401
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Gondikas AP, Morris A, Reinsch BC, Marinakos SM, Lowry GV, Hsu-Kim H. Cysteine-induced modifications of zero-valent silver nanomaterials: implications for particle surface chemistry, aggregation, dissolution, and silver speciation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:7037-7045. [PMID: 22448900 DOI: 10.1021/es3001757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The persistence of silver nanoparticles in aquatic environments and their subsequent impact on organisms depends on key transformation processes, which include aggregation, dissolution, and surface modifications by metal-complexing ligands. Here, we studied how cysteine, an amino acid representative of thiol ligands that bind monovalent silver, can alter the surface chemistry, aggregation, and dissolution of zero-valent silver nanoparticles. We compared nanoparticles synthesized with two coatings, citrate and polyvinylpirrolidone (PVP), and prepared nanoparticle suspensions (approximately 8 μM total Ag) containing an excess of cysteine (400 μM). Within 48 h, up to 47% of the silver had dissolved, as indicated by filtration of the samples with a 0.025-μm filter. Initial dissolution rates were calculated from the increase of dissolved silver concentration when particles were exposed to cysteine and normalized to the available surface area of nanoparticles in solution. In general, the rates of dissolution were almost 3 times faster for citrate-coated nanoparticles relative to PVP-coated nanoparticles. Rates tended to be slower in solutions with higher ionic strength in which the nanoparticles were aggregating. X-ray absorption spectroscopy analysis of the particles suggested that cysteine adsorbed to silver nanoparticles surfaces through the formation of Ag(+I)--sulfhydryl bonds. Overall, the results of this study highlight the importance of modifications by sulfhydryl-containing ligands that can drastically influence the long-term reactivity of silver nanoparticles in the aquatic environment and their bioavailability to exposed organisms. Our findings demonstrate the need to consider multiple interlinked transformation processes when assessing the bioavailability, environmental risks, and safety of nanoparticles, particularly in the presence of metal-binding ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas P Gondikas
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Box 90287, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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402
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Trefry JC, Wooley DP. Rapid assessment of antiviral activity and cytotoxicity of silver nanoparticles using a novel application of the tetrazolium-based colorimetric assay. J Virol Methods 2012; 183:19-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2012.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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403
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Shi JP, Ma CY, Xu B, Zhang HW, Yu CP. Effect of light on toxicity of nanosilver to Tetrahymena pyriformis. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2012; 31:1630-8. [PMID: 22553075 DOI: 10.1002/etc.1864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Revised: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2012] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
More and more silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been released into the aquatic environment due to their widespread use, which may result in harmful effects on aquatic organisms. Environmental risk assessments of AgNPs on aquatic organisms in the natural environment (including light, sound, etc.) are indispensable. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the influence of light on the toxicity of AgNPs to Tetrahymena pyriformis. Silver nanoparticles, which were synthesized by reduction of silver nitrate with sodium borohydride, ranged in size from 5 to 20 nm with most particles approximately 10 nm. The authors performed AgNPs toxicity assays under a simulated natural environment with sunlight. The results indicated that the toxicity of AgNPs is higher than silver ion in the environment without light, but under the light condition, the toxicity of AgNPs decreased greatly. After 24 h of incubation with AgNPs, the inhibition ratio was 69.2 ± 7% in the dark and 35.5 ± 2% in the light, and the degree of inhibition was reduced by 33.7%. However, the effect of light on Ag(+) could be negligible. Further investigation indicated that the light irradiation could induce the growth of AgNPs and sequentially form bulk agglomeration. This decreased the surface area and the number of bare Ag atoms, resulting in a slower release rate and less Ag(+) ions released from AgNPs. At the same time, bulk agglomeration induced the deposition of part of the AgNPs to the aquatic bottom, which decreased the amount of AgNPs existing in water. All these phenomena led to the weakened toxicity of AgNPs in a light irradiation environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Peng Shi
- Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China
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404
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Li Y, Chen DH, Yan J, Chen Y, Mittelstaedt RA, Zhang Y, Biris AS, Heflich RH, Chen T. Genotoxicity of silver nanoparticles evaluated using the Ames test and in vitro micronucleus assay. MUTATION RESEARCH/GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2012; 745:4-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2011.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2011] [Revised: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
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405
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Zhou C, Qian L, Ma H, Yu X, Zhang Y, Qu W, Zhang X, Xia W. Enhancement of amygdalin activated with β-D-glucosidase on HepG2 cells proliferation and apoptosis. Carbohydr Polym 2012; 90:516-23. [PMID: 24751072 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.05.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The growth inhibition and induction of apoptosis brought by amygdalin and activated with β-D-glucosidase were tested for cytoactivity in HepG2 cells. The MTT viability assay showed that all samples had effects on HepG2 proliferation in dose and time response manners. IC50 of stand-alone amygdalin and activation with β-D-glucosidase on the proliferation of HepG2 cells for 48 h were 458.10 mg/mL and 3.2 mg/mL, respectively. Moreover, apoptotic cells were determined by AO/EB (acridine orange/ethidium bromide) fluorescent staining method and Annexin V-FITC/PI staining flow cytometry cell cycle analysis. With increasing of amygdalin concentration and the incubation time, the apoptotic rate was heightened. Compared with the control, there was significant difference (p<0.01). Together, these findings indicate that amygdalin had no strong anti-HepG2 activity; however the ingredients of amygdalin activated with β-D-glucosidase had a higher and efficient anti-HepG2 activity. It was therefore suggested that this combination strategy may be applicable for treating tumors with a higher activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cunshan Zhou
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China; College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China; School of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang A & F University, 88 Huancheng Road (N), Lin'an 311300, China; Jiangsu Provincial Research Center of Bio-process and Separation Engineering of Agri-products, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China; Key Laboratory for Physical Processing of Agricultural Products, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Lichun Qian
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Haile Ma
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China; Jiangsu Provincial Research Center of Bio-process and Separation Engineering of Agri-products, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China; Key Laboratory for Physical Processing of Agricultural Products, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Xiaojie Yu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China; School of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang A & F University, 88 Huancheng Road (N), Lin'an 311300, China; Jiangsu Provincial Research Center of Bio-process and Separation Engineering of Agri-products, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China; Key Laboratory for Physical Processing of Agricultural Products, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Youzuo Zhang
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang A & F University, 88 Huancheng Road (N), Lin'an 311300, China
| | - Wenjuan Qu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China; Jiangsu Provincial Research Center of Bio-process and Separation Engineering of Agri-products, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China; Key Laboratory for Physical Processing of Agricultural Products, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Xiaoxu Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wei Xia
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
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406
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Tang Y, Zhao Y, Wang H, Gao Y, Liu X, Wang X, Lin T. Layer-by-layer assembly of antibacterial coating on interbonded 3D fibrous scaffolds and its cytocompatibility assessment. J Biomed Mater Res A 2012; 100:2071-8. [PMID: 22581705 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Bonded fibrous matrices have shown great potential in tissue engineering because of their unique 3D structures and pore characteristics. For some applications, bacterial infections must be taken into account, and antibacterial function is highly desired. In this study, an antibacterial polymer, polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB), was applied onto the fiber surface of a bonded poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) fibrous matrix with the objective to achieve both strong antibacterial effect and good cell compatibility. The coatings were prepared by using an electrostatic layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly technique, which allowed the control of PHMB loading and coating uniformity on the fiber surface. The PHMB coating provided antibacterial activities, but had no toxicity on mammalian cells. This bonded PCL fibrous matrix with electrostatically self-assembled PHMB may provide a new antiinfective tissue scaffold for various biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwei Tang
- Australian Future Fibres Research and Innovation Centre, Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3217, Victoria, Australia
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407
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Xu L, Li X, Takemura T, Hanagata N, Wu G, Chou LL. Genotoxicity and molecular response of silver nanoparticle (NP)-based hydrogel. J Nanobiotechnology 2012; 10:16. [PMID: 22548743 PMCID: PMC3430588 DOI: 10.1186/1477-3155-10-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Since silver-nanoparticles (NPs) possess an antibacterial activity, they were commonly used in medical products and devices, food storage materials, cosmetics, various health care products, and industrial products. Various silver-NP based medical devices are available for clinical uses, such as silver-NP based dressing and silver-NP based hydrogel (silver-NP-hydrogel) for medical applications. Although the previous data have suggested silver-NPs induced toxicity in vivo and in vitro, there is lack information about the mechanisms of biological response and potential toxicity of silver-NP-hydrogel. Methods In this study, the genotoxicity of silver-NP-hydrogel was assayed using cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN). The molecular response was studied using DNA microarray and GO pathway analysis. Results and discussion The results of global gene expression analysis in HeLa cells showed that thousands of genes were up- or down-regulated at 48 h of silver-NP-hydrogel exposure. Further GO pathway analysis suggested that fourteen theoretical activating signaling pathways were attributed to up-regulated genes; and three signal pathways were attributed to down-regulated genes. It was discussed that the cells protect themselves against silver NP-mediated toxicity through up-regulating metallothionein genes and anti-oxidative stress genes. The changes in DNA damage, apoptosis and mitosis pathway were closely related to silver-NP-induced cytotoxicity and chromosome damage. The down-regulation of CDC14A via mitosis pathway might play a role in potential genotoxicity induced by silver-NPs. Conclusions The silver-NP-hydrogel induced micronuclei formation in cellular level and broad spectrum molecular responses in gene expression level. The results of signal pathway analysis suggested that the balances between anti-ROS response and DNA damage, chromosome instability, mitosis inhibition might play important roles in silver-NP induced toxicity. The inflammatory factors were likely involved in silver-NP-hydrogel complex-induced toxic effects via JAK-STAT signal transduction pathway and immune response pathway. These biological responses eventually decide the future of the cells, survival or apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Xu
- Institute for Medical Devices Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China.
