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Forss S, Ciria A, Clark F, Galusca CL, Harrison D, Lee S. A transdisciplinary view on curiosity beyond linguistic humans: animals, infants, and artificial intelligence. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024; 99:979-998. [PMID: 38287201 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Curiosity is a core driver for life-long learning, problem-solving and decision-making. In a broad sense, curiosity is defined as the intrinsically motivated acquisition of novel information. Despite a decades-long history of curiosity research and the earliest human theories arising from studies of laboratory rodents, curiosity has mainly been considered in two camps: 'linguistic human' and 'other'. This is despite psychology being heritable, and there are many continuities in cognitive capacities across the animal kingdom. Boundary-pushing cross-disciplinary debates on curiosity are lacking, and the relative exclusion of pre-linguistic infants and non-human animals has led to a scientific impasse which more broadly impedes the development of artificially intelligent systems modelled on curiosity in natural agents. In this review, we synthesize literature across multiple disciplines that have studied curiosity in non-verbal systems. By highlighting how similar findings have been produced across the separate disciplines of animal behaviour, developmental psychology, neuroscience, and computational cognition, we discuss how this can be used to advance our understanding of curiosity. We propose, for the first time, how features of curiosity could be quantified and therefore studied more operationally across systems: across different species, developmental stages, and natural or artificial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Forss
- Collegium Helveticum, Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Zurich, ETH Zurich and Zurich University of the Arts, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alejandra Ciria
- School of Psychology, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Fay Clark
- School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Cristina-Loana Galusca
- Laboratoire de Psychologie et NeuroCognition, CNRS Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - David Harrison
- Department of History and Philosophy of Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Saein Lee
- Interdisciplinary Program of EcoCreative, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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2
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Sunderji A, Gallant HD, Hall A, Davis AD, Pokhvisneva I, Meaney MJ, Silveira PP, Sassi RB, Hall GB. Serotonin transporter (5-HTT) gene network moderates the impact of prenatal maternal adversity on orbitofrontal cortical thickness in middle childhood. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287289. [PMID: 37319261 PMCID: PMC10270637 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In utero, the developing brain is highly susceptible to the environment. For example, adverse maternal experiences during the prenatal period are associated with outcomes such as altered neurodevelopment and emotion dysregulation. Yet, the underlying biological mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we investigate whether the function of a network of genes co-expressed with the serotonin transporter in the amygdala moderates the impact of prenatal maternal adversity on the structure of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) in middle childhood and/or the degree of temperamental inhibition exhibited in toddlerhood. T1-weighted structural MRI scans were acquired from children aged 6-12 years. A cumulative maternal adversity score was used to conceptualize prenatal adversity and a co-expression based polygenic risk score (ePRS) was generated. Behavioural inhibition at 18 months was assessed using the Early Childhood Behaviour Questionnaire (ECBQ). Our results indicate that in the presence of a low functioning serotonin transporter gene network in the amygdala, higher levels of prenatal adversity are associated with greater right OFC thickness at 6-12 years old. The interaction also predicts temperamental inhibition at 18 months. Ultimately, we identified important biological processes and structural modifications that may underlie the link between early adversity and future deviations in cognitive, behavioural, and emotional development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleeza Sunderji
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Heather D. Gallant
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Alexander Hall
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew D. Davis
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Irina Pokhvisneva
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Michael J. Meaney
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences and Brain–Body Initiative, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Patricia P. Silveira
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Roberto B. Sassi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Geoffrey B. Hall
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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3
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Sammallahti S, Serdarevic F, Tiemeier H. Excessive Crying, Behavior Problems, and Amygdala Volume: A Study From Infancy to Adolescence. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2023; 62:675-683. [PMID: 36758936 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2023.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Excessive crying in infancy has been associated with increased risk of later behavioral problems. To identify individuals at risk for behavioral problems and to understand the mechanisms underlying excessive crying and irritability in infancy, research into the neurobiology of excessive crying is needed. We examined whether excessive crying and irritability in infancy are associated with behavioral problems and amygdala volume among children and adolescents. METHOD This study included 4,751 singleton children from the prospective population-based Generation R Study cohort, born in the Netherlands in 2002 to 2006. Excessive crying (>3 hours on at least 1 day/wk) and irritability (Mother and Baby Scales questionnaire) were parent-rated at 3 months. Amygdala volume was measured at 10 years using magnetic resonance imaging, and internalizing and externalizing were parent-rated at 1.5, 3, 6, 10, and 14 years and self-rated at 14 years. Covariates included child age, sex, national origin, gestational age, and maternal age, psychopathology score, parity, education, relationship status, and family income. RESULTS Children who cried excessively in infancy had higher parent-rated internalizing (effect estimate = 0.20 SD-units, 95% CI = 0.14, 0.27) and externalizing (0.17 SD-units, 95% CI = 0.10, 0.24) throughout childhood (linear mixed models), and smaller amygdala volume at 10 years (-0.19 SD-units, 95% CI = -0.32, -0.06) (linear regression model). The pattern of associations for both behavioral problems and amygdala volume was similar for irritability. CONCLUSION Excessive crying and irritability in infancy may reflect an early vulnerability to behavioral problems and may be linked with neurobiological differences in the development of the amygdala.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Sammallahti
- Erasmus MC, Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
| | | | - Henning Tiemeier
- Erasmus MC, Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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Nazzari S, Grumi S, Villa M, Mambretti F, Biasucci G, Decembrino L, Giacchero R, Magnani ML, Nacinovich R, Prefumo F, Spinillo A, Veggiotti P, Fullone E, Giorda R, Provenzi L. Sex-dependent association between variability in infants' OXTR methylation at birth and negative affectivity at 3 months. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2022; 145:105920. [PMID: 36108459 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2022.105920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sex-specific differences in DNA methylation of the oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) have been shown in adults and are related to several mental disorders. Negative affectivity early in life is a trans-diagnostic risk marker of later psychopathology and is partly under genetic control. However, sex-specific variations in OXTR methylation (OXTRm) in infants and their associations with negative affectivity are still unknown. AIMS Here, we explored sex differences in the association between infant OXTRm at birth and negative affectivity at 3 months of age. METHODS Infants and their mothers (N = 224) were recruited at delivery. Infants' methylation status was assessed in 13 CpG sites within the OXTR gene intron 1 region (chr3: 8810654-8810919) in buccal cells at birth while 3-month-old infants' negative affectivity was assessed by mothers using a well-validated temperament questionnaire. RESULTS OXTRm at 12 CpG sites was higher in females than in males. Moreover, higher infants' OXTRm at 6 specific CpG sites was associated with greater negative affectivity in males, but not in females. CONCLUSIONS These results provide new insights into the role of sex-dependent epigenetic mechanisms linking OXTRm with early infants' emotional development. Understanding the degree to which epigenetic processes relate to early temperamental variations may help inform the etiology of later childhood psychopathological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Nazzari
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Serena Grumi
- Developmental Psychobiology Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco Villa
- Molecular Biology Lab, Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Fabiana Mambretti
- Molecular Biology Lab, Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Giacomo Biasucci
- Department of Pediatrics & Neonatology, Guglielmo da Saliceto Hospital, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Lidia Decembrino
- Unità Operativa di Pediatria e Nido, ASST Pavia, Vigevano, Italy
| | | | | | - Renata Nacinovich
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy; School of Medicine and Surgery & Milan Center for Neuroscience, Università Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Prefumo
- Unit of Child and Adolescence Neuropsychiatry, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Arsenio Spinillo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy; Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic, and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Pierangelo Veggiotti
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Vittore Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Eleonora Fullone
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Roberto Giorda
- Molecular Biology Lab, Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Livio Provenzi
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Developmental Psychobiology Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy.
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Kanen JW, Robbins TW, Trofimova IN. Harnessing temperament to elucidate the complexities of serotonin function. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2022.101108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Ash H, Chang A, Ortiz RJ, Kulkarni P, Rauch B, Colman R, Ferris CF, Ziegler TE. Structural and functional variations in the prefrontal cortex are associated with learning in pre-adolescent common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). Behav Brain Res 2022; 430:113920. [PMID: 35595058 PMCID: PMC9362994 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.113920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
There is substantial evidence linking the prefrontal cortex (PFC) to a variety of cognitive abilities, with adolescence being a critical period in its development. In the current study, we investigated the neural basis of differences in learning in pre-adolescent common marmosets. At 8 months old, marmosets were given anatomical and resting state MRI scans (n=24). At 9 months old, association learning and inhibitory control was tested using a 'go/no go' visual discrimination (VD) task. Marmosets were grouped into 'learners' (n=12) and 'non-learners' (n=12), and associations between cognitive performance and sub-regional PFC volumes, as well as PFC connectivity patterns, were investigated. 'Learners' had significantly (p<0.05) larger volumes of areas 11, 25, 47 and 32 than 'non-learners', although 'non-learners' had significantly larger volumes of areas 24a and 8v than 'learners'. There was also a significant correlation between average % correct responses to the 'punished' stimulus and volume of area 47. Further, 'non-learners' had significantly greater global PFC connections, as well as significantly greater numbers of connections between the PFC and basal ganglia, cerebellum and hippocampus, compared to 'non-learners'. These results suggest that larger sub-regions of the orbitofrontal cortex and ventromedial PFC, as well more refined PFC connectivity patterns to other brain regions associated with learning, may be important in successful response inhibition. This study therefore offers new information on the neurodevelopment of individual differences in cognition during pre-adolescence in non-human primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley Ash
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison WI.
