401
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Kondo Y, Chikahisa S, Shiuchi T, Shimizu N, Tanioka D, Uguisu H, Séi H. Sleep profile during fasting in PPAR-alpha knockout mice. Physiol Behav 2020; 214:112760. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.112760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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402
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Blanco AM, Cortés R, Bertucci JI, Soletto L, Sánchez E, Valenciano AI, Cerdá-Reverter JM, Delgado MJ. Brain transcriptome profile after CRISPR-induced ghrelin mutations in zebrafish. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2020; 46:1-21. [PMID: 31673996 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-019-00687-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ghrelin (GRL) is a gut-brain hormone with a role in a wide variety of physiological functions in mammals and fish, which points out the ghrelinergic system as a key element for the appropriate biological functioning of the organism. However, many aspects of the multifunctional nature of GRL remain to be better explored, especially in fish. In this study, we used the CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technique to generate F0 zebrafish in which the expression of grl is compromised. Then, we employed high-throughput mRNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to explore changes in the brain transcriptome landscape associated with the silencing of grl. The CRISPR/Cas9 technique successfully edited the genome of F0 zebrafish resulting in individuals with considerably lower levels of GRL mRNAs and protein and ghrelin O-acyl transferase (goat) mRNAs in the brain, intestine, and liver compared to wild-type (WT) zebrafish. Analysis of brain transcriptome revealed a total of 1360 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the grl knockdown (KD) and WT zebrafish, with 664 up- and 696 downregulated DEGs in the KD group. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that DEGs are highly enriched for terms related to morphogenesis, metabolism (especially of lipids), entrainment of circadian clocks, oxygen transport, apoptosis, and response to stimulus. The present study offers valuable information on the central genes and pathways implicated in functions of GRL, and points out the possible involvement of this peptide in some novel functions in fish, such as apoptosis and oxygen transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayelén Melisa Blanco
- Departamento de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, José Antonio Nováis 12, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía and Centro de Investigación Mariña, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Raúl Cortés
- Departamento de Fisiología de Peces y Biotecnología, Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ribera de Cabanes, 12595, Torre de la Sal, Castellón, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Recursos Naturales y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Fábrica, 1990, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Lucia Soletto
- Departamento de Fisiología de Peces y Biotecnología, Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ribera de Cabanes, 12595, Torre de la Sal, Castellón, Spain
| | - Elisa Sánchez
- Departamento de Fisiología de Peces y Biotecnología, Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ribera de Cabanes, 12595, Torre de la Sal, Castellón, Spain
| | - Ana Isabel Valenciano
- Departamento de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, José Antonio Nováis 12, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Miguel Cerdá-Reverter
- Departamento de Fisiología de Peces y Biotecnología, Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ribera de Cabanes, 12595, Torre de la Sal, Castellón, Spain.
| | - María Jesús Delgado
- Departamento de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, José Antonio Nováis 12, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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403
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Packard CJ, Boren J, Taskinen MR. Causes and Consequences of Hypertriglyceridemia. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:252. [PMID: 32477261 PMCID: PMC7239992 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevations in plasma triglyceride are the result of overproduction and impaired clearance of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins-very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) and chylomicrons. Hypertriglyceridemia is characterized by an accumulation in the circulation of large VLDL-VLDL1-and its lipolytic products, and throughout the VLDL-LDL delipidation cascade perturbations occur that give rise to increased concentrations of remnant lipoproteins and small, dense low-density lipoprotein (LDL). The elevated risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in hypertriglyceridemia is believed to result from the exposure of the artery wall to these aberrant lipoprotein species. Key regulators of the metabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins have been identified and a number of these are targets for pharmacological intervention. However, a clear picture is yet to emerge as to how to relate triglyceride lowering to reduced risk of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris J. Packard
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, Glasgow University, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Chris J. Packard
| | - Jan Boren
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marja-Riitta Taskinen
- Research Programs Unit, Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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404
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Townsend LK, Gandhi S, Shamshoum H, Trottier SK, Mutch DM, Reimer RA, Shearer J, LeBlanc PJ, Wright DC. Exercise and Dairy Protein have Distinct Effects on Indices of Liver and Systemic Lipid Metabolism. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2020; 28:97-105. [PMID: 31729829 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to explore the individual and combined effects of skim milk powder (SMP) and exercise on indices of systemic and liver lipid metabolism in male obese rats. METHODS Rats were fed a high-fat (~ 40% kcal from fat), high-sugar diet for 8 weeks. At 12 weeks of age, rats were assigned to one of four weight-matched, isocaloric, high-fat, high-sugar groups for 6 weeks: (1) casein-sedentary, (2) casein-exercise, (3) SMP-sedentary, and (4) SMP-exercise. Nonfat SMP or casein was the sole protein source in the dairy and control casein diets, respectively. Exercise training occurred 5 d/wk for 60 minutes on a motorized treadmill. Whole-body metabolism was assessed by a Comprehensive Lab Animal Monitoring System. Lipidomics, Western blot, and polymerase chain reaction were used to assess markers of hepatic lipid metabolism. RESULTS Exercise, but not SMP, altered the fatty acid composition of liver triglycerides, reduced indices of lipogenesis, and increased expression of genes linked to oxidative metabolism, in conjunction with increases in whole-body fat oxidation. SMP and exercise reduced plasma triglycerides in an additive manner. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide evidence that SMP and exercise exert distinct effects on whole-body and hepatic carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and that they could work in a synergistic manner to reduce serum triglyceride concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan K Townsend
