401
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Mahale P, Sturgis EM, Tweardy DJ, Ariza-Heredia EJ, Torres HA. Association Between Hepatitis C Virus and Head and Neck Cancers. J Natl Cancer Inst 2016; 108:djw035. [PMID: 27075854 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djw035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is associated with hepatocellular carcinoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. In 2009, MD Anderson established the first US clinic for treating HCV-infected cancer patients, where we observed an unexpectedly large number of patients with head and neck cancers (HNCs). We sought to determine whether HCV is associated with HNCs. METHODS In this case-control study, medical records of cancer patients tested for HCV antibodies at our center from 2004 through 2014 were identified. Case subjects had new-onset primary oropharyngeal or nonoropharyngeal (oral cavity, nasopharynx, hypopharynx, or larynx) HNCs. Control subjects had smoking-associated (lung, esophagus, or urinary bladder) cancers. Biopsy reports of oropharyngeal cancers tested for human papillomavirus (HPV) were reviewed. Patients with lymphoma were excluded. Multivariable logistic regression models were constructed. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS Of 34 545 cancer patients tested for HCV antibodies, 409 case subjects (164 oropharyngeal and 245 nonoropharyngeal) and 694 control subjects (378 lung, 168 esophagus, and 148 urinary bladder) were studied. The prevalence of HCV seropositivity was higher in oropharyngeal cancer patients (14.0%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 8.7% to 19.4%, vs 6.5%, 95% CI = 4.6% to 8.3%), particularly HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer patients (16.9%, 95% CI = 8.7% to 24.9%, vs 6.5%, 95% CI = 4.6% to 8.3%), and nonoropharyngeal HNC patients (20.0%, 95% CI = 14.9% to 25.0%, vs 6.5%, 95% CI = 4.6% to 8.3%) than in control subjects. Adjusted models showed a statistically significant association of HCV seropositivity with nonoropharyngeal (except nasopharyngeal) HNCs (odds ratio [OR] = 2.85, 95% CI = 1.38 to 5.88) and HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancers (OR = 2.97, 95% CI = 1.31 to 6.76). CONCLUSIONS HCV is associated with nonoropharyngeal (except nasopharyngeal) and HPV-positive oropharyngeal HNCs. Further studies are required to explore the possible interaction between HCV and HPV, and the association between HCV and other HPV-related malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parag Mahale
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control, and Employee Health (PM, DJT, EJAH, HAT), Department of Head and Neck Surgery (EMS), Department of Epidemiology (EMS), and Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology (DJT), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics & Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX (PM)
| | - Erich M Sturgis
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control, and Employee Health (PM, DJT, EJAH, HAT), Department of Head and Neck Surgery (EMS), Department of Epidemiology (EMS), and Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology (DJT), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics & Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX (PM)
| | - David J Tweardy
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control, and Employee Health (PM, DJT, EJAH, HAT), Department of Head and Neck Surgery (EMS), Department of Epidemiology (EMS), and Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology (DJT), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics & Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX (PM)
| | - Ella J Ariza-Heredia
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control, and Employee Health (PM, DJT, EJAH, HAT), Department of Head and Neck Surgery (EMS), Department of Epidemiology (EMS), and Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology (DJT), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics & Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX (PM)
| | - Harrys A Torres
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control, and Employee Health (PM, DJT, EJAH, HAT), Department of Head and Neck Surgery (EMS), Department of Epidemiology (EMS), and Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology (DJT), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics & Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX (PM)
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402
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Sifaki-Pistolla D, Karageorgos SA, Koulentaki M, Samonakis D, Stratakou S, Digenakis E, Kouroumalis E. Geoepidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma in the island of Crete, Greece. A possible role of pesticides. Liver Int 2016; 36:588-94. [PMID: 26610175 DOI: 10.1111/liv.13034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Geoepidemiological data of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are lacking. Crete has a genetically homogeneous population and is suitable for studies to identify a possible contribution of environmental factors in HCC. METHODS Databases for HCC (316 cases), hepatitis B virus (HBV) (633) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) (392), constructed over the past 20 years in our Unit, were used. Data included place of birth and place of residence for the last 15 years. Hellenic Statistical Authority provided population statistics from 1980 to 2014. Time-spatial methods were applied in Gis-ArcMap 10 software. Spatial autocorrelation tests (Moran's index) detected differences between the spatial distribution to place of residence. Spatial density maps were created. Kriging Interpolation was applied, to produce prediction maps of HCC. RESULTS Hepatitis C virus appears in areas of high prevalence while HBV is uniformly distributed. HCC is more prevalent in Eastern Crete. A spatial autocorrelation between HCC and either HCV (Moran's I = 0.88, P < 0.001) or HBV (I = 0.84, P < 0.02) was found as expected. However, there is a discrepancy in the South East of Crete, where a higher prevalence of HCC than expected was observed. This is an area where extensive use of pesticides in large green houses is practiced. CONCLUSIONS Hepatocellular carcinoma is associated with the dispersion of HCV and HBVs. In an area with widespread use of pesticides, a higher than expected spatial distribution of HCC was detected.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Spyridon A Karageorgos
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Mairi Koulentaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Samonakis
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Soultana Stratakou
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Emmanuel Digenakis
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Elias Kouroumalis
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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403
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Trojan J, Zangos S, Schnitzbauer AA. Diagnostics and Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in 2016: Standards and Developments. Visc Med 2016; 32:116-20. [PMID: 27413729 PMCID: PMC4926883 DOI: 10.1159/000445730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a frequent complication of liver cirrhosis. Worldwide, HCC is one of the most common cancers, with a rising incidence. METHODS A selective literature search was conducted, taking into account current studies, reviews, meta-analyses, and guidelines. RESULTS The diagnosis is established either non-invasively by dynamic imaging, showing a typical contrast enhancement and wash-out, or histopathologically. Pathological diagnosis of HCC is recommended for all atypical nodules in patients with cirrhosis and for those in non-cirrhotic patients. Tumor therapy as well as treatment of the underlying chronic liver disease and/or preservation of liver function are important for the management of patients with HCC. Standard stage-adapted treatments are based on the widely applied Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer staging system including liver resection and transplantation, interventional treatments such as thermal ablation and transarterial therapies, and systemic treatment with the tyrosine kinase inhibitor sorafenib. After failure of sorafenib, anti-angiogenic drugs, MET inhibitors, and immunotherapeutics are currently under advanced clinical investigation. CONCLUSION Treatment of HCC is multidisciplinary and therefore requires a close cooperation between various disciplines such as hepatology, visceral surgery, radiology, and oncology to achieve the best outcome depending on the tumor stage and degree of liver function impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Trojan
- Medizinische Klinik 1, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Universitäres Leberzentrum, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stephan Zangos
- Universitäres Leberzentrum, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Institut für Diagnostische und Interventionelle Radiologie, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Andreas A. Schnitzbauer
- Universitäres Leberzentrum, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Klinik für Allgemein- und Viszeralchirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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404
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Li L, Dong L, Qu X, Jin S, Lv X, Tan G. Tripartite motif 16 inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma cell migration and invasion. Int J Oncol 2016; 48:1639-49. [PMID: 26892350 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tripartite motif 16 (TRIM16), a member of the RING B-box coiled-coil (RBCC)/tripartite totif (TRIM) protein family, has been demonstrated to have significant effects on tumor migration by previous studies, but its specific contribution to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is currently unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic value of TRIM16 and investigate its functional roles in HCC. The expression of TRIM16 in HCC patient samples were examined using qRT-PCR and western blotting. HCC cell lines with either TRIM16 overexpression or knockdown were established. The effect of TRIM16 on HCC cell migration and invasion was investigated using these cells. Compared with paired normal liver tissues in clinical cancer samples, we found that the expression of TRIM16 was significantly downregulated in HCC lesions. We also found knockdown of TRIM16 promoted epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in a manner associated with HCC metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, TRIM16 inhibited ZEB2 expression, which in turn inhibited transcription of the pivotal ZEB2 target gene E-cadherin. RNA interference-mediated silencing of ZEB2 attenuated shTRIM16-enhanced cell migration and invasion. In conclusion, our findings define TRIM16 as an inhibitor of EMT and metastasis in HCC that predicts poor clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Li
- The 4th Medical Department of Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Dadong District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110042, P.R. China
| | - Lei Dong
- Department of Laparoscopic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Shahekou District, Dalian, Liaoning 116001, P.R. China
| | - Xiaotong Qu
- Department of Second Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Xigang District, Dalian, Liaoning 116000, P.R. China
| | - Shi Jin
- Department of Laparoscopic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Shahekou District, Dalian, Liaoning 116001, P.R. China
| | - Xiupeng Lv
- Department of Radiation Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Shahekou District, Dalian, Liaoning 116001, P.R. China
| | - Guang Tan
- Department of Hepatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Shahekou District, Dalian, Liaoning 116001, P.R. China
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405
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Hong TP, Gow P, Fink M, Dev A, Roberts S, Nicoll A, Lubel J, Kronborg I, Arachchi N, Ryan M, Kemp W, Knight V, Farrugia H, Thursfield V, Desmond P, Thompson AJ, Bell S. Novel population-based study finding higher than reported hepatocellular carcinoma incidence suggests an updated approach is needed. Hepatology 2016; 63:1205-12. [PMID: 26435297 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) incidence is rising rapidly in many developed countries. Primary epidemiological data have invariably been derived from cancer registries that are heterogeneous in data quality and registration methodology; many registries have not adopted current clinical diagnostic criteria for HCC and still rely on histology for classification. We performed the first population-based study in Australia using current diagnostic criteria, hypothesizing that HCC incidence may be higher than reported. Incident cases of HCC (defined by American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases diagnostic criteria or histology) were prospectively identified over a 12-month period (2012-2013) from the population of Melbourne, Australia. Cases were captured from multiple sources: admissions to any of Melbourne's seven tertiary hospitals; attendances at outpatients; and radiology, pathology, and pharmacy services. Our cohort was compared to the Victorian Cancer Registry (VCR) cohort (mandatory notified cases) for the same population and period, and incidence rates were compared for both cohorts. There were 272 incident cases (79% male; median age: 65 years) identified. Cirrhosis was present in 83% of patients, with hepatitis C virus infection (41%), alcohol (39%), and hepatitis B virus infection (22%) the commonest etiologies present. Age-standardized HCC incidence (per 100,000, Australian Standard Population) was 10.3 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 9.0-11.7) for males and 2.3 (95% CI: 1.8 to 3.0) for females. The VCR reported significantly lower rates of HCC: 5.3 (95% CI: 4.4 to 6.4) and 1.0 (95% CI: 0.7 to 1.5) per 100,000 males and females respectively (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS HCC incidence in Melbourne is 2-fold higher than reported by cancer registry data owing to under-reporting of clinical diagnoses. Adoption of current diagnostic criteria and additional capture sources will improve registry completeness. Chronic viral hepatitis and alcohol remain leading causes of cirrhosis and HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thai P Hong