| | - Arnold Chang
- Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Northeastern University, Boston MA
| | - Richard J Ortiz
- Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Northeastern University, Boston MA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces NM
| | - Praveen Kulkarni
- Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Northeastern University, Boston MA
| | - Beth Rauch
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison WI
| | - Ricki Colman
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison WI; Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison WI
| | - Craig F Ferris
- Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Northeastern University, Boston MA
| | - Toni E Ziegler
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison WI
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7
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Ostlund B, Myruski S, Buss K, Pérez-Edgar KE. The centrality of temperament to the research domain criteria (RDoC): The earliest building blocks of psychopathology. Dev Psychopathol 2021; 33:1584-1598. [PMID: 34365985 PMCID: PMC10039756 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579421000511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The research domain criteria (RDoC) is an innovative approach designed to explore dimensions of human behavior. The aim of this approach is to move beyond the limits of psychiatric categories in the hope of aligning the identification of psychological health and dysfunction with clinical neuroscience. Despite its contributions to adult psychopathology research, RDoC undervalues ontogenetic development, which circumscribes our understanding of the etiologies, trajectories, and maintaining mechanisms of psychopathology risk. In this paper, we argue that integrating temperament research into the RDoC framework will advance our understanding of the mechanistic origins of psychopathology beginning in infancy. In illustrating this approach, we propose the incorporation of core principles of temperament theories into a new "life span considerations" subsection as one option for infusing development into the RDoC matrix. In doing so, researchers and clinicians may ultimately have the tools necessary to support emotional development and reduce a young child's likelihood of psychological dysfunction beginning in the first years of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Ostlund
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, US
| | - Sarah Myruski
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, US
| | - Kristin Buss
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, US
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, US
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8
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An D, Kochanska G. Theory of Mind as a Mechanism That Accounts for the Continuity or Discontinuity of Behavioral Inhibition: A Developmentally Informed Model of Risk for Social Anxiety. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2021; 49:1333-1344. [PMID: 34037887 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-021-00831-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Research has established that children with high levels of early behavioral inhibition (BI) - a subdued, timid, fearful response to novel or mildly challenging stimuli or events - are at an elevated risk for social anxiety in later childhood and adolescence. Yet, substantial heterogeneity has been documented in those developmental trajectories; consequently, understanding factors that moderate children's paths from early BI to social anxiety is an important goal. We proposed that the association between children's BI at toddler age and social anxiety at early school age is (a) mediated by their BI at preschool age, and (b) moderated by the level of social understanding, or Theory of Mind (ToM). In 102 typically developing community children, we observed BI in the laboratory at age 2 and 4.5 in "Risk Room" paradigms and assessed ToM at age 4.5 and 5.5 using false belief tasks. Mothers and fathers rated children's social anxiety symptoms at age 6.5. We supported the proposed moderated mediation model, with the path from BI at age 2 to BI at age 4.5 to social anxiety at age 6.5 unfolding only for children whose ToM abilities were relatively low, but not for those whose ToM abilities were relatively high. Results also supported a curvilinear relation between ToM and social anxiety, which highlights the risk of elevated social anxiety for children with extremely low ToM abilities. Taken together, proficiency in mindreading may help inhibited children navigate social environments and thus reduce risks for social anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danming An
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa, USA.
| | - Grazyna Kochanska
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa, USA
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9
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Villard J, Bennett JL, Bliss-Moreau E, Capitanio JP, Fox NA, Amaral DG, Lavenex P. Structural differences in the hippocampus and amygdala of behaviorally inhibited macaque monkeys. Hippocampus 2021; 31:858-868. [PMID: 33844366 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Behavioral inhibition is a temperamental disposition to react warily when confronted by unfamiliar people, objects, or events. Behaviorally inhibited children are at greater risk of developing anxiety disorders later in life. Previous studies reported that individuals with a history of childhood behavioral inhibition exhibit abnormal activity in the hippocampus and amygdala. However, few studies have investigated the structural differences that may underlie these functional abnormalities. In this exploratory study, we evaluated rhesus monkeys exhibiting a phenotype consistent with human behavioral inhibition. We performed quantitative neuroanatomical analyses that cannot be performed in humans including estimates of the volume and neuron number of distinct hippocampal regions and amygdala nuclei in behaviorally inhibited and control rhesus monkeys. Behaviorally inhibited monkeys had larger volumes of the rostral third of the hippocampal field CA3, smaller volumes of the rostral third of CA2, and smaller volumes of the accessory basal nucleus of the amygdala. Furthermore, behaviorally inhibited monkeys had fewer neurons in the rostral third of CA2. These structural differences may contribute to the functional abnormalities in the hippocampus and amygdala of behaviorally inhibited individuals. These structural findings in monkeys are consistent with a reduced modulation of amygdala activity via prefrontal cortex projections to the accessory basal nucleus. Given the putative roles of the amygdala in affective processing, CA3 in associative learning and CA2 in social memory, increased amygdala and CA3 activity, and diminished CA2 structure and function, may be associated with increased social anxiety and the heritability of behavioral inhibition. The findings from this exploratory study compel follow-up investigations with larger sample sizes and additional analyses to provide greater insight and more definitive answers regarding the neurobiological bases of behavioral inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Villard
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Development, Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jeffrey L Bennett
- MIND Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Eliza Bliss-Moreau
- Department of Psychology, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, USA.,California National Primate Research Center, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - John P Capitanio
- Department of Psychology, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, USA.,California National Primate Research Center, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Nathan A Fox
- Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - David G Amaral
- MIND Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, USA.,California National Primate Research Center, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Pierre Lavenex
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Development, Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Kenwood MM, Kalin NH. Nonhuman Primate Models to Explore Mechanisms Underlying Early-Life Temperamental Anxiety. Biol Psychiatry 2021; 89:659-671. [PMID: 33229035 PMCID: PMC7952470 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Anxiety disorders are among the most prevalent psychiatric disorders, causing significant suffering and disability. Behavioral inhibition is a temperament that is linked to an increased risk for the later development of anxiety disorders and other stress-related psychopathology, and understanding the neural systems underlying this dispositional risk could provide insight into novel treatment targets for anxiety disorders. Nonhuman primates (NHPs) have anxiety-related temperaments that are similar to those of humans with behavioral inhibition, facilitating the design of translational models related to human psychopathology. Characterization of our NHP model of behavioral inhibition, which we term anxious temperament (AT), reveals that it is trait-like. Exploration of the neural substrates of AT in NHPs has revealed a distributed neural circuit that is linked to individual differences in AT, which includes the dorsal amygdala. AT-related metabolism in the dorsal amygdala, including the central nucleus, is stable across time and can be detected even in safe contexts, suggesting that AT has trait-like neural signatures within the brain. The use of lesioning and novel chemogenetic methods allows for mechanistic perturbation of the amygdala to determine its causal contribution to AT. Studies characterizing the molecular bases for individual differences in AT in the dorsal amygdala, which take advantage of novel methods for probing cellular and molecular systems, suggest involvement of neurotrophic systems, which point to the importance of neuroplasticity in AT. These novel methods, when used in combination with translational NHP models such as AT, promise to provide insights into the brain systems underlying the early risk for anxiety disorder development.