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408
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Bankapur A, Krishnamurthy RS, Zachariah E, Santhosh C, Chougule B, Praveen B, Valiathan M, Mathur D. Micro-Raman spectroscopy of silver nanoparticle induced stress on optically-trapped stem cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35075. [PMID: 22514708 PMCID: PMC3325966 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We report here results of a single-cell Raman spectroscopy study of stress effects induced by silver nanoparticles in human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). A high-sensitivity, high-resolution Raman Tweezers set-up has been used to monitor nanoparticle-induced biochemical changes in optically-trapped single cells. Our micro-Raman spectroscopic study reveals that hMSCs treated with silver nanoparticles undergo oxidative stress at doping levels in excess of 2 µg/ml, with results of a statistical analysis of Raman spectra suggesting that the induced stress becomes more dominant at nanoparticle concentration levels above 3 µg/ml.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aseefhali Bankapur
- Centre for Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal University, Manipal, India
| | | | - Elsa Zachariah
- Centre for Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal University, Manipal, India
| | - Chidangil Santhosh
- Centre for Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal University, Manipal, India
| | | | - Bhavishna Praveen
- Centre for Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal University, Manipal, India
| | - Manna Valiathan
- Department of Pathology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, India
| | - Deepak Mathur
- Centre for Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal University, Manipal, India
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
- * E-mail:
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409
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Effect of polyethylene glycol modification of TiO₂nanoparticles on cytotoxicity and gene expressions in human cell lines. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:3703-3717. [PMID: 22489177 PMCID: PMC3317737 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13033703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2011] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) are tiny materials used in a wide range of industrial and medical applications. Titanium dioxide (TiO(2)) is a type of nanoparticle that is widely used in paints, pigments, and cosmetics; however, little is known about the impact of TiO(2) on human health and the environment. Therefore, considerable research has focused on characterizing the potential toxicity of nanoparticles such as TiO(2) and on understanding the mechanism of TiO(2) NP-induced nanotoxicity through the evaluation of biomarkers. Uncoated TiO(2) NPs tend to aggregate in aqueous media, and these aggregates decrease cell viability and induce expression of stress-related genes, such as those encoding interleukin-6 (IL-6) and heat shock protein 70B' (HSP70B'), indicating that TiO(2) NPs induce inflammatory and heat shock responses. In order to reduce their toxicity, we conjugated TiO(2) NPs with polyethylene glycol (PEG) to eliminate aggregation. Our findings indicate that modifying TiO(2) NPs with PEG reduces their cytotoxicity and reduces the induction of stress-related genes. Our results also suggest that TiO(2) NP-induced effects on cytotoxicity and gene expression vary depending upon the cell type and surface modification.
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410
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Böhmert L, Niemann B, Thünemann AF, Lampen A. Cytotoxicity of peptide-coated silver nanoparticles on the human intestinal cell line Caco-2. Arch Toxicol 2012; 86:1107-15. [PMID: 22418598 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-012-0840-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles are used in a wide range of consumer products such as clothing, cosmetics, household goods, articles of daily use and pesticides. Moreover, the use of a nanoscaled silver hydrosol has been requested in the European Union for even nutritional purposes. However, despite the wide applications of silver nanoparticles, there is a lack of information concerning their impact on human health. In order to investigate the effects of silver nanoparticles on human intestinal cells, we used the Caco-2 cell line and peptide-coated silver nanoparticles with defined colloidal, structural and interfacial properties. The particles display core diameter of 20 and 40 nm and were coated with the small peptide L-cysteine L-lysine L-lysine. Cell viability and proliferation were measured using Promegas CellTiter-Blue® Cell Viability assay, DAPI staining and impedance measurements. Apoptosis was determined by Annexin-V/7AAD staining and FACS analysis, membrane damage with Promegas LDH assay and reactive oxygen species by dichlorofluorescein assay. Exposure of proliferating Caco-2 cells to silver nanoparticle induced decreasing adherence capacity and cytotoxicity, whereby the formation of reactive oxygen species could be the mode of action. The effects were dependent on particle size (20, 40 nm), doses (5-100 μg/mL) and time of incubation (4-48 h). Apoptosis or membrane damage was not detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Böhmert
- Department Food Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany.
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411
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Yildiz N, Pala A. Effects of small-diameter silver nanoparticles on microbial load in cow milk. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:1119-27. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-4817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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412
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Liu JF, Yu SJ, Yin YG, Chao JB. Methods for separation, identification, characterization and quantification of silver nanoparticles. Trends Analyt Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2011.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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413
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Suresh AK, Pelletier DA, Wang W, Morrell-Falvey JL, Gu B, Doktycz MJ. Cytotoxicity induced by engineered silver nanocrystallites is dependent on surface coatings and cell types. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:2727-2735. [PMID: 22216981 DOI: 10.1021/la2042058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Due to their unique antimicrobial properties silver nanocrystallites have garnered substantial attention and are used extensively for biomedical applications as an additive to wound dressings, surgical instruments and bone substitute materials. They are also released into unintended locations such as the environment or biosphere. Therefore it is imperative to understand the potential interactions, fate and transport of nanoparticles with environmental biotic systems. Numerous factors including the composition, size, shape, surface charge, and capping molecule of nanoparticles are known to influence cell cytotoxicity. Our results demonstrate that the physical/chemical properties of the silver nanoparticles including surface charge, differential binding and aggregation potential, which are influenced by the surface coatings, are a major determining factor in eliciting cytotoxicity and in dictating potential cellular interactions. In the present investigation, silver nanocrystallites with nearly uniform size and shape distribution but with different surface coatings, imparting overall high negativity to high positivity, were synthesized. These nanoparticles included poly(diallyldimethylammonium) chloride-Ag, biogenic-Ag, colloidal-Ag (uncoated), and oleate-Ag with zeta potentials +45 ± 5, -12 ± 2, -42 ± 5, and -45 ± 5 mV, respectively; the particles were purified and thoroughly characterized so as to avoid false cytotoxicity interpretations. A systematic investigation on the cytotoxic effects, cellular response, and membrane damage caused by these four different silver nanoparticles was carried out using multiple toxicity measurements on mouse macrophage (RAW-264.7) and lung epithelial (C-10) cell lines. Our results clearly indicate that the cytotoxicity was dependent on various factors such as surface charge and coating materials used in the synthesis, particle aggregation, and the cell-type for the different silver nanoparticles that were investigated. Poly(diallyldimethylammonium)-coated Ag nanoparticles were found to be the most toxic, followed by biogenic-Ag and oleate-Ag nanoparticles, whereas uncoated or colloidal silver nanoparticles were found to be the least toxic to both macrophage and lung epithelial cells. Also, based on our cytotoxicity interpretations, lung epithelial cells were found to be more resistant to the silver nanoparticles than the macrophage cells, regardless of the surface coating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil K Suresh
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 37831 United States.