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology:, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Paul Gow
- The Austin Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.,Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michael Fink
- Department of Surgery, The Austin Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Anouk Dev
- Monash Medical Center, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Amanda Nicoll
- Eastern Health, Melbourne, Australia.,The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.,Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - John Lubel
- Eastern Health, Melbourne, Australia.,Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | - Marno Ryan
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology:, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | - Helen Farrugia
- Victorian Cancer Registry, Cancer Council Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Paul Desmond
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology:, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alexander J Thompson
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology:, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sally Bell
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology:, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
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406
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407
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Piscaglia F, Svegliati-Baroni G, Barchetti A, Pecorelli A, Marinelli S, Tiribelli C, Bellentani S. Clinical patterns of hepatocellular carcinoma in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A multicenter prospective study. Hepatology 2016; 63:827-38. [PMID: 26599351 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 406] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome and may evolve into hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Only scanty clinical information is available on HCC in NAFLD. The aim of this multicenter observational prospective study was to assess the clinical features of patients with NAFLD-related HCC (NAFLD-HCC) and to compare them to those of hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related HCC. A total of 756 patients with either NAFLD (145) or HCV-related chronic liver disease (611) were enrolled in secondary care Italian centers. Survival was modeled according to clinical parameters, lead-time bias, and propensity analysis. Compared to HCV, HCC in NAFLD patients had a larger volume, showed more often an infiltrative pattern, and was detected outside specific surveillance. Cirrhosis was present in only about 50% of NAFLD-HCC patients, in contrast to the near totality of HCV-HCC. Regardless of tumor stage, survival was significantly shorter (P = 0.017) in patients with NAFLD-HCC, 25.5 months (95% confidence interval 21.9-29.1), than in those with HCV-HCC, 33.7 months (95% confidence interval 31.9-35.4). To eliminate possible confounders, a propensity score analysis was performed, which showed no more significant difference between the two groups. Additionally, analysis of patients within Milan criteria submitted to curative treatments did not show any difference in survival between NAFLD-HCC and HCV-HCC (respectively, 38.6 versus 41.0 months, P = nonsignificant) CONCLUSIONS NAFLD-HCC is more often detected at a later tumor stage and could arise also in the absence of cirrhosis, but after patient matching, it has a similar survival rate compared to HCV infection; a future challenge will be to identify patients with NAFLD who require more stringent surveillance in order to offer the most timely and effective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Piscaglia
- Unità di Medicina, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Policlinico S. Orsola-Malpighi, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gianluca Svegliati-Baroni
- Department of Gastroenterology and Obesity Center, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Andrea Barchetti
- Centro Studi Fegato, Fondazione Italiana Fegato-Science Park-Basovizza Campus, Trieste, Italy
| | - Anna Pecorelli
- Unità di Medicina, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Policlinico S. Orsola-Malpighi, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sara Marinelli
- Unità di Medicina, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Policlinico S. Orsola-Malpighi, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Tiribelli
- Centro Studi Fegato, Fondazione Italiana Fegato-Science Park-Basovizza Campus, Trieste, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Università di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Stefano Bellentani
- Centro Studi Fegato, Fondazione Italiana Fegato-Science Park-Basovizza Campus, Trieste, Italy
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408
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Ferrer-Fàbrega J, Forner A, Liccioni A, Miquel R, Molina V, Navasa M, Fondevila C, García-Valdecasas JC, Bruix J, Fuster J. Prospective validation of ab initio liver transplantation in hepatocellular carcinoma upon detection of risk factors for recurrence after resection. Hepatology 2016; 63:839-49. [PMID: 26567038 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED A decade ago we proposed to enlist for transplantation those patients with resected hepatocellular carcinoma in whom pathology registered pejorative histological markers (microvascular invasion and/or satellites; ab initio indication) and not wait for the appearance of recurrence. This study evaluates the outcome of this approach. From 1995 to 2012, 164 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma underwent resection. Eighty-five patients were potential candidates for liver transplantation and were considered for it upon detection of pejorative histological markers. Patients without these markers were followed, and salvage liver transplantation was considered upon development of tumor recurrence/liver function impairment. Thirty-seven patients were at high risk and 48 at low risk of recurrence at pathology. Twenty-three out of 37 high-risk patients recurred during follow-up, but in nine of them the tumor burden extent contraindicated liver transplantation. Seventeen were finally transplanted: 10 of them presented recurrence at imaging/explant. After a median posttransplant follow-up of 50.9 months, hepatocellular carcinoma had recurred in two patients and five patients had died, the 5-year survival being 82.4%. Twenty-six of the 48 low-risk patients developed recurrence, and 11 of them were transplanted. After a median posttransplant follow-up of 59 months, two patients developed recurrence and five died, their 5-year survival being 81.8%. CONCLUSION Enlistment of patients at high risk of HCC recurrence after resection but before recurrence development seems a valid strategy and is associated with excellent long-term outcome; as early (<6 months) recurrence reflects an aggressive tumor behavior leading to tumor extent exceeding transplant criteria, we propose to wait at least 6 months before enlistment; however, once included on the waiting list, priority strategies should be implemented in order to reach effective transplantation prior to the appearance of recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Ferrer-Fàbrega
- HepatoBilioPancreatic Surgery and Transplant Unit, Department of Surgery, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) Group, Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic Barcelona, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alejandro Forner
- Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) Group, Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic Barcelona, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Network for Biomedical Research in Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alexandre Liccioni
- Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) Group, Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic Barcelona, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Miquel
- Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) Group, Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic Barcelona, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Network for Biomedical Research in Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Pathology, Hospital Clinic Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Víctor Molina
- HepatoBilioPancreatic Surgery and Transplant Unit, Department of Surgery, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miquel Navasa
- Network for Biomedical Research in Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain.,Liver Transplantation Unit, Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic Barcelona, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Constantino Fondevila
- HepatoBilioPancreatic Surgery and Transplant Unit, Department of Surgery, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Network for Biomedical Research in Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos García-Valdecasas
- HepatoBilioPancreatic Surgery and Transplant Unit, Department of Surgery, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Network for Biomedical Research in Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Bruix
- Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) Group, Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic Barcelona, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Network for Biomedical Research in Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain
| | - Josep Fuster
- HepatoBilioPancreatic Surgery and Transplant Unit, Department of Surgery, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) Group, Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic Barcelona, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Network for Biomedical Research in Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain
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409
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Hectors SJ, Wagner M, Besa C, Bane O, Dyvorne HA, Fiel MI, Zhu H, Donovan M, Taouli B. Intravoxel incoherent motion diffusion-weighted imaging of hepatocellular carcinoma: Is there a correlation with flow and perfusion metrics obtained with dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI? J Magn Reson Imaging 2016; 44:856-64. [PMID: 26919327 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.25194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the correlation between intravoxel incoherent motion diffusion-weighted imaging (IVIM-DWI) and dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) metrics in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and liver parenchyma. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-five patients with HCC (M/F 23/2, mean age 58 years) underwent abdominal MRI at 1.5 or 3.0T, including IVIM-DWI (with 16 b-values) and DCE-MRI (3D FLASH sequence, mean temporal resolution of 2.3 sec). IVIM-DWI parameters (pseudodiffusion coefficient, D*, diffusion coefficient, D, and perfusion fraction, PF) were quantified in HCC lesions and liver parenchyma using a Bayesian fitting algorithm. DCE-MRI parameters (arterial flow, Fa , portal flow, Fp , total flow, Ft , mean transit time, MTT, distribution volume, DV, and arterial fraction, ART) were quantified using a dual-input single-compartment model. Correlations between IVIM-DWI and DCE-MRI parameters were assessed using a Spearman correlation test. RESULTS Thirty-three HCC lesions (average size 5.0 ± 3.6 cm) were analyzed. D, D*, and PF were all significantly lower in HCC vs. liver (P < 0.05). Significantly higher Fa and ART and lower Fp were observed in HCC vs. liver (P < 0.001). Significant moderate to strong negative correlations were observed between ART and D* (r = -0.443, P = 0.028), ART and PF (r = -0.536, P = 0.006), ART and PFxD* (r = -0.655, P < 0.001), Fa and PF (r = 0.455, P = 0.023), and Fa and PFxD* (r = -0.475, P = 0.018) in liver parenchyma. There was no significant correlation between IVIM-DWI and DCE-MRI metrics in HCC lesions. CONCLUSION IVIM-DWI and DCE-MRI provide nonredundant information in HCC, while they correlate in liver parenchyma. These findings may be secondary to predominant portal inflow in the liver and tortuous vasculature and tissue heterogeneity in tumors. J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2016;44:856-864.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie J Hectors
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mathilde Wagner
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Cecilia Besa
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Octavia Bane
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hadrien A Dyvorne
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - M Isabel Fiel
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hongfa Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael Donovan
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Bachir Taouli
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA. .,Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.