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shivam Gandhi
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hesham Shamshoum
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarah K Trottier
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - David M Mutch
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Raylene A Reimer
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jane Shearer
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Paul J LeBlanc
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - David C Wright
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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405
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Liu Y, Izem L, Morton RE. Identification of a hormone response element that mediates suppression of APOF by LXR and PPARα agonists. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1865:158583. [PMID: 31812787 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.158583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein F (ApoF) regulates cholesteryl ester transfer protein activity. We previously observed that hepatic APOF mRNA levels are decreased by high fat, cholesterol-enriched diets. Here we show in human liver C3A cells that APOF mRNA levels are reduced by agonists of LXR and PPARα nuclear receptors. This negative regulation requires co-incubation with the RXR agonist, retinoic acid. Bioinformatic analysis of the ~2 kb sequence upstream of the APOF promoter identified one potential LXR and 4 potential PPARα binding sites clustered between nucleotides -2007 and -1961. ChIP analysis confirmed agonist-dependent binding of LXRα, PPARα, and RXRα to this hormone response element complex (HREc). A luciferase reporter containing the 2 kb 5' APOF sequence was negatively regulated by LXR and PPARα ligands as seen in cells. This regulation was maintained in constructs lacking the ~1700 nucleotides between the HREc and the APOF proximal promoter. Mutations of the HREc that disrupted LXRα and PPARα binding led to the loss of reporter construct inhibition by agonists of these nuclear receptors. siRNA knockdown studies showed that APOF gene regulation by LXRα or PPARα agonists did not require an interaction between these two nuclear receptors. Thus, APOF is subject to negative regulation by agonist-activated LXR or PPARα nuclear receptors binding to a regulatory element ~1900 bases 5' to the APOF promoter. High fat, cholesterol-enriched diets likely reduce APOF gene expression via these receptors interacting at this regulatory site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, United States of America
| | - Lahoucine Izem
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, United States of America
| | - Richard E Morton
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, United States of America.
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406
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Wu L, Wang W, Dai M, Li H, Chen C, Wang D. PPARα ligand, AVE8134, and cyclooxygenase inhibitor therapy synergistically suppress lung cancer growth and metastasis. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:1166. [PMID: 31791289 PMCID: PMC6889744 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-6379-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lung cancer (LC) is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, which highlights the urgent need for better therapies. Peroxisome proliferator-activated nuclear receptor alpha (PPARα), known as a key nuclear transcription factor involved in glucose and lipid metabolism, has been also implicated in endothelial proliferation and angiogenesis. However, the effects and potential mechanisms of the novel PPARα ligand, AVE8134, on LC growth and progression remain unclear. Methods A subcutaneous tumour was established in mice by injecting TC-1 lung tumour cells (~ 1 × 106 cells) into their shaved left flank. These mice were treated with three different PPARα ligands: AVE8134 (0.025% in drinking water), Wyeth-14,643 (0.025%), or Bezafibrate (0.3%). Tumour sizes and metastasis between treated and untreated mice were then compared by morphology and histology, and the metabolites of arachidonic acid (AA) were detected by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Inhibition of either Cyp2c44 expression by genetic disruption or cyclooxygenase (COX) activity by indomethacin was used to test the mechanisms by which AVE8134 affects tumour growth. Results The pharmacodynamics effects of AVE8134, Wyeth-14,643, and Bezafibrate on lipids control were similar. However, their effects on tumour suppression were different. Eicosanoid profile analysis showed that all PPARα ligands reduced the production of AA-derived epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) and increased the hydroxyl product, 11-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (11-HETE). Moreover, increased 11-HETE promoted endothelial proliferation, angiogenesis, and subsequent tumour deterioration in a dose-dependent manner possibly via activating the AKT/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway. The increased 11-HETE partly neutralized the benefits provided by the Cyp2c44-EETs system inhibited by PPARα ligands in tumour-bearing mice. AVE8134 treatment worsened the tumour phenotype in Cyp2c44 knockout mice, indicating that AVE8134 has contradictory effects on tumour growth. The COX inhibitor indomethacin strengthened the inhibitory actions of AVE8134 on tumour growth and metastasis by inhibiting the 11-HETE production in vivo and in vitro. Conclusion In this study, we found that the degrees of inhibition on LC growth and metastasis by PPARα ligands depended on their bidirectional regulation on EETs and 11-HETE. Considering their safety and efficacy, the novel PPARα ligand, AVE8134, is a potentially ideal anti-angiogenesis drug for cancer treatment when jointly applied with the COX inhibitor indomethacin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lujin Wu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, 430030, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanism of Cardiological Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, 430030, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanism of Cardiological Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Meiyan Dai
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, 430030, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanism of Cardiological Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huihui Li