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414
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Beer C, Foldbjerg R, Hayashi Y, Sutherland DS, Autrup H. Toxicity of silver nanoparticles—Nanoparticle or silver ion? Toxicol Lett 2012; 208:286-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 560] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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415
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Valodkar M, Rathore PS, Jadeja RN, Thounaojam M, Devkar RV, Thakore S. Cytotoxicity evaluation and antimicrobial studies of starch capped water soluble copper nanoparticles. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2012; 201-202:244-9. [PMID: 22178277 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.11.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2011] [Revised: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Water soluble monodisperse copper nanoparticles of about 10nm diameter were prepared by microwave irradiation using starch as green capping agent. The resulting Cu-starch conjugate were characterized by FTIR and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). The study confirmed the presence of copper embedded in polysaccharide matrix. The aqueous solution of starch capped copper nanoparticles (SCuNPs) exhibited excellent bactericidal action against both gram negative and gram positive bacteria. The in vitro cytotoxicity evaluation of the nanoparticles was carried out using mouse embryonic fibroblast (3T3L1) cells by MTT cell viability assay, extracellular lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and dark field microscopy imaging. The capped nanoparticles exhibited cytotoxicity at much higher concentration compared to cupric ions. Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of SCuNPs was well below the in vitro cytotoxic concentration. Statistical analysis demonstrated p<0.05 for significant results and p>0.05 for non-significant ones as compared to untreated cells. The non-cytotoxic green Cu-starch conjugate offers a rational approach towards antimicrobial application and for integration to biomedical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayur Valodkar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002, Gujarat, India
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416
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Kermanizadeh A, Pojana G, Gaiser BK, Birkedal R, Bilanicová D, Wallin H, Jensen KA, Sellergren B, Hutchison GR, Marcomini A, Stone V. In vitro assessment of engineered nanomaterials using a hepatocyte cell line: cytotoxicity, pro-inflammatory cytokines and functional markers. Nanotoxicology 2012; 7:301-13. [PMID: 22263564 DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2011.653416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Effects on the liver C3A cell line treated with a panel of engineered nanomaterials (NMs) consisting of two zinc oxide particles (ZnO; coated 100 nm and uncoated 130 nm), two multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), one silver (Ag < 20 nm), one 7 nm anatase, two rutile TiO2 nanoparticles (10 and 94 nm) and two derivatives with positive and negative covalent functionalisation of the 10 nm rutile were evaluated. The silver particles elicited the greatest level of cytotoxicity (24 h LC50 - 2 µg/cm(2)). The silver was followed by the uncoated ZnO (24 h LC50 - 7.5 µg/cm(2)) and coated ZnO (24 h LC50 - 15 µg/cm(2)) particles with respect to cytotoxicity. The ZnO NMs were found to be about 50-60% soluble which could account for their toxicity. By contrast, the Ag was <1% soluble. The LC50 was not attained in the presence of any of the other engineered NMs (up to 80 µg/cm(2)). All NMs significantly increased IL-8 production. Meanwhile, no significant change in TNF-α, IL-6 or CRP was detected. Urea and albumin production were measured as indicators of hepatic function. These markers were only altered by the coated and uncoated ZnO, which significantly decreased albumin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Kermanizadeh
- Heriot-Watt University, School of Life Sciences, John Muir Building, Edinburgh, UK.
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417
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Yang X, Gondikas AP, Marinakos SM, Auffan M, Liu J, Hsu-Kim H, Meyer JN. Mechanism of silver nanoparticle toxicity is dependent on dissolved silver and surface coating in Caenorhabditis elegans. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:1119-27. [PMID: 22148238 DOI: 10.1021/es202417t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 378] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The rapidly increasing use of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) in consumer products and medical applications has raised ecological and human health concerns. A key question for addressing these concerns is whether Ag NP toxicity is mechanistically unique to nanoparticulate silver, or if it is a result of the release of silver ions. Furthermore, since Ag NPs are produced in a large variety of monomer sizes and coatings, and since their physicochemical behavior depends on the media composition, it is important to understand how these variables modulate toxicity. We found that a lower ionic strength medium resulted in greater toxicity (measured as growth inhibition) of all tested Ag NPs to Caenorhabditis elegans and that both dissolved silver and coating influenced Ag NP toxicity. We found a linear correlation between Ag NP toxicity and dissolved silver, but no correlation between size and toxicity. We used three independent and complementary approaches to investigate the mechanisms of toxicity of differentially coated and sized Ag NPs: pharmacological (rescue with trolox and N-acetylcysteine), genetic (analysis of metal-sensitive and oxidative stress-sensitive mutants), and physicochemical (including analysis of dissolution of Ag NPs). Oxidative dissolution was limited in our experimental conditions (maximally 15% in 24 h) yet was key to the toxicity of most Ag NPs, highlighting a critical role for dissolved silver complexed with thiols in the toxicity of all tested Ag NPs. Some Ag NPs (typically less soluble due to size or coating) also acted via oxidative stress, an effect specific to nanoparticulate silver. However, in no case studied here was the toxicity of a Ag NP greater than would be predicted by complete dissolution of the same mass of silver as silver ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Yang
- Nicholas School of the Environment and Center for the Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0328, United States
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418
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Srivastava M, Singh S, Self WT. Exposure to silver nanoparticles inhibits selenoprotein synthesis and the activity of thioredoxin reductase. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2012; 120:56-61. [PMID: 21965219 PMCID: PMC3261948 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1103928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and silver (Ag)-based materials are increasingly being incorporated into consumer products, and although humans have been exposed to colloidal Ag in many forms for decades, this rise in the use of Ag materials has spurred interest into their toxicology. Recent reports have shown that exposure to AgNPs or Ag ions leads to oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and reduced cell proliferation. Previous studies have shown that Ag accumulates in tissues as silver sulfides (Ag2S) and silver selenide (Ag2Se). OBJECTIVES In this study we investigated whether exposure of cells in culture to AgNPs or Ag ions at subtoxic doses would alter the effective metabolism of selenium, that is, the incorporation of selenium into selenoproteins. METHODS For these studies we used a keratinocyte cell model (HaCat) and a lung cell model (A549). We also tested (in vitro, both cellular and chemical) whether Ag ions could inhibit the activity of a key selenoenzyme, thioredoxin reductase (TrxR). RESULTS We found that exposure to AgNPs or far lower levels of Ag ions led to a dose-dependent inhibition of selenium metabolism in both cell models. The synthesis of protein was not altered under these conditions. Exposure to nanomolar levels of Ag ions effectively blocked selenium metabolism, suggesting that Ag ion leaching was likely the mechanism underlying observed changes during AgNP exposure. Exposure likewise inhibited TrxR activity in cultured cells, and Ag ions were potent inhibitors of purified rat TrxR isoform 1 (cytosolic) (TrxR1) enzyme. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to AgNPs leads to the inhibition of selenoprotein synthesis and inhibition of TrxR1. Further, we propose these two sites of action comprise the likely mechanism underlying increases in oxidative stress, increases endoplasmic reticulum stress, and reduced cell proliferation during exposure to Ag.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Srivastava
- Burnett School of Biomedical Science, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
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419
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Hwang DW, Lee DS, Kim S. Gene Expression Profiles for Genotoxic Effects of Silica-Free and Silica-Coated Cobalt Ferrite Nanoparticles. J Nucl Med 2011; 53:106-12. [DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.111.088443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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420
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Yildirimer L, Thanh NT, Loizidou M, Seifalian AM. Toxicology and clinical potential of nanoparticles. NANO TODAY 2011; 6:585-607. [PMID: 23293661 PMCID: PMC3533686 DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2011.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 379] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2011] [Revised: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, nanoparticles (NPs) have increasingly found practical applications in technology, research and medicine. The small particle size coupled to their unique chemical and physical properties is thought to underlie their exploitable biomedical activities. Here, we review current toxicity studies of NPs with clinical potential. Mechanisms of cytotoxicity are discussed and the problem of extrapolating knowledge gained from cell-based studies into a human scenario is highlighted. The so-called 'proof-of-principle' approach, whereby ultra-high NP concentrations are used to ensure cytotoxicity, is evaluated on the basis of two considerations; firstly, from a scientific perspective, the concentrations used are in no way related to the actual doses required which, in many instances, discourages further vital investigations. Secondly, these inaccurate results cast doubt on the science of nanomedicine and thus, quite dangerously, encourage unnecessary alarm in the public. In this context, the discrepancies between in vitro and in vivo results are described along with the need for a unifying protocol for reliable and realistic toxicity reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Yildirimer