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11
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Martínez-García C, Parra-Martínez C, Parra ÁT, Martínez-García TE, Alameda-Bailén JR. Iowa Gambling Task and Distortion in Perception of Body Image Among Adolescent Women With Eating Disorders. Front Psychol 2020; 11:2223. [PMID: 32982892 PMCID: PMC7488598 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Iowa gambling task (IGT) is an instrument for the neuropsychological evaluation of cognitive and emotional decision making (DM) processes that was created to test the somatic marker hypothesis (SMH) described by Damasio in 1994. It was initially applied to patients with frontal lobe lesions due to its association with executive functions but was subsequently used on patients with a variety of disorders. Although the DM process is inherently perceptual, few studies have applied the IGT to examine DM processes in patients with eating disorders (EDs), and even fewer have associated the IGT to the perceptual distortion of body image (PDBI) in this population. People diagnosed with ED exhibit heightened control over their somatic responses-for example, they can delay digestion for hours-and DM may be affected in this condition. This study compares the performance of two samples of adolescent women-hospitalized patients with ED, and healthy controls with similar demographic characteristics-on the IGT using body image as a possible factor in the SMH. Seventy-four women with a mean age of 14.97 years (SD = 2.347) participated. To analyze their body self-image, we used the figure-rating scale and compared the results with their body mass index (BMI). Correlations between indices of the IGT and distortion in body image were then explored. The results revealed significant differences between the groups in terms of evolving performance on the partial IGT. Patients with ED performed worse than their healthy counterparts in the last 40 trials and exhibited greater distortions in their body image, especially in terms of overestimation. Indices of these distortions were negatively correlated with the total IGT. These results are compatible with the SMH because they suggest that patients with ED evinced blindness with regard to the future, as described by their authors. In addition, a negative correlation was found between the IGT and PDBI, showing that a more distorted body image was associated with lower IGT, that is, more disadvantageous or riskier decisions were made by the subjects with more distortion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concha Martínez-García
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain
| | - Cecilio Parra-Martínez
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Research Center for Natural Resources, Health and the Environment (RENSMA), University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain
| | - Ángel T. Parra
- Department of Medicine, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
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Kim MJ, Farber MJ, Knodt AR, Hariri AR. Corticolimbic circuit structure moderates an association between early life stress and later trait anxiety. Neuroimage Clin 2019; 24:102050. [PMID: 31677585 PMCID: PMC6838553 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2019.102050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Childhood adversity is associated with a wide range of negative behavioral and neurodevelopmental consequences. However, individuals vary substantially in their sensitivity to such adversity. Here, we examined how individual variability in structural features of the corticolimbic circuit, which plays a key role in emotional reactivity, moderates the association between childhood adversity and later trait anxiety in 798 young adult university students. Consistent with prior research, higher self-reported childhood adversity was significantly associated with higher self-reported trait anxiety. However, this association was attenuated in participants with higher microstructural integrity of the uncinate fasciculus and greater thickness of the orbitofrontal cortex. These structural properties of the corticolimbic circuit may capture a neural profile of relative resiliency to early life stress, especially against the negative effects of childhood adversity on later trait anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Justin Kim
- Department of Psychology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
| | - Madeline J Farber
- Laboratory of NeuroGenetics, Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0086, USA
| | - Annchen R Knodt
- Laboratory of NeuroGenetics, Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0086, USA
| | - Ahmad R Hariri
- Laboratory of NeuroGenetics, Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0086, USA
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Auday ES, Pérez-Edgar KE. Limbic and prefrontal neural volume modulate social anxiety in children at temperamental risk. Depress Anxiety 2019; 36:690-700. [PMID: 31373755 PMCID: PMC6684311 DOI: 10.1002/da.22941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical levels of a social anxiety disorder (SAD) often appear during childhood and rise to a peak during late adolescence. The temperament trait behavioral inhibition (BI), evident early in childhood, has been linked to increased risk for SAD. Functional and structural variations in brain regions associated with the identification of, and response to, fear may support the BI-SAD relation. Whereas relevant functional studies are emerging, the few extant structural studies have focused on adult samples with mixed findings. METHODS A moderated-mediation model was used to examine the relations between BI, SAD symptoms, and brain-volume individual differences in a sample of children at risk for anxiety (ages 9-12; N = 130, 52 BI). RESULTS Our findings indicate that at higher levels of BI, children with smaller anterior insula volumes showed stronger correlations between BI and SAD. In addition, larger ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vlPFC) volumes were associated with fewer SAD symptoms. CONCLUSIONS These findings support previous reports linking SAD levels with variations in volume and reactivity in both limbic (insula) and prefrontal (vlPFC) regions. These findings set the foundation for further examination of networks of neural structures that influence the transition from BI to SAD across development, helping further clarify mechanisms of risk and resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eran S. Auday
- The Pennsylvania State University,Geisinger Health System
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Duijndam S, Denollet J. Social inhibition in population-based and cardiac patient samples: Robustness of inhibition, sensitivity and withdrawal as distinct facets. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2019; 58:13-23. [PMID: 30822657 DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Behavioral inhibition plays a key role in animal stress research and developmental research in children. Therefore, we examined the robustness of our multifaceted model of adult social inhibition that comprises behavioral inhibition, interpersonal sensitivity, and social withdrawal components. METHOD A total of 899 adults completed the 15-item Social Inhibition Questionnaire (SIQ15) and measures of emotional distress. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), reliability estimates, and correlational and second-order factor analyses were used to examine the robustness of our model. RESULTS CFA (RMSEA = 0.052; NFI = 0.938; CFI = 0.957) and Cronbach's α estimates ≥0.87 confirmed the robustness of our multi-facet social inhibition model based on three correlated inhibition, sensitivity, and withdrawal factors in 560 adults from the general population and in 194 undergraduate students. Inhibition, sensitivity, and withdrawal were stable over time (3-month test-retest correlations ≥ 0.78), and were closely related to the Gest Behavioral Inhibition and PID-5 Withdrawal measures in a clinical sample of 145 cardiac patients. Of note, male cardiac patients reported more inhibition and withdrawal than female patients. Across samples, social inhibition was distinctly different from negative affectivity. CONCLUSIONS Our 3-facet model of inhibition, sensitivity and withdrawal was robust across samples, and may promote research on adult social inhibition in population-based and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Duijndam
- CoRPS - Center of Research on Psychology in Somatic diseases, Tilburg University, Tilburg, the Netherlands.
| | - Johan Denollet
- CoRPS - Center of Research on Psychology in Somatic diseases, Tilburg University, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Denollet J, Duijndam S. The multidimensional nature of adult social inhibition: Inhibition, sensitivity and withdrawal facets of the SIQ15. J Affect Disord 2019; 245:569-579. [PMID: 30445382 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social inhibition may promote emotional problems in children, but little is known about this disposition in adults. Our research builds on a theory-based model to suggest that adult social inhibition involves distinct behavioral (inhibition), cognitive (sensitivity), and affective (withdrawal) characteristics. METHODS A total of 1385 adults completed measures of social inhibition, emotional distress, and social stress. Factor analyses, reliability estimates and regression analyses were used to examine the robustness of our model, and the validity of the 15-item Social Inhibition Questionnaire (SIQ15). RESULTS In Study 1 (N = 1180; Mage 46.9 years; 52% women), factor analysis confirmed that behavioral inhibition, interpersonal sensitivity, and social withdrawal reflected distinct facets of social inhibition. Next, we developed the SIQ15 that covers these facets with 5 items each; e.g. has difficulty making contact; expects negative reactions from others; keeps others at a distance. Study 2 (N = 209; Mage 20.3 years; 77% women) showed that the SIQ15 and its 5-item Inhibition, Sensitivity and Withdrawal facet scales were internally consistent (Cronbach's α between 0.86/0.94) and stable over time (test-retest between r = 0.73/0.78). The SIQ15 facets differentially predicted related inhibition (Behavioral Inhibition Scale), rumination (Penn State Worry Questionnaire) and withdrawal (Personality Inventory for DSM-5) scores at 6 months follow-up. Younger age and having no partner were associated with more social inhibition. LIMITATIONS Findings are based on self-report; experimental and prospective studies are needed to further validate our inhibition model. CONCLUSIONS Inhibition, sensitivity, and withdrawal are distinct manifestations of adult social inhibition that can be reliably assessed with the SIQ15. Research needs to examine how this multidimensional nature of social inhibition has an effect on stress, health, and wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Denollet
- CoRPS-Center of Research on Psychology in Somatic diseases, Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands.
| | - Stefanie Duijndam
- CoRPS-Center of Research on Psychology in Somatic diseases, Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
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Kagan J. Perspectives on two temperamental biases. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 373:rstb.2017.0158. [PMID: 29483343 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper describes the contribution of two infant temperamental biases to variation in behaviour and biology over the first 18 years in a sample of middle-class Caucasian children. One bias, called high reactive, is defined by frequent display of limb activity and crying in four-month-old infants to unexpected or unfamiliar events. The other, called low reactive, is defined by the opposite pair of behaviours to the same incentives. High reactive infants are likely to display cautious, avoidant responses and signs of an excitable amygdala to unexpected experiences. Low reactives are characterized by a sociable, emotionally spontaneous profile to the same experiences and a minimally excitable amygdala. However, each bias is a better predictor of the future traits that are unlikely to develop than the ones that do. The final pattern of traits is a function of the person's temperaments, life history, and current circumstances.This article is part of the theme issue 'Diverse perspectives on diversity: multi-disciplinary approaches to taxonomies of individual differences'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Kagan
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, 33 Kirkland Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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Bas-Hoogendam JM, van Steenbergen H, Tissier RLM, Houwing-Duistermaat JJ, Westenberg PM, van der Wee NJA. Subcortical brain volumes, cortical thickness and cortical surface area in families genetically enriched for social anxiety disorder - A multiplex multigenerational neuroimaging study. EBioMedicine 2018; 36:410-428. [PMID: 30266294 PMCID: PMC6197574 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is a disabling psychiatric condition with a genetic background. Brain alterations in gray matter (GM) related to SAD have been previously reported, but it remains to be elucidated whether GM measures are candidate endophenotypes of SAD. Endophenotypes are measurable characteristics on the causal pathway from genotype to phenotype, providing insight in genetically-based disease mechanisms. Based on a review of existing evidence, we examined whether GM characteristics meet two endophenotype criteria, using data from a unique sample of SAD-patients and their family-members of two generations. First, we investigated whether GM characteristics co-segregate with social anxiety within families genetically enriched for SAD. Secondly, heritability of the GM characteristics was estimated. METHODS Families with a genetic predisposition for SAD participated in the Leiden Family Lab study on SAD; T1-weighted MRI brain scans were acquired (n = 110, 8 families). Subcortical volumes, cortical thickness and cortical surface area were determined for a-priori determined regions of interest (ROIs). Next, associations with social anxiety and heritabilities were estimated. FINDINGS Several subcortical and cortical GM characteristics, derived from frontal, parietal and temporal ROIs, co-segregated with social anxiety within families (uncorrected p-level) and showed moderate to high heritability. INTERPRETATION These findings provide preliminary evidence that GM characteristics of multiple ROIs, which are distributed over the brain, are candidate endophenotypes of SAD. Thereby, they shed light on the genetic vulnerability for SAD. Future research is needed to confirm these results and to link them to functional brain alterations and to genetic variations underlying these GM changes. FUND: Leiden University Research Profile 'Health, Prevention and the Human Life Cycle'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janna Marie Bas-Hoogendam
- Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Wassenaarseweg 52, 2333 AK Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Henk van Steenbergen
- Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Wassenaarseweg 52, 2333 AK Leiden, The Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Renaud L M Tissier
- Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Wassenaarseweg 52, 2333 AK Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | | | - P Michiel Westenberg
- Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Wassenaarseweg 52, 2333 AK Leiden, The Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Nic J A van der Wee
- Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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BDNF and NRG1 polymorphisms and temperament in selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor-treated patients with major depression. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2018; 30:168-174. [PMID: 29310728 DOI: 10.1017/neu.2017.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated the separate effects of and possible interactions between the functional polymorphisms of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) rs11030101, BDNF rs61888800, and neuregulin-1 (NRG1) rs3924999 and NRG1 rs6994992 on change of temperament scores in a clinical sample of subjects with major depression (MDD), who received selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor treatment for a period of 6 weeks. METHODS The study population consisted of 98 Finnish individuals with MDD. They were assessed by the 107-item Temperament and Character Inventory temperament questionnaire (version IX) and the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS). In general linear univariate models (GLM) for novelty seeking (NS) or reward dependence (RD) change age, gender, MADRS score change and BDNF and NRG1 genotypes were used as explaining explanatory variables. RESULTS Mean comparisons between corresponding temperament dimensions and genotypes showed significant differences between NS change and BDNF rs61888800 T-carrying status (mean difference: GG 0.30, GT/TT 2.47, p=0.022, t-test) and between RD change and NRG1 rs3924999 A-carrying status (mean difference: GG 1.21, GA/AA -0.33, p=0.003). In GLM models for NS change the significant predictors comprised BDNF rs61888800 T-carrying status, age and MADRS score change (model 1), and additionally NRG1 rs6994992 T-carrying status (model 2). For RD change the predictors included NRG1 rs3924999 A-carrying status, age and MADRS score change (model 1) and additionally gender (model 2). CONCLUSION According to the current results both BDNF and NRG1 are associated with temperament traits during depression. These results warrant further studies regarding the impact of this association on depression recovery.