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, 430030, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanism of Cardiological Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, 430030, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanism of Cardiological Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Daowen Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, 430030, China. .,Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanism of Cardiological Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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407
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Pashazadeh-Panahi P, Hasanzadeh M. Revolution in biomedicine using emerging of picomaterials: A breakthrough on the future of medical diagnosis and therapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 120:109484. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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408
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Atherogenic dyslipidaemia, characterized by high plasma triglycerides (a surrogate for triglyceride-rich remnant lipoproteins) and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), is prevalent in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and contributes to a high modifiable residual cardiovascular risk. Fibrates are effective in managing hypertriglyceridaemia but lack consistent cardiovascular benefit in clinical trials and exhibit pharmacokinetic interaction with statins (gemfibrozil) and renal and hepatic safety issues (fenofibrate). The selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha modulator (SPPARMα) paradigm offers potential for improving potency, selectivity and the benefit-risk profile. RECENT FINDINGS The present review discusses evidence for the novel SPPARMα agonist, pemafibrate. Clinical trials showed robust lowering of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, elevation in HDL-C and nonlipid beneficial effects including anti-inflammatory activity. There was a favourable safety profile, with no increase in serum creatinine, evident with fenofibrate, and improved renal and hepatic safety. The cardiovascular outcomes study PROMINENT is critical to confirming the SPPARMα concept by validating reduction in residual cardiovascular risk in patients with T2DM and long-term safety. SUMMARY SPPARMα offers a new paradigm for reducing residual cardiovascular risk in T2DM. PROMINENT will be critical to differentiating the first SPPARMα, pemafibrate, as a novel therapeutic class distinct from current fibrates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raul D Santos
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein
- Lipid Clinic, Heart Institute (InCor) University of Sao Paulo Medical School Hospital, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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409
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Gene Expression Profiles Induced by a Novel Selective Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor α Modulator (SPPARMα) Pemafibrate. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225682. [PMID: 31766193 PMCID: PMC6888257 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pemafibrate is the first clinically-available selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α modulator (SPPARMα) that has been shown to effectively improve hypertriglyceridemia and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels. Global gene expression analysis reveals that the activation of PPARα by pemafibrate induces fatty acid (FA) uptake, binding, and mitochondrial or peroxisomal oxidation as well as ketogenesis in mouse liver. Pemafibrate most profoundly induces HMGCS2 and PDK4, which regulate the rate-limiting step of ketogenesis and glucose oxidation, respectively, compared to other fatty acid metabolic genes in human hepatocytes. This suggests that PPARα plays a crucial role in nutrient flux in the human liver. Additionally, pemafibrate induces clinically favorable genes, such as ABCA1, FGF21, and VLDLR. Furthermore, pemafibrate shows anti-inflammatory effects in vascular endothelial cells. Pemafibrate is predicted to exhibit beneficial effects in patients with atherogenic dyslipidemia and diabetic microvascular complications.
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410
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Cheng HS, Tan WR, Low ZS, Marvalim C, Lee JYH, Tan NS. Exploration and Development of PPAR Modulators in Health and Disease: An Update of Clinical Evidence. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5055. [PMID: 31614690 PMCID: PMC6834327 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20205055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear receptors that govern the expression of genes responsible for energy metabolism, cellular development, and differentiation. Their crucial biological roles dictate the significance of PPAR-targeting synthetic ligands in medical research and drug discovery. Clinical implications of PPAR agonists span across a wide range of health conditions, including metabolic diseases, chronic inflammatory diseases, infections, autoimmune diseases, neurological and psychiatric disorders, and malignancies. In this review we aim to consolidate existing clinical evidence of PPAR modulators, highlighting their clinical prospects and challenges. Findings from clinical trials revealed that different agonists of the same PPAR subtype could present different safety profiles and clinical outcomes in a disease-dependent manner. Pemafibrate, due to its high selectivity, is likely to replace other PPARα agonists for dyslipidemia and cardiovascular diseases. PPARγ agonist pioglitazone showed tremendous promises in many non-metabolic disorders like chronic kidney disease, depression, inflammation, and autoimmune diseases. The clinical niche of PPARβ/δ agonists is less well-explored. Interestingly, dual- or pan-PPAR agonists, namely chiglitazar, saroglitazar, elafibranor, and lanifibranor, are gaining momentum with their optimistic outcomes in many diseases including type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and primary biliary cholangitis. Notably, the preclinical and clinical development for PPAR antagonists remains unacceptably deficient. We anticipate the future design of better PPAR modulators with minimal off-target effects, high selectivity, superior bioavailability, and pharmacokinetics. This will open new possibilities for PPAR ligands in medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Sheng Cheng
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
| | - Wei Ren Tan
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232, Singapore.
| | - Zun Siong Low
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232, Singapore.
| | - Charlie Marvalim
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
| | - Justin Yin Hao Lee
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232, Singapore.
| | - Nguan Soon Tan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232, Singapore.