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Regenerative Medicine, UCL Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nguyen T.K. Thanh
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- The Davy Faraday Research Laboratory, The Royal Institution of Great Britain, 21 Albemarle Street, London W1S 4BS, UK
| | - Marilena Loizidou
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Regenerative Medicine, UCL Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Alexander M. Seifalian
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Regenerative Medicine, UCL Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
- Royal Free Hampstead NHS Trust Hospital, London, UK
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421
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Austin LA, Kang B, Yen CW, El-Sayed MA. Plasmonic imaging of human oral cancer cell communities during programmed cell death by nuclear-targeting silver nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:17594-7. [PMID: 21981727 PMCID: PMC4721227 DOI: 10.1021/ja207807t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Plasmonic nanoparticles (NPs) have become a useful platform in medicine for potential uses in disease diagnosis and treatment. Recently, it has been reported that plasmonic NPs conjugated to nuclear-targeting peptides cause DNA damage and apoptotic populations in cancer cells. In the present work, we utilized the plasmonic scattering property and the ability of nuclear-targeted silver nanoparticles (NLS/RGD-AgNPs) to induce programmed cell death in order to image in real-time the behavior of human oral squamous carcinoma (HSC-3) cell communities during and after the induction of apoptosis. Plasmonic live-cell imaging revealed that HSC-3 cells behave as nonprofessional phagocytes. The induction of apoptosis in some cells led to attraction of and their subsequent engulfment by neighboring cells. Attraction to apoptotic cells resulted in clustering of the cellular community. Live-cell imaging also revealed that, as the initial concentration of NLS/RGD-AgNPs increases, the rate of self-killing increases and the degree of attraction and clustering decreases. These results are discussed in terms of the proposed mechanism of cells undergoing programmed cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A. Austin
- Laser Dynamics Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400
| | - Bin Kang
- Laser Dynamics Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400
| | - Chun-Wan Yen
- Laser Dynamics Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400
| | - Mostafa A. El-Sayed
- Laser Dynamics Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400
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422
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Schiffman JD, Wang Y, Giannelis EP, Elimelech M. Biocidal activity of plasma modified electrospun polysulfone mats functionalized with polyethyleneimine-capped silver nanoparticles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:13159-13164. [PMID: 21928790 DOI: 10.1021/la202605z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The incorporation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) into polymeric nanofibers has attracted a great deal of attention due to the strong antimicrobial activity that the resulting fibers exhibit. However, bactericidal efficacy of AgNP-coated electrospun fibrous mats has not yet been demonstrated. In this study, polysulfone (PSf) fibers were electrospun and surface-modified using an oxygen plasma treatment, which allowed for facile irreversible deposition of cationically charged polyethyleneimine (PEI)-AgNPs via electrostatic interactions. The PSf-AgNP mats were characterized for relative silver concentration as a function of plasma treatment time using ICP-MS and changes in contact angle. Plasma treatment of 60 s was the shortest time required for maximum loss of bacteria (Escherichia coli) viability. Time-dependent bacterial cytotoxicity studies indicate that the optimized PSf-AgNP mats exhibit a high level of inactivation against both gram negative bacteria, Escherichia coli, and gram positive bacteria, Bacillus anthracis and Staphylococcus aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica D Schiffman
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8286, United States.
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423
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Duncan TV. Applications of nanotechnology in food packaging and food safety: barrier materials, antimicrobials and sensors. J Colloid Interface Sci 2011; 363:1-24. [PMID: 21824625 PMCID: PMC7094330 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2011.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 761] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Revised: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this article, several applications of nanomaterials in food packaging and food safety are reviewed, including: polymer/clay nanocomposites as high barrier packaging materials, silver nanoparticles as potent antimicrobial agents, and nanosensors and nanomaterial-based assays for the detection of food-relevant analytes (gasses, small organic molecules and food-borne pathogens). In addition to covering the technical aspects of these topics, the current commercial status and understanding of health implications of these technologies are also discussed. These applications were chosen because they do not involve direct addition of nanoparticles to consumed foods, and thus are more likely to be marketed to the public in the short term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy V Duncan
- US Food and Drug Administration, National Center for Food Safety and Technology, 6502 South Archer Road, Bedford Park, IL 60501, USA.
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424
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Austin LA, Kang B, Yen CW, El-Sayed MA. Nuclear targeted silver nanospheres perturb the cancer cell cycle differently than those of nanogold. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 22:2324-31. [PMID: 22010874 DOI: 10.1021/bc200386m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Plasmonic nanoparticle research has become increasingly active due to potential uses in biomedical applications. However, little is known about the intracellular effects these nanoparticles have on mammalian cells. The aim of this work is to investigate whether silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) conjugated with nuclear and cytoplasmic targeting peptides exhibit the same intracellular effects on cancer cells as peptide-conjugated gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Nuclear and cytoplasmic targeting spherical AgNPs with a diameter of 35 nm were incubated in a cancer (HSC-3) and healthy (HaCat) cell line. By utilizing flow cytometry, confocal microscopy, and real-time dark field imaging, we were able to analyze how targeting AgNPs affect the cell cycle and cell division. These experiments demonstrated that nuclear-targeting AgNPs cause DNA double-strand breaks and a subsequent increase in the sub G1 (apoptotic) population in our cancer cell model at much lower concentrations than previously reported for nuclear targeting AuNPs. Unlike the M phase accumulation seen in cancer cells treated with AuNPs, an accumulation in the G2 phase of the cell cycle was observed in both cell models when treated with AgNPs. Additionally, real-time dark field imaging showed that cancer cells treated with nuclear targeting AgNPs did not undergo cell division and ultimately underwent programmed cell death. A possible explanation of the observed results is discussed in terms of the chemical properties of the nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Austin
- Laser Dynamics Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400, USA
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425
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Galdiero S, Falanga A, Vitiello M, Cantisani M, Marra V, Galdiero M. Silver nanoparticles as potential antiviral agents. Molecules 2011; 16:8894-918. [PMID: 22024958 PMCID: PMC6264685 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16108894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 485] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus infections pose significant global health challenges, especially in view of the fact that the emergence of resistant viral strains and the adverse side effects associated with prolonged use continue to slow down the application of effective antiviral therapies. This makes imperative the need for the development of safe and potent alternatives to conventional antiviral drugs. In the present scenario, nanoscale materials have emerged as novel antiviral agents for the possibilities offered by their unique chemical and physical properties. Silver nanoparticles have mainly been studied for their antimicrobial potential against bacteria, but have also proven to be active against several types of viruses including human imunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, herpes simplex virus, respiratory syncytial virus, and monkey pox virus. The use of metal nanoparticles provides an interesting opportunity for novel antiviral therapies. Since metals may attack a broad range of targets in the virus there is a lower possibility to develop resistance as compared to conventional antivirals. The present review focuses on the development of methods for the production of silver nanoparticles and on their use as antiviral therapeutics against pathogenic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Galdiero
- Department of Biological Sciences, Division of Biostructures, Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134, Naples, Italy; E-Mails: (S.G.); (A.F.); (M.C.)
