351
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Implications of microRNAs in the pathogenesis of diabetes. Arch Pharm Res 2013; 36:154-66. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-013-0017-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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352
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Santovito D, Mandolini C, Marcantonio P, De Nardis V, Bucci M, Paganelli C, Magnacca F, Ucchino S, Mastroiacovo D, Desideri G, Mezzetti A, Cipollone F. Overexpression of microRNA-145 in atherosclerotic plaques from hypertensive patients. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2013; 17:217-23. [PMID: 23339529 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2013.745512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous, non-coding, short, single-stranded RNAs and represent a new class of gene regulators. Recent evidence supports a role for miRNAs in cardiovascular pathophysiology and atherosclerosis development. We have previously demonstrated that miR-145 is widely expressed in human atherosclerotic lesions and its downregulation has been correlated with vascular smooth muscle cell dedifferentiation, a cardinal step in the development of atherosclerosis. However, no evidences are available at this time about modulation of miR-145 in the setting of hypertension. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the expression of miR-145 in complicated hypertension. MATERIALS AND METHODS Atherosclerotic plaques were obtained from 22 patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy for high-grade internal carotid artery stenosis. Plaques were subdivided into hypertension (n = 15) and control (n = 7) groups according to the presence or absence of hypertension (as defined by blood pressure > 140/90 mmHg or current antihypertensive treatment). In study plaques, miR-145 values were evaluated using real-time PCR. The level of induction has been tested by using ΔΔ cycle threshold method. RESULTS We found that miR-145 was significantly more expressed in atherosclerotic plaques of hypertensive patients than in control plaques (1.201 ± 0.260 vs 0.483 ± 0.148 fold induction ± SE; p = 0.026). Moreover, a post-hoc analysis showed that treatment with angiotensin receptor blockers may be associated with the maximum increase in miR-145 levels, although these data did not show any statistical significance probably due to the limited sample size. CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first demonstration that hypertension may upregulate miR-145 expression in human atherosclerotic plaques. Future investigations will be necessary to establish the molecular readout of miR-145 upregulation in atherosclerotic lesions in hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donato Santovito
- G. d'Annunzio University, European Center of Excellence on Atherosclerosis, Hypertension and Dyslipidemia, and Clinical Research Center, Center of Excellence on Aging (CeSI), Via dei Vestini, 66, 66100 Chieti, Italy
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353
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Limmer K, Aschenbrenner D, Gaub HE. Sequence-specific inhibition of Dicer measured with a force-based microarray for RNA ligands. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 41:e69. [PMID: 23303774 PMCID: PMC3616731 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gks1455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Malfunction of protein translation causes many severe diseases, and suitable correction strategies may become the basis of effective therapies. One major regulatory element of protein translation is the nuclease Dicer that cuts double-stranded RNA independently of the sequence into pieces of 19–22 base pairs starting the RNA interference pathway and activating miRNAs. Inhibiting Dicer is not desirable owing to its multifunctional influence on the cell’s gene regulation. Blocking specific RNA sequences by small-molecule binding, however, is a promising approach to affect the cell’s condition in a controlled manner. A label-free assay for the screening of site-specific interference of small molecules with Dicer activity is thus needed. We used the Molecular Force Assay (MFA), recently developed in our lab, to measure the activity of Dicer. As a model system, we used an RNA sequence that forms an aptamer-binding site for paromomycin, a 615-dalton aminoglycoside. We show that Dicer activity is modulated as a function of concentration and incubation time: the addition of paromomycin leads to a decrease of Dicer activity according to the amount of ligand. The measured dissociation constant of paromomycin to its aptamer was found to agree well with literature values. The parallel format of the MFA allows a large-scale search and analysis for ligands for any RNA sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Limmer
- Lehrstuhl für Angewandte Physik and Center for Nanoscience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Amalienstrasse 54, 80799 Munich, Germany
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354
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Mas VR, Dumur CI, Scian MJ, Gehrau RC, Maluf DG. MicroRNAs as biomarkers in solid organ transplantation. Am J Transplant 2013; 13:11-9. [PMID: 23136949 PMCID: PMC3927320 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2012.04313.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Revised: 09/08/2012] [Accepted: 09/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Important progress has been made in improving short-term outcomes in solid organ transplantation. However, long-term outcomes have not improved during the last decades. There is a critical need for biomarkers of donor quality, early diagnosis of graft injury and treatment response. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small single-stranded noncoding RNAs that function through translational repression of specific target mRNAs. MiRNA expression has been associated with different diseases and physiological conditions. Moreover, miRNAs have been detected in different biological fluids and these circulating miRNAs can distinguish diseased individuals from healthy controls. The noninvasive nature of circulating miRNA detection, their disease specificity and the availability of accurate techniques for detecting and monitoring these molecules has encouraged a pursuit of miRNA biomarker research and the evaluation of specific applications in the transplant field. miRNA expression might develop as excellent biomarkers of allograft injury and function. In this minireview, we summarize the main accomplishments of recently published reports focused on the identification of miRNAs as biomarkers in organ quality, ischemia-reperfusion injury, acute rejection, tolerance and chronic allograft dysfunction emphasizing their mechanistic and clinical potential applications and describing their methodological limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria R Mas
- Translational Genomics Transplant Laboratory, Transplant Division, Department of Surgery, University of Virginia; 1300 Jefferson Park Ave, Barringer 5, Room 5417, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0709,Corresponding author: Valeria R Mas, PhD, Associate Professor Research Surgery, Co-Director, Transplant Research, Director, Translational Genomics Transplant Laboratory, 1300 Jefferson Park Ave, Barringer 5, Room 5417, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0709, Phone: 434-243-1181, Fax: 434-924-5539,
| | - Catherine I. Dumur
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Virginia Commonwealth University, Department of Pathology, 1101 E. Marshall Street Richmond, VA 23298-0662
| | - Mariano J Scian
- Translational Genomics Transplant Laboratory, Transplant Division, Department of Surgery, University of Virginia; 1300 Jefferson Park Ave, Barringer 5, Room 5417, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0709
| | - Ricardo C. Gehrau
- Translational Genomics Transplant Laboratory, Transplant Division, Department of Surgery, University of Virginia; 1300 Jefferson Park Ave, Barringer 5, Room 5417, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0709
| | - Daniel G Maluf
- Translational Genomics Transplant Laboratory, Transplant Division, Department of Surgery, University of Virginia; 1300 Jefferson Park Ave, Barringer 5, Room 5417, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0709
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Abstract
The following represent a selection of the most read
Circulation Research
articles published between January 2010 and December 2011, presented in reverse order of publication. Articles were selected based on the number of Full Text/PDF downloads, adjusted to compensate for differences in the length of time articles have been available online.
As stated in the past, our motivation in compiling such lists of most read articles is multifarious. By highlighting these articles, we wish to direct the attention of our readers to new information that may be of particular interest to a large fraction of the community of cardiovascular scholars. In addition, a synopsis of the most popular articles can be a useful indicator of burgeoning areas of research that are likely to dominate the landscape for years to come. This “honor roll” is also meant to acknowledge the outstanding work of the authors and their efforts in advancing the frontiers of cardiovascular science. Furthermore, we believe that the articles highlighted below represent paradigms of scientific excellence, particularly with respect to the three criteria that we value most at
Circulation Research
: conceptual and/or mechanistic novelty, scientific impact, and methodological rigor. Finally, we hope that this list will provide tangible evidence of the high (and rising) level of scientific excellence of the work published in
Circulation Research
.
