, CMV disrupted tight junctions of polarized intestinal cells, significantly reducing transepithelial electrical resistance, a measure of monolayer integrity, and enhancing transepithelial permeability. The effect of CMV infection on the intestinal epithelium is mediated, at least in part, by the CMV-induced proinflammatory cytokine IL-6. Furthermore, letermovir, a novel anti-CMV drug, dampened the effects of CMV on the epithelium. Together, our data strongly suggest that CMV can disrupt epithelial junctions, leading to bacterial translocation and chronic inflammation in the gut and that CMV could serve as a target for therapeutic intervention to prevent or treat gut epithelial barrier dysfunction during HIV infection. Intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction is a well-known consequence of HIV infection that persists in spite of ART. The underlying mechanisms by which HIV perturbs intestinal epithelial junctions remain unclear, and the impact of opportunistic viral pathogens in the gut has not been fully appreciated. HIV-infected individuals are almost universally coinfected with CMV. While ART has resulted in a dramatic decline in the occurrence of end-organ CMV diseases, CMV remains an independent contributor to systemic inflammation in HIV-infected people. In our analysis of rectosigmoid biopsies from CMV/HIV-coinfected individuals, we found active CMV replication associated with intestinal damage in the gut of ART-suppressed HIV-infected individuals with no symptoms of CMV disease. We demonstrated that CMV productively infects intestinal epithelial cells and, independent of HIV, disrupts their tight junctions and compromises epithelial barrier function. Furthermore, the CMV-induced proinflammatory cytokine IL-6 is a key factor in this process, and attenuation of CMV replication by letermovir, a new anti-CMV agent currently in clinical development, was sufficient to prevent CMV-induced loss of epithelial integrity. Our data highlight the role of CMV as a cofactor in intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction in asymptomatic HIV infection and suggest a novel treatment strategy to prevent intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction and inflammation in HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Maidji
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Ma Somsouk
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jose M. Rivera
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Peter W. Hunt
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Cheryl A. Stoddart
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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7
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Lamers SL, Rose R, Maidji E, Agsalda-Garcia M, Nolan DJ, Fogel GB, Salemi M, Garcia DL, Bracci P, Yong W, Commins D, Said J, Khanlou N, Hinkin CH, Sueiras MV, Mathisen G, Donovan S, Shiramizu B, Stoddart CA, McGrath MS, Singer EJ. HIV DNA Is Frequently Present within Pathologic Tissues Evaluated at Autopsy from Combined Antiretroviral Therapy-Treated Patients with Undetectable Viral Loads. J Virol 2016; 90:8968-83. [PMID: 27466426 PMCID: PMC5044815 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00674-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED HIV infection treatment strategies have historically defined effectiveness through measuring patient plasma HIV RNA. While combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) can reduce plasma viral load (pVL) to undetectable levels, the degree that HIV is eliminated from other anatomical sites remains unclear. We investigated the HIV DNA levels in 229 varied autopsy tissues from 20 HIV-positive (HIV(+)) cART-treated study participants with low or undetectable plasma VL and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) VL prior to death who were enrolled in the National Neurological AIDS Bank (NNAB) longitudinal study and autopsy cohort. Extensive medical histories were obtained for each participant. Autopsy specimens, including at least six brain and nonbrain tissues per participant, were reviewed by study pathologists. HIV DNA, measured in tissues by quantitative and droplet digital PCR, was identified in 48/87 brain tissues and 82/142 nonbrain tissues at levels >200 HIV copies/million cell equivalents. No participant was found to be completely free of tissue HIV. Parallel sequencing studies from some tissues recovered intact HIV DNA and RNA. Abnormal histological findings were identified in all participants, especially in brain, spleen, lung, lymph node, liver, aorta, and kidney. All brain tissues demonstrated some degree of pathology. Ninety-five percent of participants had some degree of atherosclerosis, and 75% of participants died with cancer. This study assists in characterizing the anatomical locations of HIV, in particular, macrophage-rich tissues, such as the central nervous system (CNS) and testis. Additional studies are needed to determine if the HIV recovered from tissues promotes the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases, such as HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders, cancer, and atherosclerosis. IMPORTANCE It is well-known that combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) can reduce plasma HIV to undetectable levels; however, cART cannot completely clear HIV infection. An ongoing question is, "Where is HIV hiding?" A well-studied HIV reservoir is "resting" T cells, which can be isolated from blood products and succumb to cART once activated. Less-studied reservoirs are anatomical tissue samples, which have unknown cART penetration, contain a comparably diverse spectrum of potentially HIV-infected immune cells, and are important since <2% of body lymphocytes actually reside in blood. We examined 229 varied autopsy specimens from 20 HIV(+) participants who died while on cART and identified that >50% of tissues were HIV infected. Additionally, we identified considerable pathology in participants' tissues, especially in brain, spleen, lung, lymph node, liver, aorta, and kidney. This study substantiates that tissue-associated HIV is present despite cART and can inform future studies into HIV persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ekaterina Maidji
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Melissa Agsalda-Garcia
- The University of Hawaii, Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology & Pharmacology and Hawaii Center for AIDS, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - David J Nolan
- Bioinfoexperts, LLC, Thibodaux, Louisiana, USA The University of Florida Emerging Pathogens Institute, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Gary B Fogel
- Natural Selection, Inc., San Diego, California, USA
| | - Marco Salemi
- The University of Florida Emerging Pathogens Institute, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Debra L Garcia
- The AIDS and Cancer Specimen Resource, San Francisco, California, USA University of California, San Francisco, Department of Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Paige Bracci
- The AIDS and Cancer Specimen Resource, San Francisco, California, USA University of California, San Francisco, Department of Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - William Yong
- National Neurological AIDS Bank, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA David Geffen School of Medicine and Olive View-UCLA Medical Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Deborah Commins
- University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jonathan Said
- National Neurological AIDS Bank, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA David Geffen School of Medicine and Olive View-UCLA Medical Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Negar Khanlou
- National Neurological AIDS Bank, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA David Geffen School of Medicine and Olive View-UCLA Medical Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Charles H Hinkin
- National Neurological AIDS Bank, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA UCLA School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Miguel Valdes Sueiras
- National Neurological AIDS Bank, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA David Geffen School of Medicine and Olive View-UCLA Medical Center, Department of Neurology, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Glenn Mathisen
- National Neurological AIDS Bank, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Suzanne Donovan
- National Neurological AIDS Bank, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Bruce Shiramizu
- The University of Hawaii, Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology & Pharmacology and Hawaii Center for AIDS, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Cheryl A Stoddart
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Michael S McGrath
- The AIDS and Cancer Specimen Resource, San Francisco, California, USA University of California, San Francisco, Department of Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Elyse J Singer
- National Neurological AIDS Bank, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA David Geffen School of Medicine and Olive View-UCLA Medical Center, Department of Neurology, Los Angeles, California, USA
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8
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Abstract
HIV evades eradication because transcriptionally dormant proviral genomes persist in long-lived reservoirs of resting CD4(+) T cells and myeloid cells, which are the source of viral rebound after cessation of antiretroviral therapy. Dormant HIV genomes readily produce infectious virus upon cellular activation because host transcription factors activated specifically by cell stress and heat shock mediate full-length HIV transcription. The molecular chaperone heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is overexpressed during heat shock and activates inducible cellular transcription factors. Here we show that heat shock accelerates HIV transcription through induction of Hsp90 activity, which activates essential HIV-specific cellular transcription factors (NF-κB, NFAT, and STAT5), and that inhibition of Hsp90 greatly reduces gene expression mediated by these factors. More importantly, we show that Hsp90 controls virus transcription in vivo by specific Hsp90 inhibitors in clinical development, tanespimycin (17-(allylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin) and AUY922, which durably prevented viral rebound in HIV-infected humanized NOD scid IL-2Rγ(-/-) bone marrow-liver-thymus mice up to 11 weeks after treatment cessation. Despite the absence of rebound viremia, we were able to recover infectious HIV from PBMC with heat shock. Replication-competent virus was detected in spleen cells from these nonviremic Hsp90 inhibitor-treated mice, indicating the presence of a tissue reservoir of persistent infection. Our novel findings provide in vivo evidence that inhibition of Hsp90 activity prevents HIV gene expression in replication-competent cellular reservoirs that would typically cause rebound in plasma viremia after antiretroviral therapy cessation. Alternating or supplementing Hsp90 inhibitors with current antiretroviral therapy regimens could conceivably suppress rebound viremia from persistent HIV reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pheroze Joshi
- From the Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, California 94110
| | - Ekaterina Maidji
- From the Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, California 94110
| | - Cheryl A Stoddart
- From the Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, California 94110
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9
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Ghosn EEB, Waters J, Phillips M, Yamamoto R, Long BR, Yang Y, Gerstein R, Stoddart CA, Nakauchi H, Herzenberg LA. Fetal Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Fails to Fully Regenerate the B-Lymphocyte Compartment. Stem Cell Reports 2015; 6:137-49. [PMID: 26724903 PMCID: PMC4720028 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