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410
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411
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey E Ertel
- Department of Surgery, Cincinnati Research in Outcomes and Safety in Surgery, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Shimul A Shah
- Department of Surgery, Cincinnati Research in Outcomes and Safety in Surgery, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH.
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412
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Setiawan VW, Lim U, Lipworth L, Lu SC, Shepherd J, Ernst T, Wilkens LR, Henderson BE, Le Marchand L. Sex and Ethnic Differences in the Association of Obesity With Risk of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 14:309-16. [PMID: 26404865 PMCID: PMC4718778 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2015.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Obesity is associated with increased risk for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but the risk associated with obesity may vary by sex or ethnicity. We examined whether the association of body mass index (BMI) with HCC incidence, as well as correlations of BMI with total, visceral, and hepatic adiposity, differs among ethnic groups. METHODS We collected data from the Multiethnic Cohort Study, a population-based prospective cohort study of more than 215,000 men and women from Hawaii and California that was assembled from 1993 through 1996. After a median follow-up of 16.6 years, 482 incident HCC cases were identified among 168,476 participants. BMI and risk factor data were obtained from a baseline questionnaire. Cox regression analyses were used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and confidence intervals (CIs) for HCC associated with BMI. The black subjects in the Southern Community Cohort Study were included as a replication cohort. RESULTS BMI was associated with HCC in men (HR per 5 kg/m(2) increase, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.12-1.42) but not in women (HR, 1.06; 95% CI, 0.90-1.25) (P(interaction) = .009). Although BMI was strongly associated with HCC in Japanese, white, and Latino men, there was no association in black men (P(interaction) = .002). Similarly, no association was found in the blacks who participated in the Southern Community Cohort Study. BMI correlated with total fat mass, measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, in men and women and in all ethnic groups (R ≥ 0.9). However, there was a lower correlation value for BMI and visceral or liver fat measured by abdominal magnetic resonance imaging in black men (R < 0.5) and in women (R < 0.8). CONCLUSIONS On the basis of an analysis of data from the Multiethnic Cohort Study, the association between BMI and HCC differs between sexes and among ethnicities. The lack of association in black men warrants further investigation. Rather than studying markers of total adiposity, studies of obesity and HCC should move beyond BMI and use a better measure for fat-specific depots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Wendy Setiawan
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California.
| | - Unhee Lim
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Loren Lipworth
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Shelly C Lu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - John Shepherd
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Thomas Ernst
- Department of Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Lynne R Wilkens
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Brian E Henderson
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Loïc Le Marchand
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii
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413
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Yan M, Ha J, Aguilar M, Bhuket T, Liu B, Gish RG, Cheung R, Wong RJ. Birth cohort-specific disparities in hepatocellular carcinoma stage at diagnosis, treatment, and long-term survival. J Hepatol 2016; 64:326-332. [PMID: 26386160 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Individuals born between 1945 and 1965 account for nearly 75% of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections in the United States. As this cohort ages, progressive HCV-related liver disease leading to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) will place a significant burden on the healthcare system. We aim to evaluate birth cohort-specific disparities in HCC stage at diagnosis, treatment rates, and overall survival with a focus on the 1945-1965 birth cohort. METHODS A population-based retrospective cohort study of adult patients with HCC identified in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results 2003-2011 registry evaluated birth cohort-specific disparities in the prevalence and outcomes of HCC, including multivariate logistic regression models to evaluate disparities in HCC stage at diagnosis and HCC treatment received. Birth cohort-specific survival was evaluated with Kaplan-Meier methods and multivariate Cox proportional hazard models. RESULTS The proportion of HCC represented by the 1945-1965 cohort increased by 64% from 2003-2011, and accounted for 57.4% of all HCC in 2011. Compared to patients born after 1965, the 1945-1965 cohort were more likely to have HCC within Milan criteria (OR, 3.66; 95% CI, 3.13-4.28; p<0.001). However, among patients with HCC within Milan criteria, the 1945-1965 cohort had no difference in receipt of surgical treatment, but had higher overall long-term survival (HR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.69-0.97; p<0.03). CONCLUSIONS The 1945-1965 birth cohort accounts for the majority of HCC in the United States. Despite earlier HCC stage at diagnosis, no difference in receipt of surgical treatment was observed, but higher overall survival was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Yan
- Department of Medicine, Alameda Health System - Highland Hospital, Oakland, CA, United States
| | - John Ha
- Department of Medicine, Alameda Health System - Highland Hospital, Oakland, CA, United States
| | - Maria Aguilar
- Department of Medicine, Alameda Health System - Highland Hospital, Oakland, CA, United States
| | - Taft Bhuket
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Alameda Health System - Highland Hospital, Oakland, CA, United States
| | - Benny Liu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Alameda Health System - Highland Hospital, Oakland, CA, United States
| | - Robert G Gish
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Ramsey Cheung
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Robert J Wong
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Alameda Health System - Highland Hospital, Oakland, CA, United States.
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414
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Choi JW, Kim JH, Kim HC, Choi WS, Baek SY, Lee K, Chung JW. Comparison of tumor vascularity and hemodynamics in three rat hepatoma models. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2016; 41:257-64. [PMID: 26867907 DOI: 10.1007/s00261-015-0591-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare tumor vascularity and hemodynamics in three rat hepatoma models: N1-S1 cells in Sprague-Dawley rats, McA-RH7777 cells in Sprague-Dawley rats, and 13762 MAT B III cells in F344 rats. METHODS The three rat hepatoma models were induced in five rats per group. After confirming that the tumors grew up to 10 mm on magnetic resonance imaging, the rats underwent dynamic contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (DCE-US). Afterward, the rats were euthanized for histologic analyses. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare the rat hepatoma models. Correlation coefficients were calculated between the microvessel density (MVD) and DCE-US parameters. RESULTS On DCE-US imaging, arterial enhancement and washout were demonstrated in all N1-S1 tumors, while persistent peripheral enhancement on arterial to portal phases was shown in all 13762 MAT B III tumors. The McA-RH7777 tumors presented diverse enhancement patterns on arterial and portal phases. There were no significant differences in DCE-US parameters among the three hepatoma groups, while MVD was correlated with peak intensity (r = 0.565, p = 0.044), mean transit time (r = -0.559, p = 0.047), and time to peak (r = - 0.617, p = 0.025) of individual rats. The necrosis ratio was significantly different between the models (p = 0.031); 13762 MAT B III showed a significantly higher necrosis ratio than N1-S1 (p < 0.050 by post hoc test). CONCLUSION The N1-S1 tumor may be suitable as a model to investigate hypervascular hepatic tumors of the liver in DCE-US such as hepatocellular carcinoma among the three tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Woo Choi
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Hoon Kim
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Cheol Kim
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-744, Republic of Korea.