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411
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Westerouen Van Meeteren MJ, Drenth JPH, Tjwa ETTL. Elafibranor: a potential drug for the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2019; 29:117-123. [PMID: 31523999 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2020.1668375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) encompasses a progressive disease phenotype starting from simple steatosis, which can progress to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). It is component of the metabolic syndrome with a large impact on mortality in these patients. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear receptors that regulate lipid and insulin metabolism, two key components in pathophysiology of NAFLD and NASH. Elafibranor acts as an agonist of PPAR-α and PPAR-δ and is currently under development for the treatment of NAFLD.Areas covered: This review summarizes the pharmacological aspects, the preclinical and clinical effectivity, and safety data of elafibranor for the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and fibrosis.Expert opinion: Current data support an effect of elafibranor on the resolution on NASH and the improvement of two key drivers of NASH progression - insulin resistance and serum lipid normalization. The safety profile is favorable, though reversible serum creatinine elevations occur with use, potentially limiting its use in patients with concurrent renal disease. The modest effect sizes in different NAFLD disease stages of elafibranor and other drugs in development for NASH, will likely lead to pursuing of drug combinations personalized to each stage of the NAFLD disease spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joost P H Drenth
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Eric T T L Tjwa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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412
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The pathobiology of polycystic kidney disease from a metabolic viewpoint. Nat Rev Nephrol 2019; 15:735-749. [PMID: 31488901 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-019-0183-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) affects an estimated 1 in 1,000 people and slowly progresses to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in about half of these individuals. Tolvaptan, a vasopressin 2 receptor blocker, has been approved by regulatory authorities in many countries as a therapy to slow cyst growth, but additional treatments that target dysregulated signalling pathways in cystic kidney and liver are needed. Metabolic reprogramming is a prominent feature of cystic cells and a potentially important contributor to the pathophysiology of ADPKD. A number of pathways previously implicated in the pathogenesis of the disease, such as dysregulated mTOR and primary ciliary signalling, have roles in metabolic regulation and may exert their effects through this mechanism. Some of these pathways are amenable to manipulation through dietary modifications or drug therapies. Studies suggest that polycystin-1 and polycystin-2, which are encoded by PKD1 and PKD2, respectively (the genes that are mutated in >99% of patients with ADPKD), may in part affect cellular metabolism through direct effects on mitochondrial function. Mitochondrial dysfunction could alter the redox state and cellular levels of acetyl-CoA, resulting in altered histone acetylation, gene expression, cytoskeletal architecture and response to cellular stress, and in an immunological response that further promotes cyst growth and fibrosis.
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413
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Zhou JY, Poudel A, Welchko R, Mekala N, Chandramani-Shivalingappa P, Rosca MG, Li L. Liraglutide improves insulin sensitivity in high fat diet induced diabetic mice through multiple pathways. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 861:172594. [PMID: 31412267 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) promotes postprandial insulin secretion. Liraglutide, a full agonist of the GLP-1 receptor, reduces body weight, improve insulin sensitivity, and alleviate Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD). However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study aims to explore the underlying mechanisms and cell signaling pathways involved in the anti-obesity and anti-inflammatory effects of liraglutide. Mice were fed a high fat high sucrose diet to induce diabetes, diabetic mice were divided into two groups and injected with liraglutide or vehicle for 14 days. Liraglutide treatment improved insulin sensitivity, accompanied with reduced expression of the phosphorylated Acetyl-CoA carboxylase-2 (ACC2) and upregulation of long chain acyl CoA dehydrogenase (LCAD) in insulin sensitive tissues. Furthermore, liraglutide induced adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase-α (AMPK-α) and Sirtuin-1(Sirt-1) protein expression in liver and perigonadal fat. Liraglutide induced elevation of fatty acid oxidation in these tissues may be mediated through the AMPK-Sirt-1 cell signaling pathway. In addition, liraglutide induced brown adipocyte differentiation in skeletal muscle, including induction of uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1) and PR-domain-containing-16 (PRDM-16) protein in association with induction of SIRT-1. Importantly, liraglutide displayed anti-inflammation effect. Specifically, liraglutide led to a significant reduction in circulating interleukin-1 β (IL-1 β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) as well as hepatic IL-1 β and IL-6 content. The expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in insulin sensitive tissues was also reduced following liraglutide treatment. In conclusion, liraglutide improves insulin sensitivity through multiple pathways resulting in reduction of inflammation, elevation of fatty acid oxidation, and induction of adaptive thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Yi Zhou
- College of Medicine, Central Michigan University, MI, 48859, USA
| | - Anil Poudel
- Department of Physician Assistant, College of Health Professions, Central Michigan University MI, 48859, USA
| | - Ryan Welchko
- Department of Physician Assistant, College of Health Professions, Central Michigan University MI, 48859, USA
| | - Naveen Mekala
- College of Medicine, Central Michigan University, MI, 48859, USA
| | | | | | - Lixin Li
- Department of Physician Assistant, College of Health Professions, Central Michigan University MI, 48859, USA.