B cells are key components of cellular and humoral immunity and, like all lymphocytes, are thought to originate and renew from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). However, our recent single-HSC transfer studies demonstrate that adult bone marrow HSCs do not regenerate B-1a, a subset of tissue B cells required for protection against pneumonia, influenza, and other infections. Since B-1a are regenerated by transfers of fetal liver, the question arises as to whether B-1a derive from fetal, but not adult, HSCs. Here we show that, similar to adult HSCs, fetal HSCs selectively fail to regenerate B-1a. We also show that, in humanized mice, human fetal liver regenerates tissue B cells that are phenotypically similar to murine B-1a, raising the question of whether human HSC transplantation, the mainstay of such models, is sufficient to regenerate human B-1a. Thus, our studies overtly challenge the current paradigm that HSCs give rise to all components of the immune system. Purified LT-HSC transplantation fails to fully regenerate the murine immune system LT-HSC transplants selectively fail to regenerate B-1a cells LT-HSC transplantation does not regenerate VH11-encoded natural antibodies Human fetal liver regenerate peritoneal B cells that resemble murine B-1a
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeffrey Waters
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Megan Phillips
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ryo Yamamoto
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Brian R Long
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Rachel Gerstein
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Cheryl A Stoddart
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Hiromitsu Nakauchi
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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10
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Laing ST, Griffey SM, Moreno ME, Stoddart CA. CD8-positive lymphocytes in graft-versus-host disease of humanized NOD.Cg-Prkdc(scid)Il2rg(tm1Wjl)/SzJ mice. J Comp Pathol 2015; 152:238-42. [PMID: 25670669 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2014.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Immunocompromised mice that can support a human immune system are an increasingly important model for the investigation of haemopoietic stem/progenitor cell (HSPC) development and human infectious disease. NOD-SCID IL-2Rγ(-/-) (NSG) mice engrafted with human fetal liver and thymus prior to HSPC engraftment, commonly known as NSG-bone marrow-liver-thymus (NSG-hu-BLT) mice, are one such model and have robust reconstitution of human leucocytes within the peripheral blood and tissues. Four NSG-hu-BLT mice were submitted for diagnostic necropsy examination following the development of alopecia, pruritus and lethargy after HSPC engraftment. Histopathology revealed multifocal to coalescing single keratinocyte cell death in the epidermis and follicles with dermatitis and mild dermal fibrosis. Single-cell hepatocyte cell death was present in three cases, with various degrees of portal fibrosis. In the skin and liver, cell death was associated with lymphocytes that reacted with anti-human CD45, CD3 and CD8 antibodies, consistent with a diagnosis of graft-versus-host disease (GvHD). This study expands on recently reported microscopical features of GvHD in NSG-hu-BLT mice and suggests a role for CD8(+) T lymphocytes in the progression of the disease. NSG-hu-BLT mice represent an excellent model of GvHD, but its prevalence may compromise their use in other fields of biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- S T Laing
- Comparative Pathology Laboratory, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - S M Griffey
- Comparative Pathology Laboratory, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - M E Moreno
- Division of Experimental Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California at San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - C A Stoddart
- Division of Experimental Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California at San Francisco, CA, USA
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11
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Stoddart CA, Galkina SA, Joshi P, Kosikova G, Long BR, Maidji E, Moreno ME, Rivera JM, Sanford UR, Sloan B, Cieplak W, Wrin T, Chan-Hui PY. Efficacy of broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibody PG16 in HIV-infected humanized mice. Virology 2014; 462-463:115-25. [PMID: 24971704 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Highly potent broadly neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies hold promise for HIV prophylaxis and treatment. We used the SCID-hu Thy/Liv and BLT humanized mouse models to study the efficacy of these antibodies, primarily PG16, against HIV-1 clades A, B, and C. PG16 targets a conserved epitope in the V1/V2 region of gp120 common to 70-80% of HIV-1 isolates from multiple clades and has extremely potent in vitro activity against HIVJR-CSF. PG16 was highly efficacious in SCID-hu mice as a single intraperitoneal administration the day before inoculation of R5-tropic HIV directly into their Thy/Liv implants and demonstrated even greater efficacy if PG16 administration was continued after Thy/Liv implant HIV inoculation. However, PG16 as monotherapy had no activity in humanized mice with established R5-tropic HIV infection. These results provide evidence of tissue penetration of the antibodies, which could aid in their ability to prevent infection if virus crosses the mucosal barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl A Stoddart
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, Box 1234, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Sofiya A Galkina
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, Box 1234, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Pheroze Joshi
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, Box 1234, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Galina Kosikova
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, Box 1234, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Brian R Long
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, Box 1234, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Ekaterina Maidji
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, Box 1234, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Mary E Moreno
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, Box 1234, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jose M Rivera
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, Box 1234, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Ukina R Sanford
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, Box 1234, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Barbara Sloan
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, Box 1234, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | | | - Terri Wrin
- Monogram Biosciences, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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12
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Abstract
We previously showed that reduced infectivity of HIV with incompletely processed capsid-spacer protein 1 (CA-SP1) is rescued by cellular activation or increased expression of HSP90AB1, a member of the cytosolic heat shock protein 90 family. Here we show that HSP90AB1 is present in HIV virions and that HSP90AB1, but not nonfunctional mutated HSP90AB1(E42A+D88A), restores infectivity to HIV with mutations in CA that alter core stability. Further, the CA mutants were hypersensitive to pharmacological inhibition of HSP90AB1. In agreement with Roesch et al. (2012), we found that culturing HIV at 39.5°C enhanced viral infectivity up to 30-fold in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (p=0.002) and rescued CA-mutant infectivity in nonactivated cells, concurrent with elevated expression of HSP90AB1 during hyperthermia. In sum, the transdominant effect of HSP90AB1 on CA-mutant HIV infectivity suggests a potential role for this class of cellular chaperones in HIV core stability and uncoating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pheroze Joshi
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
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13
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Long BR, Stoddart CA. OMIP-012: Phenotypic and numeric determination of human leukocyte reconstitution in humanized mice. Cytometry A 2012; 81:646-8. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Revised: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Vyas GN, Stoddart CA, Killian MS, Brennan TV, Goldberg T, Ziman A, Bryson Y. Derivation of non-infectious envelope proteins from virions isolated from plasma negative for HIV antibodies. Biologicals 2011; 40:15-20. [PMID: 22192456 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2011.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Revised: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural membrane-bound HIV-1 envelope proteins (mHIVenv) could be used to produce an effective subunit vaccine against HIV infection, akin to effective vaccination against HBV infection using the hepatitis B surface antigen. The quaternary structure of mHIVenv is postulated to elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies protective against HIV-1 transmission. The founder virus transmitted to infected individuals during acute HIV-1 infection is genetically homogeneous and restricted to CCR5-tropic phenotype. Therefore, isolates of plasma-derived HIV-1 (PHIV) from infected blood donors while negative for antibodies to HIV proteins were selected for expansion in primary lymphocytes as an optimized cell substrate (OCS). Virions in the culture supernatants were purified by removing contaminating microvesicles using immunomagnetic beads coated with anti-CD45. Membrane cholesterol was extracted from purified virions with beta-cyclodextrin to permeabilize them and expel p24, RT and viral RNA, and permit protease-free Benzonase to hydrolyze the residual viral/host DNA/RNA without loss of gp120. The resultant mHIVenv, containing gp120 bound to native gp41 in immunoreactive form, was free from infectivity in vitro in co-cultures with OCS and in vivo after inoculating SCID-hu Thy/Liv mice. These data should help development of mHIVenv as a virally safe immunogen and enable preparation of polyclonal hyper-immune globulins for immunoprophylaxis against HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girish N Vyas
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, School of Medicine, UCSF Box 0134, 185 Berry Street, Suite 2010-07, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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15
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Joshi P, Stoddart CA. Potential role of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) in HIV uncoating. Retrovirology 2011. [PMCID: PMC3236973 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-8-s2-p80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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16
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Stoddart CA, Maidji E, Galkina SA, Kosikova G, Rivera JM, Moreno ME, Sloan B, Joshi P, Long BR. Superior human leukocyte reconstitution and susceptibility to vaginal HIV transmission in humanized NOD-scid IL-2Rγ(-/-) (NSG) BLT mice. Virology 2011; 417:154-60. [PMID: 21684569 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2011.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2011] [Revised: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Humanized Bone marrow/Liver/Thymus (BLT) mice recapitulate the mucosal transmission of HIV, permitting study of early events in HIV pathogenesis and evaluation of preexposure prophylaxis methods to inhibit HIV transmission. Human hematopoiesis is reconstituted in NOD-scid mice by implantation of human fetal liver and thymus tissue to generate human T cells plus intravenous injection of autologous liver-derived CD34(+) hematopoietic stem cells to engraft the mouse bone marrow. In side-by-side comparisons, we show that NOD-scid mice homozygous for a deletion of the IL-2Rγ-chain (NOD-scid IL-2Rγ(-/-)) are far superior to NOD-scid mice in both their peripheral blood reconstitution with multiple classes of human leukocytes (e.g., a mean of 182 versus 14 CD4(+) T cells per μl 12 weeks after CD34(+) injection) and their susceptibility to intravaginal HIV exposure (84% versus 11% viremic mice at 4 weeks). These results should speed efforts to obtain preclinical animal efficacy data for new HIV drugs and microbicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl A Stoddart
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA.