| | - Won Seok Choi
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Song Yi Baek
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoungbun Lee
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Wook Chung
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-744, Republic of Korea
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415
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Li Y, Di C, Li W, Cai W, Tan X, Xu L, Yang L, Lou G, Yan Y. Oncomirs miRNA-221/222 and Tumor Suppressors miRNA-199a/195 Are Crucial miRNAs in Liver Cancer: A Systematic Analysis. Dig Dis Sci 2016; 61:2315-2327. [PMID: 27156077 PMCID: PMC4943968 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-016-4156-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The high mortality rate of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is partly due to a lack of good diagnostic markers and treatment strategies. Recently, several microRNA (miRNA) profiling studies were conducted with HCC; however, their inconsistency means that their diagnostic or therapeutic value is debatable. AIMS This study aims to systematically evaluate the consistency of miRNAs from multiple independent studies. METHODS A systematic analysis of miRNAs from eligible publications was conducted, followed by real-time PCRs. The targets of highly consistent miRNAs were collected using online programs, followed by enrichment analyses for gene ontology terms and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes pathways. RESULTS In total, 241 differentially expressed miRNAs were reported in 13 HCC profiling studies, of which 137 were upregulated and 104 downregulated. Among consistently upregulated miRNAs (cutoff > fourfold), miRNA-222, miRNA-21, miRNA-221, miRNA-210, and miRNA-224 were found increased in 8, 6, 6, 5, and 5 different studies, respectively. Among 137 downregulated miRNAs, miRNA-195, miRNA-199a, miRNA-125b, and miRNA-99a were reported in 8, 8, 5, and 5 studies, respectively. These results were confirmed by real-time PCR. Enrichment analyses demonstrated that programmed cell death and proliferation play important roles during the interplay of miRNA with HCC. CONCLUSIONS miRNAs most consistently related to HCC are oncomirs miRNA-221/222 and tumor suppressors miRNA-199a/195.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhu Li
- College of Life Science, Shihezi University, 48 Dongmingxin St., Urumqi, 830011 Xinjiang People’s Republic of China ,School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, 16 Xuelin Road, Xiasha Higher Education Park, Hangzhou, 310036 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunhong Di
- Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou Normal University, 126 Wenzhou St., Hangzhou, 310015 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen Li
- IHRC Inc., 2 Ravinia Drive, Suite 1750, Atlanta, GA 30346 USA
| | - Weibin Cai
- Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou Normal University, 126 Wenzhou St., Hangzhou, 310015 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaohua Tan
- Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou Normal University, 126 Wenzhou St., Hangzhou, 310015 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
| | - Liangwen Xu
- Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou Normal University, 126 Wenzhou St., Hangzhou, 310015 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Yang
- Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou Normal University, 126 Wenzhou St., Hangzhou, 310015 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
| | - Guoqiang Lou
- Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou Normal University, 126 Wenzhou St., Hangzhou, 310015 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
| | - Yutao Yan
- Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou Normal University, 126 Wenzhou St., Hangzhou, 310015 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China ,School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, 16 Xuelin Road, Xiasha Higher Education Park, Hangzhou, 310036 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
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416
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Nguyen K, Jack K, Sun W. Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Past and Future of Molecular Target Therapy. Diseases 2015; 4:E1. [PMID: 28933381 PMCID: PMC5456309 DOI: 10.3390/diseases4010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common causes of cancer related mortality worldwide. The incidence of HCC has been increasing annually. Viral infection, alcohol usage, and other causes of cirrhosis have been identified as major risk factors for HCC development. The underlying pathogenesis has not been as well defined. There have been multiple hypotheses to the specific mechanisms of hepatocarcinogenesis and they share the common theme of chronic inflammation, increase oxidative stress, and genomic alteration. Therapeutic options of HCC have been primarily local and/or regional including transplantation, resection, and radial frequency ablation, chemoembolization or radio-embolization. For unresectable or metastatic disease, the options are limited. Conventional chemotherapeutic options have been noted to have limited benefit. Sorafenib has been the one and only systemic therapy which has demonstrated modest overall survival benefit. This has led to more extensive research with focus on targeted therapy. Numerous pre-clinical and early phase clinical studies have been noted but failed to show efficacy in later phase clinical trials. In an effort to identify new potential therapeutic options, new understanding of underlying pathways to hepatocarcinogenesis should be one of the main focuses. This leads to development of more molecularly targeted agents to specific pathways, and immunotherapy. This article provides a review of major studies of molecular targeted agents which attempts to target these specific pathways in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khanh Nguyen
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 5150 Center Ave. 5th floor, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA.
| | - Kerri Jack
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 5150 Center Ave. 5th floor, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA.
| | - Weijing Sun
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 5150 Center Ave. 5th floor, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA.
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417
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Wedd JP, Nordstrom E, Nydam T, Durham J, Zimmerman M, Johnson T, Thomas Purcell W, Biggins SW. Hepatocellular carcinoma in patients listed for liver transplantation: Current and future allocation policy and management strategies for the individual patient. Liver Transpl 2015; 21:1543-52. [PMID: 26457885 DOI: 10.1002/lt.24356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Liver transplantation can provide definitive cure for patients with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) when used appropriately. Advances in the management of HCC have allowed improved control of HCC while waiting for liver transplantation and new approaches to candidate selection particularly with regard to tumor burden and downstaging protocols. Additionally, there have been recent changes in allocation policy related to HCC in the U.S. that cap the HCC MELD exception at 34 points and implement a 6-month delay in a HCC MELD exception. This review examines the U.S. liver transplant allocation policy related to HCC, comprehensively details locoregional therapy options in HCC patients awaiting liver transplantation, and considers the impact of an increasing burden of HCC on future liver graft allocation policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel P Wedd
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Eric Nordstrom
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO
| | - Trevor Nydam
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO
| | - Janette Durham
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO
| | | | - Thor Johnson
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO
| | - W Thomas Purcell
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO
| | - Scott W Biggins
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO
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418
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Goossens N, Sun X, Hoshida Y. Molecular classification of hepatocellular carcinoma: potential therapeutic implications. Hepat Oncol 2015; 2:371-379. [PMID: 26617981 PMCID: PMC4662420 DOI: 10.2217/hep.15.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Genomic profiling of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tumors has elucidated recurrent molecular aberrations common or specific to disease etiology, patient race or geographic regions, allowing the classification of HCC tumors into subclasses sharing similar molecular and clinical characteristics. Previously reported transcriptome-based molecular subclasses have highlighted several common themes. Aggressive tumors are characterized by TP53 inactivation mutations and activation of pro-oncogenic signaling pathways, and further subclassified according to expression of stemness markers. The stemness marker-negative aggressive tumors display preferential TGF-β activation. Another group of less aggressive tumors contains a subclass characterized by CTNNB1 mutations accompanied with overexpression of liver-specific WNT targets such as GLUL. Molecular therapies selectively targeting features of the HCC subclasses have suggested their utility in enriching potential responders in clinical trials and guiding therapeutic decision-making for HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Goossens
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Liver Cancer Program, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1470 Madison Ave, PO Box 1123, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Xiaochen Sun
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Liver Cancer Program, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1470 Madison Ave, PO Box 1123, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Yujin Hoshida
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Liver Cancer Program, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1470 Madison Ave, PO Box 1123, New York, NY 10029, USA
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419
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) significantly contributes to the global burden of cancer. Liver cancer is the third most frequent cause of cancer-related death with HCC representing more than 90% of primary liver cancers. The majority of patients are not only affected by the malignant disease but do also suffer from chronic liver disease. Therefore, several factors impact on the prognosis of patients with HCC, including tumor-related factors, liver function and patient-related factors such as performance status and other comorbidities. The nutritional status is of high significance for the patients' performance status, the tolerance of tumor-targeting therapy and the prognosis of cancer of any type and is specially referenced in HCC. This overview is on current concepts on the role of nutritional factors in hepatocarcinogenesis and the role of nutrition in patients affected by HCC. SUMMARY Nutritional status and composition of diet are relevant factors related to the risk of HCC. They also have an important role concerning the prognosis of patients with HCC. Besides risk factors, several macro- and micronutrient components have been found to be inversely correlated with the risk of HCC. To prevent disease progression to liver cirrhosis or HCC in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, it is crucial to optimize the metabolic state. KEY MESSAGE AND PRACTICAL IMPLICATION Evidence from well-designed prospective interventional trials with the aim to reduce the HCC incidence or to prolong survival in patients with HCC based on nutritional modification is still to be generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Schütte
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Christian Schulz
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Peter Malfertheiner
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
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420
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Okadome K, Hayashi H, Higashi T, Takeyama H, Sakamoto K, Kuroki H, Nitta H, Hashimoto D, Chikamoto A, Beppu T, Baba H. Intra-aortic balloon pump-assisted major hepatectomy in a case with coronary disease. Surg Case Rep 2015; 1:112. [PMID: 26943436 PMCID: PMC4630318 DOI: 10.1186/s40792-015-0114-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinically, we often encounter cancer patients who also have cardiovascular disease such as coronary artery disease. We experienced a case of severe coronary artery disease and a large hepatocellular carcinoma in a 69-year-old man. To reduce the risk of a perioperative cardiovascular event during mesohepatectomy, an elective intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) was used. After an uneventful recovery, the patient was discharged on day 15. While IABP is frequently introduced in cardiac surgery, there have been few reports of its use during liver surgery. Here, we present IABP-assisted major hepatectomy as an option in a patient with both cancer and coronary artery disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Okadome
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Hayashi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Takaaki Higashi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Hideaki Takeyama
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Keita Sakamoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Kuroki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Nitta
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hashimoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Akira Chikamoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Toru Beppu
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Hideo Baba
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan.
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421
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Hepatocellular Carcinoma From Epidemiology to Prevention: Translating Knowledge into Practice. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 13:2140-51. [PMID: 26284591 PMCID: PMC4618036 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2015.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 380] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The epidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is characterized by dynamic temporal trends, several major established (i.e., HCV, HBV, alcohol) and emerging (i.e., diabetes, obesity, NAFLD) risk factors. Epidemiologic studies and clinical trials have identified additional demographic, clinical, pharmacological, genetic and life style factors that further affect or modify the likelihood of HCC and can be used in clinical practice to identify at-risk patients (i.e., risk stratification or prognostic algorithms) that can be targeted for prevention and early detection programs. These studies have also paved the way toward several well established preventive measures including HBV vaccination, HBV treatment, HCV treatment and HCC surveillance, and potential chemoprevention using statins, metformin or coffee. However, the effectiveness of HCC prevention in clinical practice and at the population level has lagged behind due to patient, provider, system, and societal factors. The Quality in the Continuum of Cancer Care model provides a framework for evaluating the HCC prevention processes, including potential failures that create a gap between efficacy and effectiveness.