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356
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Hwang CK, Wagley Y, Law PY, Wei LN, Loh HH. MicroRNAs in opioid pharmacology. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2012; 7:808-19. [PMID: 22068836 PMCID: PMC3295898 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-011-9323-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNA), a class of ~22-nucleotide RNA molecules, are important gene regulators that bind to the target sites of mRNAs to inhibit the gene expressions either through translational inhibition or mRNA destabilization. There are growing evidences that miRNAs have played several regulatory roles in opioid pharmacology. Like other research fields such as cancer biology, the area where numerous miRNAs are found to be involved in gene regulation, we assume that in opioid studies including research fields of drug additions and opioid receptor regulation, there may be more miRNAs waiting to be discovered. This review will summarize our current knowledge of miRNA functions on opioids biology and briefly describe future research directions of miRNAs related to opioids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheol Kyu Hwang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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357
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Wu Q, Hwang CK, Zheng H, Wagley Y, Lin HY, Kim DK, Law PY, Loh HH, Wei LN. MicroRNA 339 down-regulates μ-opioid receptor at the post-transcriptional level in response to opioid treatment. FASEB J 2012; 27:522-35. [PMID: 23085997 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-213439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
μ-Opioid receptor (MOR) level is directly related to the function of opioid drugs, such as morphine and fentanyl. Although agonist treatment generally does not affect transcription of mor, previous studies suggest that morphine can affect the translation efficiency of MOR transcript via microRNAs (miRNAs). On the basis of miRNA microarray analyses of the hippocampal total RNA isolated from mice chronically treated with μ-opioid agonists, we found a miRNA (miR-339-3p) that was consistently and specifically increased by morphine (2-fold) and by fentanyl (3.8-fold). miR-339-3p bound to the MOR 3'-UTR and specifically suppressed reporter activity. Suppression was blunted by adding miR-339-3p inhibitor or mutating the miR-339-3p target site. In cells endogenously expressing MOR, miR-339-3p inhibited the production of MOR protein by destabilizing MOR mRNA. Up-regulation of miR-339-3p by fentanyl (EC(50)=0.75 nM) resulted from an increase in primary miRNA transcript. Mapping of the miR-339-3p primary RNA and its promoter revealed that the primary miR-339-3p was embedded in a noncoding 3'-UTR region of an unknown host gene and was coregulated by the host promoter. The identified promoter was activated by opioid agonist treatment (10 nM fentanyl or 10 μM morphine), a specific effect blocked by the opioid antagonist naloxone (10 μM). Taken together, these results suggest that miR-339-3p may serve as a negative feedback modulator of MOR signals by regulating intracellular MOR biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qifang Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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358
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Rangrez AY, M'Baya-Moutoula E, Metzinger-Le Meuth V, Hénaut L, Djelouat MSEI, Benchitrit J, Massy ZA, Metzinger L. Inorganic phosphate accelerates the migration of vascular smooth muscle cells: evidence for the involvement of miR-223. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47807. [PMID: 23094093 PMCID: PMC3475714 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Backgound An elevated serum inorganic phosphate (Pi) level is a major risk factor for kidney disease and downstream vascular complications. We focused on the effect of Pi levels on human aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), with an emphasis on the role of microRNAs (miRNAs). Methodology/Principal Findings Exposure of human primary VSMCs in vitro to pathological levels of Pi increased calcification, migration rate and concomitantly reduced cell proliferation and the amount of the actin cytoskeleton. These changes were evidenced by significant downregulation of miRNA-143 (miR-143) and miR-145 and concomitant upregulation of their targets and key markers in synthetic VSMCs, such as Krüppel-like factors−4 and −5 and versican. Interestingly, we also found that miR-223 (a marker of muscle damage and a key factor in osteoclast differentiation) is expressed in VSMCs and is significantly upregulated in Pi-treated cells. Over-expressing miR-223 in VSMCs increased proliferation and markedly enhanced VSMC migration. Additionally, we found that the expression of two of the known miR-223 targets, Mef2c and RhoB, was highly reduced in Pi treated as well as miR-223 over-expressing VSMCs. To complement these in vitro findings, we also observed significant downregulation of miR-143 and miR-145 and upregulation of miR-223 in aorta samples collected from ApoE knock-out mice, which display vascular calcification. Conclusions/Significance Our results suggest that (i) high levels of Pi increase VSMC migration and calcification, (ii) altered expression levels of miR-223 could play a part in this process and (iii) miR-223 is a potential new biomarker of VSMC damage.
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MESH Headings
- Actin Cytoskeleton/genetics
- Actin Cytoskeleton/metabolism
- Animals
- Aorta/cytology
- Aorta/drug effects
- Aorta/metabolism
- Apolipoproteins E/deficiency
- Apolipoproteins E/genetics
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation
- Down-Regulation/drug effects
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Humans
- Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors/genetics
- Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors/metabolism
- MADS Domain Proteins/genetics
- MADS Domain Proteins/metabolism
- MEF2 Transcription Factors
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- MicroRNAs/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/cytology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myogenic Regulatory Factors/genetics
- Myogenic Regulatory Factors/metabolism
- Phosphates/metabolism
- Phosphates/pharmacology
- Primary Cell Culture
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
- Vascular Calcification/genetics
- Vascular Calcification/metabolism
- Versicans/genetics
- Versicans/metabolism
- rhoB GTP-Binding Protein/genetics
- rhoB GTP-Binding Protein/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf Yusuf Rangrez
- INSERM U1088, Amiens, France
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Medicine, Jules Verne University of Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - Eléonore M'Baya-Moutoula
- INSERM U1088, Amiens, France
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Medicine, Jules Verne University of Picardie, Amiens, France
| | | | - Lucie Hénaut
- INSERM U1088, Amiens, France
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Medicine, Jules Verne University of Picardie, Amiens, France
| | | | - Joyce Benchitrit
- INSERM U1088, Amiens, France
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Medicine, Jules Verne University of Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - Ziad A. Massy
- INSERM U1088, Amiens, France
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Medicine, Jules Verne University of Picardie, Amiens, France
- Division(s) of Pharmacology / Nephrology, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, France
| | - Laurent Metzinger
- INSERM U1088, Amiens, France
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Medicine, Jules Verne University of Picardie, Amiens, France
- * E-mail:
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359
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Boštjančič E, Zidar N, Glavač D. MicroRNAs and cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase-2 in human myocardial infarction: expression and bioinformatic analysis. BMC Genomics 2012; 13:552. [PMID: 23066896 PMCID: PMC3532181 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cardiac sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum calcium ATPase-2 (SERCA2) plays one of the central roles in myocardial contractility. Both, SERCA2 mRNA and protein are reduced in myocardial infarction (MI), but the correlation has not been always observed. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) act by targeting 3'-UTR mRNA, causing translational repression in physiological and pathological conditions, including cardiovascular diseases. One of the aims of our study was to identify miRNAs that could influence SERCA2 expression in human MI. Results The protein SERCA2 was decreased and 43 miRNAs were deregulated in infarcted myocardium compared to corresponding remote myocardium, analyzed by western blot and microRNA microarrays, respectively. All the samples were stored as FFPE tissue and in RNAlater. miRNAs binding prediction to SERCA2 including four prediction algorithms (TargetScan, PicTar, miRanda and mirTarget2) identified 213 putative miRNAs. TAM and miRNApath annotation of deregulated miRNAs identified 18 functional and 21 diseased states related to heart diseases, and association of the half of the deregulated miRNAs to SERCA2. Free-energy of binding and flanking regions (RNA22, RNAfold) was calculated for 10 up-regulated miRNAs from microarray analysis (miR-122, miR-320a/b/c/d, miR-574-3p/-5p, miR-199a, miR-140, and miR-483), and nine miRNAs deregulated from microarray analysis were used for validation with qPCR (miR-21, miR-122, miR-126, miR-1, miR-133, miR-125a/b, and miR-98). Based on qPCR results, the comparison between FFPE and RNAlater stored tissue samples, between Sybr Green and TaqMan approaches, as well as between different reference genes were also performed. Conclusion Combing all the results, we identified certain miRNAs as potential regulators of SERCA2; however, further functional studies are needed for verification. Using qPCR, we confirmed deregulation of nine miRNAs in human MI, and show that qPCR normalization strategy is important for the outcome of miRNA expression analysis in human MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Boštjančič
