1
|
Glaser A, Chandrashekar J, Vasquez J, Arshadi C, Ouellette N, Jiang X, Baka J, Kovacs G, Woodard M, Seshamani S, Cao K, Clack N, Recknagel A, Grim A, Balaram P, Turschak E, Liddell A, Rohde J, Hellevik A, Takasaki K, Barner LE, Logsdon M, Chronopoulos C, de Vries S, Ting J, Perlmutter S, Kalmbach B, Dembrow N, Reid RC, Feng D, Svoboda K. Expansion-assisted selective plane illumination microscopy for nanoscale imaging of centimeter-scale tissues. bioRxiv 2023:2023.06.08.544277. [PMID: 37425699 PMCID: PMC10327101 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.08.544277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in tissue processing, labeling, and fluorescence microscopy are providing unprecedented views of the structure of cells and tissues at sub-diffraction resolutions and near single molecule sensitivity, driving discoveries in diverse fields of biology, including neuroscience. Biological tissue is organized over scales of nanometers to centimeters. Harnessing molecular imaging across three-dimensional samples on this scale requires new types of microscopes with larger fields of view and working distance, as well as higher imaging throughput. We present a new expansion-assisted selective plane illumination microscope (ExA-SPIM) with diffraction-limited and aberration-free performance over a large field of view (85 mm 2 ) and working distance (35 mm). Combined with new tissue clearing and expansion methods, the microscope allows nanoscale imaging of centimeter-scale samples, including entire mouse brains, with diffraction-limited resolutions and high contrast without sectioning. We illustrate ExA-SPIM by reconstructing individual neurons across the mouse brain, imaging cortico-spinal neurons in the macaque motor cortex, and tracing axons in human white matter.
Collapse
|
2
|
Abnousian A, Vasquez J, Sasaninia K, Kelley M, Venketaraman V. Glutathione Modulates Efficacious Changes in the Immune Response against Tuberculosis. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11051340. [PMID: 37239011 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11051340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is an antioxidant in human cells that is utilized to prevent damage occurred by reactive oxygen species, free radicals, peroxides, lipid peroxides, and heavy metals. Due to its immunological role in tuberculosis (TB), GSH is hypothesized to play an important part in the immune response against M. tb infection. In fact, one of the hallmark structures of TB is granuloma formation, which involves many types of immune cells. T cells, specifically, are a major component and are involved in the release of cytokines and activation of macrophages. GSH also serves an important function in macrophages, natural killer cells, and T cells in modulating their activation, their metabolism, proper cytokine release, proper redox activity, and free radical levels. For patients with increased susceptibility, such as those with HIV and type 2 diabetes, the demand for higher GSH levels is increased. GSH acts as an important immunomodulatory antioxidant by stabilizing redox activity, shifting of cytokine profile toward Th1 type response, and enhancing T lymphocytes. This review compiles reports showing the benefits of GSH in improving the immune responses against M. tb infection and the use of GSH as an adjunctive therapy for TB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arbi Abnousian
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Joshua Vasquez
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Kayvan Sasaninia
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Melissa Kelley
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91768, USA
| | - Vishwanath Venketaraman
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Balangue-Tarriela MIR, Lagmay AMF, Sarmiento DM, Vasquez J, Baldago MC, Ybañez R, Ybañez AA, Trinidad JR, Thivet S, Gurioli L, de Vries BVW, Aurelio M, Rafael DJ, Bermas A, Escudero JA. Analysis of the 2020 Taal Volcano tephra fall deposits from crowdsourced information and field data. Bull Volcanol 2022; 84:35. [PMID: 35250142 PMCID: PMC8889389 DOI: 10.1007/s00445-022-01534-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED After 43 years of dormancy, Taal Volcano violently erupted in January 2020 forming a towering eruption plume. The fall deposits covered an area of 8605 km2, which includes Metro Manila of the National Capital Region of the Philippines. The tephra fall caused damage to crops, traffic congestion, roof collapse, and changes in air quality in the affected areas. In a tropical region where heavy rains are frequent, immediate collection of data is crucial in order to preserve the tephra fall deposit record, which is readily washed away by surface water runoff and prevailing winds. Crowdsourcing, field surveys, and laboratory analysis of the tephra fall deposits were conducted to document and characterize the tephra fall deposits of the 2020 Taal Volcano eruption and their impacts. Results show that the tephra fall deposit thins downwind exponentially with a thickness half distance of about 1.40 km and 9.49 km for the proximal and distal exponential segments, respectively. The total calculated volume of erupted fallout deposit is 0.057 km3, 0.042 km3, or 0.090 km3 using the exponential, power-law, and Weibull models, respectively, and all translate to a VEI of 3. However, using a probabilistic approach (Weibull method) with 90% confidence interval, the volume estimate is as high as 0.097 km3. With the addition of the base surge deposits amounting to 0.019 km3, the volume translates to a VEI of 4, consistent with the classification for the observed height and umbrella radius of the 2020 main eruption plume. VEI 4 is also consistent with the calculated median eruption plume height of 17.8 km and sub-plinian classification based on combined analysis of isopleth and isopach data. Phreatomagmatic activity originated from a vent located in Taal Volcano's Main Crater Lake (MCL), which contained 42 million m3 of water. This eruptive style is further supported by the characteristics of the ash grain components of the distal 12 January 2020 tephra fall deposits, consisting dominantly of andesitic vitric fragments (83-90%). Other components of the fall deposits are lithic (7-11%) and crystal (less than 6%) grains. Further textural and geochemical analysis of these tephra fall deposits contributes to better understand the volcanic processes that occurred at Taal Volcano, one of the 16 Decade Volcanoes identified by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior (IAVCEI) because of its destructive nature and proximity to densely populated areas. The crowdsourcing initiative provided a significant portion of the data used for this study while at the same time educating and empowering the community to build resilience. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00445-022-01534-y.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. I. R. Balangue-Tarriela
- UP National Institute of Geological Sciences, College of Science, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Metro Manila Philippines
| | - A. M. F. Lagmay
- UP National Institute of Geological Sciences, College of Science, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Metro Manila Philippines
- UP Resilience Institute and NOAH Center, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Metro Manila Philippines
| | - D. M. Sarmiento
- UP National Institute of Geological Sciences, College of Science, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Metro Manila Philippines
| | - J. Vasquez
- UP Resilience Institute and NOAH Center, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Metro Manila Philippines
| | - M. C. Baldago
- UP National Institute of Geological Sciences, College of Science, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Metro Manila Philippines
| | - R. Ybañez
- UP National Institute of Geological Sciences, College of Science, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Metro Manila Philippines
| | - A. A. Ybañez
- UP Resilience Institute and NOAH Center, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Metro Manila Philippines
| | - J. R. Trinidad
- UP National Institute of Geological Sciences, College of Science, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Metro Manila Philippines
| | - S. Thivet
- Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, IRD, OPGC, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - L. Gurioli
- Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, IRD, OPGC, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - B. Van Wyk de Vries
- Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, IRD, OPGC, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - M. Aurelio
- UP National Institute of Geological Sciences, College of Science, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Metro Manila Philippines
| | - D. J. Rafael
- UP National Institute of Geological Sciences, College of Science, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Metro Manila Philippines
| | - A. Bermas
- UP Resilience Institute and NOAH Center, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Metro Manila Philippines
| | - J. A. Escudero
- UP National Institute of Geological Sciences, College of Science, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Metro Manila Philippines
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Neidleman J, Luo X, George AF, McGregor M, Yang J, Yun C, Murray V, Gill G, Greene WC, Vasquez J, Lee SA, Ghosn E, Lynch KL, Roan NR. Distinctive features of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells predict recovery from severe COVID-19. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109414. [PMID: 34260965 PMCID: PMC8238659 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Although T cells are likely players in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) immunity, little is known about the phenotypic features of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells associated with recovery from severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We analyze T cells from 34 individuals with COVID-19 with severity ranging from mild (outpatient) to critical, culminating in death. Relative to individuals who succumbed, individuals who recovered from severe COVID-19 harbor elevated and increasing numbers of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells capable of homeostatic proliferation. In contrast, fatal COVID-19 cases display elevated numbers of SARS-CoV-2-specific regulatory T cells and a time-dependent escalation in activated bystander CXCR4+ T cells, as assessed by longitudinal sampling. Together with the demonstration of increased proportions of inflammatory CXCR4+ T cells in the lungs of individuals with severe COVID-19, these results support a model where lung-homing T cells activated through bystander effects contribute to immunopathology, whereas a robust, non-suppressive SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell response limits pathogenesis and promotes recovery from severe COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason Neidleman
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Luo
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ashley F George
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Matthew McGregor
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Junkai Yang
- Deptartments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Cassandra Yun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Victoria Murray
- Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and the University of California, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Gurjot Gill
- Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and the University of California, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Warner C Greene
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Joshua Vasquez
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Sulggi A Lee
- Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and the University of California, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Eliver Ghosn
- Deptartments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Kara L Lynch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA.