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414
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Bougarne N, Mylka V, Ratman D, Beck IM, Thommis J, De Cauwer L, Tavernier J, Staels B, Libert C, De Bosscher K. Mechanisms Underlying the Functional Cooperation Between PPARα and GRα to Attenuate Inflammatory Responses. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1769. [PMID: 31447832 PMCID: PMC6695567 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) act via the glucocorticoid receptor (NR3C1, GRα) to combat overshooting responses to infectious stimuli, including lipopolysaccharide (LPS). As such, GCs inhibit the activity of downstream effector cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF). PPARα (NR1C1) is a nuclear receptor described to function on the crossroad between lipid metabolism and control of inflammation. In the current work, we have investigated the molecular mechanism by which GCs and PPARα agonists cooperate to jointly inhibit NF-κB-driven expression in A549 cells. We discovered a nuclear mechanism that predominantly targets Mitogen- and Stress-activated protein Kinase-1 activation upon co-triggering GRα and PPARα. In vitro GST-pull down data further support that the anti-inflammatory mechanism may additionally involve a non-competitive physical interaction between the p65 subunit of NF-κB, GRα, and PPARα. Finally, to study metabolic effector target cells common to both receptors, we overlaid the effect of GRα and PPARα crosstalk in mouse primary hepatocytes under LPS-induced inflammatory conditions on a genome-wide level. RNA-seq results revealed lipid metabolism genes that were upregulated and inflammatory genes that were additively downregulated. Validation at the cytokine protein level finally supported a consistent additive anti-inflammatory response in hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Bougarne
- Translational Nuclear Receptor Research Lab, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Viacheslav Mylka
- Translational Nuclear Receptor Research Lab, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dariusz Ratman
- Translational Nuclear Receptor Research Lab, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ilse M Beck
- Translational Nuclear Receptor Research Lab, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium.,Receptor Research Laboratories, Cytokine Receptor Lab, Ghent, Belgium.,Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011 - EGID, Lille, France.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jonathan Thommis
- Translational Nuclear Receptor Research Lab, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lode De Cauwer
- Translational Nuclear Receptor Research Lab, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Tavernier
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium.,Receptor Research Laboratories, Cytokine Receptor Lab, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bart Staels
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011 - EGID, Lille, France
| | - Claude Libert
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karolien De Bosscher
- Translational Nuclear Receptor Research Lab, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
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415
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Hong F, Pan S, Guo Y, Xu P, Zhai Y. PPARs as Nuclear Receptors for Nutrient and Energy Metabolism. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24142545. [PMID: 31336903 PMCID: PMC6680900 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24142545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been more than 36 years since peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) were first recognized as enhancers of peroxisome proliferation. Consequently, many studies in different fields have illustrated that PPARs are nuclear receptors that participate in nutrient and energy metabolism and regulate cellular and whole-body energy homeostasis during lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, cell growth, cancer development, and so on. With increasing challenges to human health, PPARs have attracted much attention for their ability to ameliorate metabolic syndromes. In our previous studies, we found that the complex functions of PPARs may be used as future targets in obesity and atherosclerosis treatments. Here, we review three types of PPARs that play overlapping but distinct roles in nutrient and energy metabolism during different metabolic states and in different organs. Furthermore, research has emerged showing that PPARs also play many other roles in inflammation, central nervous system-related diseases, and cancer. Increasingly, drug development has been based on the use of several selective PPARs as modulators to diminish the adverse effects of the PPAR agonists previously used in clinical practice. In conclusion, the complex roles of PPARs in metabolic networks keep these factors in the forefront of research because it is hoped that they will have potential therapeutic effects in future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Hong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- Key Laboratory for Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of State Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Shijia Pan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- Key Laboratory for Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of State Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yuan Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- Key Laboratory for Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of State Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Pengfei Xu
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - Yonggong Zhai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
- Key Laboratory for Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of State Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
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416
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Aldose Reductase Inhibitors of Plant Origin in the Prevention and Treatment of Alcoholic Liver Disease: A Minireview. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:3808594. [PMID: 31321234 PMCID: PMC6610749 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3808594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is caused by heavy alcohol consumption over a long period. Acetaldehyde-mediated toxicity, oxidative stress, and imbalance of lipid metabolism are generally considered involved in the initiation of ALD. There is an increasing requirement for alternative and natural medicine to treat ALD. Recently, aldose reductase (AR) has been reported to be involved in the development of ALD by affecting inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, and lipid metabolism. Here, we review the effect of plant-derived AR inhibitors on ALD in rodents. And we conclude that AR inhibitors of plant origin may enhance antioxidant capacity, inhibit lipid peroxidation and inflammatory cytokines expression, and activate AMP-activated protein kinase thereby subsequently suppressing alcohol-induced lipid synthesis in liver to achieve ALD protection. This review reveals that natural AR inhibitor may be potential therapeutic agent for ALD.