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Chen Z, Guo Y, Feng T. Neuroanatomical correlates of time perspective: A voxel-based morphometry study. Behav Brain Res 2018; 339:255-260. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Vallance AK, Fernandez V. Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: aetiology, diagnosis and treatment. BJPSYCH ADVANCES 2018. [DOI: 10.1192/apt.bp.114.014183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
SummaryThe presentation of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents shares similarities and differences with that in adults, and may vary significantly, depending on the age of the individual. Assessment must differentiate anxiety disorders from developmentally appropriate fears as well as medical conditions and drugs that can mimic anxiety states. Aetiology of anxiety disorders in this group encompasses complex genetic and environmental influences. Additional insight into causation is provided by neuroimaging and research into temperament. Recommended interventions include both cognitive-behavioural therapy and pharmacology. Although childhood anxiety disorders generally remit, there remains an increased risk for anxiety and depressive disorders to emerge in adulthood, most likely through heterotypical continuity.
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Sylvester CM, Whalen DJ, Belden AC, Sanchez SL, Luby JL, Barch DM. Shyness and Trajectories of Functional Network Connectivity Over Early Adolescence. Child Dev 2017; 89:734-745. [PMID: 29222816 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
High shyness during early adolescence is associated with impaired peer relationships and risk for psychiatric disorders. Little is known, however, about the relation between shyness and trajectories of brain development over early adolescence. The current study longitudinally examined trajectories of resting-state functional connectivity (rs-fc) within four brain networks in 147 adolescents. Subjects underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging at three different time points, at average ages 10.5 (range = 7.8-13.0), 11.7 (range = 9.3-14.1), and 12.9 years (range = 10.1-15.2). Multilevel linear modeling indicated that high shyness was associated with a less steep negative slope of default mode network (DMN) rs-fc over early adolescence relative to low shyness. Less steep decreases in DMN rs-fc may relate to increased self-focus in adolescents with high shyness.
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22
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Large-scale neural networks and the lateralization of motivation and emotion. Int J Psychophysiol 2017; 119:41-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Kirlic N, Aupperle RL, Misaki M, Kuplicki R, Alvarez RP. Recruitment of orbitofrontal cortex during unpredictable threat among adults at risk for affective disorders. Brain Behav 2017; 7:e00757. [PMID: 28828218 PMCID: PMC5561318 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mood and anxiety disorders are characterized by altered prefrontal-amygdala function and increased behavioral inhibition (BI) in response to potential threat. Whether these alterations constitute a vulnerability or a symptom of illness remains unclear. The medial orbitofrontal cortex (mOFC) is thought to play a central role in estimating probability and cost of threat, in turn informing selection of subsequent behaviors. To better understand the behavioral and neural processes that may be associated with risk for psychopathology, we used a virtual reality paradigm to examine behavioral and neural responses of psychiatrically healthy adults with familial history of affective disorders during anticipation of unpredictable threat. METHODS Twenty psychiatrically healthy adults with high familial risk for affective disorders and 20 low-risk matched controls underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging concurrent with a paradigm in which they explored virtual contexts associated with the threat of shock or safety from shock. Subjective anxiety ratings, skin conductance, exploratory behavior, and neural responses were examined for threat versus safe conditions. RESULTS High-risk adults evidenced greater right mOFC activation, as well as greater BI, compared to low-risk adults. There were no significant group differences in subjective ratings or autonomic responses. Individuals exhibiting greater activity in the right mOFC showed greater BI and decreased skin conductance response. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that BI and mOFC recruitment during anticipation of aversive outcomes may reflect a vulnerability for affective disorders. However, such a response may also serve as a compensatory response, protecting these high-risk individuals from negative outcomes (i.e., increased physiological arousal). These results suggest that the OFC may play a central role in driving threat-related behaviors and thus may be a target for efforts aimed at early detection or prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namik Kirlic
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research Tulsa OK USA
| | - Robin L Aupperle
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research Tulsa OK USA.,Department of Community Medicine University of Tulsa Tulsa OK USA
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Schumann L, Boivin M, Paquin S, Lacourse E, Brendgen M, Vitaro F, Dionne G, Tremblay RE, Booij L. Persistence and innovation effects in genetic and environmental factors in negative emotionality during infancy: A twin study. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176601. [PMID: 28448561 PMCID: PMC5407782 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Difficult temperament in infancy is a risk factor for forms of later internalizing and externalizing psychopathology, including depression and anxiety. A better understanding of the roots of difficult temperament requires assessment of its early development with a genetically informative design. The goal of this study was to estimate genetic and environmental contributions to individual differences in infant negative emotionality, their persistence over time and their influences on stability between 5 and 18 months of age. Method Participants were 244 monozygotic and 394 dizygotic twin pairs (49.7% male) recruited from birth. Mothers rated their twins for negative emotionality at 5 and 18 months. Longitudinal analysis of stability and innovation between the two time points was performed in Mplus. Results There were substantial and similar heritability (approximately 31%) and shared environmental (57.3%) contributions to negative emotionality at both 5 and 18 months. The trait’s interindividual stability across time was both genetically- and environmentally- mediated. Evidence of innovative effects (i.e., variance at 18 months independent from variance at 5 months) indicated that negative emotionality is developmentally dynamic and affected by persistent and new genetic and environmental factors at 18 months. Conclusions In the first two years of life, ongoing genetic and environmental influences support temperamental negative emotionality but new genetic and environmental factors also indicate dynamic change of those factors across time. A better understanding of the source and timing of factors on temperament in early development, and role of sex, could improve efforts to prevent related psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michel Boivin
- School of Psychology, University of Laval, Quebec, Canada
- Institute of Genetic, Neurobiological and Social Foundations of Child Development, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Stéphane Paquin
- Department of Sociology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Eric Lacourse
- Department of Sociology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Mara Brendgen
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Psychology, UQAM, Montreal, Canada
| | - Frank Vitaro
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Psycho-education, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Ginette Dionne
- School of Psychology, University of Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Richard E. Tremblay
- Institute of Genetic, Neurobiological and Social Foundations of Child Development, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russian Federation
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics and Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Linda Booij
- Department of Psychology, Queen’s University, Kingston, Canada
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Cho YT, Fudge JL, Ross DA. The Architecture of Cortex-in Illness and in Health. Biol Psychiatry 2016; 80:e95-e97. [PMID: 27839560 PMCID: PMC5374328 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Youngsun T Cho
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
| | - Julie L Fudge
- Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - David A Ross
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
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Abstract
Overactive bladder (OAB) is a ubiquitous syndrome that is defined by urinary urgency with, or without urinary incontinence. OAB is observed in all parts of the world, with a prevalence of 5-12% in children (5-10 years of age) and a prevalence of 0.5% in older adolescents (16-18 years of age). Published data indicate that around a third of children with OAB are likely to become adults with similar complaints. Studies in children and in adults with OAB indicate that these individuals are more likely to also have anxiety, depression and attention deficit problems, and that appropriate treatment of these comorbidities can often improve the patient's OAB symptoms. Furthermore, data from twin studies and familial surveys seem to indicate a genetic component of OAB. Pharmacological treatments of OAB in children have improved in the past 5 years, moving beyond anticholinergic agents and including the off-label use of α-blockers, β3-agonists and intravesical botulinum toxin. Use of several different electrical stimulation techniques is also effective, both as first-line treatments, and for patients with treatment-refractory symptoms. Overall the outlook of children with OAB seems to be improving, with a greater understanding of the pathophysiology of this syndrome. Treatment modalities that target the source of the underlying problem, especially in children, are likely to provide the best patient outcomes.
