Reporting LDL cholesterol results by clinical biochemistry laboratories in Czechia and Slovakia to improve the detection rate of familial hypercholesterolemia

Introduction

This survey aims to assess the implementation of recommendations from the European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS) and the European Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (EFLM) by clinical biochemistry laboratories in Czechia and Slovakia in their policies for reporting low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations.

Materials and methods

The web-based survey was distributed to all 383 Czech and Slovak clinical biochemistry laboratories that measure lipids by external quality assessment provider SEKK. A total of 17 single-answer questions were included. The questionnaire was focused on the detection and decision points in familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). All survey answers were taken into account. The laboratories followed the EFLM and EAS guidelines when they reported an interpretative comment considering FH diagnosis in adults.

Results

A total of 203 (53%) laboratories answered. Only 5% of laboratories added interpretative comments considering FH diagnosis when LDL-C concentrations are above 5.0 mmol/L in adults, and 3% of laboratories added interpretative comments considering FH diagnosis when LDL-C concentrations are above 4.0 mmol/L in children. Only 7% of laboratories reported goals for all cardiovascular risk categories (low, moderate, high, very high). Non-HDL cholesterol concentrations were calculated by 74% of responders. A significant number (51%) of participants did not measure apolipoprotein B, and 59% of laboratories did not measure lipoprotein(a).

Conclusions

Only a small portion of laboratories from Czechia and Slovakia reported high LDL-C results with interpretative comments considering FH diagnosis in adults, the laboratories did not follow the guidelines.

Low LDL-C goal attainment in patients at very high cardiovascular risk due to lacking observance of the guidelines on dyslipidaemias

Dyslipidemias are defined as a wide range of abnormalities of the lipid profile. Treatment guidelines recommend aiming at lowering LDL-C. We investigated the adherence of Czech cardiologists to the dyslipidaemia treatment guidelines, especially in the management of patients with high and very high cardiovascular risk. In this retrospective cross-sectional multicentric study data from medical records of 450 adults with ASCVD, enrolled between June 2021 and January 2022, were analysed. Demographics, clinical outcomes, medical history, LLT treatment and other medications were collected. The physicians were to include patients at a very high risk of ASCVD and to complete a general questionnaire on their personal therapeutic preferences. Objectively assessed, only 80% of total patients (N = 450) enrolled in the study were at very high risk of ASCVD, and 12.7% of patients were at high risk of ASCVD, respectively. In total, 55 (13.1%) patients were diagnosed with familial hypercholesterolemia, and 39.1% of them had a positive family history of ASCVD. Generally, only 20.5% of patients reached the 2019 LDL-C goals- 19.4% of very high risk patients and 28.1% of high risk patients, respectively. 61% of the physicians preferred a slow and careful up-titration of the dose, which is contradictory to the guidelines. Only 17% of the physicians increased the statin dose or added/combined/changed the treatment to achieve the LDL-C goals as soon as possible. Surprisingly, in up to 61.5% of patients at very high risk who did not meet the LDL-C goals, their physicians stated subjective satisfaction with the treatment and considered no change needed. Among very high and high risk patients receiving lipid-lowering therapy, with high treatment adherence, the LDL-C goal attainment is very low and LLT utilization is rather sub-optimal. Improving observance of the guidelines by physicians bears a substantial potential for LDL-C goal attainment and thus improving overall benefit for patients for no additional costs.

The way to data: opinions and recommendations for the provision of health data for secondary use

Healthcare data held by state-run organisations is a valuable intangible asset for society. Its use should be a priority for its administrators and the state. A completely paternalistic approach by administrators and the state is undesirable, however much it aims to protect the privacy rights of persons registered in databases. In line with European policies and the global trend, these measures should not outweigh the social benefit that arises from the analysis of these data if the technical possibilities exist to sufficiently protect the privacy rights of individuals. Czech society is having an intense discussion on the topic, but according to the authors, it is insufficiently based on facts and lacks clearly articulated opinions of the expert public. The aim of this article is to fill these gaps. Data anonymization techniques provide a solution to protect individuals' privacy rights while preserving the scientific value of the data. The risk of identifying individuals in anonymised data sets is scalable and can be minimised depending on the type and content of the data and its use by the specific applicant. Finding the optimal form and scope of deidentified data requires competence and knowledge on the part of both the applicant and the administrator. It is in the interest of the applicant, the administrator, as well as the protected persons in the databases that both parties show willingness and have the ability and expertise to communicate during the application and its processing.

The time is now: Achieving FH paediatric screening across Europe - The Prague Declaration

Familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) is the most common inherited metabolic disorder characterized by high cholesterol and if left untreated leads to premature cardiovascular disease, such as heart attacks. Treatment that begins early in life, particularly in childhood, is highly efficacious in preventing cardiovascular disease and cost-effective, thus early detection of FH is crucial. However, in Europe, less than 10% of people living with FH are diagnosed and even less receive life-saving treatment. The Prague Declaration is a call to action for national and European Union policymakers and decision-makers and a result of the Czech EU Presidency meeting on FH Paediatric Screening (early detection of inherited high cholesterol) at the Czech Senate in Prague on 6th September 2022. It builds on a considerable body of evidence which was discussed at the Technical Meeting under the auspices of the Slovenian EU Presidency in October 2021. The Prague meeting addressed the outstanding barriers to the systematic implementation of FH paediatric screening across Europe. In this article, we present the key points from the Prague meeting and concrete actions needed to move forward.

Analysis of incidence and prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and evaluation of their control in epidemiological survey in the Czech Republic

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this analysis was to analyze the presence of the most important cardiovascular (CV) risk factors and to discuss patterns of LDL cholesterol management in the population studied.

METHODS

We enrolled 961 males, average age of 42.9 ± 4.7, and 851 females, average age of 51.2 ± 3.6. Data on personal, pharmacological and family history, and laboratory examinations were collected. Cardiovascular (CV) risk was calculated using the Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE) algorithm with modifications according to the guidelines.

RESULTS

The distribution of CV risk in the observed cohort was as follows: 24% of the subjects had low, 51% moderate, 17% high and 8% very high risk. The percentage of patients who reached target values of LDL cholesterol was dramatically lower in the groups with very high (1%) and high (3%) risk than in the groups with moderate (14%) or low risk (59%). Dyslipidemia was newly identified in 20% of both sexes. Arterial hypertension was newly diagnosed in 8% of males and 5% of females, and type 2 diabetes mellitus was newly diagnosed in 3% of both the males and females. Dyslipidemia was present in 39% of males and 41% of females; arterial hypertension in 43% of males and 45% of females, and type 2 diabetes mellitus was diagnosed in 11% of the subjects of both sexes. 49% of males and 31% of females were overweight and 32% of both genders were obese. There were 36% of male smokers and 22% of female smokers. 48% of the participants were pharmacologically treated. Non-pharmacological treatment was recommended to 62% of male and to 65% of female participants. Pharmacological intervention was started in 53% of males and 51% of females. In both gender antihypertensive treatment with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors (29% of males and 27% of females) and lipid lowering therapy with a statin (28% of males, 27% of females) were the most commonly initiated treatments. In the subgroup of the 101 patients with LDL cholesterol levels > 5 mmol/L 56% were not treated with a statin. The analysis of relationship between the positive family history of any of the followed CV risks showed significant increases of the risk for arterial hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia.