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417
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Fruchart JC, Santos RD, Aguilar-Salinas C, Aikawa M, Al Rasadi K, Amarenco P, Barter PJ, Ceska R, Corsini A, Després JP, Duriez P, Eckel RH, Ezhov MV, Farnier M, Ginsberg HN, Hermans MP, Ishibashi S, Karpe F, Kodama T, Koenig W, Krempf M, Lim S, Lorenzatti AJ, McPherson R, Nuñez-Cortes JM, Nordestgaard BG, Ogawa H, Packard CJ, Plutzky J, Ponte-Negretti CI, Pradhan A, Ray KK, Reiner Ž, Ridker PM, Ruscica M, Sadikot S, Shimano H, Sritara P, Stock JK, Su TC, Susekov AV, Tartar A, Taskinen MR, Tenenbaum A, Tokgözoğlu LS, Tomlinson B, Tybjærg-Hansen A, Valensi P, Vrablík M, Wahli W, Watts GF, Yamashita S, Yokote K, Zambon A, Libby P. The selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha modulator (SPPARMα) paradigm: conceptual framework and therapeutic potential : A consensus statement from the International Atherosclerosis Society (IAS) and the Residual Risk Reduction Initiative (R3i) Foundation. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2019; 18:71. [PMID: 31164165 PMCID: PMC6549355 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-019-0864-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the era of precision medicine, treatments that target specific modifiable characteristics of high-risk patients have the potential to lower further the residual risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular events. Correction of atherogenic dyslipidemia, however, remains a major unmet clinical need. Elevated plasma triglycerides, with or without low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), offer a key modifiable component of this common dyslipidemia, especially in insulin resistant conditions such as type 2 diabetes mellitus. The development of selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha modulators (SPPARMα) offers an approach to address this treatment gap. This Joint Consensus Panel appraised evidence for the first SPPARMα agonist and concluded that this agent represents a novel therapeutic class, distinct from fibrates, based on pharmacological activity, and, importantly, a safe hepatic and renal profile. The ongoing PROMINENT cardiovascular outcomes trial is testing in 10,000 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, elevated triglycerides, and low levels of HDL-C whether treatment with this SPPARMα agonist safely reduces residual cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raul D. Santos
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, and Lipid Clinic, Heart Institute (InCor) University of Sao Paulo Medical School Hospital, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Aguilar-Salinas
- Unidad de Investigacion de Enfermedades Metabolicas, Department of Endocrinolgy and Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Masanori Aikawa
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences and Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Khalid Al Rasadi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | - Pierre Amarenco
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Paris-Diderot-Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Philip J. Barter
- Lipid Research Group, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Richard Ceska
- IIIrd Dept Int. Med, Center for Preventive Cardiology, 3rd Internal Medicine Clinic, University General Hospital and Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alberto Corsini
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Jean-Pierre Després
- Centre de recherche sur les soins et les services de première ligne-Université Laval du CIUSSS de la Capitale-Nationale, Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC Canada
| | - Patrick Duriez
- INSERM, CHU Lille, U1171-Degenerative & Vascular Cognitive Disorders, University of Lille, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lille, UDSL, Lille, France
| | - Robert H. Eckel
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO USA
| | - Marat V. Ezhov
- Laboratory of Lipid Disorders, National Cardiology Research Center, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Michel Farnier
- Lipid Clinic, Point Médical and Department of Cardiology, CHU Dijon-Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Henry N. Ginsberg
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, USA
| | - Michel P. Hermans
- Division of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc and Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Shun Ishibashi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Fredrik Karpe
- OCDEM, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, OUH Foundation Trust, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Tatsuhiko Kodama
- Laboratory for System Biology and Medicine Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wolfgang Koenig
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universitat München, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Michel Krempf
- Mass Spectrometry Core facility of West Human Nutrition Research Center (CRNHO), Hotel Dieu Hospital, Nantes, France
- Inra, UMR 1280, Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles, Nantes, France
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolic diseases and Nutrition, G and R Laennec Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - Soo Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital and Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Alberto J. Lorenzatti
- DAMIC Medical Institute/Rusculleda Foundation for Research, Córdoba, Argentina
- Cardiology Department, Córdoba Hospital, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ruth McPherson
- Ruddy Canadian Cardiovascular Genetics Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Jesus Millan Nuñez-Cortes
- Internal Medicine, Lipids Unit, Gregorio Marañón University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Børge G. Nordestgaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
- The Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hisao Ogawa
- National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka Japan
| | - Chris J. Packard
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jorge Plutzky
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Carlos I. Ponte-Negretti
- Unidad de Prevención Cardiometabólica Cardiocob. Servicio de Cardiología Hospital el Pino Santiago de Chile, Sociedad Inter Americana de Cardiología SIAC Chairman Cardiovascular Prevention Comite, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Aruna Pradhan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, VA Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA USA
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Kausik K. Ray
- Imperial Centre for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Željko Reiner
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, School of Medicine, Zagreb University, Kispaticeva 12, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Paul M. Ridker
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Massimiliano Ruscica
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Shaukat Sadikot
- Department of Endocrinology/Diabetology, Jaslok Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Hitoshi Shimano
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575 Japan
| | - Piyamitr Sritara
- Department of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jane K. Stock
- R3i Foundation, Picassoplatz 8, 4010 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ta-Chen Su