- CIRPeB, Department of Biological Sciences, - Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134, Naples, Italy
- IBB CNR, CNR, Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134, Naples, Italy
| | - Annarita Falanga
- Department of Biological Sciences, Division of Biostructures, Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134, Naples, Italy; E-Mails: (S.G.); (A.F.); (M.C.)
| | - Mariateresa Vitiello
- Department of Experimental Medicine, II University of Naples, Via De Crecchio 7, 80138, Naples, Italy; E-Mails: (M.V.); (V.M.)
| | - Marco Cantisani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Division of Biostructures, Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134, Naples, Italy; E-Mails: (S.G.); (A.F.); (M.C.)
| | - Veronica Marra
- Department of Experimental Medicine, II University of Naples, Via De Crecchio 7, 80138, Naples, Italy; E-Mails: (M.V.); (V.M.)
| | - Massimiliano Galdiero
- Department of Experimental Medicine, II University of Naples, Via De Crecchio 7, 80138, Naples, Italy; E-Mails: (M.V.); (V.M.)
- CIRPeB, Department of Biological Sciences, - Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134, Naples, Italy
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426
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Albers CE, Hofstetter W, Siebenrock KA, Landmann R, Klenke FM. In vitro cytotoxicity of silver nanoparticles on osteoblasts and osteoclasts at antibacterial concentrations. Nanotoxicology 2011; 7:30-6. [PMID: 22013878 DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2011.626538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticulate silver coatings for orthopaedic implants promise to decrease postoperative infection rates. However, silver-induced cytotoxicity on bone cells has not been investigated in detail. This study investigated the cytotoxic effects of silver nano- and microparticles and Ag(+) on osteoblasts (OBs) and osteoclasts (OCs) and correlated their effects with the antibacterial efficacy on Staphylococcus epidermidis. Silver nanoparticles (50 nm) exhibited strong cytotoxic effects on OBs and OCs. Weak cytotoxic effects were observed for silver microparticles (3 μm). The cytotoxicity was primarily mediated by a size-dependent release of Ag(+). Antibacterial effects occurred at Ag(+) concentrations that were 2-4 times higher than those inducing cytotoxic effects. Such adverse effects on OB and OC survival may have deleterious effects on the biocompatibility of orthopaedic implants. Our study represents an important step toward the detailed investigation of orthopaedic implant with nanoparticulate silver coatings prior to their widespread clinical usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph E Albers
- Department of Clinical Research, Group for Bone Biology and Orthopedic Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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427
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Xiu ZM, Ma J, Alvarez PJJ. Differential effect of common ligands and molecular oxygen on antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles versus silver ions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:9003-9008. [PMID: 21950450 DOI: 10.1021/es201918f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) is partially due to the release of Ag(+), although discerning the contribution of AgNPs vs Ag(+) is challenging due to their common co-occurrence. We discerned the toxicity of Ag(+) versus a commercially available AgNP (35.4 ± 5.1 nm, coated with amorphous carbon) by conducting antibacterial assays under anaerobic conditions that preclude Ag₀ oxidation, which is a prerequisite for Ag(+) release. These AgNPs were 20× less toxic to E. coli than Ag(+) (EC₅₀: 2.04 ± 0.07 vs 0.10 ± 0.01 mg/L), and their toxicity increased 2.3-fold after exposure to air for 0.5 h (EC₅₀: 0.87 ± 0.03 mg/L) which promoted Ag(+) release. No significant difference in Ag(+) toxicity was observed between anaerobic and aerobic conditions, which rules out oxidative stress by ROS as an important antibacterial mechanism for Ag(+). The toxicity of Ag(+) (2.94 μmol/L) was eliminated by equivalent cysteine or sulfide; the latter exceeded the solubility product equilibrium constant (K(sp)), which is conducive to silver precipitation. Equivalent chloride and phosphate concentrations also reduced Ag(+) toxicity without exceeding K(sp). Thus, some common ligands can hinder the bioavailability and mitigate the toxicity of Ag(+) at relatively low concentrations that do not induce silver precipitation. Furthermore, low concentrations of chloride (0.1 mg/L) mitigated the toxicity of Ag(+) but not that of AgNPs, suggesting that previous reports of higher AgNPs toxicity than their equivalent Ag(+) concentration might be due to the presence of common ligands that preferentially decrease the bioavailability and toxicity of Ag(+). Overall, these results show that the presence of O₂ or common ligands can differentially affect the toxicity of AgNPs vs Ag(+), and underscore the importance of water chemistry in the mode of action of AgNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zong-Ming Xiu
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
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428
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Park MVDZ, Neigh AM, Vermeulen JP, de la Fonteyne LJJ, Verharen HW, Briedé JJ, van Loveren H, de Jong WH. The effect of particle size on the cytotoxicity, inflammation, developmental toxicity and genotoxicity of silver nanoparticles. Biomaterials 2011; 32:9810-7. [PMID: 21944826 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.08.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 641] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles are of interest to be used as antimicrobial agents in wound dressings and coatings in medical devices, but potential adverse effects have been reported in the literature. The most pronounced effect of silver nanoparticles and the role of particle size in determining these effects, also in comparison to silver ions, are largely unknown. Effects of silver nanoparticles of different sizes (20, 80, 113 nm) were compared in in vitro assays for cytotoxicity, inflammation, genotoxicity and developmental toxicity. Silver nanoparticles induced effects in all endpoints studied, but effects on cellular metabolic activity and membrane damage were most pronounced. In all toxicity endpoints studied, silver nanoparticles of 20 nm were more toxic than the larger nanoparticles. In L929 fibroblasts, but not in RAW 264.7 macrophages, 20 nm silver nanoparticles were more cytotoxic than silver ions. Collectively, these results indicate that effects of silver nanoparticles on different toxic endpoints may be the consequence of their ability to inflict cell damage. In addition, the potency of silver in the form of nanoparticles to induce cell damage compared to silver ions is cell type and size-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margriet V D Z Park
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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429
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Chao JB, Liu JF, Yu SJ, Feng YD, Tan ZQ, Liu R, Yin YG. Speciation Analysis of Silver Nanoparticles and Silver Ions in Antibacterial Products and Environmental Waters via Cloud Point Extraction-Based Separation. Anal Chem 2011; 83:6875-82. [DOI: 10.1021/ac201086a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing-bo Chao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
- Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science Division, National Institute of Metrology, P. R. China, Beijing 100013
| | - Jing-fu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Su-juan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Ying-di Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Zhi-qiang Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Rui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yong-guang Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
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430
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Lara HH, Garza-Treviño EN, Ixtepan-Turrent L, Singh DK. Silver nanoparticles are broad-spectrum bactericidal and virucidal compounds. J Nanobiotechnology 2011; 9:30. [PMID: 21812950 PMCID: PMC3199605 DOI: 10.1186/1477-3155-9-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 395] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The advance in nanotechnology has enabled us to utilize particles in the size of the nanoscale. This has created new therapeutic horizons, and in the case of silver, the currently available data only reveals the surface of the potential benefits and the wide range of applications. Interactions between viral biomolecules and silver nanoparticles suggest that the use of nanosystems may contribute importantly for the enhancement of current prevention of infection and antiviral therapies. Recently, it has been suggested that silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) bind with external membrane of lipid enveloped virus to prevent the infection. Nevertheless, the interaction of AgNPs with viruses is a largely unexplored field. AgNPs has been studied particularly on HIV where it was demonstrated the mechanism of antiviral action of the nanoparticles as well as the inhibition the transmission of HIV-1 infection in human cervix organ culture. This review discusses recent advances in the understanding of the biocidal mechanisms of action of silver Nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humberto H Lara
- Department of Life Sciences, Winston-Salem State University, Winston Salem, NC 27110, USA
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431
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Horie M, Kato H, Endoh S, Fujita K, Nishio K, Komaba LK, Fukui H, Nakamura A, Miyauchi A, Nakazato T, Kinugasa S, Yoshida Y, Hagihara Y, Morimoto Y, Iwahashi H. Evaluation of cellular influences of platinum nanoparticles by stable medium dispersion. Metallomics 2011; 3:1244-52. [PMID: 21804981 DOI: 10.1039/c1mt00060h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Platinum nanoparticles have industrial application, for example in catalysis, and are used in consumer products such as cosmetics and supplements. Therefore, among the many nanoparticles, platinum is one of the more accessible nanoparticles for consumers. Most platinum nanoparticles that are used in cosmetics and supplements which have an anti-oxidant activity are modified particles. However, the cellular influences of pristine platinum nanoparticles are still unclear, although it has been reported that platinum nanoparticles induce oxidative stress. In this study, we investigated the cellular influences induced by pure pristine platinum nanoparticles. Platinum nanoparticles of 100% purity were dispersed in a cell culture medium and stable medium dispersion was obtained. The platinum nanoparticle medium dispersion was applied to two kinds of cultured cells, A549 and HaCaT cells, and the cellular influences were examined. Cell viability (MTT assay), cell proliferation (clonogenic assay), apoptosis induction (caspase-3 activity), intracellular ROS level (DCFH assay), and lipid peroxidation level (DPPP assay) were measured as markers of cellular influences. Transmission electron microscope observation showed cellular uptake of platinum nanoparticles. However, the platinum nanoparticles did not drive any markers. It is known that some metal oxide nanoparticles such as NiO and CuO show severe cytotoxicity via metal ion release. Compared with these toxic nanoparticles, the platinum nanoparticles used in this study did not release platinum ions into the culture media. These results suggest that the physically and chemically inactive cellular influences of platinum nanoparticles are small.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Horie
- Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807-8555, Japan.