CONCLUSION

European guidelines suggest general screening for risk factors, including analysis of lipid profiles in the population of 40-year-old males and 50-year-old or postmenopausal women. Our study documents high prevalence and incidence of CV risk factors together with insufficient control of the risk factors in Czech patients of this age range. This finding suggests that preventive examinations should be undertaken earlier (e.g., in 30-year-old males and 40-year-old women). Exact timing of the preventive check-ups to yield the best cost-benefit ratio needs to be verified.

Importance of fixed-dose combinations in cardiovascular prevention: the possibility of treating two diagnoses with a single pill

In the care of a cardiovascular risk patient there is certainly a more frequent situation in which we try to influence several risk factors at the same time. Treatment of a single self-occurring risk factor is rather an exception. In most cases, we need to intervene with more risk factors, often involving combination therapy, which can achieve the desired goals more quickly and reliably. However, with the number of tablets taken by the patient, the patients willingness to take long-term and correct use decreases, which has a significant impact on the effectiveness of therapy and the development of individual cardiovascular risk. In an effort to control all risk factors for cardiovascular disease, there is a growing need to extend the availability of fixed drug formulations to suit the patients ease of use and suitably formulated with varying dose grades to meet the needs of our attending physicians. With regard to the fact that early intervention of risk factors brings greater benefits than deferred, we are looking for appropriate ways to manage it. The current intervention of arterial hypertension and dyslipidemia with safe and proven drugs seems to be one of the ways to further improve the results of the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. The new fixed combination of atorvastatin with perindopril, which is entering the Czech market right now, appears to be in many ways an ideal “tablet for cardiovascular prevention”.

Atherosclerosis and beta-blockade: A forgotten option?

Beta-blockers have been ranked fourth in management recommendations for arterial hypertension in the management of arterial hypertension. This “retreat” is justified by the results of studies comparing different antihypertensive strategies that documented a lesser benefit of the beta-blockers tested compared to control therapies. Obviously, even within the beta-adrenergic receptor blocking group, there are important differences between agents. Properties such as selectivity to receptors and their subtypes, hydrophilicity and resp. lipophilicity, control of blood pressure, influence of intermediate metabolism or directly influence on vascular reactivity determine the resulting potential benefit associated with therapy. The results of clinical trials are also influenced by the test population and concomitant medications. There are a number of studies documenting the benefit of beta-blockers in patients with a history of atherothrombotic events or in the context of heart failure. In the context of the treatment of (yet) uncomplicated hypertension, we are interested not only in the main effects - lowering blood pressure, but also in other potentially effects significant for the resulting effect and influencing the prognosis (favorable or undesirable). In the case of beta-blockers, the effect on atherosclerosis development, lipidogram, vascular wall quality, anti-inflammatory effects, etc. In beta-blockers, several studies have suggested that their metabolic side-effect profile is so unfavorable that they need insulin resistance in patients with dyslipidemia, diabetes or obesity always avoid. This article returns to the question of the metabolic properties of beta-blockers and their possible direct antiatherogenic action and thus the site that this drug class should have in the field of cardiovascular prevention.

Amaranth as a potential dietary adjunct of lifestyle modification to improve cardiovascular risk profile

The aim of this review was to summarize data regarding amaranth as a potential component of lifestyle modification to improve cardiovascular risk profiles by modifying cardiovascular risk factors such as cholesterol, diabetes, and hypertension. PubMed was searched for appropriate articles. The main inclusion criteria for articles were as follows: interventions with amaranth; conducted in humans or animals or in vitro; and reported serum lipids and lipoprotein levels, and antidiabetic, antihypertensive, and antioxidant abilities. The outcome measures were changes in serum lipids and the presence of antidiabetic, antihypertensive, and antioxidant activity. A total of 33 articles were included herein. Regarding hypolipidemic activity, most studies investigated the effect of intervention with amaranth in animals, and fewer studies were performed in humans. Most studies in animal models demonstrated the ability of amaranth to decrease total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Pilot studies in humans were not convincing regarding amaranth's lipid-lowering activity. Based on this search, it is not clear which constituents are potentially responsible for the hypocholesterolemic effect of amaranth. Some authors tend to think that squalene can play a role in this effect, whereas others suggest that different components of amaranth are of greater importance (eg, sterols, oil fractions rich in fatty acids, proteins, amino acids, or fiber) for its hypocholesterolemic effect. It is possible that several constituents are jointly responsible for this action. Regarding the antidiabetic, antihypertensive, and antioxidant activities, most studies were performed in vitro and showed good potential for all three biological effects. Future research should focus on clarifying the effect of amaranth on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, identifying the constituents responsible for these beneficial effects, and providing more data regarding its use in humans, ideally using randomized controlled trials. The antidiabetic, antihypertensive, and antioxidant activities found in vitro should be confirmed further in animal or human models.

The selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha modulator (SPPARMα) paradigm: conceptual framework and therapeutic potential : A consensus statement from the International Atherosclerosis Society (IAS) and the Residual Risk Reduction Initiative (R3i) Foundation

In the era of precision medicine, treatments that target specific modifiable characteristics of high-risk patients have the potential to lower further the residual risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular events. Correction of atherogenic dyslipidemia, however, remains a major unmet clinical need. Elevated plasma triglycerides, with or without low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), offer a key modifiable component of this common dyslipidemia, especially in insulin resistant conditions such as type 2 diabetes mellitus. The development of selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha modulators (SPPARMα) offers an approach to address this treatment gap. This Joint Consensus Panel appraised evidence for the first SPPARMα agonist and concluded that this agent represents a novel therapeutic class, distinct from fibrates, based on pharmacological activity, and, importantly, a safe hepatic and renal profile. The ongoing PROMINENT cardiovascular outcomes trial is testing in 10,000 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, elevated triglycerides, and low levels of HDL-C whether treatment with this SPPARMα agonist safely reduces residual cardiovascular risk.

A summary of the EAS consensus concerning the causal relationship between low-density lipoproteins and atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases, prepared by the Board of the Czech Society for Atherosclerosis

This article summarised opinion of the European Society for Atherosclerosis on the causal relationship between low density lipoprotein (LDL) and the development of atherosclerosis. The fact that there is a clear causal relationship between the LDL concentration and the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASKVO) is evidenced by congenital lipid metabolism disorders and results of prospective epidemiological studies, Mendelian randomized trials, and randomized controlled trials. It is documented that the effect of LDL exposure on ASKVO development is cumulative; the additive effect of other risk factors is also discussed. In conclusion the facts, underlying the rational approach to the therapy of patients with dyslipidemia, are summarized. Key words: atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease - LDL - low density lipoprotein - EAS.