| | - Nadia R Roan
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Neidleman J, Luo X, George AF, McGregor M, Yang J, Yun C, Murray V, Gill G, Greene WC, Vasquez J, Lee S, Ghosn E, Lynch K, Roan NR. Distinctive features of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells predict recovery from severe COVID-19. medRxiv 2021:2021.01.22.21250054. [PMID: 33532792 PMCID: PMC7852243 DOI: 10.1101/2021.01.22.21250054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Although T cells are likely players in SARS-CoV-2 immunity, little is known about the phenotypic features of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells associated with recovery from severe COVID-19. We analyzed T cells from longitudinal specimens of 34 COVID-19 patients with severities ranging from mild (outpatient) to critical culminating in death. Relative to patients that succumbed, individuals that recovered from severe COVID-19 harbored elevated and increasing numbers of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells capable of homeostatic proliferation. In contrast, fatal COVID-19 displayed elevated numbers of SARS-CoV-2-specific regulatory T cells and a time-dependent escalation in activated bystander CXCR4+ T cells. Together with the demonstration of increased proportions of inflammatory CXCR4+ T cells in the lungs of severe COVID-19 patients, these results support a model whereby lung-homing T cells activated through bystander effects contribute to immunopathology, while a robust, non-suppressive SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell response limits pathogenesis and promotes recovery from severe COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason Neidleman
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Luo
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ashley F. George
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Matthew McGregor
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Junkai Yang
- Department of Medicine, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Cassandra Yun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Victoria Murray
- Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and the University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Gurjot Gill
- Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and the University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Warner C. Greene
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joshua Vasquez
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sulggi Lee
- Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and the University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Eliver Ghosn
- Department of Medicine, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kara Lynch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Nadia R. Roan
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Introduction: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is more prevalent in people with HIV (PWH) than in the general population and leads to an increased burden of morbidity and mortality in this population. The mechanisms behind COPD development and progression in PWH are not fully elucidated, and there are no PWH-specific guidelines for COPD management. Areas covered: The goal of this broad narrative review is to review the epidemiology of COPD in PWH globally, highlight proposed pathways contributing to increased COPD prevalence and progression in PWH, discuss structural and functional changes in the lungs in this population, assesses the excess mortality and comorbidities in PWH with COPD, and address management practices for this unique population. Expert opinion: Understanding how a chronic viral infection leads to COPD, independent of cigarette smoking, is of critical scientific importance. Further research should focus on the pathophysiology of the interaction between HIV and COPD, and determine the role of disease-modifying risk factors such as opportunistic pneumonia and air pollution, as well as generate data from randomized clinical trials on the safety and efficacy of specific therapies for this vulnerable patient population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katerina L Byanova
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ken M. Kunisaki
- Section of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Joshua Vasquez
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Laurence Huang
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Neidleman J, Luo X, Frouard J, Xie G, Gill G, Stein ES, McGregor M, Ma T, George AF, Kosters A, Greene WC, Vasquez J, Ghosn E, Lee S, Roan NR. SARS-CoV-2-Specific T Cells Exhibit Phenotypic Features of Helper Function, Lack of Terminal Differentiation, and High Proliferation Potential. Cell Rep Med 2020; 1:100081. [PMID: 32839763 PMCID: PMC7437502 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2020.100081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Convalescing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients mount robust T cell responses against SARS-CoV-2, suggesting an important role of T cells in viral clearance. To date, the phenotypes of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells remain poorly defined. Using 38-parameter CyTOF, we phenotyped longitudinal specimens of SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from nine individuals who recovered from mild COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ T cells were exclusively Th1 cells and predominantly Tcm cells with phenotypic features of robust helper function. SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8+ T cells were predominantly Temra cells in a state of less terminal differentiation than most Temra cells. Subsets of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells express CD127, can proliferate homeostatically, and can persist for over 2 months. Our results suggest that long-lived and robust T cell immunity is generated following natural SARS-CoV-2 infection and support an important role of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells in host control of COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason Neidleman
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Luo
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Julie Frouard
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Guorui Xie
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Gurjot Gill
- HIV/AIDS, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Ellen S. Stein
- HIV/AIDS, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Matthew McGregor
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tongcui Ma
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ashley F. George
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Astrid Kosters
- Department of Medicine, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Warner C. Greene
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joshua Vasquez
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Eliver Ghosn
- Department of Medicine, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sulggi Lee
- Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA, USA
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nadia R. Roan
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Neidleman J, Luo X, Frouard J, Xie G, Gill G, Stein ES, McGregor M, Ma T, George A, Kosters A, Greene WC, Vasquez J, Ghosn E, Lee S, Roan NR. SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells exhibit unique features reflecting robust helper function, lack of terminal differentiation, and high proliferative potential. bioRxiv 2020. [PMID: 32577663 DOI: 10.1101/2020.06.08.138826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Convalescing COVID-19 patients mount robust T cell responses against SARS-CoV-2, suggesting an important role for T cells in viral clearance. To date, the phenotypes of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells remain poorly defined. Using 38-parameter CyTOF, we phenotyped longitudinal specimens of SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from nine individuals who recovered from mild COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ T cells were exclusively Th1 cells, and predominantly Tcm with phenotypic features of robust helper function. SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8+ T cells were predominantly Temra cells in a state of less terminal differentiation than most Temra cells. Subsets of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells express CD127, can homeostatically proliferate, and can persist for over two months. Our results suggest that long-lived and robust T cell immunity is generated following natural SARS-CoV-2 infection, and support an important role for SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells in host control of COVID-19.
Collapse
|
9
|
Shrestha S, Hendrickson J, Gomez G, Vasquez J, Bavineau J. LIFE, LONGEVITY AND THE PURSUIT OF HAPPINESS. Innov Aging 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/geroni/igy023.442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - J Bavineau
- Sheltering Arms Senior Services Division of BakerRipley
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Van Zeeland MA, Carlstrom TN, Finkenthal DK, Akiyama T, Boivin RL, Colio A, Du D, Gattuso A, Glass F, Muscatello CM, O'Neill R, Smiley M, Vasquez J, Watkins M, Brower DL, Chen J, Ding WX, Johnson D, Mauzey P, Perry M, Watts C, Wood R. Tests of a full-scale ITER toroidal interferometer and polarimeter (TIP) prototype on the DIII-D tokamak (invited). Rev Sci Instrum 2018; 89:10B102. [PMID: 30399936 DOI: 10.1063/1.5037461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A full-scale ITER toroidal interferometer and polarimeter (TIP) prototype, including an active feedback alignment system, has been installed and tested on the DIII-D tokamak. In the TIP prototype, a two-color interferometry measurement of line-integrated density is carried out at 10.59 μm and 5.22 μm using a CO2 and quantum cascade laser, respectively, while a separate polarimetry measurement of the plasma-induced Faraday effect is made at 10.59 μm. The TIP prototype is equipped with a piezo tip/tilt stage active feedback alignment system that minimizes noise in the measurement and keeps the diagnostic aligned throughout DIII-D discharges. The measured phase resolution for the polarimeter and interferometer is 0.05° (100 Hz bandwidth) and 1.9° (1 kHz bandwidth), respectively. The corresponding line-integrated density resolution for the vibration-compensated interferometer is δnL = 1.5 × 1018 m-2, and the magnetic field-weighted line-integrated density from the polarimeter is δnBL = 1.5 × 1019 Tm-2. Both interferometer and polarimeter measurements during DIII-D discharges compare well with the expectations based on calculations using Thomson scattering measured density profiles and magnetic equilibrium reconstructions. Additionally, larger bandwidth interferometer measurements show that the diagnostic is a sensitive monitor of core density fluctuations with demonstrated measurements of Alfvén eigenmodes and tearing modes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M A Van Zeeland
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608 San Diego, California 92186-5608, USA
| | - T N Carlstrom
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608 San Diego, California 92186-5608, USA
| | - D K Finkenthal
- Palomar Scientific Instruments, San Marcos, California 92069, USA
| | - T Akiyama
- National Institute for Fusion Science, Gifu 509-5292, Japan
| | - R L Boivin
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608 San Diego, California 92186-5608, USA
