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Shen Y, Zhang G, Wei C, Zhao P, Wang Y, Li M, Sun L. Potential role and therapeutic implications of glutathione peroxidase 4 in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:613-631. [PMID: 38886929 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder with a complex and incompletely understood pathogenesis. Despite extensive research, a cure for Alzheimer's disease has not yet been found. Oxidative stress mediates excessive oxidative responses, and its involvement in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis as a primary or secondary pathological event is widely accepted. As a member of the selenium-containing antioxidant enzyme family, glutathione peroxidase 4 reduces esterified phospholipid hydroperoxides to maintain cellular redox homeostasis. With the discovery of ferroptosis, the central role of glutathione peroxidase 4 in anti-lipid peroxidation in several diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, has received widespread attention. Increasing evidence suggests that glutathione peroxidase 4 expression is inhibited in the Alzheimer's disease brain, resulting in oxidative stress, inflammation, ferroptosis, and apoptosis, which are closely associated with pathological damage in Alzheimer's disease. Several therapeutic approaches, such as small molecule drugs, natural plant products, and non-pharmacological treatments, ameliorate pathological damage and cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease by promoting glutathione peroxidase 4 expression and enhancing glutathione peroxidase 4 activity. Therefore, glutathione peroxidase 4 upregulation may be a promising strategy for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. This review provides an overview of the gene structure, biological functions, and regulatory mechanisms of glutathione peroxidase 4, a discussion on the important role of glutathione peroxidase 4 in pathological events closely related to Alzheimer's disease, and a summary of the advances in small-molecule drugs, natural plant products, and non-pharmacological therapies targeting glutathione peroxidase 4 for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Most prior studies on this subject used animal models, and relevant clinical studies are lacking. Future clinical trials are required to validate the therapeutic effects of strategies targeting glutathione peroxidase 4 in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxin Shen
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
- Cognitive Impairment Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Guimei Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
- Cognitive Impairment Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Chunxiao Wei
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
- Cognitive Impairment Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Panpan Zhao
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
- Cognitive Impairment Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yongchun Wang
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
- Cognitive Impairment Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Mingxi Li
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
- Cognitive Impairment Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
- Cognitive Impairment Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
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Hroudová J, Fišar Z. Alzheimer's disease approaches - Focusing on pathology, biomarkers and clinical trial candidates. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2024; 134:111069. [PMID: 38917881 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
The strategy for the development of new drugs for Alzheimer's disease (AD) recognizes that an effective therapy requires early therapeutic intervention and a multifactorial approach that considers the individual initiators of AD development. Current knowledge of AD includes the understanding of pathophysiology, risk factors, biomarkers, and the evolving patterns of biomarker abnormalities. This knowledge is essential in identifying potential molecular targets for new drug development. This review summarizes promising AD drug candidates, many of which are currently in phase 2 or 3 clinical trials. New agents are classified according to the Common Alzheimer's Disease Research Ontology (CADRO). The main targets of new drugs for AD are processes related to amyloid beta and tau neurotoxicity, neurotransmission, inflammation, metabolism and bioenergetics, synaptic plasticity, and oxidative stress. These interventions are aimed at preventing disease onset and slowing or eliminating disease progression. The efficacy of pharmacotherapy may be enhanced by combining these drugs with other treatments, antioxidants, and dietary supplements. Ongoing research into AD pathophysiology, risk factors, biomarkers, and the dynamics of biomarker abnormalities may contribute to the understanding of AD and offer hope for effective therapeutic strategies in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Hroudová
- Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 11, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Zdeněk Fišar
- Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 11, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic
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Mullins AV, Snider JM, Michael B, Porter LR, Brinton RD, Chilton FH. Impact of fish oil supplementation on plasma levels of highly unsaturated fatty acid-containing lipid classes and molecular species in American football athletes. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2024; 21:43. [PMID: 38978004 PMCID: PMC11232345 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-024-00815-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have linked sports-related concussions and repeated subconcussive head impacts in contact sport athletes to elevated brain injury biomarkers. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), the primary omega-3 (n-3) highly unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA) in the brain, has shown neuroprotective effects in animal models after brain injury, but clinical research has shown mixed results. METHODS We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study on 29 Division 1 collegiate American football players, exploring the impact of DHA (2.5 g) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) (1.0 g) supplied as ethyl esters, on levels of plasma lipids shown to cross the blood-brain barrier. Dietary intake data was collected using food frequency questionnaires (FFQ). Complex lipids and unesterified fatty acids were isolated from plasma, separated via reversed-phase liquid chromatography and analyzed by targeted lipidomics analysis. RESULTS FFQ results indicated that participants had low dietary n-3 HUFA intake and high omega-6 (n-6):n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and HUFA ratios at baseline. After DHA + EPA supplementation, plasma lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) containing DHA and EPA significantly increased at all timepoints (weeks 17, 21, and 26; p < 0.0001), surpassing placebo at Weeks 17 (p < 0.05) and 21 (p < 0.05). Phosphatidylcholine (PC) molecular species containing DHA or EPA, PC38:6 PC36:6, PC38:7, PC40:6, and PC40:8, increased significantly in the DHA + EPA treatment group at Weeks 17 (and 21. Plasma concentrations of non-esterified DHA and EPA rose post-supplementation in Weeks 17 and 21. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that n-3 HUFA supplementation, in the form of ethyl esters, increased the DHA and EPA containing plasma lipid pools the have the capacity to enrich brain lipids and the potential to mitigate the effects of sports-related concussions and repeated subconcussive head impacts. TRIAL REGISTRATION All deidentified data are available at ClinicalTrials.gov #NCT0479207.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Veronica Mullins
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, Bioscience Research Laboratory (BSRL), University of Arizona, Room 370, 1230 N Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA
| | - Justin M Snider
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, Bioscience Research Laboratory (BSRL), University of Arizona, Room 370, 1230 N Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA
- Center for Precision Nutrition and Wellness, University of Arizona, 1230 N Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA
| | - Bryce Michael
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, Bioscience Research Laboratory (BSRL), University of Arizona, Room 370, 1230 N Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA
| | - Lydia Rose Porter
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, Bioscience Research Laboratory (BSRL), University of Arizona, Room 370, 1230 N Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA
| | - Roberta Diaz Brinton
- Center for Innovation in Brain Science, The University of Arizona Health Sciences, University of Arizona, 1230 N. Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA
| | - Floyd H Chilton
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, Bioscience Research Laboratory (BSRL), University of Arizona, Room 370, 1230 N Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA.
- Center for Precision Nutrition and Wellness, University of Arizona, 1230 N Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA.
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Calderon Martinez E, Zachariah Saji S, Salazar Ore JV, Borges-Sosa OA, Srinivas S, Mareddy NSR, Manzoor T, Di Vanna M, Al Shanableh Y, Taneja R, Arruarana VS. The effects of omega-3, DHA, EPA, Souvenaid® in Alzheimer's disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuropsychopharmacol Rep 2024. [PMID: 38924283 DOI: 10.1002/npr2.12455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia worldwide. Omega-3 fatty acids (n-3-PUFA) are essential to normal neural development and function. Souvenaid®, a medical supplement that contains n-3-PUFA's: eicosatetraenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), has emerged as an alternative, slowing cognitive decline in AD patients. In this study, we investigated the effect of dietary supplementation with n-3-PUFA, EPA, DHA, and Souvenaid® in AD patients. AIM This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to establish the relationship between n-3-PUFA, EPA, DHA, and Souvenaid® with cognitive effects, ventricular volume and adverse events in AD patients. METHODS A systematic search of randomized control trials (RCT), cohorts, and case-control studies was done in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane, and Embase for AD adult patients with dietary supplementation with n-3-PUFA, EPA, DHA, or Souvenaid® between 2003 and 2024. RESULTS We identified 14 studies with 2766 subjects aligned with our criteria. Most publications described positive cognitive outcomes from supplements (58%). The most common adverse events reported were gastrointestinal symptoms. CDR scale showed reduced progression of cognitive decline (SMD = -0.4127, 95% CI: [-0.5926; -0.2327]), without subgroup differences between different dietary supplement interventions. ADCS-ADL, MMSE, ADAS-cog, adverse events, and ventricular volume did not demonstrate significant differences. However, Souvenaid® showed a significant negative effect (SMD = -0.3593, 95% CI: -0.5834 to -0.1352) in ventricular volumes. CONCLUSIONS The CDR scale showed reduced progression of cognitive decline among patients with n-3-PUFA supplemental interventions, with no differences between different n-3-PUFA supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Samyuktha Srinivas