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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360
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Control of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) phenotype is essential in the development and maintenance of a healthy vasculature. Acquisition of a synthetic, proproliferative phenotype by VSMCs following vascular insult is central to neointimal formation and the development of vascular pathology. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are relatively recently discovered negative regulators of gene expression and act at the post-transcriptional level. MiRNAs have the potential to control VSMC phenotype. In this review, we discuss the recent findings on how miRNAs influence VSMC biology and acute vascular pathology. RECENT FINDINGS MiRNAs play an important role in the gene regulation by growth factors and downstream transcription factors involved in VSMC phenotypic control and deregulation. Recent studies have revealed miRNAs that are involved in VSMC regulation and further identified several target genes which are implicated in VSMC pathobiology, highlighting new disease mechanisms. Paracrine miRNA-regulated crosstalk between endothelial and VSMCs has also been demonstrated, revealing a novel mechanism through which vascular cells communicate in health and disease. SUMMARY MiRNAs appear to play a major role in the capability of VSMCs to phenotypically switch from a contractile to a synthetic state. Altering miRNA expression levels can prevent and even reverse the acquisition of VSMC synthetic phenotype in vivo and reduce neointimal formation, thereby implicating miRNAs as exciting future therapeutic targets for vascular proliferative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hollie C Robinson
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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361
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Maegdefessel L, Azuma J, Toh R, Deng A, Merk DR, Raiesdana A, Leeper NJ, Raaz U, Schoelmerich AM, McConnell MV, Dalman RL, Spin JM, Tsao PS. MicroRNA-21 blocks abdominal aortic aneurysm development and nicotine-augmented expansion. Sci Transl Med 2012; 4:122ra22. [PMID: 22357537 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3003441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Identification and treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) remains among the most prominent challenges in vascular medicine. MicroRNAs are crucial regulators of cardiovascular pathology and represent possible targets for the inhibition of AAA expansion. We identified microRNA-21 (miR-21) as a key modulator of proliferation and apoptosis of vascular wall smooth muscle cells during development of AAA in two established murine models. In both models (AAA induced by porcine pancreatic elastase or infusion of angiotensin II), miR-21 expression increased as AAA developed. Lentiviral overexpression of miR-21 induced cell proliferation and decreased apoptosis in the aortic wall, with protective effects on aneurysm expansion. miR-21 overexpression substantially decreased expression of the phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) protein, leading to increased phosphorylation and activation of AKT, a component of a pro-proliferative and antiapoptotic pathway. Systemic injection of a locked nucleic acid-modified antagomir targeting miR-21 diminished the pro-proliferative impact of down-regulated PTEN, leading to a marked increase in the size of AAA. Similar results were seen in mice with AAA augmented by nicotine and in human aortic tissue samples from patients undergoing surgical repair of AAA (with more pronounced effects observed in smokers). Modulation of miR-21 expression shows potential as a new therapeutic option to limit AAA expansion and vascular disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Maegdefessel
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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362
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[Application of next generation sequencing in microRNA detection]. YI CHUAN = HEREDITAS 2012; 34:784-92. [PMID: 22698751 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1005.2012.00784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of ~22nt long non-coding RNAs. They are evolutionarily conserved and play essential roles in the regulation of post-transcriptional gene expression. The rapidly developing next generation sequencing (NGS) has important applications in miRNA detection. This review is focused on the mechanism of three NGS platforms and their applications in miRNA detection. In contrast to traditional methods, NGS has major advantages: high throughput, precise, accurate, and repeatable. Its application includes new miRNAs exploration, detection of miRNA*, miRNA editing, and isomiR and target mRNA detection. As NGS develops, the cost of sequencing is declining which makes it possible for NGS to be widely used in the coming years. Next generation sequencing will greatly promote researches of miRNAs.
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363
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Liu D, Xia P, Diao D, Cheng Y, Zhang H, Yuan D, Huang C, Dang C. MiRNA-429 suppresses the growth of gastric cancer cells in vitro. J Biomed Res 2012; 26:389-93. [PMID: 23554776 PMCID: PMC3597780 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.26.20120029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Micro-RNAs (miRNAs) have been found to be implicated in a very wide range of physiological processes. This study was aimed to investigate the regulation of miRNA-429 (miR-429) in gastric cancer cells on cell proliferation and apoptosis. Quantitative PCR was employed to detect the expressions of miR-429 after eukaryotic expression plasmid of miR-429 and its inhibitor were transiently transfected into poorly differentiated human gastric cancer cell line BGC823. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction assays were used to examine proliferation ability. Apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry after transfection. The results showed that 48 h after transfection, overexpression of miR-429 reached maximum efficiency. Compared with mock transfection, miR-429 inhibited tumor cell proliferation significantly (P < 0.05) at 48 h and 72 h. of Overexpression of miR-429 promoted tumor cell apoptosis when compared with mock transfected cells (P < 0.05). On the contrary, miR-429 inhibitor promoted tumor cell proliferation and inhibited apoptosis when compared with controls (P < 0.05). Our results suggested that miRNA-429 may serve as a tumor suppressor during tumorigenesis of gastric cancer and may be a potential gastric cancer therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Liu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
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364
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Li X, Wang HL, Peng X, Zhou HF, Wang X. miR-1297 mediates PTEN expression and contributes to cell progression in LSCC. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 427:254-60. [PMID: 22995297 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression after transcription, and are involved in cancer development. Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) is one of the most common malignant neoplasms with increasing incidence in recent years. In this paper, we report the overexpression of miR-1297 in LSCC and Hep-2 cells. In addition, PTEN was identified to be directly regulated by miR-1297 through western blot and luciferase activity assay. Furthermore, downregulation of miR-1297 in Hep-2 cells was shown to inhibit cancer cell proliferation, migration, and tumor genesis. Our results document a new epigenetic mechanism for PTEN regulation in LSCC, which is crucial for the development of these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Department of the Seven-year Clinical, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300070, People's Republic of China.