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17
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Abstract
Certain ritonavir resistance mutations impair HIV infectivity through incomplete Gag processing by the mutant viral protease. Analysis of the mutant virus phenotype indicates that accumulation of capsid-spacer peptide 1 precursor protein in virus particles impairs HIV infectivity and that the protease mutant virus is arrested during the early postentry stage of HIV infection before proviral DNA synthesis. However, activation of the target cell can rescue this defect, implying that specific host factors expressed in activated cells can compensate for the defect in ritonavir-resistant HIV. This ability to rescue impaired HIV replication presented a unique opportunity to identify host factors involved in postentry HIV replication, and we designed a functional genetic screen so that expression of a given host factor extracted from activated T cells would lead directly to its discovery by rescuing mutant virus replication in nonactivated T cells. We identified the cellular heat shock protein 90 kDa α (cytosolic), class B member 1 (HSP90AB1) as a host factor that can rescue impaired replication of ritonavir-resistant HIV. Moreover, we show that pharmacologic inhibition of HSP90AB1 with 17-(allylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (tanespimycin) has potent in vitro anti-HIV activity and that ritonavir-resistant HIV is hypersensitive to the drug. These results suggest a possible role for HSP90AB1 in postentry HIV replication and may provide an attractive target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pheroze Joshi
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California 94110, USA
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18
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Mold JE, Venkatasubrahmanyam S, Burt TD, Michaëlsson J, Rivera JM, Galkina SA, Weinberg K, Stoddart CA, McCune JM. Fetal and adult hematopoietic stem cells give rise to distinct T cell lineages in humans. Science 2011; 330:1695-9. [PMID: 21164017 DOI: 10.1126/science.1196509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Although the mammalian immune system is generally thought to develop in a linear fashion, findings in avian and murine species argue instead for the developmentally ordered appearance (or "layering") of distinct hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) that give rise to distinct lymphocyte lineages at different stages of development. Here we provide evidence of an analogous layered immune system in humans. Our results suggest that fetal and adult T cells are distinct populations that arise from different populations of HSCs that are present at different stages of development. We also provide evidence that the fetal T cell lineage is biased toward immune tolerance. These observations offer a mechanistic explanation for the tolerogenic properties of the developing fetus and for variable degrees of immune responsiveness at birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff E Mold
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-1234, USA
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19
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Abstract
Chronic immune activation and inflammation (e.g., as manifest by production of type I interferons) are major determinants of disease progression in primate lentivirus infections. To investigate the impact of such activation on intrathymic T-cell production, we studied infection of the human thymus implants of SCID-hu Thy/Liv mice with X4 and R5 HIV. X4 HIV was observed to infect CD3−CD4+CD8−CXCR4+CCR5− intrathymic T-cell progenitors (ITTP) and to abrogate thymopoiesis. R5 HIV, by contrast, first established a nonpathogenic infection of thymic macrophages and then, after many weeks, began to replicate in ITTP. We demonstrate here that the tropism of R5 HIV is expanded and pathogenicity enhanced by upregulation of CCR5 on these key T-cell progenitors. Such CCR5 induction was mediated by interferon-α (IFN-α) in both thymic organ cultures and in SCID-hu mice, and antibody neutralization of IFN-α in R5 HIV-infected SCID-hu mice inhibited both CCR5 upregulation and infection of the T-cell progenitors. These observations suggest a mechanism by which IFN-α production may paradoxically expand the tropism of R5 HIV and, in so doing, accelerate disease progression. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a lentivirus, is the causative agent of AIDS. Chronic immune activation and inflammation are major determinants of disease progression in primate lentivirus infections and are associated with the production of type I interferon. To investigate the impact of type I interferon on HIV infection, we studied the human thymus implants of SCID-hu Thy/Liv mice infected with HIV that uses either CXCR4 (X4 HIV) or CCR5 (R5 HIV) as a coreceptor. X4 HIV was observed to infect T-cell progenitors in the thymus and to disrupt T-cell production by that organ. R5 HIV, by contrast, first established a nondisruptive infection of thymic macrophages and then began to infect intrathymic T-cell progenitors. We report here that the tropism of R5 HIV is expanded and T-cell disruption enhanced by increased expression of CCR5 on these key T-cell progenitors. Such CCR5 induction was mediated by interferon-α (IFN-α) in both thymic organ cultures and in SCID-hu mice. Moreover, antibody neutralization of IFN-α in R5 HIV-infected SCID-hu mice inhibited both CCR5 upregulation and infection of the T-cell progenitors. These observations suggest a mechanism by which IFN-α may paradoxically expand the tropism of R5 HIV and accelerate disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl A Stoddart
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
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20
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Stoddart CA, Nault G, Galkina SA, Thibaudeau K, Bakis P, Bousquet-Gagnon N, Robitaille M, Bellomo M, Paradis V, Liscourt P, Lobach A, Rivard ME, Ptak RG, Mankowski MK, Bridon D, Quraishi O. Albumin-conjugated C34 peptide HIV-1 fusion inhibitor: equipotent to C34 and T-20 in vitro with sustained activity in SCID-hu Thy/Liv mice. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:34045-52. [PMID: 18809675 PMCID: PMC2590714 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m805536200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2008] [Revised: 09/22/2008] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Entry inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus, type 1 (HIV-1) have been the focus of much recent research. C34, a potent fusion inhibitor derived from the HR2 region of gp41, was engineered into a 1:1 human serum albumin conjugate through stable covalent attachment of a maleimido-C34 analog onto cysteine 34 of albumin. This bioconjugate, PC-1505, was designed to require less frequent dosing and less peptide than T-20 and was assessed for its antifusogenic activity both in vitro and in vivo in the SCID-hu Thy/Liv mouse model. PC-1505 was essentially equipotent to the original C34 peptide and to T-20 in vitro. In HIV-1-infected SCID-hu Thy/Liv mice, T-20 lost activity with infrequent dosing, whereas the antiviral potency of PC-1505 was sustained, and PC-1505 was active against T-20-resistant ("DIV") virus with a G36D substitution in gp41. The in vivo results are the direct result of a significantly improved pharmacokinetic profile for the C34 peptide following albumin conjugation. Contrary to previous reports that the gp41 NHR trimer is poorly accessible to C34 fused to protein cargoes of increasing size (Hamburger, A. E., Kim, S., Welch, B. D., and Kay, M. S. (2005) J. Biol. Chem. 280, 12567-12572), these results are the first demonstration of the capacity for a large, endogenous serum protein to gain unobstructed access to the transient gp41 intermediates that exist during the HIV fusion process, and it supports further development of albumin conjugation as a promising approach to inhibit HIV-1 entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl A Stoddart
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94110, USA.