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Liu HM, Jiang F, Loo YM, Hsu S, Hsiang TY, Marcotrigiano J, Gale M. Regulation of Retinoic Acid Inducible Gene-I (RIG-I) Activation by the Histone Deacetylase 6. EBioMedicine 2016; 9:195-206. [PMID: 27372014 PMCID: PMC4972567 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid inducible gene-I (RIG-I) is a cytosolic pathogen recognition receptor that initiates the immune response against many RNA viruses. Upon RNA ligand binding, RIG-I undergoes a conformational change facilitating its homo-oligomerization and activation that results in its translocation from the cytosol to intracellular membranes to bind its signaling adaptor protein, mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS). Here we show that RIG-I activation is regulated by reversible acetylation. Acetyl-mimetic mutants of RIG-I do not form virus-induced homo-oligomers, revealing that acetyl-lysine residues of the RIG-I repressor domain prevent assembly to active homo-oligomers. During acute infection, deacetylation of RIG-I promotes its oligomerization upon ligand binding. We identify histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) as the deacetylase that promotes RIG-I activation and innate antiviral immunity to recognize and restrict RNA virus infection. RIG-I undergoes reversible deacetylation during acute virus infection. Acetylation of RIG-I Repressor domain controls RIG-I activation by restricting dimerization. HDAC6 is the cellular deacetylase essential for RIG-I deacetylation to induce antiviral innate immunity.
RIG-I is a cytosolic pathogen recognition receptor at the frontline of immune response against RNA virus infection. RIG-I is expressed in most cells of the body and becomes activated after sensing and binding to pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP) RNA motifs within products of virus infection. The RIG-I activation process involves multiple regulatory events including PAMP binding and ATP hydrolysis, protein conformational change and intracellular redistribution, and specific post-translational modifications. Our results define reversible acetylation of RIG-I and its deacetylation by HDAC6 as key to controlling innate antiviral immune induction in response to RNA virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Minyi Liu
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, 750 Republican St, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Changde St, Taipei City, Taiwan.
| | - Fuguo Jiang
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Yueh Ming Loo
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, 750 Republican St, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - ShuZhen Hsu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Changde St, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Tien-Ying Hsiang
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, 750 Republican St, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Joseph Marcotrigiano
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Michael Gale
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, 750 Republican St, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Review the literature on excessive crying in young infants, also known as infantile colic, and its effects on family dynamics, its pathophysiology, and new treatment interventions. DATA SOURCE The literature review was carried out in the Medline, PsycINFO, LILACS, SciELO, and Cochrane Library databases, using the terms "excessive crying," and "infantile colic," as well technical books and technical reports on child development, selecting the most relevant articles on the subject, with emphasis on recent literature published in the last five years. SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS Excessive crying is a common symptom in the first 3 months of life and leads to approximately 20% of pediatric consultations. Different prevalence rates of excessive crying have been reported, ranging from 14% to approximately 30% in infants up to 3 months of age. There is evidence linking excessive crying early in life with adaptive problems in the preschool period, as well as with early weaning, maternal anxiety and depression, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and other behavioral problems. Several pathophysiological mechanisms can explain these symptoms, such as circadian rhythm alterations, central nervous system immaturity, and alterations in the intestinal microbiota. Several treatment alternatives have been described, including behavioral measures, manipulation techniques, use of medication, and acupuncture, with controversial results and effectiveness. CONCLUSION Excessive crying in the early months is a prevalent symptom; the pediatrician's attention is necessary to understand and adequately manage the problem and offer support to exhausted parents. The prescription of drugs of questionable action and with potential side effects is not a recommended treatment, except in extreme situations. The effectiveness of dietary treatments and use of probiotics still require confirmation. There is incomplete evidence regarding alternative treatments such as manipulation techniques, acupuncture, and use of the herbal supplements and behavioral interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Halpern
- Child Development Outpatient Clinic, Hospital da Criança Santo Antônio (HCSA), Santa Casa de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Renato Coelho
- Child Development Outpatient Clinic, Hospital da Criança Santo Antônio (HCSA), Santa Casa de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Halpern R, Coelho R. Excessive crying in infants. JORNAL DE PEDIATRIA (VERSÃO EM PORTUGUÊS) 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedp.2016.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Looking at the self in front of others: Neural correlates of attentional bias in social anxiety. J Psychiatr Res 2016; 75:31-40. [PMID: 26802808 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In social anxiety disorder (SAD), anxiety reactions are triggered by attentional bias to social threats that automatically appear in social situations. The present study aimed to investigate the neural basis and underlying resting-state pathology of attentional bias toward internal and external social threats as a core element of SAD. Twenty-two patients with SAD and 20 control subjects scanned functional magnetic resonance imaging during resting-state and while performing the visual search task. During the task, participants were exposed to internal threat (hearing participants' own pulse-sounds) and external threat (crowds in facial matrices). Patients showed activations in the lateral orbitofrontal cortex, rostral anterior cingulate cortex and insula in response to internal threat and activations in the posterior cingulate cortex and middle temporal gyrus in response to external threat. In patients, neural activity related to combined internal and external threats in the posterior cingulate cortex was inversely correlated with the functional connectivity strengths with the default mode network during resting-state. These findings suggest that attentional bias may stem from limbic and paralimbic pathology, and the interactive process of internally- and externally-focused attentional bias in SAD is associated with the self-referential function of resting-state.
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Structural Vestiges of Early Fearful Temperament in the Adult Brain. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2016; 55:91-2. [PMID: 26802774 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Sylvester CM, Barch DM, Harms MP, Belden AC, Oakberg TJ, Gold AL, White LK, Benson BE, Troller-Renfree S, Degnan KA, Henderson HA, Luby JL, Fox NA, Pine DS. Early Childhood Behavioral Inhibition Predicts Cortical Thickness in Adulthood. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2016; 55:122-9.e1. [PMID: 26802779 PMCID: PMC4724382 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Behavioral inhibition (BI) during early childhood predicts risk for anxiety disorders and altered cognitive control in adolescence. Although BI has been linked to variation in brain function through adulthood, few studies have examined relations between early childhood BI and adult brain structure. METHOD The relation between early childhood BI and cortical thickness in adulthood was examined in a cohort of individuals followed since early childhood (N = 53, mean age 20.5 years). Analyses tested whether anxiety and/or cognitive control during adolescence moderated relations between BI and cortical thickness. Cognitive control was measured with the Eriksen Flanker Task. Initial analyses examined cortical thickness in regions of interest previously implicated in BI, anxiety disorders, and cognitive control: dorsal anterior cingulate (dACC), anterior insula (aI), and subgenual anterior cingulate (sgACC); and volumes of the amygdala and hippocampus. Exploratory analyses examined relations across the prefrontal cortex. RESULTS BI during early childhood related to thinner dACC in adulthood. Neither anxiety nor cognitive control moderated this relation. A stronger congruency effect on the Eriksen Flanker Task during adolescence independently related to thinner dACC in adulthood. Higher anxiety during adolescence related to thicker cortex in the right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) in adulthood among those with low BI as children. CONCLUSION Temperament in early childhood and the interaction between temperament and later anxiety relate to adult brain structure. These results are consistent with prior work associating BI and anxiety with functional brain variability in the dACC and VLPFC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Andrea L. Gold
- The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD
| | - Lauren K. White
- The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD
| | - Brenda E. Benson
- The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD
| | | | | | | | - Joan L. Luby
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis
| | | | - Daniel S. Pine
- The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD
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Montirosso R, Provenzi L, Fumagalli M, Sirgiovanni I, Giorda R, Pozzoli U, Beri S, Menozzi G, Tronick E, Morandi F, Mosca F, Borgatti R. Serotonin Transporter Gene (SLC6A4
) Methylation Associates With Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Stay and 3-Month-Old Temperament in Preterm Infants. Child Dev 2016; 87:38-48. [DOI: 10.1111/cdev.12492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ed Tronick
- University of Massachusetts and Division of Newborn Medicine
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Abstract
Bipolar disorder constitutes a challenge for clinicians in everyday clinical practice. Our knowledge concerning this clinical entity is incomplete, and contemporary classification systems are unable to reflect the complexity of this disorder. The concept of temperament, which was first described in antiquity, provides a helpful framework for synthesizing our knowledge on how the human body works and what determines human behavior. Although the concept of temperament originally included philosophical and sociocultural approaches, the biomedical model is dominant today. It is possible that specific temperaments might constitute vulnerability factors, determine the clinical picture, or modify the course of illness. Temperaments might even act as a bridge between genes and clinical manifestations, thus giving rise to the concept of the bipolar spectrum, with major implications for mental health research and treatment. More specifically, it has been reported that the hyperthymic and the depressive temperaments are related to the more "classic" bipolar disorder, whereas cyclothymic, anxious, and irritable temperaments are related to more complex manifestations and might predict poor response to treatment, violent or suicidal behavior, and high comorbidity. Incorporating of the concept of temperament and the bipolar spectrum into the standard training of psychiatric residents might well result in an improvement of everyday clinical practice.