Current and future trends in the treatment of dyslipidemias

Lipid-lowering treatment is a part of prevention and treatment of vascular diseases caused by atherosclerosis. We need new strategies for modifying plasma lipoprotein levels in the light of new findings that reduce target lipid levels further lower, as well as the growing population of patients for whom existing treatments cannot be offered. The spectrum of existing drugs (new statins) is widening, pharmacological treatments (recombinant lipoproteins-bound statins), improved forms of established drugs (selective PPARα receptor modulators) are coming. The new procedures include fixed combinations of established drugs improving adherence and intensifying lipid modifying effects (statin + ezetimibe). The portfolio of lipid-lowering therapies today also includes monoclonal antibodies against PCSK9 (PCSK9 inhibitors). The main direction of future development is biotechnology using the principle of so-called antisense therapy, i.e. the use of specific oligonucleotide sequences blocking the translation of the selected protein. These novel therapies targeting, for example, apolipoprotein B, apolipoprotein CIII, or lipoprotein(a) are in various stages of clinical trials. A simi-lar (but not identical) principle is the use of RNA silencing - interference with gene expression using short sequences of double-stranded RNA (e.g. inclisiran siRNA against PCSK9). Innovations in the field of hypolipidemic pharmacotherapy in our country may also be inhibitors of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (approved for use in homozygotes for familial hypercholesterolemia and experimentally also for familial chylomicronemia). The small molecule ATP citrate lyase inhibitor, bempedoic acid, decreases LDL-C by a further 20 % over and above the reduction achievable by a statin. In a broader sense, the novelty of hypolipidemic pharmacotherapy includes treatment options for some rare metabolic diseases (eg. enzyme replacement therapy for acid lysosomal lipase deficiency) manifested by lipoprotein metabolism abnormalities. All these new directions must aim at the common main goal of reducing the incidence of cardiovascular and gastrointestinal complications of dyslipidemia. Clinical research also aims to prove these effects.

Consensus statement of professional associations on prescribing of PCSK9-inhibitors

A new class of drugs known as PCSK9 inhibitors (PCSK9i) provide biological treatment for hypercholesterolemia. These drugs are administered using a subcutaneous injection once in two or four weeks. PCSK9i are not a replacement of the existing hypolipidemics, they just expand the therapeutic spectrum for the critically ill and those who cannot use the standard therapy and do not reach satisfactory target values. There are essentially two indications: (1) hypercholesterolemie and mixed dyslipidemia and (2) secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Statin intolerance is not the only indication for treatment. However as its presence sometimes plays an essential role as to choosing the treatment, it will be also discussed in the paragraph on reimbursement conditions. Reimbursement conditions (very simplified): the treatment will be provided at selected centres. A list of the centres is included in an annexe to this article. You will find it also on www.interna-cz.eu, on www.kardio-cz.cz and www.athero.cz. The indicative concentration of LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) from which on PCSK9i can be prescribed as covered from the public health insurance, is the following: (1) familial hypercholesterolemia 4.0 mmol/l, (2) for secondary prevention CVD 3.0 mmol/l - Please note: the presented LDL-C level is one reached under maximum (tolerated) high intensity hypo-lipidemic therapy. High intensity hypolipidemic therapy is defined as atorvastatin 40-80 mg or rosuvastatin 20-40 mg + ezetimibe. In the case of demonstrated intolerance of both the mentioned statins the patient has to be treated with a maximum tolerated dose of statins, in combination with another hypolipidemic drug (ezetimibe). Statin intolerance is defined as intolerance of at least two successive statins, which results in their discontinuation. Statin intolerance alone is not the indication for PCSK9i treatment! The payment criteria must always be complied with. A medical officer can of course be asked to approve such treatment in exceptional cases. Key words: alirocumab - PCSK9 inhibitors centers - center therapy - evolocumab - familial hypercholesterolemia - proprotein konvertase subtilisin kexin 9 inhibitors (PCSK9i) - secondary prevention - statins intolerance.

The Role of Nutraceuticals in Statin Intolerant Patients

Statins are the most common drugs administered for patients with cardiovascular disease. However, due to statin-associated muscle symptoms, adherence to statin therapy is challenging in clinical practice. Certain nutraceuticals, such as red yeast rice, bergamot, berberine, artichoke, soluble fiber, and plant sterols and stanols alone or in combination with each other, as well as with ezetimibe, might be considered as an alternative or add-on therapy to statins, although there is still insufficient evidence available with respect to long-term safety and effectiveness on cardiovascular disease prevention and treatment. These nutraceuticals could exert significant lipid-lowering activity and might present multiple non-lipid-lowering actions, including improvement of endothelial dysfunction and arterial stiffness, as well as anti-inflammatory and antioxidative properties. The aim of this expert opinion paper is to provide the first attempt at recommendation on the management of statin intolerance through the use of nutraceuticals with particular attention on those with effective low-density lipoprotein cholesterol reduction.

[Cardiovascular risk in patients with rheumatic disease and its management]

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in patients with rheumatic diseases is increased by 50 % compared to the general population. This is a result of the increased inflammatory activity as well as modification of traditional CVD risk factors by the primary disease. So called lipid paradox, paradoxical decrease of concentrations of atherogenic plasma lipids due to increased inflammatory activity and their rise with successful anti-inflammatory treatment, is of particular importance. CVD risk in rheumatic diseases is further modified by drugs used for their treatment: while some treatment modalities increase the risk (e.g. glucocorticoids), others may act in an opposite direction (methotrexate, biological therapies). CVD risk stratification in patients with rheumatic diseases is uneasy; so far none of the specific scoring systems has been shown superior to traditional ones designed for the general population. Principles of cardiovascular risk intervention remain the same as for the general population: the management starts with lifestyle measures (healthy diet, increase in physical activity and smoking cessation) complemented with pharmacotherapy when indicated. Blood pressure as well as lipid lowering therapies should be led according to the same principles as in the general population and, also, to the same treatment goals. To improve CVD prevention outcomes in patients with rheumatic diseases it seems feasible to work in interdisciplinary teams led by a rheumatologist cooperating with a specialist in CVD prevention strategies (general practitioner, cardiologist, internist, diabetes specialist). A nutritional therapist and a physiotherapist are important members of the team, too. Interdisciplinary and complex CVD prevention in patients with rheumatic diseases decreases CVD morbidity.Key words: cardiovascular risk - intervention - lipid paradox - rheumatic diseases - risk factors - risk stratification.

Statin therapy in elderly patients

Cardiovascular events occur most frequently in patients at higher age groups. The elderly suffer not only more advanced and complex changes of cardiovascular system but, also, other chronic conditions. Moreover, compared to middle-age, different therapeutic response is often observed due to changes of pharmaco-kinetics and -dynamics; these patients use other medications, which may trigger drug interactions. The situation is further complicated by non-adherence related to frequent cognitive impairment. On one hand the elderly enjoy the greatest absolute benefit from adequate cardiovascular treatment while on the other they might be more susceptible to adverse reactions. In spite of the fact statins represent preventative medications, they must be indicated cautiously taken into consideration comorbidities, frailty and disability occurring in advanced age. Frail and disabled patients have greater risk of statin adverse effects, however, even these patients have lower mortality rates while being on statins. In seniors with life expectancy exceeding 5 years statins, when indicated, bring unambiguously proven benefit and should be considered high-priority medications. Key words: atherosclerosis - cardiovascular disease - dyslipidemia - elderly - frailty - management - statins.