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422
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Li B, Su S, Zhang MY, He L, Wang QD, He K. Effect of GnT-V knockdown on the proliferation, migration and invasion of the SMMC7721/R human hepatocellular carcinoma drug-resistant cell line. Mol Med Rep 2015; 13:469-76. [PMID: 26531171 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a commonly occurring malignant tumor, with a high incidence rate. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of knocking down the N‑glycosyltransferase‑V (GnT‑V) protein on the proliferation, migration and invasion of the human HCC drug‑resistant cell line, SMMC7721/R. SMMC7721/R cells with GnT‑V‑knockdown (SMMC‑7721/R‑GnT‑V) were constructed using the method of lentiviral transfection. The expression of GnT‑V was assessed using reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‑qPCR) and western blotting. Cell proliferation was determined using an MTT assay, and the extent of cellular apoptosis was assessed using flow cytometric analysis. Additionally, the metastatic ability of the cells in vitro was analyzed using cell adhesion and invasion assays. Western blotting was used to investigate the protein expression levels of caspase‑3, caspase‑9, Bcl‑2, Bax, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‑2 and MMP‑9, and RT‑qPCR was used to determine the mRNA expression levels of the genes for the breast cancer resistance protein and P‑glycoprotein in the SMMC‑7721/R cells. Taken together, the results of the present study revealed that the knockdown of GnT‑V significantly suppressed the proliferation, migration and invasion (P<0.05) of the SMMC‑7721/R cells. Furthermore, the possible mechanism underlying these phenomena may be associated with the induction of mitochondria‑mediated apoptosis, inhibition of the degradation of the extracellular matrix and an enhancement of the drug-sensitivity. GnT‑V‑knockdown may therefore be used to treat drug‑resistant HCC in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Sichuan Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Song Su
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Sichuan Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Meng-Yu Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Sichuan Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Lei He
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Sichuan Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Qing-Da Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Sichuan Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Kai He
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Sichuan Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
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423
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Zhang W, Sun B. Impact of age on the survival of patients with liver cancer: an analysis of 27,255 patients in the SEER database. Oncotarget 2015; 6:633-41. [PMID: 25575810 PMCID: PMC4359244 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims The risk of liver cancer (LC) is regarded as age dependent. However, the influence of age on its prognosis is controversial. The aim of our study was to compare the long-term survival of younger versus older patients with LC. Methods In this retrospective study, we searched Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End-Results (SEER) population-based data and identified 27,255 patients diagnosed with LC between 1988 and 2003. These patients were categorized into younger (45 years and under) and older age (over 45 years of age) groups. Five-year cancer specific survival data was obtained. Kaplan–Meier methods and multivariable Cox regression models were used to analyze long-term survival outcomes and risk factors. Results There were significant differences between groups with regards to pathologic grading, histologic type, stage, and tumor size (p < 0.001). The 5-year liver cancer specific survival (LCSS) rates in the younger and older age groups were 14.5% and 8.4%, respectively (p < 0.001 by univariate and multivariate analysis). A stratified analysis of age on cancer survival showed only localized and regional stages to be validated as independent predictors, but not for advanced stages. Conclusions Compared to older patients, younger patients with LC have a higher LCSS after surgery, despite the poorer biological behavior of this carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Zhang
- Liver Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital and State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Beicheng Sun
- Liver Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital and State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
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424
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer H MacLachlan
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Viral Hepatitis VIDRL, Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
| | - Stephen Locarnini
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Viral Hepatitis VIDRL, Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Benjamin C Cowie
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Viral Hepatitis VIDRL, Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
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425
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Wu J, Zhang J, Shen B, Yin K, Xu J, Gao W, Zhang L. Long noncoding RNA lncTCF7, induced by IL-6/STAT3 transactivation, promotes hepatocellular carcinoma aggressiveness through epithelial-mesenchymal transition. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2015; 34:116. [PMID: 26452542 PMCID: PMC4600266 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-015-0229-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating evidence suggests the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) in tumor microenvironment may promote the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. METHODS The expression and promoter activity of lncTCF7 were measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and luciferase reporter assay. The function of the STAT3 binding site in the lncTCF7 promoter region was tested by luciferase reporter assay with nucleotide substitutions. The binding of STAT3 to the lncTCF7 promoter was confirmed by chromatin immunoprecipitation assay (CHIP) in vivo. The effects of decreasing STAT3 with small interference RNA and inhibiting STAT3 activation by small molecular inhibitor on lncTCF7 expression were also determined. RESULTS We demonstrate that IL-6 could induce lncTCF7 expression in a time- and dose-dependent manner, and we showed that IL-6 transcriptionally activated the expression of lncTCF7 in HCC cells by activating STAT3, a transcription activator which binds to promoter regions of lncTCF7. Furthermore, knocking-down STAT3 and inhibiting STAT3 activation reduced lncTCF7 expression. Importantly, RNA interference-based attenuation of lncTCF7 prevented IL-6-induced EMT and cell invasion. CONCLUSION Thus, these data provides evidence to the existence of an aberrant IL-6/STAT3/ lncTCF7 signaling axis that leads to HCC aggressiveness through EMT induction, which could be novel therapeutic targets in malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Taixing People's Hospital, Yangzhou University School of Medicine, 1 Changzheng Road, Jiangsu Province, 225400, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Taixing People's Hospital, Yangzhou University School of Medicine, 1 Changzheng Road, Jiangsu Province, 225400, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bin Shen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Taixing People's Hospital, Yangzhou University School of Medicine, 1 Changzheng Road, Jiangsu Province, 225400, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Yin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Taixing People's Hospital, Yangzhou University School of Medicine, 1 Changzheng Road, Jiangsu Province, 225400, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianwei Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Taixing People's Hospital, Yangzhou University School of Medicine, 1 Changzheng Road, Jiangsu Province, 225400, People's Republic of China
| | - Wencan Gao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Taixing People's Hospital, Yangzhou University School of Medicine, 1 Changzheng Road, Jiangsu Province, 225400, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihong Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Taixing People's Hospital, Yangzhou University School of Medicine, 1 Changzheng Road, Jiangsu Province, 225400, People's Republic of China
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426
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Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an increasing problem in the USA and worldwide. Current treatments for HCC include chemoembolization, radioembolization, liver resection, and liver transplantation in the setting of selected cirrhotic patients. Liver transplantation for HCC was controversial initially, but is now widely accepted as a curative approach. Cirrhotic patients who meet standards for transplantation and have a tumor burden within Milan criteria are eligible for transplantation and receive Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) exception points once listed. Given the decline in availability of donor organs, rewarding MELD exception points and performing liver transplants in these patients remain controversial. Despite this, various guidelines propose expanding eligibility criteria for cirrhotics with HCC, due to post-transplant outcomes comparable to patients transplanted without HCC. Following the transplant, issues include optimizing the type and amount of immunosuppression and screening for and treating recurrence of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Katherine Rude
- Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8124, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA,
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427
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Development of Conventional Transarterial Chemoembolization for Hepatocellular Carcinomas in Japan: Historical, Strategic, and Technical Review. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2015; 205:764-73. [DOI: 10.2214/ajr.15.14825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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428
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Kabbach G, Assi HA, Bolotin G, Schuster M, Lee HJ, Tadros M. Hepatobiliary Tumors: Update on Diagnosis and Management. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2015; 3:169-81. [PMID: 26623263 PMCID: PMC4663198 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2015.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumors of the liver and biliary tree, mainly hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma, are the second leading cause of cancer related death worldwide and the sixth leading cause of cancer related death among men in developed countries. Recent developments in biomarkers and imaging modalities have enhanced early detection and accurate diagnosis of these highly fatal malignancies. These advances include serological testing, micro-ribonucleic acids, fluorescence in situ hybridization, contrast-enhanced ultrasound, and hepatobiliary-phase magnetic resonance imaging. In addition, there have been major developments in the surgical and nonsurgical management of these tumors, including expansion of the liver transplantation criteria, new locoregional treatments, and molecularly targeted therapies. In this article, we review various types of hepatobiliary tumors and discuss new developments in their diagnosis and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghassan Kabbach
- Department of internal medicine, Albany medical center, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Hussein A Assi
- Department of internal medicine, Albany medical center, Albany, NY, USA
| | - George Bolotin
- Department of radiology, Albany medical center, Albany, NY, USA
| | | | - Hwa Jeong Lee
- Department of pathology, Albany medical center, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Micheal Tadros
- Department of internal medicine, Division of gastroenterology, Albany medical center, Albany, NY, USA
- Correspondence to: Micheal Tadros, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Albany Medical Center, 47 New Scotland Avenue, MC 48, Albany, NY 12208, USA. Tel: +1-518-262-5276, Fax: +1-518-262-6470, E-mail:
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429
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Goossens N, Nakagawa S, Hoshida Y. Molecular prognostic prediction in liver cirrhosis. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:10262-10273. [PMID: 26420954 PMCID: PMC4579874 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i36.10262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The natural history of cirrhosis varies and therefore prognostic prediction is critical given the sizable patient population. A variety of clinical prognostic indicators have been developed and enable patient risk stratification although their performance is somewhat limited especially within relatively earlier stage of disease. Molecular prognostic indicators are expected to refine the prediction, and potentially link a subset of patients with molecular targeted interventions that counteract poor prognosis. Here we overview clinical and molecular prognostic indicators in the literature, and discuss critical issues to successfully define, evaluate, and deploy prognostic indicators as clinical scores or tests. The use of liver biopsy has been diminishing due to sampling variability on fibrosis assessment and emergence of imaging- or lab test-based fibrosis assessment methods. However, recent rapid developments of genomics technologies and selective molecular targeted agents has highlighted the need for biopsy tissue specimen to explore and establish molecular information-guided personalized/stratified clinical care, and eventually achieve “precision medicine”.