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Abstract
In this article, I describe varied observations from the past 60 years that motivated three significant changes in the assumptions I held as a young psychologist interested in the development of children. Aspects of these early assumptions penetrate a great deal of current research. The new beliefs are (a) a greater willingness to base concepts on patterns of measurements rather than single independent or dependent variables, (b) learning to include the physical features of the observational setting, including the procedure that generated the evidence, as well as the participants' gender, social class, and cultural background, as part of the concept, and (c) remaining aware of the possibility that the relations among continuous variables can change as a function of brain maturation during the early stages of childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Kagan
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
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Petrovic P, Ekman CJ, Klahr J, Tigerström L, Rydén G, Johansson AGM, Sellgren C, Golkar A, Olsson A, Öhman A, Ingvar M, Landén M. Significant grey matter changes in a region of the orbitofrontal cortex in healthy participants predicts emotional dysregulation. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2015; 11:1041-9. [PMID: 26078386 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsv072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The traditional concept of 'categorical' psychiatric disorders has been challenged as many of the symptoms display a continuous distribution in the general population. We suggest that this is the case for emotional dysregulation, a key component in several categorical psychiatric disorder constructs. We used voxel-based magnetic resonance imaging morphometry in healthy human subjects (n = 87) to study how self-reported subclinical symptoms associated with emotional dysregulation relate to brain regions assumed to be critical for emotion regulation. To measure a pure emotional dysregulation, we also corrected for subclinical symptoms of non-emotional attentional dysregulation. We show that such subclinical emotional symptoms correlate negatively with the grey matter volume of lateral orbitofrontal cortex bilaterally-a region assumed to be critical for emotion regulation and dysfunctional in psychiatric disorders involving emotional dysregulation. Importantly, this effect is mediated both by a decrease in volume associated with emotional dysregulation and an increase in volume due to non-emotional attentional dysregulation. Exploratory analysis suggests that other regions involved in emotional processing such as insula and ventral striatum also show a similar reduction in grey matter volume mirroring clinical disorders associated with emotional dysregulation. Our findings support the concept of continuous properties in psychiatric symptomatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Predrag Petrovic
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carl Johan Ekman
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johanna Klahr
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Tigerström
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Göran Rydén
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Carl Sellgren
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Armita Golkar
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andreas Olsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Arne Öhman
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Ingvar
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikael Landén
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Beauchaine TP. Future Directions in Emotion Dysregulation and Youth Psychopathology. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY 2015; 44:875-96. [DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2015.1038827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Clauss JA, Avery SN, Blackford JU. The nature of individual differences in inhibited temperament and risk for psychiatric disease: A review and meta-analysis. Prog Neurobiol 2015; 127-128:23-45. [PMID: 25784645 PMCID: PMC4516130 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
What makes us different from one another? Why does one person jump out of airplanes for fun while another prefers to stay home and read? Why are some babies born with a predisposition to become anxious? Questions about individual differences in temperament have engaged the minds of scientists, psychologists, and philosophers for centuries. Recent technological advances in neuroimaging and genetics provide an unprecedented opportunity to answer these questions. Here we review the literature on the neurobiology of one of the most basic individual differences-the tendency to approach or avoid novelty. This trait, called inhibited temperament, is innate, heritable, and observed across species. Importantly, inhibited temperament also confers risk for psychiatric disease. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of inhibited temperament, including neuroimaging and genetic studies in human and non-human primates. We conducted a meta-analysis of neuroimaging findings in inhibited humans that points to alterations in a fronto-limbic-basal ganglia circuit; these findings provide the basis of a model of inhibited temperament neurocircuitry. Lesion and neuroimaging studies in non-human primate models of inhibited temperament highlight roles for the amygdala, hippocampus, orbitofrontal cortex, and dorsal prefrontal cortex. Genetic studies highlight a role for genes that regulate neurotransmitter function, such as the serotonin transporter polymorphisms (5-HTTLPR), as well as genes that regulate stress response, such as corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH). Together these studies provide a foundation of knowledge about the genetic and neural substrates of this most basic of temperament traits. Future studies using novel imaging methods and genetic approaches promise to expand upon these biological bases of inhibited temperament and inform our understanding of risk for psychiatric disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Clauss
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, United States
| | - S N Avery
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, United States
| | - J U Blackford
- Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, United States.
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Caldwell JZK, Armstrong JM, Hanson JL, Sutterer MJ, Stodola DE, Koenigs M, Kalin NH, Essex MJ, Davidson RJ. Preschool externalizing behavior predicts gender-specific variation in adolescent neural structure. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117453. [PMID: 25658357 PMCID: PMC4319931 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction in the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus is believed to underlie the development of much psychopathology. However, to date only limited longitudinal data relate early behavior with neural structure later in life. Our objective was to examine the relationship of early life externalizing behavior with adolescent brain structure. We report here the first longitudinal study linking externalizing behavior during preschool to brain structure during adolescence. We examined the relationship of preschool externalizing behavior with amygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex volumes at age 15 years in a community sample of 76 adolescents followed longitudinally since their mothers’ pregnancy. A significant gender by externalizing behavior interaction revealed that males—but not females—with greater early childhood externalizing behavior had smaller amygdala volumes at adolescence (t = 2.33, p = .023). No significant results were found for the hippocampus or the prefrontal cortex. Greater early externalizing behavior also related to smaller volume of a cluster including the angular gyrus and tempoparietal junction across genders. Results were not attributable to the impact of preschool anxiety, preschool maternal stress, school-age internalizing or externalizing behaviors, or adolescent substance use. These findings demonstrate a novel, gender-specific relationship between early-childhood externalizing behavior and adolescent amygdala volume, as well as a cross-gender result for the angular gyrus and tempoparietal junction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Z. K. Caldwell
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jeffrey M. Armstrong
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jamie L. Hanson
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Matthew J. Sutterer
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Diane E. Stodola
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Michael Koenigs
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Ned H. Kalin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Marilyn J. Essex
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Richard J. Davidson
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Center for Investigating Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
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Clauss JA, Avery SN, VanDerKlok RM, Rogers BP, Cowan RL, Benningfield MM, Blackford JU. Neurocircuitry underlying risk and resilience to social anxiety disorder. Depress Anxiety 2014; 31:822-33. [PMID: 24753211 PMCID: PMC4314099 DOI: 10.1002/da.22265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Almost half of children with an inhibited temperament will develop social anxiety disorder by late adolescence. Importantly, this means that half of children with an inhibited temperament will not develop social anxiety disorder. Studying adults with an inhibited temperament provides a unique opportunity to identify neural signatures of both risk and resilience to social anxiety disorder. METHODS Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to measure brain activation during the anticipation of viewing fear faces in 34 young adults (17 inhibited, 17 uninhibited). To identify neural signatures of risk, we tested for group differences in functional activation and connectivity in regions implicated in social anxiety disorder, including the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and insula. To identify neural signatures of resilience, we tested for correlations between brain activation and both emotion regulation and social anxiety scores. RESULTS Inhibited subjects had greater activation of a prefrontal network when anticipating viewing fear faces, relative to uninhibited subjects. No group differences were identified in the amygdala. Inhibited subjects had more negative connectivity between the rostral anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the bilateral amygdala. Within the inhibited group, those with fewer social anxiety symptoms and better emotion regulation skills had greater ACC activation and greater functional connectivity between the ACC and amygdala. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that engaging regulatory prefrontal regions during anticipation may be a protective factor, or putative neural marker of resilience, in high-risk individuals. Cognitive training targeting prefrontal cortex function may provide protection against anxiety, especially in high-risk individuals, such as those with inhibited temperament.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline A. Clauss
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University
,Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine
| | - Suzanne N. Avery
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University
,Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine
| | | | - Baxter P. Rogers
- Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine
,Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine
,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University
| | - Ronald L. Cowan
- Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine
,Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine
,Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University
| | | | - Jennifer Urbano Blackford
- Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine
,Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University
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Clauss JA, Seay AL, VanDerKlok RM, Avery SN, Cao A, Cowan RL, Benningfield MM, Blackford JU. Structural and functional bases of inhibited temperament. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2014; 9:2049-58. [PMID: 24493850 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsu019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Children born with an inhibited temperament are at heightened risk for developing anxiety, depression and substance use. Inhibited temperament is believed to have a biological basis; however, little is known about the structural brain basis of this vulnerability trait. Structural MRI scans were obtained from 84 (44 inhibited, 40 uninhibited) young adults. Given previous findings of amygdala hyperactivity in inhibited individuals, groups were compared on three measures of amygdala structure. To identify novel substrates of inhibited temperament, a whole brain analysis was performed. Functional activation and connectivity were examined across both groups. Inhibited adults had larger amygdala and caudate volume and larger volume predicted greater activation to neutral faces. In addition, larger amygdala volume predicted greater connectivity with subcortical and higher order visual structures. Larger caudate volume predicted greater connectivity with the basal ganglia, and less connectivity with primary visual and auditory cortex. We propose that larger volume in these salience detection regions may result in increased activation and enhanced connectivity in response to social stimuli. Given the strong link between inhibited temperament and risk for psychiatric illness, novel therapeutics that target these brain regions and related neural circuits have the potential to reduce rates of illness in vulnerable individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline A Clauss
- Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University Medical School, 1601 23rd Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37212, USA, Department of Clinical Psychology, Illinois School of Professional Psychology at Argosy University, 225 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago, IL 60601, USA, Department of Biostatistics, Middle Tennessee State University, 1301 E. Main St, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA, Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37235, USA, Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical School, 116 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37203, USA, and Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical School, 2200 Children's Way, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - April L Seay
- Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University Medical School, 1601 23rd Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37212, USA, Department of Clinical Psychology, Illinois School of Professional Psychology at Argosy University, 225 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago, IL 60601, USA, Department of Biostatistics, Middle Tennessee State University, 1301 E. Main St, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA, Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37235, USA, Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical School, 116 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37203, USA, and Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical School, 2200 Children's Way, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Ross M VanDerKlok
- Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University Medical School, 1601 23rd Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37212, USA, Department of Clinical Psychology, Illinois School of Professional Psychology at Argosy University, 225 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago, IL 60601, USA, Department of Biostatistics, Middle Tennessee State University, 1301 E. Main St, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA, Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37235, USA, Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical School, 116 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37203, USA, and Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical School, 2200 Children's Way, Nashville, TN 37232, USA Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University Medical School, 1601 23rd Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37212, USA, Department of Clinical Psychology, Illinois School of Professional Psychology at Argosy University, 225 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago, IL 60601, USA, Department of Biostatistics, Middle Tennessee State University, 1301 E. Main St, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA, Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37235, USA, Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical School, 116 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37203, USA, and Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical School, 2200 Children's Way, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Suzanne N Avery
- Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University Medical School, 1601 23rd Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37212, USA, Department of Clinical Psychology, Illinois School of Professional Psychology at Argosy University, 225 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago, IL 60601, USA, Department of Biostatistics, Middle Tennessee State University, 1301 E. Main St, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA, Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37235, USA, Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical School, 116 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37203, USA, and Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical School, 2200 Children's Way, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Aize Cao
- Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University Medical School, 1601 23rd Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37212, USA, Department of Clinical Psychology, Illinois School of Professional Psychology at Argosy University, 225 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago, IL 60601, USA, Department of Biostatistics, Middle Tennessee State University, 1301 E. Main St, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA, Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37235, USA, Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical School, 116 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37203, USA, and Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical School, 2200 Children's Way, Nashville, TN 37232, USA Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University Medical School, 1601 23rd Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37212, USA, Department of Clinical Psychology, Illinois School of Professional Psychology at Argosy University, 225 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago, IL 60601, USA, Department of Biostatistics, Middle Tennessee State University, 1301 E. Main St, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA, Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37235, USA, Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical School, 116 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37203, USA, and Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical School, 2200 Children's Way, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Ronald L Cowan
- Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University Medical School, 1601 23rd Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37212, USA, Department of Clinical Psychology, Illinois School of Professional Psychology at Argosy University, 225 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago, IL 60601, USA, Department of Biostatistics, Middle Tennessee State University, 1301 E. Main St, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA, Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37235, USA, Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical School, 116 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37203, USA, and Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical School, 2200 Children's Way, Nashville, TN 37232, USA Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University Medical School, 1601 23rd Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37212, USA, Department of Clinical Psychology, Illinois School of Professional Psychology at Argosy University, 225 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago, IL 60601, USA, Department of Biostatistics, Middle Tennessee State University, 1301 E. Main St, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA, Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37235, USA, Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical School, 116 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37203, USA, and Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical School, 2200 Children's Way, Nashville, TN 37232, USA Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University Medical School, 1601 23rd Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37212, USA, Department of Clinical Psychology, Illinois School of Professional Psychology at Argosy University, 225 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago, IL 60601, USA, Department of Biostatistics, Middle Tennessee State University, 1301 E. Main St, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA, Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37235, USA, Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medi
| | - Margaret M Benningfield
- Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University Medical School, 1601 23rd Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37212, USA, Department of Clinical Psychology, Illinois School of Professional Psychology at Argosy University, 225 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago, IL 60601, USA, Department of Biostatistics, Middle Tennessee State University, 1301 E. Main St, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA, Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37235, USA, Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical School, 116 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37203, USA, and Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical School, 2200 Children's Way, Nashville, TN 37232, USA Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University Medical School, 1601 23rd Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37212, USA, Department of Clinical Psychology, Illinois School of Professional Psychology at Argosy University, 225 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago, IL 60601, USA, Department of Biostatistics, Middle Tennessee State University, 1301 E. Main St, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA, Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37235, USA, Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical School, 116 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37203, USA, and Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical School, 2200 Children's Way, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jennifer Urbano Blackford
- Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University Medical School, 1601 23rd Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37212, USA, Department of Clinical Psychology, Illinois School of Professional Psychology at Argosy University, 225 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago, IL 60601, USA, Department of Biostatistics, Middle Tennessee State University, 1301 E. Main St, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA, Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37235, USA, Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical School, 116 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37203, USA, and Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical School, 2200 Children's Way, Nashville, TN 37232, USA Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University Medical School, 1601 23rd Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37212, USA, Department of Clinical Psychology, Illinois School of Professional Psychology at Argosy University, 225 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago, IL 60601, USA, Department of Biostatistics, Middle Tennessee State University, 1301 E. Main St, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA, Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37235, USA, Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical School, 116 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37203, USA, and Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical School, 2200 Children's Way, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Overman WH, Pierce A. Iowa Gambling Task with non-clinical participants: effects of using real + virtual cards and additional trials. Front Psychol 2013; 4:935. [PMID: 24376431 PMCID: PMC3859904 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Performance on the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) in clinical populations can be interpreted only in relation to established baseline performance in normal populations. As in all comparisons of assessment tools, the normal baseline must reflect performance under conditions in which subjects can function at their best levels. In this review, we show that a number of variables enhance IGT performance in non-clinical participants. First, optimal performance is produced by having participants turn over real cards while viewing virtual cards on a computer screen. The use of only virtual cards results in significantly lower performance than the combination of real + virtual cards. Secondly, administration of more than 100 trials also enhances performance. When using the real/virtual card procedure, performance is shown to significantly increase from early adolescence through young adulthood. Under these conditions young (mean age 19 years) and older (mean age 59 years) adults perform equally. Females, as a group, score lower than males because females tend to choose cards from high-frequency-of-gain Deck B. Groups of females with high or low gonadal hormones perform equally. Concurrent tasks, e.g., presentation of aromas, decrease performance in males. Age and gender effects are discussed in terms of a dynamic between testosterone and orbital prefrontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Overman
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina Wilmington Wilmington, NC, USA
| | - Allison Pierce
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina Wilmington Wilmington, NC, USA
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Abstract
Human infancy has been studied as a platform for hypothesis and theory testing, as a major physiological and psychological adjustment, as an object of adults' effects as well as a source of effects on adults, for its comparative value, as a stage of life, and as a setting point for the life course. Following an orientation to infancy studies, including previous reviews and a discussion of the special challenges infants pose to research, this article focuses on infancy as a foundation and catalyst of human development in the balance of the life course. Studies of stability and prediction from infancy illustrate the depth and complexity of modern research on infants and provide a long-awaited reply to key philosophical and practical questions about the meaningfulness and significance of infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc H Bornstein
- Child and Family Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Public Health Service, Bethesda, Maryland 20892;
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Grieve SM, Korgaonkar MS, Koslow SH, Gordon E, Williams LM. Widespread reductions in gray matter volume in depression. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2013; 3:332-9. [PMID: 24273717 PMCID: PMC3814952 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2013.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abnormalities in functional limbic–anterior cingulate–prefrontal circuits associated with emotional reactivity, evaluation and regulation have been implicated in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD). However, existing knowledge about structural alterations in depression is equivocal and based on cohorts of limited sample size. This study used voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and surface-based cortical thickness to investigate the structure of these circuits in a large and well-characterized patient cohort with MDD. Non-geriatric MDD outpatients (n = 102) and age- and gender-matched healthy control participants (n = 34) provided T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging data during their baseline visit as part of the International Study to Predict Optimized Treatment for Depression. Whole-brain VBM volumetric and surface-based cortical thickness assessments were performed voxel-wise and compared (at p < 0.05 corrected for multiple comparisons) between the MDD and control groups. MDD participants had reduced gray matter volume in the anterior cingulate cortex, regions of the prefrontal circuits, including dorsolateral and dorsomedial prefrontal cortices, and lateral and medial orbitofrontal cortices, but not in limbic regions. Additional reductions were observed cortically in the posterior temporal and parieto-occipital cortices and, subcortically in the basal ganglia and cerebellum. Focal cortical thinning in the medial orbitofrontal cortex was also observed for the MDD group. These alterations in volume and cortical thickness were not associated with severity of depressive symptoms. The findings demonstrate that widespread gray matter structural abnormalities are present in a well-powered study of patients with depression. The patterns of gray matter loss correspond to the same brain functional network regions that were previously established to be abnormal in MDD, which may support an underlying structural abnormality for these circuits. Focal gray matter volume decrease in depression exceeded loss via aging 11–50 years. Gray matter differences were found in regions with established roles in depression. Structural change findings support the idea of depression as a network abnormality. Hippocampal gray matter volume loss likely has no role in non-geriatric depression. Amygdala gray matter volume loss likely plays no role in depression pathophysiology.