| | - A Colio
- Palomar Scientific Instruments, San Marcos, California 92069, USA
| | - D Du
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608 San Diego, California 92186-5608, USA
| | - A Gattuso
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608 San Diego, California 92186-5608, USA
| | - F Glass
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608 San Diego, California 92186-5608, USA
| | - C M Muscatello
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608 San Diego, California 92186-5608, USA
| | - R O'Neill
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608 San Diego, California 92186-5608, USA
| | - M Smiley
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608 San Diego, California 92186-5608, USA
| | - J Vasquez
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608 San Diego, California 92186-5608, USA
| | - M Watkins
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608 San Diego, California 92186-5608, USA
| | - D L Brower
- Department of Physics and Astronamy, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - J Chen
- Department of Physics and Astronamy, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - W X Ding
- Department of Physics and Astronamy, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - D Johnson
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, P.O. Box 451, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-0451, USA
| | - P Mauzey
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608 San Diego, California 92186-5608, USA
| | - M Perry
- California State University, San Marcos, California 92096, USA
| | - C Watts
- ITER Organization, 13067 Saint Paul Lez Durance Cedex, France
| | - R Wood
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, P.O. Box 451, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-0451, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Akiyama T, Van Zeeland MA, Boivin RL, Carlstrom TN, Chavez JA, Muscatello CM, O'Neill R, Vasquez J, Watkins M, Martin W, Colio A, Finkenthal DK, Brower DL, Chen J, Ding WX, Perry M. A heterodyne dispersion interferometer for wide bandwidth density measurements on DIII-D. Rev Sci Instrum 2018; 89:10B105. [PMID: 30399752 DOI: 10.1063/1.5037997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In order to improve both the density and particularly the temporal resolution beyond previous dispersion interferometers (DIs), a heterodyne technique based on an acousto-optic (AO) cell has been added to the DI. A 40 MHz drive frequency for the AO cell allows density fluctuation measurements into the MHz range. A CO2 laser-based heterodyne DI (HDI) installed on DIII-D has demonstrated that the HDI is capable of tracking the density evolution throughout DIII-D discharges, including disruption events and other rapid transient phenomena. The data also show good agreement with independent density measurements obtained with the existing DIII-D two-color interferometer. The HDI line-integrated density resolution sampled over a 1 s interval is ∼9 × 1017 m-2. Density fluctuations induced by MHD instabilities are also successfully measured by the HDI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Akiyama
- National Institute for Fusion Science, 322-6 Oroshi-cho, Toki-shi, Gifu 509-5292, Japan
| | - M A Van Zeeland
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608, USA
| | - R L Boivin
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608, USA
| | - T N Carlstrom
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608, USA
| | - J A Chavez
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608, USA
| | - C M Muscatello
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608, USA
| | - R O'Neill
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608, USA
| | - J Vasquez
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608, USA
| | - M Watkins
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608, USA
| | - W Martin
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608, USA
| | - A Colio
- Palomar College, San Marcos, California 92069, USA
| | | | - D L Brower
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - J Chen
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - W X Ding
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - M Perry
- California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, California 92096, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Cavrois M, Banerjee T, Mukherjee G, Raman N, Hussien R, Rodriguez BA, Vasquez J, Spitzer MH, Lazarus NH, Jones JJ, Ochsenbauer C, McCune JM, Butcher EC, Arvin AM, Sen N, Greene WC, Roan NR. Mass Cytometric Analysis of HIV Entry, Replication, and Remodeling in Tissue CD4+ T Cells. Cell Rep 2018; 20:984-998. [PMID: 28746881 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.06.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
To characterize susceptibility to HIV infection, we phenotyped infected tonsillar T cells by single-cell mass cytometry and created comprehensive maps to identify which subsets of CD4+ T cells support HIV fusion and productive infection. By comparing HIV-fused and HIV-infected cells through dimensionality reduction, clustering, and statistical approaches to account for viral perturbations, we identified a subset of memory CD4+ T cells that support HIV entry but not viral gene expression. These cells express high levels of CD127, the IL-7 receptor, and are believed to be long-lived lymphocytes. In HIV-infected patients, CD127-expressing cells preferentially localize to extrafollicular lymphoid regions with limited viral replication. Thus, CyTOF-based phenotyping, combined with analytical approaches to distinguish between selective infection and receptor modulation by viruses, can be used as a discovery tool.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marielle Cavrois
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Trambak Banerjee
- Department of Data Sciences and Operations, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Gourab Mukherjee
- Department of Data Sciences and Operations, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Nandhini Raman
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Rajaa Hussien
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Brandon Aguilar Rodriguez
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Joshua Vasquez
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Matthew H Spitzer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA
| | - Nicole H Lazarus
- Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5324, USA; Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research and the Palo Alto Veterans Affairs Health Care Center, Palo Alto, CA 94304-1290, USA
| | - Jennifer J Jones
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35233-1912, USA
| | - Christina Ochsenbauer
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35233-1912, USA; Center for AIDS Research, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294-2107, USA
| | - Joseph M McCune
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Eugene C Butcher
- Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5324, USA; Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research and the Palo Alto Veterans Affairs Health Care Center, Palo Alto, CA 94304-1290, USA
| | - Ann M Arvin
- Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5324, USA
| | - Nandini Sen
- Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5324, USA
| | - Warner C Greene
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Nadia R Roan
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hogan LE, Vasquez J, Hobbs KS, Hanhauser E, Aguilar-Rodriguez B, Hussien R, Thanh C, Gibson EA, Carvidi AB, Smith LCB, Khan S, Trapecar M, Sanjabi S, Somsouk M, Stoddart CA, Kuritzkes DR, Deeks SG, Henrich TJ. Increased HIV-1 transcriptional activity and infectious burden in peripheral blood and gut-associated CD4+ T cells expressing CD30. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006856. [PMID: 29470552 PMCID: PMC5823470 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1-infected cells persist indefinitely despite the use of combination antiretroviral therapy (ART), and novel therapeutic strategies to target and purge residual infected cells in individuals on ART are urgently needed. Here, we demonstrate that CD4+ T cell-associated HIV-1 RNA is often highly enriched in cells expressing CD30, and that cells expressing this marker considerably contribute to the total pool of transcriptionally active CD4+ lymphocytes in individuals on suppressive ART. Using in situ RNA hybridization studies, we show co-localization of CD30 with HIV-1 transcriptional activity in gut-associated lymphoid tissues. We also demonstrate that ex vivo treatment with brentuximab vedotin, an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) that targets CD30, significantly reduces the total amount of HIV-1 DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from infected, ART-suppressed individuals. Finally, we observed that an HIV-1-infected individual, who received repeated brentuximab vedotin infusions for lymphoma, had no detectable virus in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Overall, CD30 may be a marker of residual, transcriptionally active HIV-1 infected cells in the setting of suppressive ART. Given that CD30 is only expressed on a small number of total mononuclear cells, it is a potential therapeutic target of persistent HIV-1 infection. Previous studies have shown that higher levels of soluble CD30 are associated with HIV-1 disease progression. Many of these studies, however, were performed prior to the implementation of combination ART, and the relationship between surface CD30 expression, soluble CD30 and HIV-1 infection in ART suppressed individuals, or those with viremic control off ART, is not known. We demonstrate that cell-associated HIV-1 RNA is highly enriched in CD4+ T cells expressing CD30, a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily. These findings were observed in several HIV-1 infected donor groups, regardless of whether or not the participants were receiving suppressive ART. Furthermore, we demonstrate that ex vivo treatment with brentuximab vedotin, an antibody-drug conjugate that targets CD30, reduces the total amount of HIV-1 DNA in PBMC obtained from infected individuals. Finally, we show through in situ RNA hybridization studies that CD30 and HIV transcriptional activity co-localize in cells from gut biopsies obtained from HIV-1 infected donors. These data suggest that CD30 may be a marker of residual, transcriptionally active HIV-1 infected cells in the setting of suppressive ART.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louise E. Hogan
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LEH); (TJH)
| | - Joshua Vasquez
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Kristen S. Hobbs
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Emily Hanhauser
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Brandon Aguilar-Rodriguez
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Rajaa Hussien
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Cassandra Thanh
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Erica A. Gibson
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Alexander B. Carvidi
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Louis C. B. Smith
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Shahzada Khan
- Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Martin Trapecar
- Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Shomyseh Sanjabi
- Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Ma Somsouk