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430
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Petrick JL, Freedman ND, Graubard BI, Sahasrabuddhe VV, Lai GY, Alavanja MC, Beane-Freeman LE, Boggs DA, Buring JE, Chan AT, Chong DQ, Fuchs CS, Gapstur SM, Gaziano JM, Giovannucci EL, Hollenbeck AR, King LY, Koshiol J, Lee IM, Linet MS, Palmer JR, Poynter JN, Purdue MP, Robien K, Schairer C, Sesso HD, Sigurdson AJ, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A, Wactawski-Wende J, Campbell PT, McGlynn KA. Coffee Consumption and Risk of Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma by Sex: The Liver Cancer Pooling Project. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2015; 24:1398-406. [PMID: 26126626 PMCID: PMC4576990 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-15-0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coffee consumption has been reported to be inversely associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most common type of liver cancer. Caffeine has chemopreventive properties, but whether caffeine is responsible for the coffee-HCC association is not well studied. In addition, few studies have examined the relationship by sex, and no studies have examined whether there is an association between coffee and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC), the second most common type of liver cancer. METHODS In the Liver Cancer Pooling Project, a consortium of U.S.-based cohort studies, data from 1,212,893 individuals (HCC, n = 860; ICC, n = 260) in nine cohorts were pooled. Multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using proportional hazards regression. RESULTS Higher coffee consumption was associated with lower risk of HCC (HR>3 cups/day vs. non-drinker, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.53-0.99; Ptrend cups/day = <0.0001). More notable reduced risk was seen among women than men (Pinteraction = 0.07). Women who consumed more than three cups of coffee per day were at a 54% lower risk of HCC (HR, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.26-0.81), whereas men had more modest reduced risk of HCC (HR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.63-1.37). The associations were stronger for caffeinated coffee (HR>3 cups/day vs. non-drinker, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.50-1.01) than decaffeinated coffee (HR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.55-1.54). There was no association between coffee consumption and ICC. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that, in a U.S. population, coffee consumption is associated with reduced risk of HCC. IMPACT Further research into specific coffee compounds and mechanisms that may account for these associations is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Petrick
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland.
| | - Neal D Freedman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Barry I Graubard
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Gabriel Y Lai
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Michael C Alavanja
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Laura E Beane-Freeman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Deborah A Boggs
- Slone Epidemiology Center at Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Julie E Buring
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrew T Chan
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dawn Q Chong
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Charles S Fuchs
- Department of Medicine, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Susan M Gapstur
- Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Edward L Giovannucci
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Lindsay Y King
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jill Koshiol
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - I-Min Lee
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Martha S Linet
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Julie R Palmer
- Slone Epidemiology Center at Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jenny N Poynter
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Mark P Purdue
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kim Robien
- Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Catherine Schairer
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Howard D Sesso
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alice J Sigurdson
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Jean Wactawski-Wende
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Peter T Campbell
- Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Katherine A McGlynn
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
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431
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Abstract
Chronic liver disease results from a wide range of conditions, for which individual management is beyond the scope of this article. General education, counseling, and harm reduction practices are important to the primary care of these patients, as are monitoring for cirrhosis and management of its complications. For patients with advanced liver disease, comprehensive care includes considering referral for liver transplantation, educating and empowering patients to prioritize goals of care, and optimizing symptom relief.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn James
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Box 359892, 325 9th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98104, USA.
| | - Iris W Liou
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Box 356175, 1959 Northeast Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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432
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Pang Q, Zhang JY, Qu K, Song SD, Liu SS, Liu C. Central obesity induces a greater risk of hepatocellular carcinoma than general obesity. Hepatology 2015; 62:979-80. [PMID: 25546180 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Pang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing Yao Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Kai Qu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Si Dong Song
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Su Shun Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, China
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433
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Liver transplantation in the context of organ shortage: toward extension and restriction of indications considering recent clinical data and ethical framework. Curr Opin Crit Care 2015; 21:163-70. [PMID: 25692807 DOI: 10.1097/mcc.0000000000000186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The scarcity of liver grafts requires to optimize the results of transplantation. Extensions and alternatives of liver transplantation have to be regularly evaluated. RECENT FINDINGS Acute-on-chronic liver failure and severe alcoholic hepatitis may represent potential extensions of transplant indications. In these diseases, selected patients could obtain a significant benefit from liver transplantation, whereas long-term outcomes and global impact on waiting lists remain to be evaluated prospectively. Alternatives to transplantation may be represented by recent progress in the management of hepatitis C and the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. In hepatitis C, new drug combinations may improve the disease control, reducing the progression to cirrhosis and also the risk of post-transplant reinfection allowing to anticipate a future decrease in the indications for transplantation and retransplantation in these patients. In hepatocellular carcinoma, thanks to improvements in operative techniques and better identification of prognostic factors of cancer recurrency, surgical resection or radiofrequency destruction could appear now as true alternatives to transplant in highly selected patients. SUMMARY Before implementation of these potential changes into decisional algorithms for listing and organ allocation, their consequences, either for patient's individual benefit or for global transplant outcomes, should be closely evaluated using objective long-term end points and taking into account the ethical recommendations for organ transplantation.
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434
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Mazzarella L. Why does obesity promote cancer? Epidemiology, biology, and open questions. Ecancermedicalscience 2015; 9:554. [PMID: 26284118 PMCID: PMC4531127 DOI: 10.3332/ecancer.2015.554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The association between obesity and/or metabolic syndrome and an elevated mortality from cancer has been confirmed by an astonishing number of studies across nations and ethnicities, such that obesity is now recognised to be among the most prominent cancer risk factors worldwide. Despite this overwhelming evidence and the societal impact of obesity, we know surprisingly little about the underlying molecular mechanisms. This knowledge gap is a major obstacle to the implementation of effective lifestyle change policies. As the scientific community is insecure on what messages it should deliver, administrators are uncertain as to what exactly to recommend, and consumers are confused about whom to believe. This leaves the field flooded with pseudo-scientific recommendations that are hard to eradicate. In this review, I will provide a summary of the existing epidemiological and mechanistic evidence on the relationship between systemic metabolism and cancer, highlighting debated issues and ongoing investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Mazzarella
- European Institute of Oncology, Via Ripamonti 435, Milan 20141, Italy
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435
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Korba B, Shetty K, Medvedev A, Viswanathan P, Varghese R, Zhou B, Roy R, Makambi K, Ressom H, Loffredo CA. Hepatitis C virus Genotype 1a core gene nucleotide patterns associated with hepatocellular carcinoma risk. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:2928-2937. [PMID: 26296571 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Specific sequence changes in codons 70 and 91 of the hepatitis C virus genotype 1b (HCV GT1b) core gene have been associated with increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Essentially all previous studies were conducted in Asian populations with a wide range of liver disease, and none were conducted specifically in GT1a-infected individuals. We conducted a pilot study in a multiethnic population in the USA with HCV-related cirrhosis to determine if this association extended to GT1a-infected individuals and to determine if other sequence changes in the HCV core gene were associated with HCC risk. HCV core gene sequences from sera of 90 GT1 HCV carriers with cirrhosis (42 with HCC) were analysed using standard RT-PCR-based procedures. Nucleotide sequence data were compared with reference sequences available from GenBank. The frequency of sequence changes in codon 91 was not statistically different between HCC (7/19) and non-HCC (11/22) GT1b carriers. In GT1a carriers, sequence changes in codon 91 were observed less often than in GT1b carriers but were not observed in non-HCC subjects (4/23 vs 0/26, P = 0.03, Fisher's exact test). Sequence changes in codon 70 were not distributed differently between HCC and non-HCC GT1a and 1b carriers. Most importantly, for GT1a carriers, a panel of specific nucleotide changes in other codons was collectively present in all subjects with HCC, but not in any of the non-HCC patients. The utility of this test panel for early detection of HCC in GT1a-infected individuals needs to be assessed in larger populations, including longitudinal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent Korba
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Kirti Shetty
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University, Sibley Memorial Hospital, Washington, DC 20016, USA
| | - Alexei Medvedev
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Prasanth Viswanathan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Rency Varghese
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Bin Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Rabindra Roy
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Kepher Makambi
- Department of Biostatistics, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Habtom Ressom
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Christopher A Loffredo
- Department of Biostatistics, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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436
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Facciorusso A, Licinio R, Carr BI, Di Leo A, Barone M. MEK 1/2 inhibitors in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 9:993-1003. [PMID: 25915713 DOI: 10.1586/17474124.2015.1040763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Sorafenib is the only approved systemic treatment for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma patients and all the recently published randomized controlled trials on new systemic drugs have been unsuccessful. This is likely due to a lack of understanding of tumor progression, molecular drivers, and liver toxicity, as well as flaws in trial design. An important signaling pathway in hepatocarcinogenesis is the MEK cascade involved in various cellular responses, including adaptation and survival. A key role in this cascade is played by MEK, of which MEK 1/2 represent the prototypes and an interesting target for new oncological drugs. This review analyzes recent developments and future perspectives on the role of MEK inhibitors in hepatocellular carcinoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Facciorusso
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Ospedali Riuniti Foggia, Italy
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437
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Ehling J, Tacke F. Role of chemokine pathways in hepatobiliary cancer. Cancer Lett 2015; 379:173-83. [PMID: 26123664 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Persistent hepatic inflammation resulting from hepatitis B or C virus infections (HBV or HCV, respectively), obesity-associated non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) or alcohol abuse is a hallmark feature of chronic liver diseases and appears to be an essential prerequisite of hepatocarcinogenesis. The inflammatory processes in the liver are regulated by various chemokines, which orchestrate the interaction between parenchymal liver cells, Kupffer cells (resident macrophages), hepatic stellate cells (HSC), endothelial cells, and infiltrating immune cells. In consequence, these cellular interactions result in the re-modeling of the hepatic microenvironment toward a pro-inflammatory, pro-fibrotic, pro-angiogenic and thus pre-neoplastic milieu. Once developed, liver neoplasms provoke pro- and anti-tumor immune responses that are also critically regulated through differential activation of chemokine pathways. With respect to hepatobiliary cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), gallbladder cancer and cholangiocellular carcinoma (cholangiocarcinoma), together belonging to the highest causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide, this review article will give an overview of chemokine pathways involved in both the establishment of a pro-tumorigenic microenvironment as well as the development and progression of hepatobiliary cancer. Pharmaceutical targeting of chemokine pathways is a promising approach to treat or even prevent hepatobiliary cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Ehling
- Department of Experimental Molecular Imaging, Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Medical Faculty, RWTH University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Medicine III, Medical Faculty, RWTH University, Aachen, Germany.