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365
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Liang H, Zhang C, Ban T, Liu Y, Mei L, Piao X, Zhao D, Lu Y, Chu W, Yang B. A novel reciprocal loop between microRNA-21 and TGFβRIII is involved in cardiac fibrosis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2012; 44:2152-60. [PMID: 22960625 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2012.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Revised: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is characterized by aberrant proliferation of cardiac fibroblasts and exaggerated deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) in the myocardial interstitial, and ultimately impairs cardiac function. It is still controversial whether microRNA-21 (miR-21) participates in the process of cardiac fibrosis. Our previous study confirmed that transforming growth factor beta receptor III (TGFβRIII) is a negative regulator of TGF-β pathway. Here, we aimed to decipher the relationship between miR-21 and TGFβRIII in the pathogenic process of myocardial fibrosis. We found that TGF-β1 and miR-21 were up-regulated, whereas TGFβRIII was down-regulated in the border zone of mouse hearts in response to myocardial infarction. After transfection of miR-21 into cardiac fibroblasts, TGFβRIII expression was markedly reduced and collagen content was increased. And, luciferase results confirmed that TGFβRIII was a target of miR-21. It suggests that up-regulation of miR-21 could increase the collagen content and at least in part through inhibiting TGFβRIII. Conversely, we also confirmed that overexpression of TGFβRIII could inhibit the expression of miR-21 and reduce collagen production in fibroblasts. Further studies showed that overexpression of TGFβRIII could also deactivate TGF-β1 pathway by decreasing the expression of TGF-β1 and phosphorylated-Smad3 (p-Smad3). TGF-β1 has been proven as a positive regulator of miR-21. Taken together, we found a novel reciprocal loop between miR-21 and TGFβRIII in cardiac fibrosis caused by myocardial infarction in mice, and targeting this pathway could be a new strategy for the prevention and treatment of myocardial remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihai Liang
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, PR China
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366
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Zhang Y, Wang X, Xu X, Wang J, Liu X, Chen Y. Distinct microRNA expression signatures in human right atrial and ventricular myocardium. Mol Cell Biochem 2012; 371:23-9. [PMID: 22890914 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-012-1417-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Human atrial and ventricular myocardium has distinct structure and physiology. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are the central players in the regulation of gene expression, participating in many physiological processes. A comprehensive knowledge of miRNA expression in the human heart is essential for the understanding of myocardial function. The aim of this study was to compare the miRNA signature in human right atrial and ventricular myocardium. Agilent human miRNA arrays were used to indicate the miRNA expression signatures of the right atrial (n = 8) and ventricular (n = 9) myocardium of healthy individuals. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reactions (qRT-PCRs) were used to validate the array results. DIANA-mirPath was used to incorporate the miRNAs into pathways. MiRNA arrays showed that 169 miRNAs were expressed at different levels in human right atrial and ventricular myocardium. The unsupervised hierarchical clustering analysis based on the 169 dysregulated miRNAs showed that miRNA expression categorized two well-defined clusters that corresponded to human right atrial and ventricular myocardium. The qRT-PCR results correlated well with the microarray data. Bioinformatic analysis indicated the potential miRNA targets and molecular pathways. This study indicates that distinct miRNA expression signatures in human right atrial and ventricular myocardium. The findings provide a novel understanding of the molecular differences between human atrial and ventricular myocardium and may establish a framework for an anatomically detailed evaluation of cardiac function regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Zhang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, People's Republic of China.
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367
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Circulation Research
Thematic Synopsis. Circ Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.112.277137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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368
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Heinrich EM, Dimmeler S. MicroRNAs and stem cells: control of pluripotency, reprogramming, and lineage commitment. Circ Res 2012; 110:1014-22. [PMID: 22461365 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.111.243394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells hold great promise for regenerative medicine and the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. The mechanisms regulating self-renewal, pluripotency, and differentiation are not fully understood. MicroRNAs (miRs) are small noncoding RNAs controlling gene expression, either by inducing mRNA degradation or by blocking mRNA translation. The expression of miRs was shown to regulate various aspects of stem cell functions, including the maintenance and induction of pluripotency for reprogramming. In addition, some miRs control cell fate decisions. This review summarizes the role of miRs in reprogramming and embryonic stem cell self-renewal, and specifically addresses the regulation of cardiovascular cell fate decisions by miRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Marie Heinrich
- Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Center of Molecular Medicine, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
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369
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Kairouz V, Lipskaia L, Hajjar RJ, Chemaly ER. Molecular targets in heart failure gene therapy: current controversies and translational perspectives. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012; 1254:42-50. [PMID: 22548568 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06520.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Use of gene therapy for heart failure is gaining momentum as a result of the recent successful completion of phase II of the Calcium Upregulation by Percutaneous Administration of Gene Therapy in Cardiac Disease (CUPID) trial, which showed clinical safety and efficacy of an adeno-associated viral vector expressing sarco-endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA2a). Resorting to gene therapy allows the manipulation of molecular targets not presently amenable to pharmacologic modulation. This short review focuses on the molecular targets of heart failure gene therapy that have demonstrated translational potential. At present, most of these targets are related to calcium handling in the cardiomyocyte. They include SERCA2a, phospholamban, S100A1, ryanodine receptor, and the inhibitor of the protein phosphatase 1. Other targets related to cAMP signaling are reviewed, such as adenylyl cyclase. MicroRNAs are emerging as novel therapeutic targets and convenient vectors for gene therapy, particularly in heart disease. We propose a discussion of recent advances and controversies in key molecular targets of heart failure gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Kairouz
- Department of Internal Medicine, University at Buffalo School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Erie County Medical Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
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370
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Pahl MC, Derr K, Gäbel G, Hinterseher I, Elmore JR, Schworer CM, Peeler TC, Franklin DP, Gray JL, Carey DJ, Tromp G, Kuivaniemi H. MicroRNA expression signature in human abdominal aortic aneurysms. BMC Med Genomics 2012; 5:25. [PMID: 22704053 PMCID: PMC3507654 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-5-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a dilatation of the aorta affecting most frequently elderly men. Histologically AAAs are characterized by inflammation, vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis, and extracellular matrix degradation. The mechanisms of AAA formation, progression, and rupture are currently poorly understood. A previous mRNA expression study revealed a large number of differentially expressed genes between AAA and non-aneurysmal control aortas. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), small non-coding RNAs that are post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression, could provide a mechanism for the differential expression of genes in AAA. METHODS To determine differences in miRNA levels between AAA (n = 5) and control (n = 5) infrarenal aortic tissues, a microarray study was carried out. Results were adjusted using Benjamini-Hochberg correction (adjusted p < 0.05). Real-time quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) assays with an independent set of 36 AAA and seven control tissues were used for validation. Potential gene targets were retrieved from miRNA target prediction databases Pictar, TargetScan, and MiRTarget2. Networks from the target gene set were generated and examined using the network analysis programs, CytoScape® and Ingenuity Pathway Core Analysis®. RESULTS A microarray study identified eight miRNAs with significantly different expression levels between AAA and controls (adjusted p < 0.05). Real-time qRT-PCR assays validated the findings for five of the eight miRNAs. A total of 222 predicted miRNA target genes known to be differentially expressed in AAA based on a prior mRNA microarray study were identified. Bioinformatic analyses revealed that several target genes are involved in apoptosis and activation of T cells. CONCLUSIONS Our genome-wide approach revealed several differentially expressed miRNAs in human AAA tissue suggesting that miRNAs play a role in AAA pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Pahl