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Cheryl A. Stoddart
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel R. Kuritzkes
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Steven G. Deeks
- Positive Health Program, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Timothy J. Henrich
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LEH); (TJH)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Smith M, Zhai Y, Jariwala A, Edgemon T, Konkel L, Smiley M, Vasquez J, Verlaan AL, Heijmans JAC. Electro-Magnetic Analysis of the ITER Upper Visible Infrared Wide Angle Viewing System. Fusion Science and Technology 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15361055.2017.1352423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Smith
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - Y. Zhai
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - A. Jariwala
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - T. Edgemon
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - L. Konkel
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - M. Smiley
- General Atomics, 3550 General Atomics Court, San Diego, California 92121
| | - J. Vasquez
- General Atomics, 3550 General Atomics Court, San Diego, California 92121
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Smiley M, O’Neill R, Vasquez J, Lasnier C, McLean A, Feder R, Smith M, Jariwala A, Stratton B, Johnson D, Verlaan A, Heijmans J. Design update of the ITER upper wide angle viewing system. Fusion Engineering and Design 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2017.03.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
16
|
Akiyama T, Van Zeeland MA, Boivin RL, Carlstrom TN, Chavez JA, Muscatello CM, O'Neill RC, Vasquez J, Watkins M, Martin W, Colio A, Finkenthal DK, Brower DL, Chen J, Ding WX, Perry M. Bench testing of a heterodyne CO 2 laser dispersion interferometer for high temporal resolution plasma density measurements. Rev Sci Instrum 2016; 87:123502. [PMID: 28040946 DOI: 10.1063/1.4969055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A heterodyne detection scheme is combined with a 10.59 μm CO2 laser dispersion interferometer for the first time to allow large bandwidth measurements in the 10-100 MHz range. The approach employed utilizes a 40 MHz acousto-optic cell operating on the frequency doubled CO2 beam which is obtained using a high 2nd harmonic conversion efficiency orientation patterned gallium arsenide crystal. The measured standard deviation of the line integrated electron density equivalent phase resolution obtained with digital phase demodulation technique, is 4 × 1017 m-2. Air flow was found to significantly affect the baseline of the phase signal, which an optical table cover was able to reduce considerably. The heterodyne dispersion interferometer (DI) approach is found to be robustly insensitive to motion, with measured phase shifts below baseline drifts even in the presence of several centimeters of retroreflector induced path length variations. Plasma induced dispersion was simulated with a wedged ZnSe plate and the measured DI phase shifts are consistent with expectations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Akiyama
- National Institute for Fusion Science, 322-6 Oroshi-cho, Toki-shi, Gifu 509-5292, Japan
| | - M A Van Zeeland
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608, USA
| | - R L Boivin
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608, USA
| | - T N Carlstrom
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608, USA
| | - J A Chavez
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608, USA
| | - C M Muscatello
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608, USA
| | - R C O'Neill
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608, USA
| | - J Vasquez
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608, USA
| | - M Watkins
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608, USA
| | - W Martin
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608, USA
| | - A Colio
- Palomar College, San Diego, California 92069, USA
| | | | - D L Brower
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - J Chen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - W X Ding
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - M Perry
- California State University, San Marcos, San Marcos, California 92096, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lasnier CJ, McLean AG, Gattuso A, O'Neill R, Smiley M, Vasquez J, Feder R, Smith M, Stratton B, Johnson D, Verlaan AL, Heijmans JAC. Upper wide-angle viewing system for ITER. Rev Sci Instrum 2016; 87:11D426. [PMID: 27910636 DOI: 10.1063/1.4960489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The Upper Wide Angle Viewing System (UWAVS) will be installed on five upper ports of ITER. This paper shows major requirements, gives an overview of the preliminary design with reasons for some design choices, examines self-emitted IR light from UWAVS optics and its effect on accuracy, and shows calculations of signal-to-noise ratios for the two-color temperature output as a function of integration time and divertor temperature. Accurate temperature output requires correction for vacuum window absorption vs. wavelength and for self-emitted IR, which requires good measurement of the temperature of the optical components. The anticipated signal-to-noise ratio using presently available IR cameras is adequate for the required 500 Hz frame rate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C J Lasnier
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A G McLean
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A Gattuso
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608, USA
| | - R O'Neill
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608, USA
| | - M Smiley
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608, USA
| | - J Vasquez
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186-5608, USA
| | - R Feder
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - M Smith
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - B Stratton
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - D Johnson
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - A L Verlaan
- TNO, P.O. Box 155, NL-2600 AD Delft, Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
de Angelis G, Prete G, Andrigetto A, Manzolaro M, Corradetti S, Scarpa D, Rossignoli M, Monetti A, Lollo M, Calderolla M, Vasquez J, Zafiropoulos D, Sarchiapone L, Benini D, Favaron P, Rigato M, Pegoraro R, Maniero D, Calabretta L, Comunian M, Maggiore M, Lombardi A, Porcellato AM, Roncolato C, Bisoffi G, Pisent A, Galatà A, Giacchini M, Bassato G, Canella S, Gramegna F, Valiente J, Bermudez J, Mastinu PF, Esposito J, Wyss J, Russo A, Zanella S. The SPES radioactive ion beam project of LNL: status and perspectives. EPJ Web of Conferences 2016. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201610701001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
19
|
de Angelis G, Prete G, Andrighetto A, Manzolaro M, Corradetti S, Scarpa D, Rossignoli M, Monetti A, Lollo M, Calderolla M, Vasquez J, Zafiropoulos D, Sarchiapone L, Benini D, Favaron P, Rigato M, Pegoraro R, Maniero D, Calabretta L, Comunian M, Maggiore M, Lombardi A, Piazza L, Porcellato A, Roncolato C, Bisoffi G, Pisent A, Galatà A, Giacchini M, Bassato G, Canella S, Gramegna F, Valiente J, Bermudez J, Mastinu P, Esposito J, Wyss J, Russo A, Zanella S. The SPES project of INFN: Facility and detectors. EPJ Web of Conferences 2015. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/20158800011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
|
20
|
Drackley JK, Wallace RL, Graugnard D, Vasquez J, Richards BF, Loor JJ. Visceral adipose tissue mass in nonlactating dairy cows fed diets differing in energy density(1). J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:3420-30. [PMID: 24704224 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Our objective was to determine dietary energy effects on feed intake, internal fat deposition, body condition score (BCS), visceral organ mass, and blood analytes in Holstein cows. Eighteen nonpregnant, nonlactating cows (BCS = 3.04 ± 0.25) were blocked based on initial BCS and were randomly assigned within each block to 2 treatments. Treatments were either high energy [HE; net energy for lactation (NEL)=1.62 Mcal/kg] or low energy (LE; NEL = 1.35 Mcal/kg) diets fed as total mixed rations for 8 wk. The LE diet consisted of 81.7% forage, including 40.5% wheat straw and 28.3% corn silage, whereas the HE diet contained 73.8% forage with no straw and 49.9% corn silage (dry matter basis). Cows were fed for ad libitum intake once daily at 0800 h. Feed intake was recorded daily, blood was sampled at wk 1, 4, and 7, and BCS was assigned at wk 1, 4, and 7. Cows were killed following the 8-wk period, and visceral organs, mammary gland, and internal adipose tissues were weighed and sampled. The HE group had greater dry matter intake (15.9 vs. 11.2 ± 0.5 kg/d) and energy intakes than cows fed LE, but neutral detergent fiber intake did not differ (5.8 vs. 5.6 ± 0.25 kg/d for HE and LE). Final body weight was greater for cows fed HE (807 vs. 750 kg), but BCS did not differ between groups (3.52 vs. 3.47 for HE and LE). Omental (26.8 vs. 15.2 ± 1.6 kg/d), mesenteric (21.5 vs. 11.2 ± 1.9 kg), and perirenal (8.9 vs. 5.4 ± 0.9 kg) adipose tissue masses were larger in HE cows than in LE cows. Although subcutaneous adipose mass was not measured, carcass weight (including hide and subcutaneous fat) did not differ between HE (511 kg) and LE (496 kg). Liver weight tended to be greater for cows fed HE, but weights of gastrointestinal tract, heart, and kidney did not differ. Serum insulin tended to be greater and the glucose to insulin ratio was lower for cows fed HE. Serum concentrations of β-hydroxybutyrate and cholesterol were greater for HE cows than for LE cows but concentrations of glucose, nonesterified fatty acids, total protein, and albumin did not differ. Final BCS was correlated with masses of omental (r = 0.57), mesenteric (r = 0.59), and perirenal (r = 0.72) adipose tissue, but mesenteric adipose mass increased more as BCS increased for cows fed HE. The similar final BCS between HE and LE cows demonstrates that BCS may lack sensitivity to detect differences in visceral fat deposition that might increase risk for peripartal diseases and disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J K Drackley
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - R L Wallace
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - D Graugnard
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - J Vasquez
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - B F Richards
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - J J Loor
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Pretea G, Andrighetto A, Manzolaro M, Corradetti S, Scarpa D, Rossignoli M, Monetti A, Lollo M, Calderolla M, Vasquez J, Zafiropoulos D, Sarchiapone L, Benini D, Favaron P, Rigato M, Pegoraro R, Maniero D, Calabretta L, Comunian M, Maggiore M, Lombardi A, Piazza L, Porcellato A, Roncolato C, Bisoffi G, Pisent A, Galatà A, Giacchini M, Bassato G, Canella S, Gramegna F, Valiente J, Bermudez J, Mastinu P, Esposito J, Wyss J, Zanella S. The SPES project at the INFN- Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro. EPJ Web of Conferences 2014. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/20146611030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
|
22
|