[MedPed - the reality of familial hypercholesterolemia care at the biggest center]

The MedPed project (Make Early Diagnosis to Prevent Early Deaths) aiming at screening, diagnosis and treatment of patients with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) was initiated more than 19 years ago. More than 60 cooperating centers and a large number of health care professionals have been involved. Till November 15, 2017 the nationwide database has comprised 7 567 entries of individual FH patients, 439 of these being children up to 19 years of age. Given the recently corrected estimated population frequency of FH of 1 to 250 this number represents 18.9 % of the predicted number of 40 000 FH individuals in the Czech Republic. Although the number of patients captured by the database seems to be relatively low, it is the third highest number in the world. This review describes working procedures of one of the national leading centers for FH in the Czech Republic. Additionally, a comparison of the up-to-date data set of 558 FH individuals being actively followed in the center to the original FH cohort (n = 190) as described by prof. Sobra in the late 1960 s. is being discussed.Key words: familial hypercholesterolemia - heterozygous - homozygous - project Medped.

Lipid-lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel

In recent years, there has been growing interest in the possible use of nutraceuticals to improve and optimize dyslipidemia control and therapy. Based on the data from available studies, nutraceuticals might help patients obtain theraputic lipid goals and reduce cardiovascular residual risk. Some nutraceuticals have essential lipid-lowering properties confirmed in studies; some might also have possible positive effects on nonlipid cardiovascular risk factors and have been shown to improve early markers of vascular health such as endothelial function and pulse wave velocity. However, the clinical evidence supporting the use of a single lipid-lowering nutraceutical or a combination of them is largely variable and, for many of the nutraceuticals, the evidence is very limited and, therefore, often debatable. The purpose of this position paper is to provide consensus-based recommendations for the optimal use of lipid-lowering nutraceuticals to manage dyslipidemia in patients who are still not on statin therapy, patients who are on statin or combination therapy but have not achieved lipid goals, and patients with statin intolerance. This statement is intended for physicians and other healthcare professionals engaged in the diagnosis and management of patients with lipid disorders, especially in the primary care setting.

A comprehensive guidelines-based approach reduces cardiovascular risk in everyday practice: the VARO study

INTRODUCTION

The aim of study was to investigate the possibility of cardiovascular risk improvement through systematic identification of high-risk individuals and treatment in accordance with current guidelines using modern therapy in daily clinical practice.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Two hundred and sixty-three physicians participated in the study. The physicians were asked to screen for cardiovascular risk factors in patients presenting with unrelated problems and to re-evaluate the attainment of treatment goals in those with already known risk factors. Each physician enrolled up to 20 consecutive patients with hypertension and/or hyperlipidemia. A total of 3015 patients were included. Cardiovascular risk was assessed using the SCORE system. Risk factors were treated in accordance with current national guidelines. The therapy of hyperlipidemia and hypertension was preferentially based on rosuvastatin, amlodipine and valsartan. Further medication was at the discretion of the attending physician. Patients were examined at baseline and after 3 and 6 months.

RESULTS

The principal result is that global cardiovascular risk decreased by 35% (from 8.9 ±6.4 to 5.9 ±4.4, p < 0.001). Systolic and diastolic blood pressure decreased by 12.5% (from 152 ±18 to 133 ±11, p < 0.001) and 11.4% (from 88 ±11 to 78 ±7, p < 0.001). The level of total cholesterol decreased 21% (from 6.3 ±1.2 to 5.0 ±0.9, p < 0.001) and the concentration of LDL-C decreased 28% (from 3.9 ±1.1 to 2.8 ±0.8, p < 0.001). HDL-C increased by 7% (from 1.43 ±0.58 to 1.53 ±0.56, p < 0.001) and triglycerides decreased by 25% (from 2.4 ±1.3 to 1.8 ±0.9, p < 0.001). Blood pressure and LDL-C target values were reached in 68% and 34%of patients, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

The VARO study demonstrates that in daily practice settings, both individual risk factors and global cardiovascular risk are significantly improved through the systematic identification of high-risk individuals and their treatment in accordance with current guidelines using modern pharmacotherapy.

Statin-induced changes in mitochondrial respiration in blood platelets in rats and human with dyslipidemia

3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors (statins) are widely used drugs for lowering blood lipid levels and preventing cardiovascular diseases. However, statins can have serious adverse effects, which may be related to development of mitochondrial dysfunctions. The aim of study was to demonstrate the in vivo effect of high and therapeutic doses of statins on mitochondrial respiration in blood platelets. Model approach was used in the study. Simvastatin was administered to rats at a high dose for 4 weeks. Humans were treated with therapeutic doses of rosuvastatin or atorvastatin for 6 weeks. Platelet mitochondrial respiration was measured using high-resolution respirometry. In rats, a significantly lower physiological respiratory rate was found in intact platelets of simvastatin-treated rats compared to controls. In humans, no significant changes in mitochondrial respiration were detected in intact platelets; however, decreased complex I-linked respiration was observed after statin treatment in permeabilized platelets. We propose that the small in vivo effect of statins on platelet energy metabolism can be attributed to drug effects on complex I of the electron transport system. Both intact and permeabilized platelets can be used as a readily available biological model to study changes in cellular energy metabolism in patients treated with statins.

Rare variants in known and novel candidate genes predisposing to statin-associated myopathy

AIM

Genetic variants affecting statin uptake, metabolism or predisposing to muscular diseases may confer susceptibility to statin-induced myopathy. Besides the SLCO1B1 rs4149056 genotype, common genetic variants do not seem to determine statin-associated myopathy. Here we aimed to address the potential role of rare variants.

METHODS

We performed whole exome sequencing in 88 individuals suffering from statin-associated myopathy and assessed the burden of rare variants using candidate-gene and exome-wide association analysis.

RESULTS

In the novel candidate gene CLCN1, we identified a heterozygote truncating mutation p.R894* in four patients. In addition, we detected predictably pathogenic case-specific variants in MYOT, CYP3A5, SH3TC2, FBXO32 and RBM20.

CONCLUSION

These findings support the role of rare variants and nominate loci for follow-up studies.

The Impact of Physical Activity and Dietary Measures on the Biochemical and Anthropometric Parameters in Obese Children. Is There Any Genetic Predisposition?

AIM

The aim of the study was to monitor the importance of laboratory, anthropometric and genetic determination of the presence of risk factors for atherosclerosis, obesity, dyslipidemia and components of the metabolic syndrome in obese children and the response to dietary and regimen interventions in obese children.

METHODS

As a part of the study, 353 paediatric patients (46% boys, 54% girls) with obesity and dyslipidemia, aged 8-16 years, participated in a one-month lifestyle intervention programme. The programme involved a reduction of energy intake and supervised exercise programme consisting of 5 exercise units per day, each 50 minutes long. Standard biochemical methods were applied, including Lp-PLA2, as were anthropometric measurements and genetic analyses.

RESULTS

During the reduction programme for the children there was a statistically significant decrease in all anthropometric indicators of bodyweight (p<0.001) as well as in lipid parameters and LpLPA2. Carriers of the FTO GG genotype and/or MC4R CC genotype lost significantly more body weight in comparison to non-carriers.

CONCLUSION

Child obesity is an important social issue. After regimen interventions, there is weight loss as well as an improvement in biochemical parameters. There are individuals with a genetic predisposition for obesity, as well as individuals with a better response to regimen interventions which could, among other things, be determined by the FTO and MC4R genotypes.