- The Sigfried and Janet Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, 100 North Academy Avenue, Pennsylvania, 17822-2610, USA
- Department of Biology, Susquehanna University, Selinsgrove, PA, USA
| | - Kimberly Derr
- The Sigfried and Janet Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, 100 North Academy Avenue, Pennsylvania, 17822-2610, USA
| | - Gabor Gäbel
- Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Irene Hinterseher
- Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Thoracic Surgery, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Charité Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - James R Elmore
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, PA, USA
| | - Charles M Schworer
- The Sigfried and Janet Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, 100 North Academy Avenue, Pennsylvania, 17822-2610, USA
| | - Thomas C Peeler
- Department of Biology, Susquehanna University, Selinsgrove, PA, USA
| | - David P Franklin
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, PA, USA
| | - John L Gray
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, PA, USA
| | - David J Carey
- The Sigfried and Janet Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, 100 North Academy Avenue, Pennsylvania, 17822-2610, USA
| | - Gerard Tromp
- The Sigfried and Janet Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, 100 North Academy Avenue, Pennsylvania, 17822-2610, USA
| | - Helena Kuivaniemi
- The Sigfried and Janet Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, 100 North Academy Avenue, Pennsylvania, 17822-2610, USA
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371
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Bianchi N, Zuccato C, Finotti A, Lampronti I, Borgatti M, Gambari R. Involvement of miRNA in erythroid differentiation. Epigenomics 2012; 4:51-65. [PMID: 22332658 DOI: 10.2217/epi.11.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
miRNAs are a family of small ncRNAs that regulate gene expression by targeting mRNAs in a sequence-specific manner, inducing translational repression or mRNA degradation. In this review, we present and discuss the available literature on the expression of miRNAs in erythroid cells. There are several experimental systems that can be employed for studies focusing on the relationship between miRNAs and erythroid differentiation, including human embryonic stem cells forced to erythroid differentiation, K562 and UT-7 cells induced to hemoglobin production by chemical compounds, erythropoietin-treated erythroid precursor cells from normal subjects or patients affected by hematological disease and in vivo systems, such as zebrafish embryos. Several miRNAs were identified as deeply involved in the erythroid phenotype, including miR-15a, miR-16-1, miR-126, miR-144, miR-451 and miR-210. Several functions related with erythroid cells were demonstrated to be regulated by these miRNAs, including maturation and proliferation of early erythroid cells, expression of fetal γ-globin genes and enucleation. These identified erythroid specific miRNAs represent the starting point to develop new protocols for miRNA therapeutics, based on both anti-miR molecules or miRNA replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Bianchi
- BioPharmaNet, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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372
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Yang KC, Ku YC, Lovett M, Nerbonne JM. Combined deep microRNA and mRNA sequencing identifies protective transcriptomal signature of enhanced PI3Kα signaling in cardiac hypertrophy. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2012; 53:101-12. [PMID: 22580345 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2012.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Revised: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The perturbation of myocardial transcriptome homeostasis is the hallmark of pathological hypertrophy, underlying the maladaptive myocardial remodeling secondary to pathological stresses. Classic and novel therapeutics that provide beneficial effects against pathological remodeling likely impact myocardial transcriptome architecture, including miRNA and mRNA expression profiles. Microarray and PCR-based technologies, although employed extensively, cannot provide adequate sequence coverage or quantitative accuracy to test this hypothesis directly. The goal of this study was to develop and exploit next-generation sequencing approaches for comprehensive and quantitative analyses of myocardial miRNAs and mRNAs to test the hypothesis that augmented phosphoinositide-3-kinase-p110α (PI3Kα) signaling in the setting of pathological hypertrophy provides beneficial effects through remodeling of the myocardial transcriptome signature. In these studies, a molecular and bioinformatic pipeline permitting comprehensive analysis and quantification of myocardial miRNA and mRNA expression with next-generation sequencing was developed and the impact of enhanced PI3Kα signaling on the myocardial transcriptome signature of pressure overload-induced pathological hypertrophy was explored. These analyses identified multiple miRNAs and mRNAs that were abnormally expressed in pathological hypertrophy and partially or completely normalized with increased PI3Kα signaling. Additionally, several novel miRNAs potentially linked to remodeling in cardiac hypertrophy were identified. Additional experiments revealed that increased PI3Kα signaling reduces cardiac fibrosis in pathological hypertrophy through modulating TGF-β signaling and miR-21 expression. In conclusion, using the approach of combined miRNA and mRNA sequencing, we identify the protective transcriptome signature of enhanced PI3Kα signaling in the context of pathological hypertrophy, and demonstrate the regulation of TGF-β/miR-21 by which enhanced PI3Kα signaling protects against cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Chien Yang
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University Medical School, St Louis, MO 63110-1093, USA
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373
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Mase Y, Ishibashi O, Ishikawa T, Takizawa T, Kiguchi K, Ohba T, Katabuchi H, Takeshita T, Takizawa T. MiR-21 is enriched in the RNA-induced silencing complex and targets COL4A1 in human granulosa cell lines. Reprod Sci 2012; 19:1030-40. [PMID: 22573493 DOI: 10.1177/1933719112442245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are noncoding small RNAs that play important roles in a variety of physiological and pathological events. In this study, we performed large-scale profiling of EIF2C2-bound miRNAs in 3 human granulosa-derived cell lines (ie, KGN, HSOGT, and GC1a) by high-throughput sequencing and found that miR-21 accounted for more than 80% of EIF2C2-bound miRNAs, suggesting that it was enriched in the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) and played a functional role in human granulosa cell (GC) lines. We also found high expression levels of miR-21 in primary human GCs. Assuming that miR-21 target mRNAs are enriched in RISC, we performed cDNA cloning of EIF2C2-bound mRNAs in KGN cells. We identified COL4A1 mRNA as a miR-21 target in the GC lines. These data suggest that miR-21 is involved in the regulation of the synthesis of COL4A1, a component of the basement membrane surrounding the GC layer and granulosa-embedded extracellular structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Mase
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
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374
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Abstract
Rarely a new research area has gotten such an overwhelming amount of attention as have microRNAs. Although several basic questions regarding their biological principles still remain to be answered, many specific characteristics of microRNAs in combination with compelling therapeutic efficacy data and a clear involvement in human disease have triggered the biotechnology community to start exploring the possibilities of viewing microRNAs as therapeutic entities. This review serves to provide some general insight into some of the current microRNAs targets, how one goes from the initial bench discovery to actually developing a therapeutically useful modality, and will briefly summarize the current patent landscape and the companies that have started to explore microRNAs as the next drug target.