Manzolaro M, Andrighetto A, Meneghetti G, Monetti A, Scarpa D, Rossignoli M, Vasquez J, Corradetti S, Calderolla M, Prete G. Ongoing characterization of the forced electron beam induced arc discharge ion source for the selective production of exotic species facility. Rev Sci Instrum 2014; 85:02B918. [PMID: 24593623 DOI: 10.1063/1.4857175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
An intense research and development activity to finalize the design of the target ion source system for the selective production of exotic species (SPES) facility (operating according to the isotope separation on line technique) is at present ongoing at Legnaro National Laboratories. In particular, the characterization of ion sources in terms of ionization efficiency and transversal emittance is currently in progress, and a preliminary set of data is already available. In this work, the off-line ionization efficiency and emittance measurements for the SPES forced electron beam induced arc discharge ion source in the case of a stable Ar beam are presented in detail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Manzolaro
- INFN, Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro, Viale dell'Universita' 2 - 35020 Legnaro, Padova,Italy
| | - A Andrighetto
- INFN, Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro, Viale dell'Universita' 2 - 35020 Legnaro, Padova,Italy
| | - G Meneghetti
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Via Venezia 1 - 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - A Monetti
- INFN, Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro, Viale dell'Universita' 2 - 35020 Legnaro, Padova,Italy
| | - D Scarpa
- INFN, Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro, Viale dell'Universita' 2 - 35020 Legnaro, Padova,Italy
| | - M Rossignoli
- INFN, Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro, Viale dell'Universita' 2 - 35020 Legnaro, Padova,Italy
| | - J Vasquez
- INFN, Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro, Viale dell'Universita' 2 - 35020 Legnaro, Padova,Italy
| | - S Corradetti
- INFN, Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro, Viale dell'Universita' 2 - 35020 Legnaro, Padova,Italy
| | - M Calderolla
- INFN, Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro, Viale dell'Universita' 2 - 35020 Legnaro, Padova,Italy
| | - G Prete
- INFN, Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro, Viale dell'Universita' 2 - 35020 Legnaro, Padova,Italy
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Scarpa D, Makhathini L, Tomaselli A, Grassi D, Corradetti S, Manzolaro M, Vasquez J, Calderolla M, Rossignoli M, Monetti A, Andrighetto A, Prete G. Photo-ionization of aluminum in a hot cavity for the selective production of exotic species project. Rev Sci Instrum 2014; 85:02B908. [PMID: 24593613 DOI: 10.1063/1.4828722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
SPES (Selective Production of Exotic Species) is an Isotope Separation On-Line (ISOL) based accelerator facility that will be built in the Legnaro-Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) Laboratory (Italy), intended to provide intense neutron-rich radioactive ion beams obtained by proton-induced fission of a uranium carbide (UCx) target. Besides this main target material, silicon carbide (SiC) will be the first to be used to deliver p-rich beams. This target will also validate the functionality of the SPES facility with aluminum beam as result of impinging SiC target with proton beam. In the past, off line studies on laser photoionization of aluminum have been performed in Pavia Spectroscopy Laboratory and in Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro; a XeCl excimer laser was installed in order to test the laser ionization in the SPES hot cavity. With the new Wien filter installed a better characterization of the ionization process in terms of efficiency was performed and results are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Scarpa
- INFN-Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro, Viale dell'Università 2, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | | | - A Tomaselli
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettronica, Università di Pavia, Via Ferrata 1, Pavia, Italy
| | - D Grassi
- Dipartimento di Chimica Generale, Università di Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, Pavia, Italy
| | - S Corradetti
- INFN-Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro, Viale dell'Università 2, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - M Manzolaro
- INFN-Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro, Viale dell'Università 2, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - J Vasquez
- INFN-Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro, Viale dell'Università 2, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - M Calderolla
- INFN-Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro, Viale dell'Università 2, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - M Rossignoli
- INFN-Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro, Viale dell'Università 2, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - A Monetti
- INFN-Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro, Viale dell'Università 2, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - A Andrighetto
- INFN-Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro, Viale dell'Università 2, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - G Prete
- INFN-Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro, Viale dell'Università 2, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Scarpa D, Vasquez J, Tomaselli A, Grassi D, Biasetto L, Cavazza A, Corradetti S, Manzolaro M, Montano J, Andrighetto A, Prete G. Studies for aluminum photoionization in hot cavity for the selective production of exotic species project. Rev Sci Instrum 2012; 83:02B317. [PMID: 22380296 DOI: 10.1063/1.3673628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Selective production of exotic species (SPES) is an ISOL-based accelerator facility that will be built in the Legnaro INFN Laboratory (Italy), intended to provide an intense neutron-rich radioactive ion beams obtained by proton induced fission of an uranium carbide target. Beside this main target, a silicon carbide (SiC) target will the first to be used to deliver some p-rich beams. This target will validate also the functionality of the SPES facility with aluminum beam as result of hitting SiC target with protons. In the past off-line studies on laser photoionization of aluminum have performed in Pavia Spectroscopy Laboratory and in Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro where, recently, a XeCl excimer laser was installed in order to test the laser ionization in the SPES hot cavity. Results are promising to justify further studies with this technique, aiming a better characterization of the SPES ion extraction capability under laser photoionization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Scarpa
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro, Viale dell'Università 2, Legnaro (PD), Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Manzolaro M, Manente M, Curreli D, Vasquez J, Montano J, Andrighetto A, Scarpa D, Meneghetti G, Pavarin D. Off-line ionization tests using the surface and the plasma ion sources of the SPES project. Rev Sci Instrum 2012; 83:02A907. [PMID: 22380248 DOI: 10.1063/1.3666172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The development of new target ion source systems for the selective production of exotic species (SPES) facility is currently in progress at Legnaro National Laboratories. In this context, the study of ion sources and their performance in terms of ionization efficiency and transversal emittance is a crucial point in order to maximize the available yields, particularly for short-lived isotopes. In this work, preliminary off-line ionization efficiency and emittance measurements for the SPES surface and plasma ion sources are presented. The plasma source emittance measurements are supported by dedicated numerical calculations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Manzolaro
- INFN-Legnaro National Laboratories, Legnaro, Padova, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Vasquez J, Lopez G, Mitchell P, Rahimi L, Wilcox A, Rubin-Smith J, Gutierrez A, Stevens L, McGrath M. 385 Emergency Department Staff Attitudes and Satisfaction With Live-Feed Video Interpreting for Limited English Proficient Patients: Pre- and Post- Training. Ann Emerg Med 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2011.06.417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
27
|
Lee S, Novitskaya EE, Reynante B, Vasquez J, Urbaniak R, Takahashi T, Woolley E, Tombolato L, Chen PY, McKittrick J. Impact testing of structural biological materials. Materials Science and Engineering: C 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2010.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
28
|
Barrera R, MacKay A, Amador M, Vasquez J, Smith J, Díaz A, Acevedo V, Cabán B, Hunsperger EA, Muñoz-Jordán JL. Mosquito vectors of West Nile virus during an epizootic outbreak in Puerto Rico. J Med Entomol 2010; 47:1185-1195. [PMID: 21175071 DOI: 10.1603/me10038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to identify the mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) vectors of West Nile virus (WNV; family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus) during an epizootic WNV outbreak in eastern Puerto Rico in 2007. In June 2006, 12 sentinel chicken pens with five chickens per pen were deployed in six types of habitats: herbaceous wetlands, mangrove forests, deciduous forests, evergreen forests, rural areas, and urban areas. Once WNV seroconversion in chickens was detected in June 2007, we began trapping mosquitoes using Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) miniature (light/CO2-baited) traps, CMT-20 collapsible mosquito (CO2- and ISCA SkinLure-baited) traps, and CDC gravid (hay infusion-baited) traps. We placed the CDC miniature traps both 2-4 m and >30 m from the chicken pens, the collapsible traps 2-4 m from the pens, and the gravid traps in backyards of houses with sentinel chicken pens and in a wetland adjacent to an urban area. We found numerous blood-engorged mosquitoes in the traps nearest to the sentinel chickens and reasoned that any such mosquitoes with a disseminated WNV infection likely served as vectors for the transmission of WNV to the sentinels. We used reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and isolation (C636) on pools of heads, thoraxes/ abdomens, and legs of collected blood-engorged mosquitoes to determine whether the mosquitoes carried WNV. We detected WNV-disseminated infections in and obtained WNV isolates from Culex nigripalpus Theo (minimum infection rate [MIR] 1.1-9.7/1,000), Culex bahamensis Dyar and Knab (MIR 1.8-6.0/1,000), and Aedes taeniorhynchus (Wied.) (MIR 0.34-0.36/1,000). WNV was also identified in and isolated from the pool of thoraxes and abdomens of Culex quinquefasciatus Say (4.17/1,000) and identified in one pool of thoraxes and abdomens of Culex habilitator Dyar and Knab (13.39/1,000). Accumulated evidence since 2002 suggests that WNV has not become endemic in Puerto Rico.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Barrera
- Dengue Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Amador JJ, Vasquez J, Orozco M, Pedreira C, Malespin O, Oliveira LHD, Tate J, Parashar U, Patel M. Rotavirus disease burden, Nicaragua 2001–2005: defining the potential impact of a rotavirus vaccination program. Int J Infect Dis 2010; 14:e592-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2009.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2009] [Revised: 08/07/2009] [Accepted: 08/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