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21
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Stoddart CA, Joshi P, Sloan B, Bare JC, Smith PC, Allaway GP, Wild CT, Martin DE. Potent activity of the HIV-1 maturation inhibitor bevirimat in SCID-hu Thy/Liv mice. PLoS One 2007; 2:e1251. [PMID: 18043758 PMCID: PMC2080775 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2007] [Accepted: 11/02/2007] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The HIV-1 maturation inhibitor, 3-O-(3′,3′-dimethylsuccinyl) betulinic acid (bevirimat, PA-457) is a promising drug candidate with 10 nM in vitro antiviral activity against multiple wild-type (WT) and drug-resistant HIV-1 isolates. Bevirimat has a novel mechanism of action, specifically inhibiting cleavage of spacer peptide 1 (SP1) from the C-terminus of capsid which results in defective core condensation. Methods and Findings Oral administration of bevirimat to HIV-1-infected SCID-hu Thy/Liv mice reduced viral RNA by >2 log10 and protected immature and mature T cells from virus-mediated depletion. This activity was observed at plasma concentrations that are achievable in humans after oral dosing, and bevirimat was active up to 3 days after inoculation with both WT HIV-1 and an AZT-resistant HIV-1 clinical isolate. Consistent with its mechanism of action, bevirimat caused a dose-dependent inhibition of capsid-SP1 cleavage in HIV-1-infected human thymocytes obtained from these mice. HIV-1 NL4-3 with an alanine-to-valine substitution at the N-terminus of SP1 (SP1/A1V), which is resistant to bevirimat in vitro, was also resistant to bevirimat treatment in the mice, and SP1/AIV had replication and thymocyte kinetics similar to that of WT NL4-3 with no evidence of fitness impairment in in vivo competition assays. Interestingly, protease inhibitor-resistant HIV-1 with impaired capsid-SP1 cleavage was hypersensitive to bevirimat in vitro with a 50% inhibitory concentration 140 times lower than for WT HIV-1. Conclusions These results support further clinical development of this first-in-class maturation inhibitor and confirm the usefulness of the SCID-hu Thy/Liv model for evaluation of in vivo antiretroviral efficacy, drug resistance, and viral fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl A Stoddart
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America.
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22
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Stoddart CA, Bales CA, Bare JC, Chkhenkeli G, Galkina SA, Kinkade AN, Moreno ME, Rivera JM, Ronquillo RE, Sloan B, Black PL. Validation of the SCID-hu Thy/Liv mouse model with four classes of licensed antiretrovirals. PLoS One 2007; 2:e655. [PMID: 17668043 PMCID: PMC1925140 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2007] [Accepted: 06/20/2007] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The SCID-hu Thy/Liv mouse model of HIV-1 infection is a useful platform for the preclinical evaluation of antiviral efficacy in vivo. We performed this study to validate the model with representatives of all four classes of licensed antiretrovirals. Methodology/Principal Findings Endpoint analyses for quantification of Thy/Liv implant viral load included ELISA for cell-associated p24, branched DNA assay for HIV-1 RNA, and detection of infected thymocytes by intracellular staining for Gag-p24. Antiviral protection from HIV-1-mediated thymocyte depletion was assessed by multicolor flow cytometric analysis of thymocyte subpopulations based on surface expression of CD3, CD4, and CD8. These mice can be productively infected with molecular clones of HIV-1 (e.g., the X4 clone NL4-3) as well as with primary R5 and R5X4 isolates. To determine whether results in this model are concordant with those found in humans, we performed direct comparisons of two drugs in the same class, each of which has known potency and dosing levels in humans. Here we show that second-generation antiretrovirals were, as expected, more potent than their first-generation predecessors: emtricitabine was more potent than lamivudine, efavirenz was more potent than nevirapine, and atazanavir was more potent than indinavir. After interspecies pharmacodynamic scaling, the dose ranges found to inhibit viral replication in the SCID-hu Thy/Liv mouse were similar to those used in humans. Moreover, HIV-1 replication in these mice was genetically stable; treatment of the mice with lamivudine did not result in the M184V substitution in reverse transcriptase, and the multidrug-resistant NY index case HIV-1 retained its drug-resistance substitutions. Conclusion Given the fidelity of such comparisons, we conclude that this highly reproducible mouse model is likely to predict clinical antiviral efficacy in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl A Stoddart
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America.
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Red-Horse K, Rivera J, Schanz A, Zhou Y, Winn V, Kapidzic M, Maltepe E, Okazaki K, Kochman R, Vo KC, Giudice L, Erlebacher A, McCune JM, Stoddart CA, Fisher SJ. Literature watch. Cytotrophoblast induction of arterial apoptosis and lymphangiogenesis in an in vivo model of human placentation. Lymphat Res Biol 2007; 4:229-42. [PMID: 17394406 DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2006.4407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Chen JL, Kernan MR, Jolad SD, Stoddart CA, Bogan M, Cooper R. Dysoxylins A-D, tetranortriterpenoids with potent anti-RSV activity from Dysoxylum gaudichaudianum. J Nat Prod 2007; 70:312-5. [PMID: 17315968 DOI: 10.1021/np060398y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Four new compounds, belonging to the tetranortriterpenoid family, named dysoxylins A-D (1-4), isolated from Dysoxylum gaudichaudianum, were found to exhibit potent antiviral activity against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). These structures were determined by NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry and were shown to have anti-RSV EC50 activities in the range 1.0-4.0 microg/mL in cytopathic effect inhibition and plaque reduction assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Lu Chen
- Shaman Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
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25
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Red-Horse K, Rivera J, Schanz A, Zhou Y, Winn V, Kapidzic M, Maltepe E, Okazaki K, Kochman R, Vo KC, Giudice L, Erlebacher A, McCune JM, Stoddart CA, Fisher SJ. Cytotrophoblast induction of arterial apoptosis and lymphangiogenesis in an in vivo model of human placentation. J Clin Invest 2006; 116:2643-52. [PMID: 16998586 PMCID: PMC1570373 DOI: 10.1172/jci27306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2005] [Accepted: 08/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the vascular effects of invasive human cytotrophoblasts in vivo by transplanting placental villi to the fifth mammary fat pads or beneath the kidney capsules of Scid mice. Over 3 weeks, robust cytotrophoblast invasion was observed in both locations. The architecture of the mammary fat pad allowed for detailed analysis of the cells' interactions with resident murine blood vessels, which revealed specific induction of apoptosis in the endothelial cells and smooth muscle walls of the arterioles. This finding, and confirmation of the results in an in vitro coculture model, suggests that a parallel process is important for enabling cytotrophoblast endovascular invasion during human pregnancy. Cytotrophoblast invasion of the kidney parenchyma was accompanied by a robust lymphangiogenic response, while in vitro, the cells stimulated lymphatic endothelial cell migration via the actions of VEGF family members, FGF, and TNF-alpha. Immunolocalization analyses revealed that human pregnancy is associated with lymphangiogenesis in the decidua since lymphatic vessels were not a prominent feature of the nonpregnant endometrium. Thus, the placenta triggers the development of a decidual lymphatic circulation, which we theorize plays an important role in maintaining fluid balance during pregnancy, with possible implications for maternal-fetal immune cell trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristy Red-Horse