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432
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Könczöl M, Ebeling S, Goldenberg E, Treude F, Gminski R, Gieré R, Grobéty B, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Merfort I, Mersch-Sundermann V. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of size-fractionated iron oxide (magnetite) in A549 human lung epithelial cells: role of ROS, JNK, and NF-κB. Chem Res Toxicol 2011; 24:1460-75. [PMID: 21761924 DOI: 10.1021/tx200051s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Airborne particulate matter (PM) of varying size and composition is known to cause health problems in humans. The iron oxide Fe(3)O(4) (magnetite) may be a major anthropogenic component in ambient PM and is derived mainly from industrial sources. In the present study, we have investigated the effects of four different size fractions of magnetite on signaling pathways, free radical generation, cytotoxicity, and genotoxicity in human alveolar epithelial-like type-II cells (A549). The magnetite particles used in the exposure experiments were characterized by mineralogical and chemical techniques. Four size fractions were investigated: bulk magnetite (0.2-10 μm), respirable fraction (2-3 μm), alveolar fraction (0.5-1.0 μm), and nanoparticles (20-60 nm). After 24 h of exposure, the A549 cells were investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to study particle uptake. TEM images showed an incorporation of magnetite particles in A549 cells by endocytosis. Particles were found as agglomerates in cytoplasm-bound vesicles, and few particles were detected in the cytoplasm but none in the nucleus. Increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), as determined by the 2',7'-dichlorfluorescein-diacetate assay (DCFH-DA), as well as genotoxic effects, as measured by the cytokinesis block-micronucleus test and the Comet assay, were observed for all of the studied fractions after 24 h of exposure. Moreover, activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) without increased nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB)-binding activity but delayed IκB-degradation was observed. Interestingly, pretreatment of cells with magnetite and subsequent stimulation with the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) led to a reduction of NF-κB DNA binding compared to that in stimulation with TNFα alone. Altogether, these experiments suggest that ROS formation may play an important role in the genotoxicity of magnetite in A549 cells but that activation of JNK seems to be ROS-independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Könczöl
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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433
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Dua P, Chaudhari KN, Lee CH, Chaudhari NK, Hong SW, Yu JS, Kim SY, Lee DK. Evaluation of Toxicity and Gene Expression Changes Triggered by Oxide Nanoparticles. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2011. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2011.32.6.2051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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434
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Su HL, Lin SH, Wei JC, Pao IC, Chiao SH, Huang CC, Lin SZ, Lin JJ. Novel nanohybrids of silver particles on clay platelets for inhibiting silver-resistant bacteria. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21125. [PMID: 21695045 PMCID: PMC3117870 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We develop a novel nanohybrid showing a strong antibacterial activity on all of the tested pathogens, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus auerus and silver-resistant E. coli. The nanohybrid consists of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) supported on 1 nm-thick silicate platelets (NSPs). The AgNP/NSP nanohybrid enables to encapsulate bacteria and triggers death signals from the cell membrane. The geographic shape of the NSPs concentrates AgNPs but impedes their penetration into attached cells, mitigating the detrimental effect of silver ion deposition in applied tissues. Moreover, the tightly tethered AgNPs on NSP surface achieve a stronger biocidal effect than silver nitrate, but bypassing Ag+ mechanism, on silver-resistant bacteria. This nanohybrid presents an effective and safe antimicrobial agent in a new perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Lin Su
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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435
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Levard C, Reinsch BC, Michel FM, Oumahi C, Lowry GV, Brown GE. Sulfidation processes of PVP-coated silver nanoparticles in aqueous solution: impact on dissolution rate. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:5260-5266. [PMID: 21598969 DOI: 10.1021/es2007758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Despite the increasing use of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) in nanotechnology and their toxicity to invertebrates, the transformations and fate of Ag-NPs in the environment are poorly understood. This work focuses on the sulfidation processes of PVP-coated Ag-NPs, one of the most likely corrosion phenomena that may happen in the environment. The sulfur to Ag-NPs ratio was varied in order to control the extent of Ag-NPs transformation to silver sulfide (Ag₂S). A combination of synchrotron-based X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure spectroscopy shows the increasing formation of Ag₂S with an increasing sulfur to Ag-NPs ratio. TEM observations show that Ag₂S forms nanobridges between the Ag-NPs leading to chain-like structures. In addition, sulfidation strongly affects surface properties of the Ag-NPs in terms of surface charge and dissolution rate. Both may affect the reactivity, transport, and toxicity of Ag-NPs in soils. In particular, the decrease of dissolution rate as a function of sulfide exposure may strongly limit Ag-NPs toxicity since released Ag⁺ ions are known to be a major factor in the toxicity of Ag-NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Levard
- Surface and Aqueous Geochemistry Group, Department of Geological & Environmental Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-2115, USA.