[PCSK9 inhibitors - new possibilities in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia: For which patients will be indicated?Czech atherosclerosis society statement]

First line drug for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia are statins, which reduce LDL-cholesterol up to 50 %; such reduction is sufficient for most patients to achieve the target values. The exceptions are patients with familial hypercholesterolemia and patients with statin intolerance. To achieve target LDL-cholesterol in these two groups of patients will be possible with new drugs - PCSK9 inhibitors, which decrease LDL-cholesterol by an additional 50-60 %. The first two PCSK9 inhibitors (alirocumab and evolocumab) already had been approved for clinical use by European regulatory authorities. The primary indication for combination statin with PCSK9 inhibitor should be undoubtedly patients with a confirmed diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolemia, who are treated in the Czech Republic primarily in specialized centers of MedPed project. Furthermore, this treatment should be available for other patients at very high risk of cardiovascular diseases, who cannot achieve target LDL-cholesterol (eg. for statins intolerance).

[Cholesterol metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes]

Diabetic dyslipidemia is a complex disorder associated with changes in lipid metabolism, which must be considered during care of the diabetic patient. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a disease associated with a number of macrovascular and microvascular complications and it is necessary to treat the patient with regard to the possibility of developing these disorders. Prevention of cardiovascular complications is one of the most important factors of diabetes care, because cardiovascular diseases are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes mellitus. The risk of developing atherosclerotic changes is significantly higher in diabetics in comparison with people without diabetes, which is mostly due to the differences in the plasma lipid metabolism and development of typical diabetic dyslipidemia with high atherogenic potential. Treatment of diabetic dyslipidemia as well as prevention of cardiovascular events is based on adherence to lifestyle changes, that have a positive effect on diabetes itself, and a suitable pharmacotherapy selected to achieve target plasma lipoprotein levels while affecting their quality.

[Severe familial hypercholesterolemia treatment]

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) represents the most frequent of inborn errors of metabolism. It is a group of disorders with a codominant mode of inheritance characterized by marked elevations of LDL-cholesterol as well as atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk. Clinical (phenotypic) picture of FH varies widely depending on genotype and concomitant risk factors. Identification of most seriously affected FH individuals is necessary for proper clinical management. The therapeutic approach must be complex and comprehensive. The corner stone of pharmacotherapy is high-intensity statin therapy usually combined with ezetimibe (possibly complemented with bile acid sequestrant). Even this multi-drug combination do not lead majority of patients to their treatment goals. Thus, combinations with other pharmacological (PCSK9 inhibitors, apoB-100 anti-sense therapy, MTP inhibition) and non-pharmacological (LDL-apheresis, liver transplantation) approaches is being used.Key words: ezetimibe - LDL-apheresis - lomitapide - mipomersen - PCSK9 inhibitors - severe familial hypercholesterolemia - statins.

[Familial hypercholesterolemia in the Czech Republic in 2016]

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is the most frequent autosomal dominant hereditary disease which is characterized by a decreased LDL-cholesterol catabolism and early clinical manifestation of atherosclerosis affecting blood vessels. The MedPed (Make early diagnosis to Prevent early deaths) project aims to diagnose patients with FH as early as possible, so that they can profit the most from a therapy started in a timely manner and avoid premature cardiovascular events. Currently, as of 31 October 2016, the Czech national database keeps records of 6 947 patients with FH from 5 223 families. Considering the prevalence of FH equalling 1 : 250, this represents 17.4 % of the overall expected number of patients with FH in the Czech Republic. Determining the mutation responsible for FH, now using a next generation sequencing technology in the Czech Republic, brings with it higher diagnostic accuracy, better cooperation of patients and in particular facilitation of cascade screening in families. Although we are among the most successful countries in the world with regard to FH detection, the majority of patients are still undiagnosed. Moreover, as it turns out, most FH patients do not reach the target values with the current therapeutic possibilities. In this regard the newly approved hypolipidemic drugs, PCSK9 inhibitors, to be hopefully available also in the Czech Republic in the near future for chosen patients with FH at high risk, hold great promise.Key words: cascade screening - familial hypercholesterolemia - LDL-cholesterol - MedPed.

[A near future of treatment of dyslipidemia in type 2 diabetics]

Dyslipidemia in type 2 diabetics represents a complex change of lipoprotein metabolism that is highly proatherogenic. It originates on a genetic background in the context of insulin resistance and affects lipoprotein metabolism at multiple levels (e.g. hepatocyte, enterocyte, intravascular processing) mainly in the postprandial phase. The treatment of diabetic (atherogenic) dyslipidemia is an effective option to lower the risk of both macro- and microvascular complications of diabetes. Lifestyle changes effectively impact on dyslipidemia in diabetics, however, it is impossible to reach treatment goals and achieve necessary risk reduction without lipid lowering medications. Statins remain the corner stone of pharmacological therapy and they should be combined with ezetimibe (or a resin) in case of insufficient LDL-cholesterol lowering or with fenofibrate when triglyceride levels remain elevated. In near future these drugs will be available in new fixed-dose combination formulas. Moreover, very soon PCSK9 inhibitors will get to clinical practice offering patients with diabetes additional LDL-cholesterol lowering by more than 50 %. Selective modulators of PPARα receptors are under development and these shall offer better efficacy and tolerability compared with fibrates. Other future options for the management of diabetic dyslipidemia will be drugs utilizing the anti-sense technology interfering with translation of genes coding for metabolic pathways of lipoprotein species typically perturbed in type 2 diabetes (e.g. anti-sense oligonucleotides against mRNA of apolipoprotein CIII).

KEY WORDS

anti-sense therapy - diabetic dyslipidemia - ezetimibe - fibrates - PCSK9 inhibitors - resins - statins.

[The common position of the Czech professional associations on the consensus of the European Atherosclerosis Society and the European Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine regarding investigation on blood lipids and interpretation of their levels]

The aim of this opinion is to summarize and to comment the consensus of the European Atherosclerosis Society and European Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, which covers two main areas: 1) whether it is necessary / required to be fasting or non-fasting before blood sampling for lipids measurement, and what are the changes in the concentration of blood lipids during the day; 2) What decision limits (cut off value) of lipids and lipoproteins should be reported from laboratories and what is the recommended procedure for people with extreme / critical blood lipid values. Following parameters are discused: total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, apolipoprotein A1, apolipoprotein B, lipoprotein(a). This opinion should be the object of interest both for professionals in clinical laboratories and for physicians in hospitals and out-patients departments.Key words: apolipoproteins - blood collection - cholesterol - laboratory testing - lipoprotein(a) - cut off limits - triglycerides.

[Early diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolemia in Czech Republic in pursuance of MedPed Project]

Recent studies have revealed the prevalence of familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is approximately twice higher than previously estimated and, thus, the disease affects one in 250 persons from the general population. Therefore FH remains the most frequent inherited metabolic disorder. Due to the genetic defect LDL-cholesterol accumulates both in the plasma and tissues leading to premature and accelerated atherosclerosis. Untreated patients with FH might suffer from myocardial infarction in the third or fourth decade, one third of these events being fatal. The disease is under-diagnosed and undertreated worldwide. In the Czech Republic the MedPed project focused on early diagnosis and initiation of proper treatment of FH aiming at lowering of the above mentioned risks was initiated in 1998. A crucial part of the project is so called cascade screening among the relatives of identified FH probands. There are 6,350 registered FH subjects in the nationwide registry, which represents 16% of the expected number of FH patients in the Czech Republic. This result of screening efforts ranks among the top countries in the world, however, also in spite of the recent expansion of FH treatment options early detection and initiation of treatment of FH remains in the centre of our attention.