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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26
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Chatterji U, Bobardt MD, Stanfield R, Ptak RG, Pallansch LA, Ward PA, Jones MJ, Stoddart CA, Scalfaro P, Dumont JM, Besseghir K, Rosenwirth B, Gallay PA. Naturally occurring capsid substitutions render HIV-1 cyclophilin A independent in human cells and TRIM-cyclophilin-resistant in Owl monkey cells. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:40293-300. [PMID: 16199531 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m506314200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we asked if a naturally occurring HIV-1 variant exists that circumvents CypA dependence in human cells. To address this issue, we sought viruses for CypA independence using Debio-025, a cyclosporine A (CsA) analog that disrupts CypA-capsid interaction. Surprisingly, viral variants from the Main group replicate even in the presence of the drug. Sequencing analyses revealed that these viruses encode capsid substitutions within the CypA-binding site (V86P/H87Q/I91V/M96I). When we introduced these substitutions into viruses that normally rely on CypA for replication, these mutants no longer depended on CypA, suggesting that naturally occurring capsid substitutions obviate the need for CypA. This is the first demonstration that isolates from the Main group naturally develop CypA-independent strategies to replicate in human cells. Surprisingly, we found that these capsid substitutions render HIV-1 capable of infecting Owl monkey (OMK) cells that highly restrict HIV-1. OMK cell resistance to HIV-1 is mediated via TRIM-Cyp, which arose from a retrotransposition of CypA into the TRIM5 alpha gene. Interestingly, saturation experiments suggest that the Pro86/Gln87/Val91/Ile96 capsid core is "invisible" to TRIM-Cyp. This study demonstrates that specific capsid substitutions can release HIV-1 from both CypA dependence in human cells and TRIM-Cyp restriction in monkey cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udayan Chatterji
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Abstract
The infection of human fetal thymus organ cultures (FTOC) with coxsackievirus B4 E2 (CVB4 E2) was investigated. Both positive- and negative-strand viral RNA were detected by real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) in CVB4 E2-infected FTOC, which supported high yields of virus production (approximately 10(6) 50% tissue culture infective doses/ml), and in flow-sorted thymocyte populations for 7 days after inoculation. Cortical CD4+ CD8+ thymocytes were found to be the principal targets of infection. Inoculation of human FTOC with CVB4 E2 led to a marked and progressive depletion of immature thymocytes (CD4+ CD8+ cells) with no enhancement of Annexin V-positive cells. CVB4 E2 replication caused significant major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I upregulation on these cells. MHC class I upregulation was correlated with positive- and negative-strand RNA quantitative detection and the release of infectious particles. In addition, chloroquine treatment of FTOC and single-thymocyte suspensions suggested that MHC class I upregulation on thymocytes was the result of direct infection rather than caused by production of soluble factors such as alpha interferon. Thus, CVB4 E2 can infect human fetal thymocytes, which subsequently results in quantitative and qualitative abnormalities of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Brilot
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
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29
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Sandberg JK, Stoddart CA, Brilot F, Jordan KA, Nixon DF. Development of innate CD4+ alpha-chain variable gene segment 24 (Valpha24) natural killer T cells in the early human fetal thymus is regulated by IL-7. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:7058-63. [PMID: 15118099 PMCID: PMC406465 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0305986101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) T cells are innate CD1d-restricted immune cells involved in regulation of immune tolerance, tumor immunity, and immunity to infectious pathogens. Human alpha-chain variable gene segment 24 (Valpha24) NK T cells exist in the periphery as two functionally distinct subsets: one CD4+ and one CD4- subset. However, the developmental pathway of human Valpha24 NK T cells is not well understood. Here, we show that Valpha24 NK T cells develop in the fetal thymus. The relative number of intrathymic NK T cell precursors decline in a linear manner with gestational age, and they are very rare in the neonatal thymus, indicating that these cells preferentially develop in the early fetal thymus. Their restriction element, CD1d, is expressed by a vast majority of thymocytes. A majority of intrathymic Valpha24 NK T cell progenitors are CD4+, whereas a minority are CD4/8(+/+). CD4+ Valpha24 NK T cell precursors show features of mature NK T cells, such as high levels of their semiinvariant T cell receptor and CD3 and some expression of CD161, whereas the CD4/8(+/+) precursors seem less mature. The cytokine IL-7 shows a biphasic effect on Valpha24 NK T cell progenitors in fetal thymic organ culture, with high doses driving proliferation of immature CD161-progenitors and low doses supporting survival and maturation. Thus, the data demonstrate that human Valpha24 NK T cells of the CD4+, but not the CD4-, subset develop in the early fetal thymus. Furthermore, data suggest an intrathymic pathway of CD4+ Valpha24 NK T cell development that is regulated by IL-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan K Sandberg
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94103, USA.
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30
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Napolitano LA, Stoddart CA, Hanley MB, Wieder E, McCune JM. Effects of IL-7 on early human thymocyte progenitor cells in vitro and in SCID-hu Thy/Liv mice. J Immunol 2003; 171:645-54. [PMID: 12847229 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.2.645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-7 is a critical component of thymopoiesis in animals and has recently been shown to play an important role in T cell homeostasis. Although there is increasing interest in the use of IL-7 for the treatment of lymphopenia caused by the HIV type 1, evidence that IL-7 may accelerate HIV replication has raised concerns regarding its use in this setting. We sought to identify the effects of IL-7 on human thymocyte survival and to determine the impact of IL-7 administration on in vivo HIV infection of the human thymus. Using in vitro analysis, we show that IL-7 provides potent anti-apoptotic and proliferative signals to early thymocyte progenitors. Analysis of CD34(+) subpopulations demonstrates that surface IL-7 receptor is expressed on most CD34(high)CD5(+)CD1a(-) thymocytes and that this subpopulation appears to be one of the earliest maturation stages responsive to the effects of IL-7. Thus, IL-7 provides survival signals to human thymocytes before surface expression of CD1a. CD4(+)CD8(+) thymocytes are relatively unresponsive to IL-7, although IL-7 protects these cells from dexamethasone-induced apoptosis. IL-7 has a predominantly proliferative effect on mature CD4(+)CD3(+)CD8(-) and CD8(+)CD3(+)CD4(-) thymocytes. In contrast to the in vitro findings, we observe that in vivo administration of IL-7 to SCID-hu Thy/Liv mice does not appear to enhance thymocyte survival nor does it appear to accelerate HIV infection. Given the growing interest in the use of IL-7 for the treatment of human immunodeficiency, these findings support additional investigation into its in vivo effects on thymopoiesis and HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Napolitano
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94141, USA.