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438
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Halegoua‐De Marzio DL, Herrine SK. Training the next generation of hepatologist: What will they need to know? Clin Liver Dis (Hoboken) 2015; 5:129-131. [PMID: 31040968 PMCID: PMC6490509 DOI: 10.1002/cld.461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Steven K. Herrine
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyThomas Jefferson UniversityPhiladelphiaPA
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439
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Goossens N, Hoshida Y. Personalized management of hepatocellular carcinoma based on molecular information: future prospects. Clin Liver Dis (Hoboken) 2015; 5. [PMID: 26213619 PMCID: PMC4512174 DOI: 10.1002/cld.483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Goossens
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Liver Cancer Program, Tisch Cancer InstituteIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNY,Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyGeneva University HospitalGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Yujin Hoshida
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Liver Cancer Program, Tisch Cancer InstituteIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNY
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440
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Enomoto H, Nakamura H, Liu W, Nishiguchi S. Hepatoma-Derived Growth Factor: Its Possible Involvement in the Progression of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:14086-97. [PMID: 26101867 PMCID: PMC4490540 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160614086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an important complication of viral infection induced by hepatitis virus C, and our major research theme is to identify a new growth factor related to the progression of HCC. HDGF (hepatoma-derived growth factor) is a novel growth factor that belongs to a new gene family. HDGF was initially purified from the conditioned medium of a hepatoma cell line. HDGF promotes cellular proliferation as a DNA binding nuclear factor and a secreted protein acting via a receptor-mediated pathway. HDGF is a unique multi-functional protein that can function as a growth factor, angiogenic factor and anti-apoptotic factor and it participates in the development and progression of various malignant diseases. The expression level of HDGF may be an independent prognostic factor for predicting the disease-free and overall survival in patients with various malignancies, including HCC. Furthermore, the overexpression of HDGF promotes the proliferation of HCC cells, while a reduction in the HDGF expression inhibits the proliferation of HCC cells. This article provides an overview of the characteristics of HDGF and describes the potential role of HDGF as a growth-promoting factor for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirayuki Enomoto
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Mukogawa-cho 1-1, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan.
| | - Hideji Nakamura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nissay Hospital, Itachibori 6-3-8, Nishi-ku, Osaka 550-0012, Japan.
| | - Weidong Liu
- Department of Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, No. 69, Dongxiabei, Jinping, Shantou 515041, China.
| | - Shuhei Nishiguchi
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Mukogawa-cho 1-1, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan.
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441
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Koehne de Gonzalez AK, Salomao MA, Lagana SM. Current concepts in the immunohistochemical evaluation of liver tumors. World J Hepatol 2015; 7:1403-1411. [PMID: 26052385 PMCID: PMC4450203 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v7.i10.1403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 01/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunohistochemistry often plays an important role in the evaluation of liver tumors. Recent advances have established a classification system for hepatocellular adenomas (HCAs) based on morphology, molecular alterations, and immunohistochemistry. Specifically, loss of liver fatty acid binding protein is seen in HNF1α-inactivated HCA, staining with serum amyloid A is seen in inflammatory HCA, and diffuse staining with glutamine synthetase (GS) is seen in β-catenin activated HCA. A panel of immunohistochemical stains including glypican-3 (GPC-3), heat shock protein 70, and GS are useful in distinguishing HCC from non-malignant dysplastic nodules. Immunohistochemistry is also useful to determine whether a liver tumor is of primary hepatocellular or metastatic origin. Recently described markers useful for this purpose include arginase-1, GPC-3, and bile salt export pump. These newer markers may offer superior utility when compared to traditional markers of hepatocellular differentiation such as alpha-fetoprotein, hepatocyte paraffin-1, polyclonal carcinoembryonic antigen, and CD10. This paper will review recent advances in the immunohistochemical evaluation of liver tumors.
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442
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Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a leading etiology of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The interaction of HCV with its human host is complex and multilayered; stemming in part from the fact that HCV is a RNA virus with no ability to integrate in the host's genome. Direct and indirect mechanisms of HCV-induced HCC include activation of multiple host pathways such as liver fibrogenic pathways, cellular and survival pathways, interaction with the immune and metabolic systems. Host factors also play a major role in HCV-induced HCC as evidenced by genomic studies identifying polymorphisms in immune, metabolic, and growth signaling systems associated with increased risk of HCC. Despite highly effective direct-acting antiviral agents, the morbidity and incidence of liver-related complications of HCV, including HCC, is likely to persist in the near future. Clinical markers to selectively identify HCV subjects at higher risk of developing HCC have been reported however they require further validation, especially in subjects who have experienced sustained virological response. Molecular biomarkers allowing further refinement of HCC risk are starting to be implemented in clinical platforms, allowing objective stratification of risk and leading to individualized therapy and surveillance for HCV individuals. Another role for molecular biomarker-based stratification could be enrichment of HCC chemoprevention clinical trials leading to smaller sample size, shorter trial duration, and reduced costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Goossens
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Liver Cancer Program, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yujin Hoshida
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Liver Cancer Program, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
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443
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Duran R, Chapiro J, Schernthaner RE, Geschwind JFH. Systematic review of catheter-based intra-arterial therapies in hepatocellular carcinoma: state of the art and future directions. Br J Radiol 2015; 88:20140564. [PMID: 25978585 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20140564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intra-arterial therapies (IATs) play a pivotal role in the management of patients with primary and secondary liver malignancies. The unique advantages of these treatments are their ability to selectively deliver a high dose of anticancer treatment while preserving healthy liver tissue. The proven efficacy of these catheter-based locoregional therapies in a highly systemic chemoresistant cancer such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), along with the minimally invasive nature of these treatments, quickly yielded wide acceptance in the medical community and revolutionized the field of Interventional Oncology. In this article, we describe the clinical rationale and background of catheter-based IATs. We provide an overview of clinical achievements of these treatments alone and in combination with sorafenib in patients with HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Duran
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - J Chapiro
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - R E Schernthaner
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - J-F H Geschwind
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
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444
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Abstract
The epidemiology of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is geographically diverse, with population prevalence, age and mode of acquisition, and likelihood of progression to chronic infection mutually interdependent. The burden of chronic HBV infection is increasingly being recognized, with cirrhosis and liver cancer attributable to HBV continuing to increase. The outcomes of chronic HBV infection are affected by a range of factors, including viral genotype, the presence of coinfections with other blood-borne viruses, and the impact of other causes of liver disease. The increased recognition of HBV infection as a leading cause of death globally has resulted in the development of new structures and policies at the international level; immediate attention to implementing these strategies is now required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer H MacLachlan
- Epidemiology Unit, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - Benjamin C Cowie
- Epidemiology Unit, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3050, Australia Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3050, Australia
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445
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Vilarinho S, Taddei T. Therapeutic strategies for hepatocellular carcinoma: new advances and challenges. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 13:219-34. [PMID: 25791207 DOI: 10.1007/s11938-015-0049-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fastest growing malignancy in the USA, and its prognosis remains poor with a 5-year survival around 12 %. Clinical data demonstrate that 85 % of cases occur in individuals with underlying cirrhosis and only 15 % develop in non-cirrhotic livers. Therefore, American and European guidelines recommend routine HCC screening for high-risk individuals (patients with cirrhosis) with abdominal ultrasound every 6 months. Once a lesion is identified or suspected on ultrasound, dynamic imaging is then indicated. The diagnosis of HCC is established in a patient with cirrhosis when a lesion measures at least 1 cm in diameter and demonstrates arterial enhancement and portal venous washout on contrast-enhanced computerized tomography or magnetic resonance imaging. Indeterminate lesions should be followed with surveillance imaging or further investigated with biopsy according to the level of suspicion for malignancy. Given the clinical, pathological, and molecular heterogeneity of HCC, there are multiple therapeutic modalities available. These may be curative, such as surgical resection, liver transplantation, and local ablation, or palliative, such as catheter-directed therapies (transarterial chemo, radio, or bland embolization), and systemic therapy (sorafenib). Patients with a single lesion, good performance status, and preserved liver synthetic function should be offered curative surgical resection or ablation therapy. Patients with HCC and decompensated liver disease should be evaluated and listed for liver transplantation. For unresectable disease or tumor burden precluding transplantation or curative ablation, palliative therapeutic modalities should be offered. Sorafenib is indicated for patients with vascular invasion and/or extra-hepatic metastasis if the estimated life expectancy is more than 3 months. Systemic internal radiation therapy using yttrium-90 microspheres in cases of multifocal bi-lobar disease and/or portal vein occlusion is an emerging therapy. Best supportive care is recommended for patients who lack the hepatic reserve to tolerate therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia Vilarinho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, 1080 LMP, PO Box 208019, New Haven, CT, 06520-8019, USA,