|
30
|
Orozco M, Vasquez J, Pedreira C, De Oliveira L, Amador J, Malespin O, Andrus J, Tate J, Parashar U, Patel M. Uptake of Rotavirus Vaccine and National Trends of Acute Gastroenteritis among Children in Nicaragua. J Infect Dis 2009; 200 Suppl 1:S125-30. [DOI: 10.1086/605053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
|
31
|
Estrada O, Alvarado-Castillo C, Fernandez A, Lopez M, Romero-Vecchione E, Vasquez J, Mendez J, Conde D, Cardozo A. Pomolic Acid Isolated from the Leaves of Licania pittieri Inhibits ADP-and Epinephrine-Induced Platelet Aggregation and has Hypotensive Effect on Rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.2174/157340709789054786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
32
|
Vasquez J, Montesinos E, Peralta J, Rojas L, DeLaRosa J, Leon J. Need for Lung Resection in Patients with Intact or Ruptured Hydatid Cysts. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2009; 57:295-302. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1185604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
33
|
Els SG, Schöck M, Seguel J, Tokovinin A, Kornilov V, Riddle R, Skidmore W, Travouillon T, Vogiatzis K, Blum R, Bustos E, Gregory B, Vasquez J, Walker D, Gillett P. Study on the precision of the multiaperture scintillation sensor turbulence profiler (MASS) employed in the site testing campaign for the Thirty Meter Telescope. Appl Opt 2008; 47:2610-2618. [PMID: 18470256 DOI: 10.1364/ao.47.002610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The multiaperture scintillation sensor (MASS) has become a device widely employed to measure the altitude distribution of atmospheric turbulence. An empirical study is reported that investigates the dependence of the MASS results on the knowledge of the instrumental parameters. Also, the results of a side-by-side comparison of two MASS instruments are presented, indicating that MASS instruments permit measurements of the integrated seeing to a precision better than 0.05 arc sec and of the individual turbulence layer strength C(n)(2)(h)dh to better than 10(-14) m(1/3).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S G Els
- Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory, Casilla, La Serena, Chile.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Malaspina A, Moir S, Orsega SM, Vasquez J, Miller NJ, Donoghue ET, Kottilil S, Gezmu M, Follmann D, Vodeiko GM, Levandowski RA, Mican JM, Fauci AS. Compromised B Cell Responses to Influenza Vaccination in HIV‐Infected Individuals. J Infect Dis 2005; 191:1442-50. [PMID: 15809902 DOI: 10.1086/429298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2004] [Accepted: 11/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Yearly influenza vaccination, although recommended for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals, has not received thorough evaluation in the era of antiretroviral therapy. We assessed the impact of HIV disease on B cell responses to influenza vaccination. METHODS Sixty-four HIV-infected and 17 HIV-negative individuals received the 2003-2004 trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine. Frequencies of influenza-specific antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) were measured by enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay, and antibody responses were measured by hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) assay. Memory responses to influenza were measured by ELISPOT assay after polyclonal activation of B cells in vitro. RESULTS Prevaccination HI titers were significantly higher in HIV-negative than in HIV-infected individuals. Peak HI titers and influenza-specific ASC frequencies were directly correlated with CD4+ T cell counts in HIV-infected individuals. Influenza-specific memory B cell responses were significantly lower in HIV-infected than in HIV-negative individuals and were directly correlated with CD4+ T cell counts. CONCLUSIONS HIV infection is associated with a weak antibody response to influenza vaccination that is compounded by a poor memory B cell response. CD4+ T cell count is a critical determinant of responsiveness to influenza vaccination, and the contribution of plasma HIV RNA level is suggestive and warrants further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Malaspina
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Zerpa H, Vega F, Vasquez J, Ascanio E, Campos G, Sogbe E, Romero E, Ascanio M, García H. Effect of Acute Sublethal Endotoxaemia on In Vitro Digital Vascular Reactivity in Horses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 52:67-73. [PMID: 15737174 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0442.2004.00684.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Endotoxaemia is a syndrome linked to the development of equine laminitis; however, the relationship between them is uncertain. The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of an experimental acute sublethal endotoxaemia model on in vitro equine palmar digital vascular reactivity. Rings of arteries and veins of each forelimb were obtained from 11 clinically healthy horses submitted to two surgical procedures, 3 weeks apart. Before the second surgery, 0.25 microg/kg of lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli O55:B5 in saline, was administered i.v. in 30 min. After 3 h, the vessels were harvested and submitted to in vitro vascular reactivity experiments and histopathology. The response to depolarizing Krebs solution (DKS, 40 mm), phenylephrine (PHE), acetylcholine (ACh) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) were evaluated. All horses showed colic pain and watery diarrhoea, tachycardia, tachypnea, hyperthermia and leucopenia. Concentration-response curve (CRC) to PHE was shifted to the left in arteries rings from endotoxemic horses without any effect on vein rings. The CRC to ACh was shifted to the right with a reduction in the maximal response. The response to SNP and DKS was similar between groups. There was no evidence of histopathological effects. The increased response to PHE in digital arteries together with a reduction of the endothelium-dependent response to ACh in arteries and veins, confirm the existing reports where endotoxaemia was found to modify the digital vascular reactivity during the acute phase. As the digital endothelial function is impaired, there may be an increased potential to develop a digital prothrombotic state with a reduced vasodilatory capacity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Zerpa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Veterinary School, Central University of Venezuela, Maracay, Venezuela.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Moir S, Malaspina A, Pickeral OK, Donoghue ET, Vasquez J, Miller NJ, Krishnan SR, Planta MA, Turney JF, Justement JS, Kottilil S, Dybul M, Mican JM, Kovacs C, Chun TW, Birse CE, Fauci AS. Decreased survival of B cells of HIV-viremic patients mediated by altered expression of receptors of the TNF superfamily. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 200:587-99. [PMID: 15353552 PMCID: PMC2262955 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20032236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection leads to numerous perturbations of B cells through mechanisms that remain elusive. We performed DNA microarray, phenotypic, and functional analyses in an effort to elucidate mechanisms of B cell perturbation associated with ongoing HIV replication. 42 genes were up-regulated in B cells of HIV-viremic patients when compared with HIV-aviremic and HIV-negative patients, the majority of which were interferon (IFN)-stimulated or associated with terminal differentiation. Flow cytometry confirmed these increases and indicated that CD21low B cells, enhanced in HIV-viremic patients, were largely responsible for the changes. Increased expression of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily (TNFSF) receptor CD95 correlated with increased susceptibility to CD95-mediated apoptosis of CD21low B cells, which, in turn, correlated with HIV plasma viremia. Increased expression of BCMA, a weak TNFSF receptor for B lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS), on CD21low B cells was associated with a concomitant reduction in the expression of the more potent BLyS receptor, BAFF-R, that resulted in reduced BLyS binding and BLyS-mediated survival. These findings demonstrate that altered expression of genes associated with IFN stimulation and terminal differentiation in B cells of HIV-viremic patients lead to an increased propensity to cell death, which may have substantial deleterious effects on B cell responsiveness to antigenic stimulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan Moir
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 10, Rm. 6A02, 10 Center Dr., Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Moir S, Malaspina A, Pickeral OK, Donoghue ET, Vasquez J, Miller NJ, Krishnan SR, Planta MA, Turney JF, Justement JS, Kottilil S, Dybul M, Mican JM, Kovacs C, Chun TW, Birse CE, Fauci AS. Decreased survival of B cells of HIV-viremic patients mediated by altered expression of receptors of the TNF superfamily. J Exp Med 2004; 200:587-99. [PMID: 15508184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection leads to numerous perturbations of B cells through mechanisms that remain elusive. We performed DNA microarray, phenotypic, and functional analyses in an effort to elucidate mechanisms of B cell perturbation associated with ongoing HIV replication. 42 genes were up-regulated in B cells of HIV-viremic patients when compared with HIV-aviremic and HIV-negative patients, the majority of which were interferon (IFN)-stimulated or associated with terminal differentiation. Flow cytometry confirmed these increases and indicated that CD21(low) B cells, enhanced in HIV-viremic patients, were largely responsible for the changes. Increased expression of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily (TNFSF) receptor CD95 correlated with increased susceptibility to CD95-mediated apoptosis of CD21(low) B cells, which, in turn, correlated with HIV plasma viremia. Increased expression of BCMA, a weak TNFSF receptor for B lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS), on CD21(low) B cells was associated with a concomitant reduction in the expression of the more potent BLyS receptor, BAFF-R, that resulted in reduced BLyS binding and BLyS-mediated survival. These findings demonstrate that altered expression of genes associated with IFN stimulation and terminal differentiation in B cells of HIV-viremic patients lead to an increased propensity to cell death, which may have substantial deleterious effects on B cell responsiveness to antigenic stimulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan Moir
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