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31
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Stoddart CA, Geleziunas R, Ferrell S, Linquist-Stepps V, Moreno ME, Bare C, Xu W, Yonemoto W, Bresnahan PA, McCune JM, Greene WC. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Nef-mediated downregulation of CD4 correlates with Nef enhancement of viral pathogenesis. J Virol 2003; 77:2124-33. [PMID: 12525647 PMCID: PMC140869 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.3.2124-2133.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The nef gene products encoded by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and simian immunodeficiency virus type 1 (SIV-1) increase viral loads in infected hosts and accelerate clinical progression to AIDS. Nef exhibits a spectrum of biological activities, including the ability to downregulate surface expression of CD4 and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I antigens, to alter the state of T-cell activation, and to enhance the infectivity of viral particles. To determine which of these in vitro functions most closely correlates with the pathogenic effects of Nef in vivo, we constructed recombinant HIV-1 NL4-3 viruses carrying mutations within the nef gene that selectively impair these functions. These mutant viruses were evaluated for pathogenic potential in severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice implanted with human fetal thymus and liver (SCID-hu Thy/Liv mice), in which virus-mediated depletion of thymocytes is known to be Nef dependent. Disruption of the polyproline type II helix (Pxx)4 within Nef (required for binding of Hck and p21-activated kinase-like kinases, downregulation of MHC class I, and enhancement of HIV-1 infectivity in vitro but dispensable for CD4 downregulation) did not impair thymocyte depletion in virus-infected Thy/Liv human thymus implants. Conversely, three separate point mutations in Nef that compromised its ability to downregulate CD4 attenuated thymocyte depletion while not diminishing viral replication. These findings indicate that the functional ability of Nef to downregulate CD4 and not MHC class I downregulation, Hck or PAK binding, or (Pxx)4-associated enhancement of infectivity most closely correlates with Nef-mediated enhancement of HIV-1 pathogenicity in vivo. Nef-mediated CD4 downregulation merits consideration as a new target for the development of small-molecule inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl A Stoddart
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology. Departments of Medicine. Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94141, USA
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32
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Keir ME, Rosenberg MG, Sandberg JK, Jordan KA, Wiznia A, Nixon DF, Stoddart CA, McCune JM. Generation of CD3+CD8low thymocytes in the HIV type 1-infected thymus. J Immunol 2002; 169:2788-96. [PMID: 12193754 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.5.2788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Infection with the HIV type 1 (HIV-1) can result both in depletion of CD4(+) T cells and in the generation of dysfunctional CD8(+) T cells. In HIV-1-infected children, repopulation of the peripheral T cell pool is mediated by the thymus, which is itself susceptible to HIV-1 infection. Previous work has shown that MHC class I (MHC I) molecules are strongly up-regulated as result of IFN-alpha secretion in the HIV-1-infected thymus. We demonstrate in this study that increased MHC I up-regulation on thymic epithelial cells and double-positive CD3(-/int)CD4(+)CD8(+) thymocytes correlates with the generation of mature single-positive CD4(-)CD8(+) thymocytes that have low expression of CD8. Treatment of HIV-1-infected thymus with highly active antiretroviral therapy normalizes MHC I expression and surface CD8 expression on such CD4(-)CD8(+) thymocytes. In pediatric patients with possible HIV-1 infection of the thymus, a low CD3 percentage in the peripheral circulation is also associated with a CD8(low) phenotype on circulating CD3(+)CD8(+) T cells. Furthermore, CD8(low) peripheral T cells from these HIV-1(+) pediatric patients are less responsive to stimulation by Ags from CMV. These data indicate that IFN-alpha-mediated MHC I up-regulation on thymic epithelial cells may lead to high avidity interactions with developing double-positive thymocytes and drive the selection of dysfunctional CD3(+)CD8(low) T cells. We suggest that this HIV-1-initiated selection process may contribute to the generation of dysfunctional CD8(+) T cells in HIV-1-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E Keir
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco 94143, USA
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33
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Keir ME, Stoddart CA, Linquist-Stepps V, Moreno ME, McCune JM. IFN-alpha secretion by type 2 predendritic cells up-regulates MHC class I in the HIV-1-infected thymus. J Immunol 2002; 168:325-31. [PMID: 11751977 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.1.325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The ability of HIV-1 to evade the host immune response leads to the establishment of chronic infection. HIV-1 has been reported to up-regulate MHC I molecules on the surface of thymocytes from HIV-1-infected thymus. We demonstrate in this study that HIV-1 up-regulates MHC I on both HIV-1-infected and uninfected thymocytes in a manner that is independent of Nef, proportional to viral replication, and entirely mediated by IFN-alpha. IL-3Ralpha+ type 2 predendritic cells (preDC2) resident in the thymic medulla secrete IFN-alpha, which acts on IFN-alphabetaR-expressing immature thymocytes to induce MHC I expression. Furthermore, thymic preDC2 are permissive for HIV-1 infection and positive for intracellular p24. These data demonstrate the ability of IFN-alpha secreted by preDC2 to induce MHC I up-regulation in the HIV-1-infected human thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E Keir
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Strizki JM, Xu S, Wagner NE, Wojcik L, Liu J, Hou Y, Endres M, Palani A, Shapiro S, Clader JW, Greenlee WJ, Tagat JR, McCombie S, Cox K, Fawzi AB, Chou CC, Pugliese-Sivo C, Davies L, Moreno ME, Ho DD, Trkola A, Stoddart CA, Moore JP, Reyes GR, Baroudy BM. SCH-C (SCH 351125), an orally bioavailable, small molecule antagonist of the chemokine receptor CCR5, is a potent inhibitor of HIV-1 infection in vitro and in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:12718-23. [PMID: 11606733 PMCID: PMC60120 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.221375398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2001] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe here the identification and properties of SCH-C (SCH 351125), a small molecule inhibitor of HIV-1 entry via the CCR5 coreceptor. SCH-C, an oxime-piperidine compound, is a specific CCR5 antagonist as determined in multiple receptor binding and signal transduction assays. This compound specifically inhibits HIV-1 infection mediated by CCR5 in U-87 astroglioma cells but has no effect on infection of CXCR4-expressing cells. SCH-C has broad and potent antiviral activity in vitro against primary HIV-1 isolates that use CCR5 as their entry coreceptor, with mean 50% inhibitory concentrations ranging between 0.4 and 9 nM. Moreover, SCH-C strongly inhibits the replication of an R5-using HIV-1 isolate in SCID-hu Thy/Liv mice. SCH-C has a favorable pharmacokinetic profile in rodents and primates with an oral bioavailability of 50-60% and a serum half-life of 5-6 h. On the basis of its novel mechanism of action, potent antiviral activity, and in vivo pharmacokinetic profile, SCH-C is a promising new candidate for therapeutic intervention of HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Strizki
- Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
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35
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Stoddart CA, Liegler TJ, Mammano F, Linquist-Stepps VD, Hayden MS, Deeks SG, Grant RM, Clavel F, McCune JM. Impaired replication of protease inhibitor-resistant HIV-1 in human thymus. Nat Med 2001; 7:712-8. [PMID: 11385509 DOI: 10.1038/89090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Many HIV-1-infected patients treated with protease inhibitors (PI) develop PI-resistant HIV-1 variants and rebounds in viremia, but their CD4+ T-cell counts often do not fall. We hypothesized that in these patients, T-cell counts remain elevated because PI-resistant virus spares intrathymic T-cell production. To test this, we studied recombinant HIV-1 clones containing wild-type or PI-resistant protease domains, as well as uncloned isolates from patients, in activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells, human thymic organ cultures and human thymus implants in SCID-hu Thy/Liv mice. In most cases, wild-type and PI-resistant HIV-1 isolates replicated to similar degrees in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. However, the replication of PI-resistant but not wild-type HIV-1 isolates was highly impaired in thymocytes. In addition, patients who had PI-resistant HIV-1 had abundant thymus tissue as assessed by computed tomography. We propose that the inability of PI-resistant HIV-1 to replicate efficiently in thymus contributes to the preservation of CD4+ T-cell counts in patients showing virologic rebound on PI therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Stoddart
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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36
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Gobbi A, Stoddart CA, Locatelli G, Santoro F, Bare C, Linquist-Stepps V, Moreno ME, Abbey NW, Herndier BG, Malnati MS, McCune JM, Lusso P. Coinfection of SCID-hu Thy/Liv mice with human herpesvirus 6 and human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Virol 2000; 74:8726-31. [PMID: 10954574 PMCID: PMC116384 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.18.8726-8731.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) has been proposed as a potential cofactor in the progression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) disease. We used the SCID-hu Thy/Liv mouse model to evaluate the in vivo interactions between HHV-6 and HIV-1. Our results demonstrate that HHV-6 and HIV-1 can simultaneously replicate in the human thymus in vivo. In this model, however, the presence of one virus appears not to modify the replication or cytopathicity of the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gobbi
- Unit of Human Virology, Department of Biological and Technological Research, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
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Stoddart CA, Moreno ME, Linquist-Stepps VD, Bare C, Bogan MR, Gobbi A, Buckheit RW, Bedard J, Rando RF, McCune JM. Antiviral activity of 2'-deoxy-3'-oxa-4'-thiocytidine (BCH-10652) against lamivudine-resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in SCID-hu Thy/Liv mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000; 44:783-6. [PMID: 10681360 PMCID: PMC89768 DOI: 10.1128/aac.44.3.783-786.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral administration of 2'-deoxy-3'-oxa-4'-thiocytidine (BCH-10652), a nucleoside analog structurally similar to lamivudine (3TC), caused dose-dependent inhibition of viral replication in SCID-hu Thy/Liv mice infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 NL4-3 and with an NL4-3 clone containing the M184V mutation in reverse transcriptase that confers resistance to 3TC. These experiments demonstrate the utility of this mouse model for evaluating drug resistance and for performing direct comparisons between antiviral compounds in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Stoddart
- Antiviral Drug Research Division, Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, California, USA.