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375
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Pritchard CC, Cheng HH, Tewari M. MicroRNA profiling: approaches and considerations. Nat Rev Genet 2012; 13:358-69. [PMID: 22510765 DOI: 10.1038/nrg3198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1237] [Impact Index Per Article: 103.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small RNAs that post-transcriptionally regulate the expression of thousands of genes in a broad range of organisms in both normal physiological contexts and in disease contexts. miRNA expression profiling is gaining popularity because miRNAs, as key regulators in gene expression networks, can influence many biological processes and also show promise as biomarkers for disease. Technological advances have spawned a multitude of platforms for miRNA profiling, and an understanding of the strengths and pitfalls of different approaches can aid in their effective use. Here, we review the major considerations for carrying out and interpreting results of miRNA-profiling studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin C Pritchard
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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376
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Abstract
The discovery of the regulatory role of noncoding RNAs, and micro (mi)RNAs in particular, has added a new layer of complexity to our understanding of cardiovascular development. miRNAs regulate and modulate various steps of cardiovascular morphogenesis, cell proliferation, differentiation, and phenotype modulation. miRNAs simultaneously regulate multiple targets, and many miRNAs can bind to the same target, allowing for a complex pattern of regulation of gene expression. miRNA families are continuously added during evolution paralleling the increased complexity of the cardiovascular system in vertebrates compared with invertebrates. Several lines of evidence suggest that the appearance of miRNAs is at least in part responsible for the formation of complex organ systems and stable regulatory mechanisms in vertebrates. We review the current understanding of miRNAs during cardiovascular development. Further progress in this area will help to decipher quantitative changes in gene expression that provide robustness to cellular phenotypes and regulatory options to diseases processes. miRNAs might also provide clues to better understand congenital heart defects, which are the most common birth defects in human newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Boettger
- From the Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Cardiac Development and Remodeling, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Thomas Braun
- From the Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Cardiac Development and Remodeling, Bad Nauheim, Germany
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377
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Abstract
The term angiogenesis describes the growth of endothelial sprouts from preexisting postcapillary venules. More recently, this term has been used to generally indicate the growth and remodeling process of the primitive vascular network into a complex network during development. In adulthood, angiogenesis is activated as a reparative process during wound healing and following ischemia, and it plays a key role in tumor growth and metastasis as well as in inflammatory diseases and diabetic retinopathy. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous, small, noncoding RNAs that negatively control gene expression of target mRNAs. In this paper, we aim at describing the role of miRNAs in postischemic angiogenesis. First, we will describe the regulation and the expression of miRNAs in endothelial cells. Then, we will analyze the role of miRNAs in postischemic vascular repair. Finally, we will discuss the role of circulating miRNAs as potential biomarkers in ischemic diseases.
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378
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Aroor AR, Mandavia C, Ren J, Sowers JR, Pulakat L. Mitochondria and Oxidative Stress in the Cardiorenal Metabolic Syndrome. Cardiorenal Med 2012; 2:87-109. [PMID: 22619657 DOI: 10.1159/000335675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria play a fundamental role in the maintenance of normal structure, function, and survival of tissues. There is considerable evidence for mitochondrial dysfunction in association with metabolic diseases including insulin resistance, obesity, diabetes, and the cardiorenal metabolic syndrome. The phenomenon of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced ROS release through interactions between cytosolic and mitochondrial oxidative stress contributes to a vicious cycle of enhanced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Activation of the cytosolic and mitochondrial NADPH oxidase system, impairment of the mitochondrial electron transport, activation of p66shc pathway-targeting mitochondria, endoplasmic reticular stress, and activation of the mammalian target of the rapamycin-S6 kinase pathway underlie dysregulation of mitochondrial dynamics and promote mitochondrial oxidative stress. These processes are further modulated by acetyltransferases including sirtuin 1 and sirtuin 3, the former regulating nuclear acetylation and the latter regulating mitochondrial acetylation. The regulation of mitochondrial functions by microRNAs forms an additional layer of molecular control of mitochondrial oxidative stress. Alcohol further exacerbates mitochondrial oxidative stress induced by overnutrition and promotes the development of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annayya R Aroor
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Mo., USA
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379
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Abstract
Over the past 50 years, we have seen dramatic changes in cardiovascular science and clinical care, accompanied by marked declines in the morbidity and mortality. Nonetheless, cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death and disability in the world, and its nature is changing as Americans become older, fatter, and ethnically more diverse. Instead of young or middle-aged men with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, the "typical" cardiac patient now presents with acute coronary syndrome or with complications related to chronic hypertension or ischemic heart disease, including heart failure, sudden death, and atrial fibrillation. Analogously, structural heart disease is now dominated by degenerative valve or congenital disease, far more common than rheumatic disease. The changing clinical scene presents cardiovascular scientists with a number of opportunities and challenges, including taking advantage of high-throughput technologies to elucidate complex disease mechanisms, accelerating development and implementation of evidence-based strategies, assessing evolving technologies of unclear value, addressing a global epidemic of cardiovascular disease, and maintaining high levels of innovation in a time of budgetary constraint and economic turmoil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Lauer
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.
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380
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Regulation of microRNA expression in the heart by the ATF6 branch of the ER stress response. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2012; 52:1176-82. [PMID: 22326432 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2012.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A nodal regulator of endoplasmic reticulum stress is the transcription factor, ATF6, which is activated by ischemia and protects the heart from ischemic damage, in vivo. To explore mechanisms of ATF6-mediated protection in the heart, a whole-genome microRNA (miRNA) array analysis of RNA from the hearts of ATF6 transgenic (TG) mice was performed. The array identified 13 ATF6-regulated miRNAs, eight of which were downregulated, suggesting that they could contribute to increasing levels of their mRNAs. The down-regulated miRNAs, including miR-455, were predicted to target 45 mRNAs that we had previously shown by microarray analysis to be up-regulated by ATF6 in the heart. One of the miR-455 targets was calreticulin (Calr), which is up-regulated in the pathologic heart, where it modulates hypertrophic growth, potentially reducing the impact of the pathology. To validate the effects of miR-455, we showed that Calr protein was increased by ATF6 in mouse hearts, in vivo. In cultured cardiac myocytes, treatment with the ER stressor, tunicamycin, or with adenovirus encoding activated ATF6 decreased miR-455 and increased Calr levels, consistent with the effects of ATF6 on miR-455 and Calr, in vivo. Moreover, transfection of cultured cardiac myocytes with a synthetic precursor, premiR-455, decreased Calr levels, while transfection with an antisense, antimiR-455, increased Calr levels. The results of this study suggest that ER stress can regulate gene expression via ATF6-mediated changes in micro-RNA levels. Moreover, these findings support the hypothesis that ATF6-mediated down-regulation of miR-455 augments Calr expression, which may contribute to the protective effects of ATF6 in the heart.