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University; Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, National Taiwan University College of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Andrey V. Susekov
- Faculty of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Academy for Postgraduate Continuous Medical Education, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | | | - Marja-Riitta Taskinen
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Clinical Research Institute, HUCH Ltd., Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alexander Tenenbaum
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 6997801 Tel Aviv, Israel
- Cardiac Rehabilitation Institute, Sheba Medical Center, 5265601 Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Lale S. Tokgözoğlu
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Brian Tomlinson
- Department of Medicine & Theraputics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Anne Tybjærg-Hansen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet; Copenhagen University Hospital, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Paul Valensi
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Jean-Verdier Hospital (AP-HP), Paris 13 University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CRNH-IdF, CINFO, 93140 Bondy, France
| | - Michal Vrablík
- 3rd Department of Medicine, 1st Faculty of Medicine of Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Walter Wahli
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Clinical Sciences Building, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore, 308232 Singapore
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Université de Lausanne, Le Génopode, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institut National de La Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR1331 ToxAlim, Toulouse, France
| | - Gerald F. Watts
- Lipid Disorders Clinic, Department of Cardiology, Royal Perth Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Shizuya Yamashita
- Rinku General Medical Center, Izumisano, Osaka Japan
- Department of Community Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka Japan
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka Japan
| | - Koutaro Yokote
- Department of Endocrinology, Hematology and Gerontology, Clinical Cell Biology and Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Alberto Zambon
- Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Peter Libby
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
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418
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Abstract
Purpose of Review Apolipoprotein C-III (apoC-III) is known to inhibit lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and function as an important regulator of triglyceride metabolism. In addition, apoC-III has also more recently been identified as an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease. This review summarizes the mechanisms by which apoC-III induces hypertriglyceridemia and promotes atherogenesis, as well as the findings from recent clinical trials using novel strategies for lowering apoC-III. Recent Findings Genetic studies have identified subjects with heterozygote loss-of-function (LOF) mutations in APOC3, the gene coding for apoC-III. Clinical characterization of these individuals shows that the LOF variants associate with a low-risk lipoprotein profile, in particular reduced plasma triglycerides. Recent results also show that complete deficiency of apoC-III is not a lethal mutation and is associated with very rapid lipolysis of plasma triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRL). Ongoing trials based on emerging gene-silencing technologies show that intervention markedly lowers apoC-III levels and, consequently, plasma triglyceride. Unexpectedly, the evidence points to apoC-III not only inhibiting LPL activity but also suppressing removal of TRLs by LPL-independent pathways. Summary Available data clearly show that apoC-III is an important cardiovascular risk factor and that lifelong deficiency of apoC-III is cardioprotective. Novel therapies have been developed, and results from recent clinical trials indicate that effective reduction of plasma triglycerides by inhibition of apoC-III might be a promising strategy in management of severe hypertriglyceridemia and, more generally, a novel approach to CHD prevention in those with elevated plasma triglyceride.
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419
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Klepsch V, Moschen AR, Tilg H, Baier G, Hermann-Kleiter N. Nuclear Receptors Regulate Intestinal Inflammation in the Context of IBD. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1070. [PMID: 31139192 PMCID: PMC6527601 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) homeostasis is strongly dependent on nuclear receptor (NR) functions. They play a variety of roles ranging from nutrient uptake, sensing of microbial metabolites, regulation of epithelial intestinal cell integrity to shaping of the intestinal immune cell repertoire. Several NRs are associated with GI pathologies; therefore, systematic analysis of NR biology, the underlying molecular mechanisms, and regulation of target genes can be expected to help greatly in uncovering the course of GI diseases. Recently, an increasing number of NRs has been validated as potential drug targets for therapeutic intervention in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Besides the classical glucocorticoids, especially PPARγ, VDR, or PXR-selective ligands are currently being tested with promising results in clinical IBD trials. Also, several pre-clinical animal studies are being performed with NRs. This review focuses on the complex biology of NRs and their context-dependent anti- or pro-inflammatory activities in the regulation of gastrointestinal barrier with special attention to NRs already pharmacologically targeted in clinic and pre-clinical IBD treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Klepsch
- Translational Cell Genetics, Department of Pharmacology and Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alexander R. Moschen
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Herbert Tilg
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gottfried Baier
- Translational Cell Genetics, Department of Pharmacology and Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Natascha Hermann-Kleiter
- Translational Cell Genetics, Department of Pharmacology and Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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420
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Bian X, Su X, Wang Y, Zhao G, Zhang B, Li D. Periostin contributes to renal and cardiac dysfunction in rats with chronic kidney disease: Reduction of PPARα. Biochimie 2019; 160:172-182. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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421