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436
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Bouwmeester H, Poortman J, Peters RJ, Wijma E, Kramer E, Makama S, Puspitaninganindita K, Marvin HJP, Peijnenburg AACM, Hendriksen PJM. Characterization of translocation of silver nanoparticles and effects on whole-genome gene expression using an in vitro intestinal epithelium coculture model. ACS NANO 2011; 5:4091-103. [PMID: 21480625 DOI: 10.1021/nn2007145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Applications of nanoparticles in the food sector are eminent. Silver nanoparticles are among the most frequently used, making consumer exposure to silver nanoparticles inevitable. Information about uptake through the intestines and possible toxic effects of silver nanoparticles is therefore very important but still lacking. In the present study, we used an in vitro model for the human intestinal epithelium consisting of Caco-2 and M-cells to study the passage of silver nanoparticles and their ionic equivalents and to assess their effects on whole-genome mRNA expression. This in vitro intestine model was exposed to four sizes of silver nanoparticles for 4 h. Exposure to silver ions was included as a control since 6-17% of the silver nanoparticles were found to be dissociated into silver ions. The amount of silver ions that passed the Caco-2 cell barrier was equal for the silver ion and nanoparticle exposures. The nanoparticles induced clear changes in gene expression in a range of stress responses including oxidative stress, endoplasmatic stress response, and apoptosis. The gene expression response to silver nanoparticles, however, was very similar to that of AgNO(3). Therefore, the observed effects of the silver nanoparticles are likely exerted by the silver ions that are released from the nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Bouwmeester
- RIKILT, Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Center, Akkermaalsbos 2, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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437
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Zhao CM, Wang WX. Comparison of acute and chronic toxicity of silver nanoparticles and silver nitrate to Daphnia magna. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2011; 30:885-92. [PMID: 21191880 DOI: 10.1002/etc.451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2010] [Revised: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNP) are now widely used as antibacterial products, and their potential toxicities in aquatic organisms are a matter of increasing concern. In the present study, we conducted experiments to reveal the acute and chronic toxicities of AgNP and its bioaccumulation from both aqueous and dietary sources in a model freshwater cladoceran, Daphnia magna. No mortality was observed in 48-h acute toxicity testing when the daphnids were exposed up to 500 µg Ag/L as AgNP. The AgNP accumulation reached as high as 22.9 mg Ag/g dry weight at the highest AgNP concentration tested (500 µg/L). In contrast, D. magna was extremely sensitive to free Ag ion (Ag(+) , added as AgNO(3) ), with a measured 48-h 50% lethal concentration of 2.51 µg/L. Thus, any AgNP potential acute toxicity may be caused by the release of Ag(+) into the solution. During the 21-d chronic exposure, dietborne AgNO(3) had the most significant influence on reproduction, whereas waterborne AgNP had the most significant inhibition on growth. Significant delay and decrease of reproduction in daphnids exposed to dietborne AgNO(3) occurred at a dissolved Ag concentration of 0.1 µg/L added to the algae. Significant inhibitions of growth and reproduction were also found for the AgNP exposure, with the lowest observed effective concentration of 5 µg/L and 50 µg/L, respectively. Chronic effects of AgNP were probably caused by the low food quality of algae associated with AgNP and the low depuration of ingested AgNP. Environmental risk assessments of AgNP should therefore include tests on the chronic toxicity to aquatic organisms as well as the direct and indirect effects of AgNP resulting from the release of Ag(+) into the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Mei Zhao
- The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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438
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Abstract
Nanotechnology deals with the construction of new materials, devices, and different technological systems with a wide range of potential applications at the atomic and molecular level. Nanomaterials have attracted great attention for numerous applications in chemical, biological, and industrial world because of their fascinating physicochemical properties. Nanomaterials and nanodevices are being produced intentionally, unintentionally, and manufactured or engineered by different methods and released into the environment without any safety test. Nantoxicity has become the subject of concern in nanoscience and nanotechnology because of the increasing toxic effects of nanomaterials on the living organisms. Nanomaterials can move freely as compared to the large-sized particles; therefore, they can be more toxic than bulky materials. This review article delineates the toxic effects of different types of nanomaterials on the living organisms through different sources, like water, air, contact with skin, and the methods of determinations of these toxic effects.
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439
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Cao H, Liu X. Silver nanoparticles-modified films versus biomedical device-associated infections. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 2:670-84. [PMID: 20730806 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A serious issue related to biomedical devices (BDs) is that of bacterial infections. BDs colonized by bacteria may cause infection or mortality. To prevent such infections, an effective strategy is to develop novel BDs with antibacterial abilities via various surface modification processes. Thus, plenty of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs)-modified films were brought forward to because of their potential applications in improving the antibacterial properties of BDs. This article reviews the difficulties in diagnosing and treating biomedical device-associated infections as well as the state of arts in fabricating the Ag NPs-modified films for antibacterial applications. In addition, the nanoeffect of silver particles and the cytotoxicity of Ag NPs are also discussed. It is clear that safe and durable Ag NPs-modified films are more desirable for the BDs prone to bacteria. To further extend the investigations on controlling the toxicity path of Ag NPs to both bacteria and mammalian cells, developing novel green fabrication processes with more 'cleaner' (without accompaniment of ligands or reduction agents) Ag NPs should be the first mission for the material scientists to complete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiliang Cao
- Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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440
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Farkas J, Christian P, Gallego-Urrea JA, Roos N, Hassellöv M, Tollefsen KE, Thomas KV. Uptake and effects of manufactured silver nanoparticles in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) gill cells. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2011; 101:117-25. [PMID: 20952077 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2010.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Revised: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 09/18/2010] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles are already widely used in technology, medicine and consumer products, but there are limited data on their effects on the aquatic environment. In this study the uptake and effect of citrate (AgNP(CIT)) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (AgNP(PVP)) coated manufactured silver nanoparticles, as well as AgNO(3) (Ag(+)) were tested using primary gill cells of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Prior to use, the nanoparticles were characterized for size, surface charge and aggregation behavior. Gill cells were cultured either as monolayers on solid support, or as multilayers on a permeable support cell culturing system, enabling transport studies. The uptake of silver nanoparticles and Ag(+) after exposure to 10 mg L(-1) was determined with microscopical methods and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Cytotoxicity, in terms of membrane integrity, as well as oxidative stress (depletion of reduced glutathione) was tested at silver concentrations ranging from 0.1 mg L(-1) to 10 mg L(-1). Results show that AgNP(CIT) nanoparticles are readily taken up into gill cell monolayers while uptake was less for AgNP(PVP). In contrast, it appears that the slightly smaller AgNP(PVP) were transported through cultured multilayers to a higher extent, with transport rates generally being in the ng cm(-2) range for 48 h exposures. Transport rates for all exposures were dependent on the epithelial tightness. Moderate cytotoxic effects were seen for all silver treatments. Levels of reduced glutathione were elevated in contrast to control groups, pointing on a possible overcompensation reaction. Taken together silver nanoparticles were taken up into cells and did cause silver transport over cultured epithelial layers with uptake and transport rates being different for the two nanoparticle species. All silver treatments had measurable effects on cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Farkas
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Oslo, Norway.