O'Connor DH, Mothe BR, Weinfurter JT, Fuenger S, Rehrauer WM, Jing P, Rudersdorf RR, Liebl ME, Krebs K, Vasquez J, Dodds E, Loffredo J, Martin S, McDermott AB, Allen TM, Wang C, Doxiadis GG, Montefiori DC, Hughes A, Burton DR, Allison DB, Wolinsky SM, Bontrop R, Picker LJ, Watkins DI. Major histocompatibility complex class I alleles associated with slow simian immunodeficiency virus disease progression bind epitopes recognized by dominant acute-phase cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte responses. J Virol 2003; 77:9029-40. [PMID: 12885919 PMCID: PMC167227 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.16.9029-9040.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Certain major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) alleles are associated with delayed disease progression in individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and in macaques infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). However, little is known about the influence of these MHC alleles on acute-phase cellular immune responses. Here we follow 51 animals infected with SIV(mac)239 and demonstrate a dramatic association between Mamu-A*01 and -B*17 expression and slowed disease progression. We show that the dominant acute-phase cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses in animals expressing these alleles are largely directed against two epitopes restricted by Mamu-A*01 and one epitope restricted by Mamu-B*17. One Mamu-A*01-restricted response (Tat(28-35)SL8) and the Mamu-B*17-restricted response (Nef(165-173)IW9) typically select for viral escape variants in early SIV(mac)239 infection. Interestingly, animals expressing Mamu-A*1 and -B*17 have less variation in the Tat(28-35)SL8 epitope during chronic infection than animals that express only Mamu-A*01. Our results show that MHC-I alleles that are associated with slow progression to AIDS bind epitopes recognized by dominant CTL responses during acute infection and underscore the importance of understanding CTL responses during primary HIV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David H O'Connor
- Wisconsin Regional Primate Research Center and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Moir S, Ogwaro KM, Malaspina A, Vasquez J, Donoghue ET, Hallahan CW, Liu S, Ehler LA, Planta MA, Kottilil S, Chun TW, Fauci AS. Perturbations in B cell responsiveness to CD4+ T cell help in HIV-infected individuals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:6057-62. [PMID: 12730375 PMCID: PMC156325 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0730819100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV infection induces a wide array of B cell dysfunctions. We have characterized the effect of plasma viremia on the responsiveness of B cells to CD4(+) T cell help in HIV-infected patients. In HIV-negative donors, B cell proliferation correlated with CD154 expression on activated CD4(+) T cells and with the availability of IL-2, whereas in HIV-infected viremic patients, reduced B cell proliferation was observed despite normal CD154 expression on activated CD4(+) T cells. Reduced triggering of B cells by activated CD4(+) T cells was clearly observed in HIV-infected viremic patients compared with aviremic patients with comparable CD4(+) T cell counts, and a dramatic improvement in B cell function was observed in patients whose plasma viremia was controlled by effective antiretroviral therapy. The degree of B cell dysfunction in viremic patients correlated strongly with the inability of B cells to express CD25 in response to activated CD4(+) T cells, resulting in an inability to mount a normal proliferative response to IL-2. Similar defects in responsiveness to IL-2 were observed in the B cells of HIV-infected viremic patients in the context of B cell receptor stimulation. These data provide new insight into the mechanisms associated with ineffective humoral responses in HIV disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan Moir
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Dybul M, Bolan R, Condoluci D, Cox-Iyamu R, Redfield R, Hallahan CW, Folino M, Sathasivam K, Weisberg M, Andrews M, Hidalgo B, Vasquez J, Fauci AS. Evaluation of initial CD4+ T cell counts in individuals with newly diagnosed human immunodeficiency virus infection, by sex and race, in urban settings. J Infect Dis 2002; 185:1818-21. [PMID: 12085332 DOI: 10.1086/340650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2001] [Revised: 02/04/2002] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The CD4+ T cell count is an important determinant of disease stage and prognosis in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals. This study evaluated the CD4+ T cell counts in individuals at the time of diagnosis of HIV infection at 4 community clinics in large urban settings with relatively high frequencies of HIV infection. Of 2223 individuals, 57% and 36% had CD4+ T cell counts < 350 and < 200 cells/mm(3), respectively, at the time of diagnosis. There were no clear differences by sex or race. Enhanced educational efforts regarding the importance of HIV testing for at-risk individuals across sex and race strata in community settings may be important for early identification of individuals with HIV infection. This in turn could impact efforts to reduce transmission, and it could impact the prognosis for patients who receive antiretroviral therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Dybul
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 10 Rm. 11B-13, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Temporary arterial shunts maintain perfusion while surgeons postpone arterial repairs. The common indications are combined orthopedic and vascular injuries and damage control. The duration of patency and the need for systemic anticoagulation remain in question. We examined our experience for answers. METHODS We searched for patients who had temporary arterial shunts and collected the following: mechanism, artery injured, shunt time, blood loss and transfusions, injury severity score (ISS,) mangled extremity severity score (MESS,) and anticoagulation. RESULTS Of 19 patients, 10 had shunts for damage control (group 1,) and 9, for orthopedic/vascular injuries (group 2.) group 1 had significantly higher shunt time, mortality, ISS, and MESS. Shunt time ranged from 47 to 3,130 minutes (52 hours.) Two patients, 1 in each group, required amputations. CONCLUSION Temporary arterial shunts can be use for combined orthopedic and vascular injuries and for damage control. Shunts can stay open for 52 hours without systemic anticoagulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Granchi
- Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine and Ben Taub General Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus by itself, is a frequent and increasing public health problem. The prevalence in most Western countries varies between 2 to 5% and it is rapidly increasing in Asiatic countries due to changes in dietary habits during the last years. The association between diabetes mellitus and hypertension has been described in 60 to 65% of diabetics. In hypertension we find insulin resistance mainly in skeletal muscle involving the conversion of glucose to glycogen independently of blood flow. The degree of resistance is related to the severity of hypertension and varies between races. States of hyperinsulinaemia and insulin-resistance have been postulated as causes and/or consequences of hypertension. Regardless of the type of diabetes, hypertension is two to three times more common among diabetics compared with non-diabetics. In this paper we propose to review the essential physiopathological mechanisms involved in this association that causes high morbidity and mortality rates and increases disability among the population involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Contreras
- Faculty of Medicine, Central University of Venezuela
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Brophy VH, Vasquez J, Nelson RG, Forney JR, Rosowsky A, Sibley CH. Identification of Cryptosporidium parvum dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors by complementation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000; 44:1019-28. [PMID: 10722506 PMCID: PMC89807 DOI: 10.1128/aac.44.4.1019-1028.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a pressing need for drugs effective against the opportunistic protozoan pathogen Cryptosporidium parvum. Folate metabolic enzymes and enzymes of the thymidylate cycle, particularly dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), have been widely exploited as chemotherapeutic targets. Although many DHFR inhibitors have been synthesized, only a few have been tested against C. parvum. To expedite and facilitate the discovery of effective anti-Cryptosporidium antifolates, we have developed a rapid and facile method to screen potential inhibitors of C. parvum DHFR using the model eukaryote, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We expressed the DHFR genes of C. parvum, Plasmodium falciparum, Toxoplasma gondii, Pneumocystis carinii, and humans in the same DHFR-deficient yeast strain and observed that each heterologous enzyme complemented the yeast DHFR deficiency. In this work we describe our use of the complementation system to screen known DHFR inhibitors and our discovery of several compounds that inhibited the growth of yeast reliant on the C. parvum enzyme. These same compounds were also potent or selective inhibitors of the purified recombinant C. parvum DHFR enzyme. Six novel lipophilic DHFR inhibitors potently inhibited the growth of yeast expressing C. parvum DHFR. However, the inhibition was nonselective, as these compounds also strongly inhibited the growth of yeast dependent on the human enzyme. Conversely, the antibacterial DHFR inhibitor trimethoprim and two close structural analogs were highly selective, but weak, inhibitors of yeast complemented by the C. parvum enzyme. Future chemical refinement of the potent and selective lead compounds identified in this study may allow the design of an efficacious antifolate drug for the treatment of cryptosporidiosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V H Brophy
- Department of Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-7360, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Piedrahita JA, Moore K, Lee C, Oetama B, Weaks R, Ramsoondar J, Thomson J, Vasquez J. Advances in the generation of transgenic pigs via embryo-derived and primordial germ cell-derived cells. J Reprod Fertil Suppl 1998; 52:245-54. [PMID: 9602733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of new technologies that would increase the efficiency for generation of transgenic livestock and would overcome some of the problems associated with random insertion of the transgene will greatly benefit animal agriculture. A potential alternative technology to pronuclear injection for the generation of transgenic pigs involves the isolation, culture and genetic manipulation of cell lines that can be reintroduced into the embryo for participation in the formation of the germ cells. We have isolated and cultured pig primordial germ cells (PGC) while maintaining them in an undifferentiated state as determined by morphology and alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity. More importantly, PGC-derived cells were stably transformed with the green fluorescent protein marker driven by the cytomegalovirus promoter. After visual identification of transgenic colonies, the pluripotential characteristics of the transgenic PGC-derived cells were tested by chimaera formation and to date we have identified, by genomic Southern blots, two chimaeric fetuses that contain tissues with the transgene incorporated into their chromosomes. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a chimaeric transgenic pig fetus obtained via a cultured cell line.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J A Piedrahita
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843-4458, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Vasquez J, Bastias C, Mink MB, Fleischer A. Techniques of treatment of peritoneal endometriosis: the cavitational ultrasonic surgical aspirator. Surg Technol Int 1998; 7:263-7. [PMID: 12721990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of medical therapy in endometriosis-associated infertility has been called into question.