[Atherosclerosis: from etiology to its possible influencing]

Atherosclerosis as an inflammatory process affecting vessel wall has more forms usually occurring together. Classical atherosclerotic vascular lesion characterised by lipid accumulation in the subendothelial space is frequently accompanied by changes in deeper layers of arterial wall, in which increased extracellular tissue mass and smooth muscle cells activation represent the most prominent feature. Due to a specific constellation of risk factors the first or second pathology may be more expressed. While initiation and progression of classical atherosclerosis are mostly driven by lipoproteins (especially of LDL class) the most important factor of arterial media changes seem to be different risk factors e.g. hyperactivity of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAS). Influencing these two basic pathogenic mechanisms undoubtedly slows down the course of vascular changes and impacts positively on the prognosis of the patients. It is noteworthy, that simultaneous targeting of both of these mechanisms yields synergistic effects as evidenced both by experimental and clinical works. Using the opportunities offered by intensive lowering of atherogenic plasma lipids and over activation of the RAS system reduce not only the incidence of typical atherotromobotic complications (e.g. acute coronary syndrome) but also the events caused by changes of medial part of arterial wall or left myocardial ventricle (malignant arrhythmia, heart failure). These two strategies represent necessary conditions for successful cardiovascular prevention.

[Position of lipoprotein apheresis in present]

Lipoprotein apheresis (LA) is an effective treatment method the patients with severe hypercholesterolemia, resistant to the standard therapy. LA is an extracorporeal elimination technique, which specifically removes low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol from the circulation. At present, lipoprotein apheresis, combined with high-dose statin and ezetimibe therapy, is the best available means of treating patients with homozygous and statin refractory heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH). However, the extent of cholesterol-lowering achieved is often insufficient to meet the targets set by current guidelines. The recent advent of new classes of lipid-lowering agents provides new hope that the latter objective may now be achievable. These compounds act either by reducing low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol production by inhibiting apolipoprotein B synthesis with an antisense oligonucleotide (mipomersen), or by inhibiting microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (lomitapid), or by enhancing LDL catabolism via monoclonal antibody-mediated inhibition of the activity of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin 9 (PCSK9-alirocumab, evolocumab etc). The promising is the combination of LDL-apheresis with new drugs, namely for its potential to further decrease of LDL-cholesterol between apheresis. Depending on the outcome of current trials, it seems likely that these compounds, used alone or combined with lipoprotein apheresis, will markedly improve the management of refractory FH.

[Dietary changes in relationship to risk factors and coronary heart disease mortality]

Europe is a region, which is most severely affected by non-communicable diseases. Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of disability and death. Complex interactions between diet, lifestyle, and lipoprotein metabolism significantly contribute to the development of atherosclerosis and its complications. Role of diet in prevention of coronary heart disease becomes sometime underestimated in comparison with pharmacological treatment. Coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality has declined substantially in the Czech Republic in the last decade of the 20th century. Significant and positive dietary changes, mainly reduction of saturated fatty acids intake and its replacement by polyunsaturated fatty acids, contributed to decline of the average serum cholesterol level in population. Fall in CHD mortality was attributable to reduction in this major cardiovascular risk factor and not driven by pharmacological intervention. The Czech Republic is not the only country where similar trends have been recorded. Improvements in dietary habits seem to be one of the most important strategies in cardiovascular disease prevention.

SLCO1B1 polymorphism is not associated with risk of statin-induced myalgia/myopathy in a Czech population

Background

Gene SLCO1B1, encoding solute organic anionic transport polypeptide OATP1B1, belongs to the group of candidates potentially influencing statin treatment safety. OATP1B1 regulates (not only) the hepatic uptake of statins. Its genetic variation was described as an important predictor of statin-associated myopathy in a cohort of patients treated with a maximum dose of simvastatin. However, the impact of SLCO1B1 gene polymorphism on this risk in patients treated with other statins or lower doses of simvastatin needs to be assessed. Therefore, we performed the present study.

Material/Methods

SLCO1B1 tagging rs4363657 polymorphism was analyzed in 2 groups of patients with dyslipidemia (treated with simvastatin or atorvastatin, 10 or 20 mg per day), subgroup with statin-induced myalgia (N=286), and subgroup (N=707) without myalgia/myopathy, and in 2301 population controls without lipid-lowering treatment.

Results

Frequency of the individual genotypes in patients with myalgia/myopathy (TT=62.3%, CT=34.5%, CC=2.8%) did not significantly differ (both P values over 0.19) from that in patients without muscle symptoms (TT=61.4%, CT=32.9%, CC=5.7%) or from the population controls (TT=63.9%, CT=32.5%, CC=3.6%). Null results were also obtained for the dominant and recessive models of the analysis.

Conclusions

In Czech patients treated with low statin doses, there is no association between SLCO1B1 gene polymorphism and risk of myalgia/myopathy.

[Cardiovascular risk profile in 40-year old men and 50-year old women in the Czech Republic: results of a cross-sectional survey]

BACKGROUND

Cardiovascular (CV) disease belongs to the most important mortality causes worldwide. Early identification of risk factors and increased CV risk may help decrease of morbidity and mortality. An optimal age for CV risk factors screening ages of 40 in males and of 50 in females have been identified. CV risk profile of persons in these age categories has been examined by general practitioners and recorded for the purposes of this cross-sectional survey.

METHODS

1812 persons, males at average age of 40 years and females at average age of 50 years, were included into the survey. In each of the examined family and personal history including pharmacological were recorded into the study protocol as well as abusus and physical activity patterns. Basic anthropometrical parameters, e.g. heart rate, blood pressure, body mass index and laboratory measures including blood lipids and glycaemia. The participating physicians recorded newly identified risk factors CV disease and determined the global CVD risk according to the SCORE charts. Percentage of those already treated for any of the main CVD risk factors and, among these, also attaining the treatment goals. The percentage of patients with a newly identified CV risk factor was calculated. We also tested the hypothesis of a relationship between positive family history of any of the followed risk factors and its risk in the examined probands using Pearson´s test.

RESULTS

961 males, average age of 42.9 ± 4.7 years, and 851 females , average age of 51.2 ± 3.6 years, were enrolled into the study. 49% of males and 31% of females were overweight and 32% men and 31% of women were obese. There were 36% of smokers among men and 22% among women. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes was 11% in males and also in females. Arterial hypertension was diagnosed in 43% of males and 45% of females while dyslipidemia was present in 39% of males and 41% of females. Pharmacological treatment of any of the above mentioned diseases was used in 48% of the probands, however, only 7% of them attained treatment goals of blood pressure, LDL-cholesterol and glycaemia. Type 2 diabetes was newly identified in 3% of both males and females, arterial hypertension in 8% of males and 5% of females and dyslipidemia was newly detected in 20% of probands of both genders. Non-pharmacological treatment was recommended to 62% of male and to 65% of female participants, respectively. Pharmacological treatment was initiated in 53% of males and 51% of females. In both genders this was mostly antihypertensive treatment with ACE inhibitors (29% of males and 24% of females) and lipid lowering therapy with a statin (29% of males, 27% females). The analysis of relationship between the positive family history of any of the followed diseases and their presence in the probands examined revealed significant increases of the risk for arterial hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia.