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441
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Xie H, Mason MM, Wise JP. Genotoxicity of metal nanoparticles. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2011; 26:251-68. [PMID: 22435324 DOI: 10.1515/reveh.2011.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology is currently used in industry, medicine, and military applications, as well as in more than 300 commercial products. Yet, the same properties that make these particles exciting for technology also make them daunting public health concerns because their toxicity is unknown and relatively unexplored. Increased attention is being placed on the study of metal particle genotoxicity; however, a lot of unknowns remain about their effects and the mechanisms. In this article, we highlight some metal and metal oxide nanoparticles of interest and discuss the current in vivo and in vitro studies of genotoxic effects. Many metal nanoparticles were found to cause chromosomal aberrations, DNA strand breaks, oxidative DNA damage, and mutations. Inconsistencies are found in the literature, however, thus drawing conclusions is difficult due to a variety of factors. Therefore, the areas requiring further attention are highlighted and recommendations to improve our understanding of the genotoxic potential are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Xie
- Wise Laboratory of Environmental and Genetic Toxicology, University of Southern Maine, Portland, ME 04104, USA
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442
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Okello VA, Du N, Deng B, Sadik OA. Environmental applications of poly(amic acid)-based nanomaterials. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 13:1236-45. [DOI: 10.1039/c1em10061k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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443
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Kruszewski M, Brzoska K, Brunborg G, Asare N, Dobrzyńska M, Dušinská M, Fjellsbø LM, Georgantzopoulou A, Gromadzka-Ostrowska J, Gutleb AC, Lankoff A, Magdolenová Z, Pran ER, Rinna A, Instanes C, J. Sandberg W, Schwarze P, Stępkowski T, Wojewódzka M, Refsnes M. Toxicity of Silver Nanomaterials in Higher Eukaryotes. ADVANCES IN MOLECULAR TOXICOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-53864-2.00005-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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444
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El Badawy AM, Silva RG, Morris B, Scheckel KG, Suidan MT, Tolaymat TM. Surface charge-dependent toxicity of silver nanoparticles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:283-7. [PMID: 21133412 DOI: 10.1021/es1034188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 524] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
As a result of the extensive number of applications of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), their potential impacts, once released into the environment, are of concern. The toxicity of AgNPs was reported to be dependent on various factors such as particle size, shape and capping agent. Although these factors may play a role in AgNPs toxicity, the results presented herein suggest that surface charge is one of the most important factors that govern the toxicity of AgNPs. In the current study, the toxicity of four AgNPs representing various surface charging scenarios ranging from highly negative to highly positive was investigated. These AgNPs were (1) uncoated H(2)-AgNPs, (2) citrate coated AgNPs (Citrate-AgNPs), (3) polyvinylpyrrolidone coated AgNPs (PVP-AgNPs), and (4) branched polyethyleneimine coated AgNPs (BPEI-AgNPs). Our results clearly demonstrate that the AgNPs exhibited surface charge-dependent toxicity on the bacillus species investigated. Furthermore, ultrafiltration membranes were utilized to purify the AgNPs suspensions from residual impurities prior to the introduction to the microbes. This step was crucial in determining the true AgNPs toxicity and is either missing or not explicitly mentioned in most of the reported toxicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amro M El Badawy
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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445
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Zhao J, Castranova V. Toxicology of nanomaterials used in nanomedicine. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2011; 14:593-632. [PMID: 22008094 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2011.615113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
With the development of nanotechnology, nanomaterials are being widely used in many industries as well as in medicine and pharmacology. Despite the many proposed advantages of nanomaterials, increasing concerns have been expressed on their potential adverse human health effects. In recent years, application of nanotechnology in medicine has been defined as nanomedicine. Techniques in nanomedicine make it possible to deliver therapeutic agents into targeted specific cells, cellular compartments, tissues, and organs by using nanoparticulate carriers. Because nanoparticles possess different physicochemical properties than their fine-sized analogues due to their extremely small size and large surface area, they need to be evaluated separately for toxicity and adverse health effects. In addition, in the field of nanomedicine, intravenous and subcutaneous injections of nanoparticulate carriers deliver exogenous nanoparticles directly into the human body without passing through the normal absorption process. These nanoparticulate carriers themselves may be responsible for toxicity and interaction with biological macromolecules within the human body. Second, insoluble nanoparticulate carriers may accumulate in human tissues or organs. Therefore, it is necessary to address the potential health and safety implications of nanomaterials used in nanomedicine. Toxicological studies for biosafety evaluation of these nanomaterials will be important for the continuous development of nanomedical science. This review summarizes the current knowledge on toxicology of nanomaterials, particularly on those used in nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinshun Zhao
- Public Health Department of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, P. R. China
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446
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Ahamed M, AlSalhi MS, Siddiqui M. Silver nanoparticle applications and human health. Clin Chim Acta 2010; 411:1841-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2010.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 924] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2010] [Revised: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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447
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Tiwari DK, Jin T, Behari J. Dose-dependent in-vivo toxicity assessment of silver nanoparticle in Wistar rats. Toxicol Mech Methods 2010; 21:13-24. [PMID: 21080782 DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2010.529184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to suggest the limits of silver nanoparticle (AgNP) uses for medicinal purpose and was performed to explore the effect of various doses of silver nanoparticle in rats. Four different doses of AgNP (4, 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg) were injected intravenously. For safety evaluation of injected AgNP, body weight, organ coefficient, whole blood count, and biochemistry panel assay for liver function enzyme (AST, ALT, ALP, and GGTP), comet assay, ROS, and histological parameter were performed; 10-12 week old animals were randomly divided into groups of six individuals each for control, and doses of 40, 20, 10, and 4 mg/kg AgNP injected. Significant changes were observed (p < 0.01) in hematological parameters (WBC count, platelets counts, haemoglobin, and RBC count) in the 40 and 20 mg/kg groups. The changes were non-significant in the other groups (4 and 10 mg/kg group). In the 40 mg/kg group, a significant increase was also found in liver function enzymes like ALT and AST (p < 0.01), ALP (p < 0.01), GGTP (p < 0.01), and bilirubin (p < 0.01). ROS in blood serum increased in the high dose group. Tail migration in single cell gel electrophoresis in the 40, 20, 10, 4 mg/kg, and control groups was 34.9, 29.5, 17.8, 5.8, and 0.0 µm, respectively, which indicated damage in the DNA strand in the high dose group. EDXRF showed a ∼ 10-times increase in silver concentration in the 40 mg/kg group and TEM image also showed particle deposition in the 40 mg/kg group. This study indicates that the AgNP in doses (< 10 mg/kg) is safe for biomedical application and has no side-effects, but its high dose (> 20 mg/kg) is toxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhermendra K Tiwari
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
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448
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Demir EŞ, Vales G, Kaya B, Creus A, Marcos R. Genotoxic analysis of silver nanoparticles inDrosophila. Nanotoxicology 2010; 5:417-24. [DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2010.529176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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449
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Eom HJ, Choi J. p38 MAPK activation, DNA damage, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis as mechanisms of toxicity of silver nanoparticles in Jurkat T cells. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:8337-42. [PMID: 20932003 DOI: 10.1021/es1020668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
To identify potential harmful effects of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on human health, a comprehensive toxicity assay was conducted on human Jurkat T cells, using oxidative stress-related endpoint. The effect of Ag ions was also investigated and compared with that of AgNPs, as it is anticipated that Ag ions will be released from AgNPs, which may be responsible for their toxicity. Cell viability tests indicated high sensitivity of Jurkat T cells when exposed to AgNPs compared to Ag ions; however, both AgNPs and Ag ions induce similar levels of cellular reactive oxygen species during the initial exposure period and; after 24 h, they were increased on exposure to AgNPs compared to Ag ions, which suggest that oxidative stress may be an indirect cause of the observed cytotoxicity of AgNPs. AgNPs exposure activates p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase through nuclear factor-E2-related factor-2 and nuclear factor-kappaB signaling pathways, subsequently inducing DNA damage, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Selective toxicity of AgNPs on Jurkat T cells suggests that rigorous toxicity evaluation should be conducted using various different cell types and biological systems prior to the widespread use of AgNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jeong Eom
- School of Environmental Engineering, College of Urban Science, University of Seoul, 90 Jeonnong-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-743, Korea
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450
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Meyer JN, Lord CA, Yang XY, Turner EA, Badireddy AR, Marinakos SM, Chilkoti A, Wiesner MR, Auffan M. Intracellular uptake and associated toxicity of silver nanoparticles in Caenorhabditis elegans. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2010; 100:140-50. [PMID: 20708279 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2010.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Revised: 07/12/2010] [Accepted: 07/13/2010] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are frequently used as antimicrobials. While the mechanism(s) by which AgNPs are toxic are unclear, their increasing use raises the concern that release into the environment could lead to environmental toxicity. We characterized the physicochemical behavior, uptake, toxicity (growth inhibition), and mechanism of toxicity of three AgNPs with different sizes and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) or citrate coatings to the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. We used wild-type (N2) C. elegans and strains expected to be sensitive to oxidative stress (nth-1, sod-2 and mev-1), genotoxins (xpa-1 and nth-1), and metals (mtl-2). Using traditional and novel analytical methods, we observed significant aggregation and extra-organismal dissolution of silver, organismal uptake and, in one case, transgenerational transfer of AgNPs. We also observed growth inhibition by all tested AgNPs at concentrations in the low mg/L levels. A metallothionein-deficient (mtl-2) strain was the only mutant tested that exhibited consistently greater AgNP sensitivity than wild-type. Although all tested AgNPs were internalized (passed cell membranes) in C. elegans, at least part of the toxicity observed was mediated by ionic silver. Finally, we describe a modified growth assay that permits differentiation between direct growth-inhibitory effects and indirect inhibition mediated by toxicity to the food source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel N Meyer
- Nicholas School of the Environment and Center for the Environmental Implications of NanoTechnology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0328, United States.
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