For decades, surgery has been used in the treatment of endometriosis. However, before the 1960s it consisted
of either excision or hysterectomy and bilateral adnexectomy. Although controversy exists about
whether laparotomy or operative laparoscopy is the more efTective therapeutic approach for endometriosis,
the efficacy of surgery in reducing implants, relieving dysmenorrhea and pelvic pain, and improving fertility
has been well-established.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Vasquez
- Center for Reproductive Health, Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Romero-Vecchione E, Vasquez J, Rosa F. [Direct negative inotropic effect of cocaine in rat ventricle strip]. Acta Cient Venez 1997; 47:17-23. [PMID: 9334447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cocaine, when used as a recreative drug, can induce cardiovascular toxic effects such as acute reduction of left ventricle ejection fraction, which indicates a negative inotropic effect of the drug. The purpose of this study was to clarify the direct negative inotropic effect of cocaine in in vitro conditions. Rat right ventricle strips were incubated in Krebs solution gassed with 95% O2 and 5% CO2 at 37 degrees, and electrically driven with 2 ms square pulses, 17 mA, at 110 systoles/min. Separate experiments were conducted to study cocaine effect at 210 and 310 systoles/min. The contractile force was recorded through a strain-gauge isometric transducer. Cocaine increased contractile force at doses of 0.3-10.0 micrograms/ml, up to 53% over basal contraction. In the presence of 4 x 10(-8) M atenolol, low doses of cocaine did not increase contractile force and at doses between 3.0-10.0 micrograms/ml revealed a depressant activity on heart muscle contractions. Doxazosin (1.0 microM) and yohimbine (0.1 microM) did not modify the positive inotropic effect of cocaine, showing that alpha 1 and alpha 2 adrenergic receptors were not involved in this cocaine ventricle action. Increasing ventricle strip stimulation rate to 210 and 310 systoles/min for 30 seconds, the contractile force was risen by 55% and 95%, respectively. Cocaine at doses 1.0-3.0 micrograms/ml did not modify the physiological increase of contractile force seen upon ventricle rate increase. The mechanism involved in the contractile force increment after ventricle rate increase is a transient rise of cytosolic Ca2+, mainly derived from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and from extracellular fluid. Atenolol (4 x 10(-8) M) exposure of the right ventricle strip intensified the negative inotropic effect of cocaine (3.0-10 micrograms/ml) seen by ventricle stimulation at 210 and 310 systoles/min. The myocardial direct depressant effect of cocaine, in the presence of atenolol, was gradually reversed by extracelular Ca2+ increase at 3.2 and 5.0 mM, respectively. In conclusion, the mechanism of myocardial direct depressant effect of cocaine is related to the beating frequency of the ventricle, which may be associated to interference with the Ca2+ release process from the myocite sarcoplasmic reticulum, and not to calcium entry blockade from extracellular fluid. However, a dpressant effect of cocaine on phase "0" of depolarization, related to its local anesthetic properties can not be ruled out.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Romero-Vecchione
- Laboratorio de Estudios Cardiovasculares, Escuela de Medicina José María Vargas, UCV, Caracas, Venezuela
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Vasquez J. Michigan program helps acute-care nurses transition to other settings. Am Nurse 1997; 29:24. [PMID: 9325688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
|
48
|
Liu SS, Stevens RA, Vasquez J, Kao TC, Sheikh T, Aasen M, Frey K. The efficacy of epinephrine test doses during spinal anesthesia in volunteers: implications for combined spinal-epidural anesthesia. Anesth Analg 1997; 84:780-3. [PMID: 9085957 DOI: 10.1097/00000539-199704000-00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Epinephrine test doses may be administered during combined spinal-epidural anesthesia to determine intravascular placement of epidural catheters. This study was designed to determine systolic blood pressure (SBP) and heart rate (HR) responses to intravenous injection of epinephrine (15 microg) during spinal anesthesia. Twelve volunteers received three spinal anesthetics (lidocaine 100 mg, tetracaine 15 mg, and bupivacaine 15 mg) in a randomized, double blind, cross-over fashion. Epinephrine was administered prior to spinal anesthesia (control), 30 min after injection of spinal anesthesia, and at regression of sensory block to T-10. SBP was measured with a radial arterial catheter and HR with an electrocardiogram. Positive responses were defined as peak increase in SBP > or = 15 mm Hg or HR > or = 20 bpm after injection of epinephrine. Compared with control, peak SBP responses decreased by a mean of 12 mm Hg during spinal anesthesia with tetracaine and bupivacaine (P < 0.05). Peak HR responses decreased by 11 bpm during all three spinal anesthetics (P < 0.05). Incidences of detection of intravenous injection by positive SBP and HR responses ranged from 50% to 100% and were not significantly affected by spinal anesthesia. Spinal anesthesia reduces hemodynamic responses to intravenous epinephrine injection but is unlikely to reduce detection by positive SBP and HR criteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S S Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Virginia Mason Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
Pulmonary signs and symptoms may provide important differential clues to the diagnosis of tick-borne illness incurred in the southern United States.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R P Byrd
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Kuschnir E, Acuña E, Sevilla D, Vasquez J, Bendersky M, Resk J, Glazer R. Treatment of patients with essential hypertension: amlodipine 5 mg/benazepril 20 mg compared with amlodipine 5 mg, benazepril 20 mg, and placebo. Clin Ther 1996; 18:1213-24. [PMID: 9001838 DOI: 10.1016/s0149-2918(96)80076-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
This multicenter, double-masked, randomized, parallel-group study compared the efficacy, tolerability, and safety of amlodipine 5 mg/benazepril 20 mg, amlodipine 5 mg, benazepril 20 mg, and placebo in patients with essential hypertension. After a placebo run-in period, 308 patients (all white) were randomized to treatment groups and took medication once daily for 8 weeks. Blood pressure was measured after 4 and 8 weeks of treatment in the 23- to 26-hour period after dosing. Patients wore a noninvasive blood pressure monitor for 24 hours before randomization and before the final visit. Investigators recorded adverse experiences at randomization and at study weeks 4 and 8, and obtained specimens for laboratory testing at randomization and at study week 8. Three hundred seven patients were evaluated for efficacy, and 308 for tolerability and safety. At end point (the last postrandomization measurement for each patient), the reduction in mean sitting diastolic blood pressure with the amlodipine 5 mg/benazepril 20 mg treatment was statistically significantly greater than with any comparative therapy. The results of 24-hour monitoring showed that the amlodipine/benazepril treatment, unlike monotherapy, maintained the hourly mean diastolic blood pressure at < or = 90 mm Hg. A responder rate of 87.0% was observed with amlodipine 5 mg/benazepril 20 mg versus 67.5%, 53.3%, and 15.8% with amlodipine, benazepril, and placebo, respectively. This difference between the amlodipine/benazepril treatment group and each comparative single-agent treatment group was statistically significant. Drug-related adverse events occurred in 15.6% of patients in the amlodipine/benazepril group and in 24.7%, 6.5%, and 11.7% of patients in the amlodipine, benazepril, and placebo groups, respectively. Edema occurred less often in the amlodipine/benazepril group than in the amlodipine group. Overall, once-daily therapy with amlodipine 5 mg/benazepril 20 mg provided an antihypertensive effect that was statistically and clinically superior to amlodipine 5 mg alone, benazepril 20 mg alone, and placebo, was well tolerated, and was associated with less edema than the amlodipine treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Kuschnir
- Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical National Hospital, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|