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446
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Dang H, Steinway SN, Ding W, Rountree CB. Induction of tumor initiation is dependent on CD44s in c-Met⁺ hepatocellular carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:161. [PMID: 25886575 PMCID: PMC4380258 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1166-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients with active hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/c-Met signaling have a significantly worse prognosis. c-Met, a high affinity receptor for HGF, plays a critical role in cancer growth, invasion and metastasis. c-Met and CD44 have been utilized as cell surface markers to identify mesenchymal tumor-initiating stem-like cells (TISC) in several cancers including HCC. In this work, we examine the complex relationship between c-Met and CD44s (standard form), and investigate the specific role of CD44s as a tumor initiator and stemness marker in HCC. Methods Gene and protein expression assays were utilized to investigate the relationship between CD44s and c-Met in HCC cell lines. Tumor-sphere assays and in vivo tumor assays were performed to investigate the role of CD44+ cells as TISCs. Student’s t-test or one-way ANOVA with Tukeys post-hoc test was performed to test for differences amongst groups with a p < .05 as significant. Results In an immunohistochemical and immunoblot analysis of human HCC samples, we observed that more than 39% of human HCC samples express c-Met and CD44. To study the relationship between c-Met and CD44, we used MHCC97-H cells, which are CD44+/c-Met+. The knockdown of c-Met in MHCC97-H cells decreased CD44s, reduced TISC characteristics and decreased tumorsphere formation. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the inhibition of PI3K/AKT signaling decreased CD44s expression and subsequently decreased tumorsphere formation. The down-regulation of CD44s leads to a significant loss of a TISC and mesenchymal phenotype. Finally, the down-regulation of CD44s in MHCC97-H cells decreased tumor initiation in vivo compared with the scrambled control. Conclusions In summary, our data suggest that CD44s is modulated by the c-Met-PI3K-AKT signaling cascade to support a mesenchymal and TISC phenotype in HCC cells. Moreover, c-Met could be a potential therapeutic drug for targeting HCC cells with TISC and mesenchymal phenotypes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1166-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hien Dang
- Department of Pediatrics and Pharmacology, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Penn State Children's Hospital, Hershey, PA, USA. .,Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, 37 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Steven N Steinway
- Department of Pediatrics and Pharmacology, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Penn State Children's Hospital, Hershey, PA, USA.
| | - Wei Ding
- Department of Pediatrics and Pharmacology, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Penn State Children's Hospital, Hershey, PA, USA.
| | - Carl B Rountree
- Department of Pediatrics and Pharmacology, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Penn State Children's Hospital, Hershey, PA, USA. .,Bon Secours St. Mary's Hospital, 5875 Bremo Road, MOB South Suite 303, Richmond, VA, 23226, USA.
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447
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Zhang W, Jiang R, Hou J, Sun B. Clinicopathological features and prognostic factors of young patients with surgically treated liver cancer. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94:e684. [PMID: 25816040 PMCID: PMC4554000 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000000684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This article compares the clinical characteristics and prognosis of young patients in different age groups with liver cancer (LC). In this retrospective study, we searched the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results population-based database and identified 2641 patients who had been diagnosed with LC between 1988 and 2005. These patients were categorized into 2 different age ranges: Group 1 (≤35 years) and Group 2 (36-45 years). Five-year cancer-specific survival (CSS) data were obtained. Kaplan-Meier methods and multivariable Cox regression models were used to analyze the long-term survival outcomes and risk factors. There were significant differences between the age groups for stage and tumor size (P < 0.001). The 5-year liver CSS rate was 20.4% and 14.5%, respectively (P < 0.001). Univariate and multivariate analysis also confirmed the difference (P < 0.001). Further analysis showed that this significant difference existed in localized, regional, and distant-stage patients. Young patients with LC of age 18 to 45 years are inherently heterogeneous. Patients aged ≤35 years have better CSS than those aged 36 to 45 years, despite exhibiting unfavorable clinicopathological characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Zhang
- From the Liver Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital and State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
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448
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Schütte K, Schulz C, Link A, Malfertheiner P. Current biomarkers for hepatocellular carcinoma: Surveillance, diagnosis and prediction of prognosis. World J Hepatol 2015; 7:139-149. [PMID: 25729470 PMCID: PMC4342597 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v7.i2.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomarkers for surveillance, diagnosis and prediction of prognosis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are currently not ready for introduction into clinical practice because of limited sensitivity and specificity. Especially for the early detection of small HCC novel biomarkers are needed to improve the current effectiveness of screening performed by ultrasound. The use of high-throughput technologies in hepatocellular research allows to identify molecules involved in the complex pathways in hepatocarcinogenesis. Several invasive and non-invasive biomarkers have been identified already and have been evaluated in different clinical settings. Gene signatures with prognostic potential have been identified by gene expression profiling from tumor tissue. However, a single “all-in-one” biomarker that fits all-surveillance, diagnosis, prediction of prognosis-has not been found so far. The future of biomarkers most probably lies in a combination of non-invasive biomarkers, imaging and clinical parameters in a surveillance setting. Molecular profiling of tumorous and non-tumorous liver tissue may allow a prediction of prognosis for the individual patient and hopefully clear the way for individual treatment approaches. This article gives an overview on current developments in biomarker research in HCC with a focus on currently available and novel biomarkers, in particular on microRNA.
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449
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Activating CAR and β-catenin induces uncontrolled liver growth and tumorigenesis. Nat Commun 2015; 6:5944. [PMID: 25661872 PMCID: PMC4324535 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant β-catenin activation contributes to a third or more of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but β-catenin activation alone is not sufficient to induce liver cancer in mice. Differentiated hepatocytes proliferate upon acute activation of either β-catenin or the nuclear xenobiotic receptor CAR. These responses are strictly limited and are tightly linked, since β-catenin is activated in nearly all of the CAR-dependent tumors generated by the tumor promoter phenobarbital. Here we show that full activation of β-catenin in the liver induces senescence and growth arrest, which is overcome by combined CAR activation, resulting in uncontrolled hepatocyte proliferation, hepatomegaly, and rapid lethality despite maintenance of normal liver function. Combining CAR activation with limited β-catenin activation induces tumorigenesis, and the tumors share a conserved gene expression signature with β-catenin positive human HCC. These results reveal an unexpected route for hepatocyte proliferation and define a murine model of hepatocarcinogenesis with direct relevance to human HCC.
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450
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High serum microRNA-122 level is independently associated with higher overall survival rate in hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:4773-6. [PMID: 25636448 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3128-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that some microRNAs (miRs) are intensively involved in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. We analyzed the prognostic role of serum microRNA (miR-122) levels in hepatocellular carcinoma patients using a retrospective design. MiR-122 levels in 122 hepatocellular carcinoma patients were measured, and Cox regression analysis was performed to analyze the prognostic role of miR-122 in hepatocellular carcinoma, and the hazard ratio (HR) with 95 % confidence interval (95 %CI) was used to evaluate its prognostic role. Patients with large tumor size had lower levels of serum miR-122 (P = 0.04). However, there was no significant association of serum miR-122 levels with other clinical characteristics. Kaplan-Meier method showed that there was higher overall survival rate in hepatocellular carcinoma patients with high serum miR-122 levels compared with those with low miR-122 level (P < 0.01). When using Cox regression analysis, high serum miR-122 level was independently associated with better overall survival in hepatocellular carcinoma patients (HR = 0.26; 95 %CI 0.14-0.47, P < 0.01). Subgroup analysis by gender showed that high serum miR-122 level was independently associated with better overall survival in male patients (HR = 0.08; 95 %CI 0.03-0.22, P < 0.01), but not in female patients (HR = 0.48; 95 %CI 0.18-1.32, P = 0.16). Thus, the outcomes in the analysis suggest that high serum miR-122 level is independently associated with higher overall survival rate in hepatocellular carcinoma patients, and it is a good biomarker of better prognosis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.
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