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381
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Stenvang J, Petri A, Lindow M, Obad S, Kauppinen S. Inhibition of microRNA function by antimiR oligonucleotides. SILENCE 2012; 3:1. [PMID: 22230293 PMCID: PMC3306207 DOI: 10.1186/1758-907x-3-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 404] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as important post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression in many developmental and cellular processes. Moreover, there is now ample evidence that perturbations in the levels of individual or entire families of miRNAs are strongly associated with the pathogenesis of a wide range of human diseases. Indeed, disease-associated miRNAs represent a new class of targets for the development of miRNA-based therapeutic modalities, which may yield patient benefits unobtainable by other therapeutic approaches. The recent explosion in miRNA research has accelerated the development of several computational and experimental approaches for probing miRNA functions in cell culture and in vivo. In this review, we focus on the use of antisense oligonucleotides (antimiRs) in miRNA inhibition for loss-of-function studies. We provide an overview of the currently employed antisense chemistries and their utility in designing antimiR oligonucleotides. Furthermore, we describe the most commonly used in vivo delivery strategies and discuss different approaches for assessment of miRNA inhibition and potential off-target effects. Finally, we summarize recent progress in antimiR mediated pharmacological inhibition of disease-associated miRNAs, which shows great promise in the development of novel miRNA-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Stenvang
- Santaris Pharma, Kogle Allé 6, DK-2970 Hørsholm, Denmark.
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382
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Long JM, Lahiri DK. Advances in microRNA experimental approaches to study physiological regulation of gene products implicated in CNS disorders. Exp Neurol 2012; 235:402-18. [PMID: 22245616 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Revised: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) is a remarkably complex organ system, requiring an equally complex network of molecular pathways controlling the multitude of diverse, cellular activities. Gene expression is a critical node at which regulatory control of molecular networks is implemented. As such, elucidating the various mechanisms employed in the physiological regulation of gene expression in the CNS is important both for establishing a reference for comparison to the diseased state and for expanding the set of validated drug targets available for disease intervention. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are an abundant class of small RNA that mediates potent inhibitory effects on global gene expression. Recent advances have been made in methods employed to study the contribution of these miRNAs to gene expression. Here we review these latest advances and present a methodological workflow from the perspective of an investigator studying the physiological regulation of a gene of interest. We discuss methods for identifying putative miRNA target sites in a transcript of interest, strategies for validating predicted target sites, assays for detecting miRNA expression, and approaches for disrupting endogenous miRNA function. We consider both advantages and limitations, highlighting certain caveats that inform the suitability of a given method for a specific application. Through careful implementation of the appropriate methodologies discussed herein, we are optimistic that important discoveries related to miRNA participation in CNS physiology and dysfunction are on the horizon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin M Long
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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383
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Amiel J, de Pontual L, Henrion-Caude A. miRNA, development and disease. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2012; 80:1-36. [PMID: 23084872 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-404742-6.00001-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne Amiel
- Unité INSERM U781, Université Paris-Sorbonne Cité, Institut IMAGINE, France.
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385
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Bernardo BC, Charchar FJ, Lin RCY, McMullen JR. A microRNA guide for clinicians and basic scientists: background and experimental techniques. Heart Lung Circ 2011; 21:131-42. [PMID: 22154518 DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Revised: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNA molecules that are approximately 22 nucleotides in length. In the last 10 years, miRNA research and discovery has advanced at a rapid rate. This review provides a brief overview of the discovery and biology of miRNAs, and summarises some of the experimental techniques used for isolation, detection, target prediction, and regulation of miRNAs. We also outline experimental workflows for investigators new to the field, and discuss the diagnostic and therapeutic application of miRNAs.
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386
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Belkaya S, Silge RL, Hoover AR, Medeiros JJ, Eitson JL, Becker AM, de la Morena MT, Bassel-Duby RS, van Oers NSC. Dynamic modulation of thymic microRNAs in response to stress. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27580. [PMID: 22110677 PMCID: PMC3217971 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physiological stress evokes rapid changes in both the innate and adaptive immune response. Immature αβ T cells developing in the thymus are particularly sensitive to stress, with infections and/or exposure to lipopolysaccharide or glucocorticoids eliciting a rapid apoptotic program. MicroRNAs are a class of small, non-coding RNAs that regulate global gene expression by targeting diverse mRNAs for degradation. We hypothesized that a subset of thymically encoded microRNAs would be stress responsive and modulate thymopoiesis. We performed microRNA profiling of thymic microRNAs isolated from control or stressed thymic tissue obtained from mice. We identified 18 microRNAs that are dysregulated >1.5-fold in response to lipopolysaccharide or the synthetic corticosteroid dexamethasone. These included the miR-17-90 cluster, which have anti-apoptotic functions, and the miR-181 family, which contribute to T cell tolerance. The stress-induced changes in the thymic microRNAs are dynamically and distinctly regulated in the CD4(-)CD8(-), CD4(+)CD8(+), CD4(+)CD8(-), and CD4(-)CD8(+) thymocyte subsets. Several of the differentially regulated murine thymic miRs are also stress responsive in the heart, kidney, liver, brain, and/or spleen. The most dramatic thymic microRNA down modulated is miR-181d, exhibiting a 15-fold reduction following stress. This miR has both similar and distinct gene targets as miR-181a, another member of miR-181 family. Many of the differentially regulated microRNAs have known functions in thymopoiesis, indicating that their dysregulation will alter T cell repertoire selection and the formation of naïve T cells. This data has implications for clinical treatments involving anti-inflammatory steroids, ablation therapies, and provides mechanistic insights into the consequences of infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serkan Belkaya
- The Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Robert L. Silge
- The Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ashley R. Hoover
- The Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jennifer J. Medeiros
- The Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Eitson
- The Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Amy M. Becker
- The Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - M. Teresa de la Morena
- The Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Rhonda S. Bassel-Duby
- The Department of Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Nicolai S. C. van Oers
- The Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- The Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- The Department of Microbiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
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387
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Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are highly conserved, tiny (∼22 nucleotides) non-coding RNAs that have emerged as potent regulators of mRNA translation. miRNAs exhibit fine-tuning of the control of proteins involved in cell signalling (AE) pathways and in vital cellular and developmental processes. miRNAs are expressed in cardiovascular tissues, and multiple functional aspects of miRNAs underscore their key role in cardiovascular (patho)physiology. The development and increasing use of novel molecular biology tools have contributed to the recent success in miRNA research. In the present review, we discuss current updates on important and novel miRNA techniques, including: (i) miRNA screening tools; (ii) bioanalytical target prediction tools; (iii) target validation tools; and (iv) manipulative miRNA expression tools. We also present an update about recently identified miRNA targets that play a key role in cardiovascular development and disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dangwal
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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388
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Abstract
Diabetes is the most common metabolic disorder and is recognized as one of the most important health threats of our time. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a novel group of non-coding small RNAs that have been implicated in a variety of physiological processes, including glucose homeostasis. Recent research has suggested that miRNAs play a critical role in the pathogenesis of diabetes and its related cardiovascular complications. This review focuses on the aberrant expression of miRNAs in diabetes and examines their role in the pathogenesis of endothelial dysfunction, cardiovascular disease, and diabetic retinopathy. Furthermore, we discuss the potential role of miRNAs as blood biomarkers and examine the potential of therapeutic interventions targeting miRNAs in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saran Shantikumar