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38
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Berkowitz RD, van't Wout AB, Kootstra NA, Moreno ME, Linquist-Stepps VD, Bare C, Stoddart CA, Schuitemaker H, McCune JM. R5 strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 from rapid progressors lacking X4 strains do not possess X4-type pathogenicity in human thymus. J Virol 1999; 73:7817-22. [PMID: 10438873 PMCID: PMC104310 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.73.9.7817-7822.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/1999] [Accepted: 05/27/1999] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Some individuals infected with only R5 strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 progress to AIDS as quickly as individuals harboring X4 strains. We determined that three R5 viruses were much less pathogenic than an X4 virus in SCID-hu Thy/Liv mice, suggesting that R5 virus-mediated rapid disease progression is associated with host, not viral, factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Berkowitz
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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Gobbi A, Stoddart CA, Malnati MS, Locatelli G, Santoro F, Abbey NW, Bare C, Linquist-Stepps V, Moreno MB, Herndier BG, Lusso P, McCune JM. Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) causes severe thymocyte depletion in SCID-hu Thy/Liv mice. J Exp Med 1999; 189:1953-60. [PMID: 10377191 PMCID: PMC2192958 DOI: 10.1084/jem.189.12.1953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) is a potentially immunosuppressive agent that may act as a cofactor in the progression of AIDS. Here, we describe the first small animal model of HHV-6 infection. HHV-6 subgroup A, strain GS, efficiently infected the human thymic tissue implanted in SCID-hu Thy/Liv mice, leading to the destruction of the graft. Viral DNA was detected in Thy/Liv implants by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as early as 4 d after inoculation and peaked at day 14. The productive nature of the infection was confirmed by electron microscopy and immunohistochemical staining. Atypical thymocytes with prominent nuclear inclusions were detected by histopathology. HHV-6 replication was associated with severe, progressive thymocyte depletion involving all major cellular subsets. However, intrathymic T progenitor cells (ITTPs) appeared to be more severely depleted than the other subpopulations, and a preferred tropism of HHV-6 for ITTPs was demonstrated by quantitative PCR on purified thymocyte subsets. These findings suggest that thymocyte depletion by HHV-6 may be due to infection and destruction of these immature T cell precursors. Similar results were obtained with strain PL-1, a primary isolate belonging to subgroup B. The severity of the lesions observed in this animal model underscores the possibility that HHV-6 may indeed be immunosuppressive in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gobbi
- Unit of Human Virology, Department of Biological and Technological Research (DIBIT), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
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40
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Berkowitz RD, Alexander S, Bare C, Linquist-Stepps V, Bogan M, Moreno ME, Gibson L, Wieder ED, Kosek J, Stoddart CA, McCune JM. CCR5- and CXCR4-utilizing strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 exhibit differential tropism and pathogenesis in vivo. J Virol 1998; 72:10108-17. [PMID: 9811751 PMCID: PMC110545 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.72.12.10108-10117.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/1998] [Accepted: 08/26/1998] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CCR5-utilizing (R5) and CXCR4-utilizing (X4) strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) have been studied intensively in vitro, but the pathologic correlates of such differential tropism in vivo remain incompletely defined. In this study, X4 and R5 strains of HIV-1 were compared for tropism and pathogenesis in SCID-hu Thy/Liv mice, an in vivo model of human thymopoiesis. The X4 strain NL4-3 replicates quickly and extensively in thymocytes in the cortex and medulla, causing significant depletion. In contrast, the R5 strain Ba-L initially infects stromal cells including macrophages in the thymic medulla, without any obvious pathologic consequence. After a period of 3 to 4 weeks, Ba-L infection slowly spreads through the thymocyte populations, occasionally culminating in thymocyte depletion after week 6 of infection. During the entire time of infection, Ba-L did not mutate into variants capable of utilizing CXCR4. Therefore, X4 strains are highly cytopathic after infection of the human thymus. In contrast, infection with R5 strains of HIV-1 can result in a two-phase process in vivo, involving apparently nonpathogenic replication in medullary stromal cells followed by cytopathic replication in thymocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Berkowitz
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, Stanford University, Stanford, and Veterans Hospital, Palo Alto, California, USA
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41
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Chen JL, Blanc P, Stoddart CA, Bogan M, Rozhon EJ, Parkinson N, Ye Z, Cooper R, Balick M, Nanakorn W, Kernan MR. New iridoids from the medicinal plant Barleria prionitis with potent activity against respiratory syncytial virus. J Nat Prod 1998; 61:1295-1297. [PMID: 9784173 DOI: 10.1021/np980086y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Two new iridoid glycosides (1 and 2), together with the known compounds barlerin (3) and verbascoside (4), were isolated from Barleria prionitis. The new iridoid glycosides were determined to be 6-O-trans-p-coumaroyl-8-O-acetylshanzhiside methyl ester (1) and its cis isomer (2) by using spectroscopic, especially 2D NMR, data. A 3:1 mixture of 1 and 2 was shown to have potent in vitro activity against respiratory syncytial virus (EC50 2.46 microgram/mL, IC50 42.2 microgram/mL).
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Chen
- Shaman Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 213 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
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42
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Stoddart CA, Rabin L, Hincenbergs M, Moreno M, Linquist-Stepps V, Leeds JM, Truong LA, Wyatt JR, Ecker DJ, McCune JM. Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in SCID-hu Thy/Liv mice by the G-quartet-forming oligonucleotide, ISIS 5320. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998; 42:2113-5. [PMID: 9687417 PMCID: PMC105876 DOI: 10.1128/aac.42.8.2113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral replication was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner after administration of the phosphorothioate oligonucleotide TTGGGGTT (ISIS 5320) to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected SCID-hu Thy/Liv mice. Potent in vivo antiviral activity was observed against the T-cell-tropic molecular clone NL4-3; the agent was found to have weak activity against one primary HIV-1 isolate, and the agent was inactive against a second primary isolate.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Stoddart
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
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43
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Kernan MR, Amarquaye A, Chen JL, Chan J, Sesin DF, Parkinson N, Ye Z, Barrett M, Bales C, Stoddart CA, Sloan B, Blanc P, Limbach C, Mrisho S, Rozhon EJ. Antiviral phenylpropanoid glycosides from the medicinal plant Markhamia lutea. J Nat Prod 1998; 61:564-70. [PMID: 9599250 DOI: 10.1021/np9703914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Three new phenylpropanoid glycosides, named luteoside A (3), luteoside B (4), and luteoside C (5), were isolated together with the known compounds verbascoside (1) and isoverbascoside (2) from the roots of the medicinal plant Markhamia lutea. The structures of the new compounds were determined to be 1-O-(3, 4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl beta-D-apiofuranosyl(1-->2)-alpha-l-rhamnopyranosyl(1-->3)-4-O- caffeo yl-6-acetyl-beta-d-glucopyranoside, 1-O-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl beta-d-apiofuranosyl(1-->2)-alpha-l-rhamnopyranosyl(1-->3)-6-O- caffeo yl-beta-d-glucopyranoside, and 1-O-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl beta-D-apiofuranosyl(1-->2)-alpha-l-rhamnopyranosyl(1-->3)-6-O- ferulo yl-beta-d-glucopyranoside, respectively, on the basis of chemical and spectroscopic data. All five phenylpropanoid glycosides exhibited potent in vitro activity against respiratory syncytial virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Kernan
- Shaman Pharmaceuticals, 213 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California, 94080-4812, USA.
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44
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Affiliation(s)
- V Linquist
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, CA, USA
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45
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Kernan MR, Sendl A, Chen JL, Jolad SD, Blanc P, Murphy JT, Stoddart CA, Nanakorn W, Balick MJ, Rozhon EJ. Two new lignans with activity against influenza virus from the medicinal plant Rhinacanthus nasutus. J Nat Prod 1997; 60:635-7. [PMID: 9214738 DOI: 10.1021/np960613i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Two new lignans, rhinacanthin E (1) and rhinacanthin F (2), were isolated from the aerial parts of the plant Rhinacanthus nasutus. Their structures were established by detailed spectroscopic analysis. These compounds show significant antiviral activity against influenza virus type A.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Kernan
- Shaman Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, California 94080-4812, USA.