CONCLUSION

The survey following CV risk profile in a cohort of 40 years old men and 50 years old women showed high prevalence of CV risk factors in these age categories in the Czech probands. The high frequency of modifiable risk factors and the need to initiate pharmacological treatment in more than one half of the examined population documents the need of early detection of risk. Genetic determination of individual major risk factors for CVD mirrored in the positive family history represents an important component of the global cardiovascular risk and must be actively detected and taken into account for the risk stratification.

[Non-pharmacological treatment - results from Poděbrady]

OBJECTIVES

The study was aimed to determine risk factors of atherosclerosis after one month lifestyle intervention in overweight/obese children and also FTO and MC4R gene variants associated with obesity.

DESIGN AND METHODS

350 non-diabetic Czech children (age 13.7 ± 2.1 years, 163 ± 10.6 cm hight) was examined. Before and after 4 weeks of lifestyle intervention (comprising a reduction of energy intake), biochemical and anthropometrical measurements were performed.

RESULTS

The mean weight loss achieved was 6.2 ± 2.1 kg (P < 0.001). Significant associations between BMI decrease and FTO and MC4R variants were found. Carriers of the FTO GG genotype and/or MC4R CC genotype lost significantly more body weight in comparison to the non-carriers (P < 0.0009 for BMI and P < 0.002 for body weight). The differences remain significant after adjustment for sex age and baseline values (P = 0.004 for BMI and P = 0.01 for body weight).

CONCLUSIONS

It is necessary to look for the risk individuals with wrong response to the regime intervention. This individuals is necessary early treat with drugs to prevention clinically complications.Key words: childhood obesity - components of metabolic syndrome - predisposition - response to intervention.

[Familial hypercholesterolemia - past and present. My experiences and findings in our group of patients with familial hypercholesterolemia]

Currently, the familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) rises the interest. The reason is that this genetic disorder is targeted by newly emerged and highly effective hypolipidemic agents, PCSK-9 inhibitors, lomitapid and mipomersen. Present paper discusses 2 patient study groups, before 50 years and nowadays. Although direct statistical analysis is impossible some changes in clinical features of FH might be found over the course of the time. In fact, the basic FH characteristic has not changed dramatically. Severe isolated hypercholesterolemia with total cholesterol 9-10 mmol/l, LDL-cholesterol 7-8 mmol/l and normal values of triglycerides dominates in laboratory analysis. Interestingly, the values of triglycerides increase and almost reach the pathological range in comparison to the values from the period 50 years ago. The values of HDL-cholesterol are normal. Manifestation of CHD in male patients over 40 years of age and in female patients over 50 years of age is not exceptional (rarely occur cases of myocardial infarction in third decade of age). Typical clinical manifestation of FH is xanthomatosis. The early detection and aggressive treatment in FH patients cause that xanthoma tendinosum, xanthelesma and arcus lipoides are less frequent as decades ago. Obesity, diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypertension do not belong to typical clinical sign of FH.

[News in lipid lowering treatment]

Options for modification of lipoprotein metabolism and, thus, for reduction of atherothrombotic complication have widened over recent years. Apart from the development of novel approaches new pharmacological formulations of common lipid lowering drugs have been prepared- e.g. statin-containing nanoparticles, fibrate nanoparticles with a much higher bioavailability etc. Even the oldest lipid lowering agents - resins - have not been forgotten due to its once again discovered positive impact of these agents on glucose homeostasis while optimally complementing the action of statins. Clinical trials of therapies targeting HDL particle metabolism are being in progress despite we have not gathered any unambiguous evidence of positive effect of the CETP inhibitors or apoA1 mime-tics on the progression of atherosclerosis. Brand new approaches in the treatment of dyslipidemia including MTTP and PCSK9 inhibition or therapies utilizing anti-sense technologies rapidly accumulate evidence from clinical studies. We have already learned about their lipid-modifying efficacy particularly in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia, however, data from other patients´ populations can be expected quite soon.

Impact of variants within seven candidate genes on statin treatment efficacy

Statins are the most commonly used drugs in patients with dyslipidemia. Among the patients, a significant inter-individual variability with supposed strong genetic background in statin treatment efficacy has been observed. Genome wide screenings detected variants within the CELSR2/PSRC1/SORT1, CILP2/PBX4, APOB, APOE/C1/C4, HMGCoA reductase, LDL receptor and PCSK9 genes that are among the candidates potentially modifying response to statins. Ten variants (SNPs) within these genes (rs599838, rs646776, rs16996148, rs693, rs515135, rs4420638, rs12654264, rs6511720, rs6235, rs11206510) were analyzed in 895 (46 % men, average age 60.3+/-13.1 years) patients with dyslipidemia treated with equipotent doses of statins (~90 % on simvastatin or atorvastatin, doses 10 or 20 mg) and selected 672 normolipidemic controls (40 % men, average age 46.5 years). Lipid parameters were available prior to the treatment and after 12 weeks of therapy. Statin treatment resulted in a significant decrease of both total cholesterol (7.00+/-1.53-->5.15+/-1.17 mmol/l, P<0.0001) and triglycerides (2.03+/-1.01-->1.65+/-1.23 mmol/l, P<0.0005). Rs599838 variant was not detected in first analyzed 284 patients. After adjustment for multiple testing, there was no significant association between individual SNPs and statin treatment efficacy. Only the rs4420638 (APOE/C1/C4 gene cluster) G allele carriers seem to show more profitable change of HDL cholesterol (P=0.007 without and P=0.06 after adjustment). Results demonstrated that, although associated with plasma TC and LDL cholesterol per se, variants within the CELSR2/PSRC1/SORT1, CILP2/PBX4, APOB, APOE/C1/C4, HMGCoA reductase, LDL receptor and PCSK9 genes do not modify therapeutic response to statins.

[Dyslipidemia and obesity 2011. Similarities and differences]