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Iwaki T, Bennion BG, Stenson EK, Lynn JC, Otinga C, Djukovic D, Raftery D, Fei L, Wong HR, Liles WC, Standage SW. PPARα contributes to protection against metabolic and inflammatory derangements associated with acute kidney injury in experimental sepsis. Physiol Rep 2019; 7:e14078. [PMID: 31102342 PMCID: PMC6525329 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis-associated acute kidney injury (AKI) is a significant problem in critically ill children and adults resulting in increased morbidity and mortality. Fundamental mechanisms contributing to sepsis-associated AKI are poorly understood. Previous research has demonstrated that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) expression is associated with reduced organ system failure in sepsis. Using an experimental model of polymicrobial sepsis, we demonstrate that mice deficient in PPARα have worse kidney function, which is likely related to reduced fatty acid oxidation and increased inflammation. Ultrastructural evaluation with electron microscopy reveals that the proximal convoluted tubule is specifically injured in septic PPARα deficient mice. In this experimental group, serum metabolomic analysis reveals unanticipated metabolic derangements in tryptophan-kynurenine-NAD+ and pantothenate pathways. We also show that a subgroup of children with sepsis whose genome-wide expression profiles are characterized by repression of the PPARα signaling pathway has increased incidence of severe AKI. These findings point toward interesting associations between sepsis-associated AKI and PPARα-driven fatty acid metabolism that merit further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Iwaki
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of Washington School of MedicineSeattleWashington
- Department of PediatricsUniversity HospitalFaculty of MedicineKagawa UniversityKagawaJapan
| | - Brock G. Bennion
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of Washington School of MedicineSeattleWashington
- Department of Pathology and ImmunologyWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouri
| | - Erin K. Stenson
- Department of PediatricsSection of Critical CareUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineAnschutz Medical CenterChildren's Hospital ColoradoAuroraColorado
- Division of Critical Care MedicineCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiOhio
| | - Jared C. Lynn
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of Washington School of MedicineSeattleWashington
| | - Cynthia Otinga
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of Washington School of MedicineSeattleWashington
| | - Danijel Djukovic
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of ColoradoBoulderColorado
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain MedicineUniversity of Washington School of MedicineSeattleWashington
| | - Daniel Raftery
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain MedicineUniversity of Washington School of MedicineSeattleWashington
| | - Lin Fei
- Division of Biostatistics and EpidemiologyCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiOhio
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of CincinnatiCincinnatiOhio
| | - Hector R. Wong
- Division of Critical Care MedicineCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiOhio
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of CincinnatiCincinnatiOhio
| | - W. Conrad Liles
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Washington School of MedicineSeattleWashington
| | - Stephen W. Standage
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of Washington School of MedicineSeattleWashington
- Division of Critical Care MedicineCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiOhio
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of CincinnatiCincinnatiOhio
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422
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Jia X, Zhai T. Integrated Analysis of Multiple Microarray Studies to Identify Novel Gene Signatures in Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:599. [PMID: 31551930 PMCID: PMC6736562 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a well-known cause of liver dysfunction and has become a common chronic liver disease in many countries. However, the intrinsic molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of NAFLD have not yet been fully elucidated. Methods: We obtained the gene expression datasets of NAFLD through the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Subsequently, robust rank aggregation (RRA) method was used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between NAFLD patients and controls. Gene functional annotation and PPI network analysis were performed to explore the potential function of the DEGs. Finally, we used a sequencing dataset GSE126848 to validate our results. Results: In this study, GSE48452, GSE66676, GSE72756, GSE63067, GSE89632, and GSE107231 were included, including 125 NAFLD patients and 116 control patients. The RRA integrated analysis determined 96 significant DEGs (50 up-regulated and 46 down-regulated) and the most significant gene aberrantly expressed in NAFLD was ENO3 (P-value = 7.17E-05), followed by CYP7A1 (P-value = 9.04E-05), and P4HA1 (P-value = 1.67E-04). Carboxylic acid metabolic process (GO:0019752; P-value = 1.39E-03) was the most significantly enriched for biological process in GO (gene ontology) analysis. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that steroid hormone biosynthesis (hsa00140; P-value = 6.68E-03) and PPAR signaling pathway (hsa03320; P-value = 9.95E-03) were significantly enriched. Based on the results of the PPI and the results of the RRA, we finally defined the four most critical genes as the hub genes, including ENO3, CYP7A1, P4HA1, and CYP1A1. Conclusions: Our integrated analysis identified novel gene signatures and will contribute to the understanding of comprehensive molecular changes in NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Jia
- Department of Endocrinology, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Xi Jia
| | - Tianyu Zhai
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Crosstalk between MicroRNAs and Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors and Their Emerging Regulatory Roles in Cardiovascular Pathophysiology. PPAR Res 2018; 2018:8530371. [PMID: 30622558 PMCID: PMC6304518 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8530371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) play vital roles in cardiovascular pathophysiology, such as energy balance, cell proliferation/apoptosis, inflammatory response, and adipocyte differentiation. These vital roles make PPARs potential targets for therapeutic prevention of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Emerging evidence indicates that the crosstalk of microRNAs (miRNAs) and PPARs contributes greatly to CVD pathogenesis. PPARs are inhibited by miRNAs at posttranscriptional mechanisms in the progress of pulmonary hypertension and vascular dysfunction involving cell proliferation/apoptosis, communication, and normal function of endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells. In the development of atherosclerosis and stroke, the activation of PPARs could change the transcripts of target miRNA through miRNA signalling. Furthermore, the mutual regulation of PPARs and miRNAs involves cell proliferation/apoptosis, cardiac remodeling, and dysfunction in heart diseases. In addition, obesity, an important cardiovascular risk, is modulated by the regulatory axis of PPARs/miRNAs, including adipogenesis, adipocyte dysfunction, insulin resistance, and macrophage polarization in adipose tissue. In this review, the crosstalk of PPARs and miRNAs and their emerging regulatory roles are summarized in the context of CVDs and risks. This provides an understanding of the underlying mechanism of the biological process related to CVD pathophysiology involving the interaction of PPARs and miRNAs and will lead to the development of PPARs/miRNAs as effective anti-CVD medications.
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