- Laboratory of Vascular Pathology and Regeneration, Bristol Heart Institute and School of Clinical Science-Regenerative Medicine Section, University of Bristol, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Marlborough Street, BS2 8HW Bristol, UK
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389
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Sirish P, López JE, Li N, Wong A, Timofeyev V, Young JN, Majdi M, Li RA, Chen HSV, Chiamvimonvat N. MicroRNA profiling predicts a variance in the proliferative potential of cardiac progenitor cells derived from neonatal and adult murine hearts. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2011; 52:264-72. [PMID: 22062954 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2011.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Revised: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) are multipotent cells that may offer tremendous potentials for the regeneration of injured myocardium. To expand the limited number of CPCs for effective clinical regeneration of myocardium, it is important to understand their proliferative potentials. Single-cell based assays were utilized to purify c-kit(pos) CPCs from human and mouse hearts. MicroRNA profiling identified eight differentially expressed microRNAs in CPCs from neonatal and adult hearts. Notably, the predicted protein targets were predominantly involved in cellular proliferation-related pathways. To directly test this phenotypic prediction, the developmental variance in the proliferation of CPCs was tested. Ki67 protein expression and DNA kinetics were tested in human and mouse in vivo CPCs, and doubling times were tested in primary culture of mouse CPCs. The human embryonic and mouse neonatal CPCs showed a six-fold increase in Ki67 expressing cells, a two-fold increase in the number of cells in S/G2-M phases of cell cycle, and a seven-fold increase in the doubling time in culture when compared to the corresponding adult CPCs. The over-expression of miR-17-92 increased the proliferation in adult CPCs in vivo by two-fold. In addition, the level of retinoblastoma-like 2 (Rbl2/p130) protein was two-fold higher in adult compared to neonatal-mouse CPCs. In conclusion, we demonstrate a differentially regulated cohort of microRNAs that predicts differences in cellular proliferation in CPCs during postnatal development and target microRNAs that are involved in this transition. Our study provides new insights that may enhance the utilization of adult CPCs for regenerative therapy of the injured myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padmini Sirish
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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390
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Activated Protein C Restores Hepatic Microcirculation During Sepsis by Modulating Vasoregulator Expression. Shock 2011; 36:361-9. [DOI: 10.1097/shk.0b013e31822c7380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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391
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Abstract
Calcific aortic valve stenosis (CAVS) is a major health problem facing aging societies. The identification of osteoblast-like and osteoclast-like cells in human tissue has led to a major paradigm shift in the field. CAVS was thought to be a passive, degenerative process, whereas now the progression of calcification in CAVS is considered to be actively regulated. Mechanistic studies examining the contributions of true ectopic osteogenesis, nonosseous calcification, and ectopic osteoblast-like cells (that appear to function differently from skeletal osteoblasts) to valvular dysfunction have been facilitated by the development of mouse models of CAVS. Recent studies also suggest that valvular fibrosis, as well as calcification, may play an important role in restricting cusp movement, and CAVS may be more appropriately viewed as a fibrocalcific disease. High-resolution echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging have emerged as useful tools for testing the efficacy of pharmacological and genetic interventions in vivo. Key studies in humans and animals are reviewed that have shaped current paradigms in the field of CAVS, and suggest promising future areas for research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan D Miller
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
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392
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393
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Kantharidis
- Diabetes Division, Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation Danielle Alberti Memorial Centre for Diabetes Complications, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia.
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394
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Schneider M, Andersen DC, Silahtaroglu A, Lyngbæk S, Kauppinen S, Hansen JL, Sheikh SP. Cell-specific detection of microRNA expression during cardiomyogenesis by combined in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. J Mol Histol 2011; 42:289-99. [PMID: 21643937 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-011-9332-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate gene expression by mediating translational repression or mRNA degradation of their targets, and several miRNAs control developmental decisions through embryogenesis. In the developing heart, miRNA targets comprise key players mediating cardiac lineage determination. However, although several miRNAs have been identified as differentially regulated during cardiac development and disease, their distinct cell-specific localization remains largely undetermined, likely owing to a lack of adequate methods. We therefore report the development of a markedly improved approach combining fluorescence-based miRNA-in situ hybridization (miRNA-ISH) with immunohistochemistry (IHC). We have applied this protocol to differentiating embryoid bodies (EBs) as well as embryonic and adult mouse hearts, to detect miRNAs that were upregulated during EB cardiomyogenesis, as determined by array-based miRNA expression profiling. In this manner, we found specific co-localization of miR-1 to myosin positive cells (cardiomyocytes) of EBs, developing and mature hearts. In contrast, miR-125b and -199a did not localize to cardiomyocytes, as previously suggested for miR-199a, but were rather expressed in connective tissue cells of the heart. More specifically, by co-staining with α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and collagen-I, we found that miR-125b and -199a localize to perivascular α-SMA(-) stromal cells. Our approach thus proved valid for determining cell-specific localization of miRNAs, and the findings we present highlight the importance of determining exact cell-specific localization of miRNAs by sequential miRNA-ISH and IHC in studies aiming at understanding the role of miRNAs and their targets. This approach will hopefully aid in identifying relevant miRNA targets of both the heart and other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Schneider
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.
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395
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Micro RNAs: Tiny sequences with enormous potential. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 407:445-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.03.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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396
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Hulsmans M, Holvoet P. The vicious circle between oxidative stress and inflammation in atherosclerosis. FASEB J 2009; 25:2515-27. [PMID: 19968738 DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-181149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The initial event in atherogenesis is the increased transcytosis of low density lipoprotein, and its subsequent deposition, retention and modification in the subendothelium. It is followed by the infiltration of activated inflammatory cells from the coronary circulation into the arterial wall. There they secrete reactive oxygen species (ROS) and produce oxidized lipoproteins capable of inducing endothelial cell apoptosis, and thereby plaque erosion. Activated T lymphocytes, macrophages and mast cells, accumulate in the eroded plaque where they secrete a variety of proteases capable of inducing degradation of extracellular proteins, thereby rendering the plaques more prone to rupture. This review summarizes the recent advancements in the understanding of the roles of ROS and oxidized lipoproteins in the activation of inflammatory cells and inducing signalling pathways related to cell death and apoptosis. In addition, it presents evidence that this vicious circle between oxidative stress and inflammation does not only occur in the diseased arterial wall, but also in adipose tissues. There, oxidative stress and inflammation impair adipocyte maturation resulting in defective insulin action and adipocytokine signalling. The latter is associated with increased infiltration of inflammatory cells, loss of anti-oxidant protection and cell death in the arterial wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Hulsmans
- Atherosclerosis and Metabolism Unit, Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
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397
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Thum T. Serum CA 125 levels in early pregnancy and subsequent spontaneous abortion. Obstet Gynecol 1990; 4:3-14. [PMID: 22162462 PMCID: PMC3376835 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201100191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Revised: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the most common causes of human morbidity and mortality despite significant therapeutic improvements by surgical, interventional and pharmacological approaches in the last decade. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important and powerful mediators in a wide range of diseases and thus emerged as interesting new drug targets. An array of animal and even human miRNA-based therapeutic studies has been performed, which validate miRNAs as being successfully targetable to treat a wide range of diseases. Here, the current knowledge about miRNAs therapeutics in cardiovascular diseases on their way to clinical use are reviewed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Thum
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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