We shall open our overview of issues related to obesity and hyperlipoproteinemia (HLP) or dyslipidemia with a notoriously known truth (that some are still reluctant to accept): HLP/DLP is not obesity. It is certainly not possible to put an equal sign between subcutaneous fat and the level of plasma lipids and lipoproteins. On the other hand, it is obvious that there is a number of connecting links between HLP/DLP and obesity. These associations on one side and differences on the other are the focus of this review paper. (1) HLP/DLP as well as obesity represent a group of high incidence metabolic diseases (gradually evolving from epidemic to pandemic) that affect several tens of percent of inhabitants. (2) Both HLP/DLP and obesity often occur concurrently, often as a result of unhealthy lifestyle. However, genetic factors are also been studies and it is possible that mutual predispositions for the development of both diseases will be identified. At present, it is only possible to conclude that obesity worsens lipid metabolism in genetically-determined HLP. (3) Both these metabolic diseases represent a risk factor for other pathologies, cardiovascular diseases are the most important common complication of both conditions (central type of obesity only). Concurrent presence of HDL/DLP and obesity is often linked to other diagnoses, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2T), hypertension, pro-coagulation or pro-inflammatory states; all as part of so called metabolic syndrome. (4) Patients with metabolic syndrome and, mainly, central obesity usually have typical dyslipidemia with reduced HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) and sometimes hypertriglyceridaemia. Current treatment of HDL/DLP aims to first impact on the primary aim, i.e. LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C), and than influence HDL-C. (5) It seems that the therapeutic efforts in HLP/DLP and obesity will go in the same direction. I will skip the trivial (and difficult to accept by patients) dietary changes. Pharmacotherapy, however, (very scarce with respect to obesity) may bring positive effects on lipids and BMI. Metformin used to be considered as a drug that could improve lipid profile and lead to body weight reduction. Even though larger studies did not provide an unambiguous evidence for this, metformin keeps its position as a first line oral antidiabetic (not only) in patients with T2DM, HLP and obesity. Positive effect on lipids, mainly HDL-C is reported with pioglitazone. This drug, unlike other glitazones, does not bring body weight reduction but at least does not have a negative effect. Other antidiabetics with a positive effect on lipids and body weight include incretins, liraglutid in particular. Liraglutid importantly decreases triglyceride levels and has anorectic effect. Furthermore, metabolic effects of bariatric surgery should not be overlooked. Bariatric surgery brings weight reduction as well as it improves lipid profile and compensation of diabetes mellitus (DM). It should be mentioned here that bariatric surgery has been used for the treatment of HLP as early as 1980s. The results of the 25-year follow up within the POSCH study (ideal bypass indicated for HLP), presented in 2010, confirm a decrease in overall as well as cardiovascular mortality in an operated group, even though patients who did not undergo surgery were significantly more frequently treated with statins.

[Comprehensive management of cardiovascular risk. Focusing on telmisartan]

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) represent a significant health problem in all countries world-wide and in the developed world, including the Czech Republic, in particular. The underlying cause in the majority of CVD patients is atherosclerosis and its complications, respectively. The present paper focuses on prevention and timely treatment of atherosclerosis. Management should be comprehensive and should target the risk factors (RF). Hypertension, hyperlipoproteinaemia and dyslipidemia (HLP and DLP), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), visceral fat obesity and cigarette smoking are the dominating RFs. Even though all RFs have to be managed simultaneously and it is not possible to focus on just one of them, for the sake of clarity, this paper discusses hypertension and the use of telmisartan, a representative of one the most up-to-date group of antihypertensives. There is a growing evidence that it is not always just a reduction of a specific risk that is important but also the mode of treatment. For example, to reduce a CV risk in a patient with hypertension but also, for example, with metabolic syndrome, it is more beneficial to treat the patient with rennin-angiotensin system (RAS) blocking agents, possibly in a combination with calcium channels antagonists, than to use "traditional" (older) treatment approach with a combination of a beta/blocker and diuretic. Among the RAS-modifying agents, ACE inhibitors and sartans are the most widely used. Among sartans, telmisartan is very well-tolerated and has evidence from a large interventional study for its effect on reducing the CV risk.

[Hyperlipoproteinaemia and dyslipoproteinaemia II. Therapy: non-pharmacological and pharmacological approaches]

At present, literally no one disputes hyperlipoproteinaemia and dyslipidemia (HLP and DLP) treatment as a rational therapeutic approach in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). This approach is in line with the current principles of evidence-based medicine (EBM) and is sufficiently evidenced particularly by the results of large intervention studies. Nevertheless! When the results of the recent studies are critically appraised, these by no means are (mostly, there, obviously, are exceptions) as conclusive as the studies conducted in 1980s and 1990s. Consequently, positive results are being sought in subanalyses, subgroup evaluations and multiple-study metaanalyses. This paper is not intended as a critique of new drugs. These certainly are developed to be safe, effective and well-tolerated. However, the newer studies suffer from a range of issues: the populations studied are already very well managed, it is not possible to compare against placebo and sometimes, let us be honest, the trial design itself is problematic (often it is an uncritical effort to treat as wide as possible range of patients as well as new groups of patients who might not be suitable for the given treatment). Certainly, we should not start disputing the well-evidenced hypotheses and seek alternatives to the long-established arguments and approaches as a consequence to some less convincing studies. We must not overlook the most robust results of statin studies as well as 'positive' studies with other hypolipidemics. There is no doubt that the effect ofstatins on LDL-cholesterol represents a significant move towards cardiovascular disease prevention. Despite this, we currently recognise with increased intensity that this very effective and well-evidenced treatment has its limits and that a high proportion of patients dies or are faced with cardiovascular diseases even though they are treated with a correct dose ofa statin and a target LDL-C level is achieved. This remaining risk (represents more than 50% ofevents) has been termed 'RESIDUAL RISK'. The issue of residual risk is crucial in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2T) or in all patients with HDL-C-low DLP. As was repeatedly emphasised, a statin will be a cornerstone of pharmacological treatment of a DLP. However, a question arises what to combine it with. The most convincing data exist for niacin (combination of niacin with laropiprant minimising the incidence of unwanted flushes). We surely should not marginalize other hypolipidemics used mainly in combinations: resin and ezetimibe to treat LDL-C, niacin, fibrates and possibly omega-3-fatty acids to manage the residual risk (HDL and TG). Last but not least we should not forget non-pharmacological treatment as the pivotal treatment approach in all patients.

[Hyperlipoproteinaemia and dyslipoproteinaemia I. Classification, diagnostics, cardiovascular, cardiometabolic and residual risk]

Cardiovascular diseases remain the most important cause of death worldwide. The situation in the Czech Republic is one of the best when compared to the other countries of the former socialist block; on the other hand, we significantly lack behind when the comparison is made to south and southwest European countries. The concept of risk factors (RF) and multifactorial character of atherosclerosis as the main cause of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) is fully accepted at present. Hyperlipoproteinaemia (HLP) and dyslipidemia (DLP) are a group of high incidence metabolic diseases characterised by increased levels of lipids and lipoproteins in plasma or, in case of DLP, by unsuitable, atherogenic composition of lipids and lipoproteins in plasma. HLP and DLP are among the most important RF for the development of CVD. Mainly LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) is perceived as a very important risk factor; successful reduction of LDL-C is linked to a reduction in cardiovascular risk. Even when LDL-C is decreased and the so-called "target values" achieved, patients are still at risk ofa CV event. This remnant risk is the so called "residual risk". The most important "rival" to LDL-cholesterol among the risk factors is the metabolic syndrome, or rather the DLP associated with the metabolic syndrome, characterised from the perspective of DLP by low levels of HDL-cholesterol and increased triglycerides with concurrent occurrence of "small dense LDL". The issue of heterogeneity and atherogenicity oflipoprotein particles in general then becomes topical. Lipoprotein (a)--Lp(a) is another important lipid risk factor that is getting a significant attention.

Association between duration of the sleep and body weight

Some studies have suggested that there could be an association between the duration of sleep in humans and development of the obesity. We have analyzed the group of the probands (n = 3970, 2038 males and 1932 females, aged 18-65 years), with permanent address in the Central or South Bohemia. We ascertained the relationship between the duration of their sleep (obtained per questionnaire) and body mass index, weight, height, the value of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, waist and hip circumference, the values of total-, high density- and low density- cholesterol, thyroid hormone and body exercise performed. The optimal values of the body mass index (and optimal body weight) were associated with the duration of sleep 7 hours per night (P < 0.001). This association was found both in males and females and in both districts. Other anthropometrical and biochemical parameters were not associated with the sleep duration.