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Key Words
- AAL, Automated Anatomical Labeling
- ACC, Anterior Cingulate Cortex
- BAs, Brodmann Areas
- CVNA, Change in Volume expected in that region through Normal Aging
- Cortical thickness
- DLPFC, Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex
- DTI, Diffusion Tensor Imaging
- FDR, False Discovery Rate
- GM, Gray Matter
- Gray matter
- HRSD17, 17-Item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression
- MDD, Major Depressive Disorder
- MPFC, Medial Prefrontal Cortex
- MRI, Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Major depressive disorder
- OFC, Orbitofrontal Cortex
- PFC, Prefrontal Cortex
- VBM
- VBM, Voxel-Based Morphometry
- Volume
- fMRI, functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- iSPOT-D
- iSPOT-D, International Study to Predict Optimized Treatment in Depression
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart M Grieve
- The Brain Dynamics Center, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney and Westmead Millennium Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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45
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Ducharme S, Albaugh MD, Hudziak JJ, Botteron KN, Nguyen TV, Truong C, Evans AC, Karama S. Anxious/depressed symptoms are linked to right ventromedial prefrontal cortical thickness maturation in healthy children and young adults. Cereb Cortex 2013; 24:2941-50. [PMID: 23749874 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bht151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between anxious/depressed traits and neuromaturation remains largely unstudied. Characterizing this relationship during healthy neurodevelopment is critical to understanding processes associated with the emergence of child/adolescent onset mood/anxiety disorders. In this study, mixed-effects models were used to determine longitudinal cortical thickness correlates of Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and Young Adult Self Report Anxious/Depressed scores in healthy children. Analyses included 341 subjects from 4.9 to 22.3 year-old with repeated MRI at up to 3 time points, at 2-year intervals (586 MRI scans). There was a significant "CBCL Anxious/Depressed by Age" interaction on cortical thickness in the right ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), including the medial orbito-frontal, gyrus rectus, and subgenual anterior cingulate areas. Anxious/Depressed scores were negatively associated with thickness at younger ages (<9 years), but positively associated with thickness at older ages (15-22 years), with the shift in polarity occurring around age 12. This was secondary to a slower rate of vmPFC cortical thinning in subjects with higher scores. In young adults (18-22 years), Anxious/Depressed scores were also positively associated with precuneus/posterior cingulate cortical thickness. Potential neurobiological mechanisms underlying this maturation pattern are proposed. These results demonstrate the dynamic impact of age on relations between vmPFC and negative affect in the developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Ducharme
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Matthew D Albaugh
- Vermont Center for Children, Youth, and Families, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05401, USA
| | - James J Hudziak
- Vermont Center for Children, Youth, and Families, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05401, USA
| | - Kelly N Botteron
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA and
| | - Tuong-Vi Nguyen
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Catherine Truong
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Alan C Evans
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Sherif Karama
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada, Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4H 1R2, Canada
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46
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Gunning M, Halligan SL, Murray L. Contributions of maternal and infant factors to infant responding to the still face paradigm: a longitudinal study. Infant Behav Dev 2013; 36:319-28. [PMID: 23548574 DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Early mother-infant interactions are characterised by periods of synchronous interaction that are interrupted by periods of mismatch; the experience of such mismatches and their subsequent repair is held to facilitate the development of infant self-regulatory capacities (Tronick, Als, Adamson, Wise, & Brazelton, 1978). Infant responding to such interactive challenge is assumed to be a function of both maternal behaviour and pre-existing infant characteristics. However, the latter has received relatively little attention. In a prospective longitudinal study of a sample comprising high and low adversity dyads (n=122), we examined the contributions of both maternal sensitivity and neonatal irritability to infant behavioural and physiological responding to the interactive challenge of the Still Face paradigm. Results indicated that higher levels of maternal sensitivity were associated with more regulated infant behaviour during the Still Face paradigm. Neonatal irritability also predicted poorer behavioural and heart rate recovery following the Still Face challenge. Furthermore, there was an interaction such that irritable infants with insensitive mothers showed the worst behavioural outcomes. The findings highlight the importance of the interplay between maternal and infant characteristics in determining dyadic responding.
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Talati A, Pantazatos SP, Schneier FR, Weissman MM, Hirsch J. Gray matter abnormalities in social anxiety disorder: primary, replication, and specificity studies. Biol Psychiatry 2013; 73:75-84. [PMID: 22748614 PMCID: PMC3465490 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Revised: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite increasing evidence that neuroanatomical abnormalities underlie pathological anxiety, social anxiety disorder (SAD)-although among the most common of anxiety disorders-has received little attention. With magnetic resonance imaging, we: 1) examined gray matter (GM) differences between generalized SAD and healthy control groups; 2) retested the findings in an independent clinical sample; and 3) tested for specificity by contrasting the SAD group to a separate group of panic disorder (PD) subjects. METHODS The primary SAD group (n = 16) was required to meet DSM-IV criteria for SAD, with onset by age 30 years; control subjects (n = 20) had no lifetime history of anxiety. The replication sample included 17 generalized SAD and 17 control subjects. The PD comparison group (n = 16) was required to have no lifetime SAD. Images were acquired on a 1.5-Tesla GE Signa magnetic resonance imaging scanner with a three-dimensional T1-weighted spoiled gradient recalled pulse sequence. Morphological differences were determined with voxel-based morphometry, in SPM8. RESULTS After adjusting for age, gender, and total intracranial volume, SAD (as compared with control) subjects had greater GM in the left parahippocampal and middle occipital, and bilateral supramarginal and angular cortices, and left cerebellum; and lower GM in bilateral temporal poles and left lateral orbitofrontal cortex. Cerebellar, parahippocampal, and temporal pole differences were observed in both samples, survived whole brain corrections, and were not observed in the PD group, pointing to relative specificity to SAD. CONCLUSIONS These findings parallel the functional literature on SAD and suggest structural abnormalities underlying the functional disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ardesheer Talati
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York State PsychiatricInstitute, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Spiro P. Pantazatos
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY,Program for Imaging and Cognitive Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Franklin R. Schneier
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY,Division of Clinical Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY
| | - Myrna M Weissman
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY,Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY,Division of Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY
| | - Joy Hirsch
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY,Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY,Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY,Program for Imaging and Cognitive Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY
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48
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Clauss JA, Blackford JU. Behavioral inhibition and risk for developing social anxiety disorder: a meta-analytic study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2012; 51:1066-1075.e1. [PMID: 23021481 PMCID: PMC3611590 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2011] [Revised: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Behavioral inhibition (BI) has been associated with increased risk for developing social anxiety disorder (SAD); however, the degree of risk associated with BI has yet to be systematically examined and quantified. The goal of the present study was to quantify the association between childhood BI and risk for developing SAD. METHOD A comprehensive literature search was conducted to identify studies that assessed both BI and SAD. Meta-analyses were performed to estimate the odds ratio (OR) of the association between BI and SAD in children. RESULTS Seven studies met inclusion criteria. BI was associated with a greater than sevenfold increase in risk for developing SAD (odds ratio = 7.59, p < .00002). This association remained significant even after considering study differences in temperament assessment, control group, parental risk, age at temperament assessment, and age at anxiety diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS Identifying early developmental risk factors is critical for preventing psychiatric illness. Given that 15% of all children show extreme BI, and that almost half of these inhibited children will eventually develop SAD, we propose that BI is one of the largest single risk factors for developing SAD.
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49
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Blackford JU, Pine DS. Neural substrates of childhood anxiety disorders: a review of neuroimaging findings. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2012; 21:501-25. [PMID: 22800991 PMCID: PMC3489468 DOI: 10.1016/j.chc.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The development of fear is a normative process, and significant progress has been made in identifying fear neurocircuitry. The normal development of fear goes awry in children who develop anxiety disorders, and dysfunction in fear circuitry is likely. In this article, the authors present current knowledge about the neural basis of normal fear development and reviews findings from structural and functional neuroimaging studies of childhood anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Urbano Blackford
- Psychiatric Neuroimaging Program, Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 1601 23rd Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37212, USA.
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50
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Kapogiannis D, Sutin A, Davatzikos C, Costa P, Resnick S. The five factors of personality and regional cortical variability in the Baltimore longitudinal study of aging. Hum Brain Mapp 2012; 34:2829-40. [PMID: 22610513 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Revised: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although personality changes have been associated with brain lesions and atrophy caused by neurodegenerative diseases and aging, neuroanatomical correlates of personality in healthy individuals and their stability over time have received relatively little investigation. In this study, we explored regional gray matter (GM) volumetric associations of the five-factor model of personality. Eighty-seven healthy older adults took the NEO Personality Inventory and had brain MRI at two time points 2 years apart. We performed GM segmentation followed by regional analysis of volumes examined in normalized space map creation and voxel based morphometry-type statistical inference in SPM8. We created a regression model including all five factors and important covariates. Next, a conjunction analysis identified associations between personality scores and GM volumes that were replicable across time, also using cluster-level Family-Wise-Error correction. Larger right orbitofrontal and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices and rolandic operculum were associated with lower Neuroticism; larger left temporal, dorsolateral prefrontal, and anterior cingulate cortices with higher Extraversion; larger right frontopolar and smaller orbitofrontal and insular cortices with higher Openness; larger right orbitofrontal cortex with higher Agreeableness; larger dorsolateral prefrontal and smaller frontopolar cortices with higher Conscientiousness. In summary, distinct personality traits were associated with stable individual differences in GM volumes. As expected for higher-order traits, regions performing a large number of cognitive and affective functions were implicated. Our findings highlight personality-related variation that may be related to individual differences in brain structure that merit additional attention in neuroimaging research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Kapogiannis
- National Institute on Aging/National Institutes of Health, Clinical Research Branch, Baltimore, Maryland
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