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46
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Cardin RD, Abenes GB, Stoddart CA, Mocarski ES. Murine cytomegalovirus IE2, an activator of gene expression, is dispensable for growth and latency in mice. Virology 1995; 209:236-41. [PMID: 7747475 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1995.1249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The murine cytomegalovirus alpha (immediate-early) gene product, IE2(391aa), a protein that is related to the human cytomegalovirus US22 protein family, had previously been shown to be dispensable for viral growth in cell culture. In transient assays, however, this protein was found to transactivate the murine CMV ie1/ie3 and ie2 promoters, as well as a number of other promoters. Transactivation was mediated via promoter-proximal elements rather than through elements located upstream in the enhancer region. This activation predicted that ie2 would play a role in regulating gene expression; however, ie2 mutants did not exhibit altered growth or latency in the mouse. ie2-deficient viruses reached peak titers in spleen, salivary glands, lungs, liver, kidneys, pancreas, peripheral blood leukocytes, and adrenal glands that were comparable to wild-type virus. When assayed by spleen explant culture, ie2-deficient viruses yielded reactivation levels similar to wild type. Thus, the murine CMV ie2 gene encodes a regulatory protein that is dispensable for viral infection of cells in culture as well as for interaction with tissues in the infected BALB/c mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Cardin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305-5402, USA
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47
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Stoddart CA, Cardin RD, Boname JM, Manning WC, Abenes GB, Mocarski ES. Peripheral blood mononuclear phagocytes mediate dissemination of murine cytomegalovirus. J Virol 1994; 68:6243-53. [PMID: 8083964 PMCID: PMC237044 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.68.10.6243-6253.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus is transmitted with blood and organs from seropositive individuals, although the particular leukocyte population harboring latent or persistent virus remains poorly characterized. Murine cytomegalovirus, tagged with the Escherichia coli lacZ gene, was used to identify cells in which virus replicates during acute infection of immunocompetent mice. Recombinant murine cytomegaloviruses, RM461, RM460, and RM427, were constructed to express beta-galactosidase under control of the human cytomegalovirus ie1/ie2 promoter/enhancer. The lacZ gene was inserted between the ie2 and sgg1 genes in RM461 and RM460, disrupting a 0.85-kb late transcript that was found to be dispensable for replication in cultured cells as well as for infection of mice. In BALB/c mice, lacZ-tagged and wild-type viruses exhibited a similar 50% lethal dose and all had the capacity to latently infect the spleen. Peripheral blood mononuclear phagocytes were the major infected leukocyte cell type, as demonstrated by the ability of infected cells to adhere to glass and to phagocytize latex beads; however, these cells did not exhibit typical monocyte markers. Plaque assay for virus and 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside (X-Gal) staining of frozen sections of organs from infected mice revealed that the major target organs included the spleen, adrenal glands, liver, and salivary glands, although tissues as diverse as brown fat and lungs were also involved. Individual blue-staining cells were readily identified in all infected tissues. These studies identified a mononuclear phagocyte, possibly a macrophage or dendritic cell precursor, as the vehicle of virus dissemination during acute infection, and demonstrate the utility of using lacZ-tagged murine cytomegalovirus for tropism, pathogenesis, and latency studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Stoddart
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305-5402
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48
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Ubillas R, Jolad SD, Bruening RC, Kernan MR, King SR, Sesin DF, Barrett M, Stoddart CA, Flaster T, Kuo J, Ayala F, Meza E, Castañel M, McMeekin D, Rozhon E, Tempesta MS, Barnard D, Huffman J, Smee D, Sidwell R, Soike K, Brazier A, Safrin S, Orlando R, Kenny PT, Berova N, Nakanishi K. SP-303, an antiviral oligomeric proanthocyanidin from the latex of Croton lechleri (Sangre de Drago). Phytomedicine 1994. [PMID: 23195881 DOI: 10.1016/s0944-7113(11)80026-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
SP-303, a large proanthocyanidin oligomer isolated from the latex of the plant species Croton lechleri (Eupborbiaceae) has demonstrated broad activity against a variety of DNA and RNA viruses. In cell culture, SP-303 exhibits potent activity against isolates and laboratory strains of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza A virus (FLU-A) and parainfluenza virus (PIV). Parallel assays of SP-303 and ribavirin showed comparable activity against these viruses. SP-303 also exhibits significant inhibitory activity against herpesvirus (HSV) types 1 and 2, including herpesviruses resistant to acyclovir and foscarnet. Inhibition was also observed against hepatitis A and B viruses. The antiviral mechanism of SP-303 seems to derive from its direct binding to components of the viral envelope, resulting in inhibition of viral attachment and penetration of the plasma membrane. Antiviral effects of SP-303 were measured by three distinct methods: CPE, MTT and precursor uptake/incorporation. Cytotoxicity endpoints were markedly greater than the respective antiviral endpoints. SP-303 exhibited activity in RSV-infected cotton rats and African green monkeys, PIV-3-infected cotton rats, HSV-2 infected mice and guinea pigs and FLU-A-infected mice. The most successful routes of SP-303 administration for producing efficacy were: topical application to HSV-2- genital lesions in mice and guinea pigs, aerosol inhalation to FLU-A-infected mice and PIV-3-infected cotton rats, and oral dosage to RSV-infected cotton rats. A variety of toxicological evaluations demonstrated the safety of SP-303, particularly orally, which was predictable, since condensed tannins are a common dietary component. It is notable that the larger proanthocyanidins as a class have high antiviral activity, whereas most of the monomers are inactive. Clinical trials are ongoing to evaluate SP-303 as a therapeutic antiviral agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ubillas
- Shaman Pharmaceuticals, 213 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, CA 94080-4812, U.S.A
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49
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Abstract
Murine cytomegalovirus carrying a deletion mutation disrupting the expression of a gene dispensable for growth in cultured cells was found to disseminate poorly in the mouse. The mutation resulted in a dramatic decrease in the expression of a 1.5-kb major and a 1.8-kb minor beta transcript from a region adjacent to the ie2 gene in the viral genome. Nucleotide sequence determination indicated that 323 bp, including a predicted polyadenylation signal, was deleted from this beta gene. In cultured cells, the plaque morphology and growth characteristics of the mutant were similar to those of parental or rescued wild-type viruses. Following intraperitoneal inoculation of BALB/c mice, growth of the mutant in the salivary gland was dramatically reduced 10,000-fold, while growth in the liver and spleen was not dramatically affected. The beta gene was thus denoted sgg1 (salivary gland growth gene 1). Neither intranasal infection nor direct inoculation into the salivary glands completely overcame the restriction of growth in this organ, suggesting that the sgg1 gene encoded a determinant of tissue tropism. To investigate the impact of the sgg1 mutation on virus dissemination via the blood, the virus titer in peripheral blood leukocytes was determined. No difference was found between the sgg1 mutant and rescued wild-type virus. Thus, murine cytomegalovirus sgg1 gene products appear to be involved in entry or replication of virus in salivary gland cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- W C Manning
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305-5402
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Abstract
Specific pathogen free kittens were vaccinated with an unattenuated field isolate of canine coronavirus (CCV) either by aerosol or subcutaneously, and received boosting vaccinations four weeks later. Aerosolisation elicited a homologous virus-neutralising (VN) antibody response that increased steadily over a four-week period and levelled off one to two weeks after revaccination. The initial aerosolised dose produced an asymptomatic infection with excretion of CCV from the oropharynx up to eight days after vaccination; virus shedding was not detected, however, after the second inoculation. Cats vaccinated subcutaneously developed low VN antibody titres after the first CCV dose and experienced a strong anamnestic response after the second dose. Neutralising antibody titres then levelled off one to two weeks after revaccination at mean values somewhat lower than in cats vaccinated by aerosol. CCV was not isolated from the oropharynx after either subcutaneous dose. Four weeks after CCV boosting inoculations, vaccinated cats and sham-vaccinated control cats were divided into three subgroups and challenged by aerosol with the virulent UCD1 strain of feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV UCD1) at three different dosage levels. Five of six cats (including sham-vaccinated controls) given the lowest challenge dose showed no signs of disease, while all other cats developed lesions typical of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). The five surviving cats developed FIP after subsequent challenge with a fivefold higher dose of FIPV. Thus heterotypic vaccination of cats with CCV did not provide effective protection against FIPV challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Stoddart
- Cornell Feline Health Center, New York State College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca 14853-6401
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