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Tanseem Manzoor
- College of Medicine University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mariela Di Vanna
- Department of Internal Medicine, RWJBH Rutgers Health CMC, Toms River, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Rishabh Taneja
- Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India
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Sanchez-Rodriguez LM, Khan AF, Adewale Q, Bezgin G, Therriault J, Fernandez-Arias J, Servaes S, Rahmouni N, Tissot C, Stevenson J, Jiang H, Chai X, Carbonell F, Rosa-Neto P, Iturria-Medina Y. In-vivo neuronal dysfunction by Aβ and tau overlaps with brain-wide inflammatory mechanisms in Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2024; 16:1383163. [PMID: 38966801 PMCID: PMC11223503 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2024.1383163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying neuronal dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease (AD) remain uncharacterized. Here, we identify genes, molecular pathways and cellular components associated with whole-brain dysregulation caused by amyloid-beta (Aβ) and tau deposits in the living human brain. We obtained in-vivo resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI), Aβ- and tau-PET for 47 cognitively unimpaired and 16 AD participants from the Translational Biomarkers in Aging and Dementia cohort. Adverse neuronal activity impacts by Aβ and tau were quantified with personalized dynamical models by fitting pathology-mediated computational signals to the participant's real rs-fMRIs. Then, we detected robust brain-wide associations between the spatial profiles of Aβ-tau impacts and gene expression in the neurotypical transcriptome (Allen Human Brain Atlas). Within the obtained distinctive signature of in-vivo neuronal dysfunction, several genes have prominent roles in microglial activation and in interactions with Aβ and tau. Moreover, cellular vulnerability estimations revealed strong association of microglial expression patterns with Aβ and tau's synergistic impact on neuronal activity (q < 0.001). These results further support the central role of the immune system and neuroinflammatory pathways in AD pathogenesis. Neuronal dysregulation by AD pathologies also associated with neurotypical synaptic and developmental processes. In addition, we identified drug candidates from the vast LINCS library to halt or reduce the observed Aβ-tau effects on neuronal activity. Top-ranked pharmacological interventions target inflammatory, cancer and cardiovascular pathways, including specific medications undergoing clinical evaluation in AD. Our findings, based on the examination of molecular-pathological-functional interactions in humans, may accelerate the process of bringing effective therapies into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lazaro M. Sanchez-Rodriguez
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ahmed F. Khan
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Quadri Adewale
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Gleb Bezgin
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Montreal, QC, Canada
- McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Douglas Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Joseph Therriault
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
- McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Douglas Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jaime Fernandez-Arias
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
- McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Douglas Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Stijn Servaes
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
- McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Douglas Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nesrine Rahmouni
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
- McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Douglas Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Cécile Tissot
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
- McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Douglas Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Jenna Stevenson
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
- McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Douglas Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Hongxiu Jiang
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Xiaoqian Chai
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Pedro Rosa-Neto
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
- McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Douglas Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Yasser Iturria-Medina
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Lee JY, Wong CY, Koh RY, Lim CL, Kok YY, Chye SM. Natural Bioactive Compounds from Macroalgae and Microalgae for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease: A Review. THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2024; 97:205-224. [PMID: 38947104 PMCID: PMC11202106 DOI: 10.59249/jnkb9714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation, toxic protein aggregation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction are key pathways in neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease (AD). Targeting these mechanisms with antioxidants, anti-inflammatory compounds, and inhibitors of Aβ formation and aggregation is crucial for treatment. Marine algae are rich sources of bioactive compounds, including carbohydrates, phenolics, fatty acids, phycobiliproteins, carotenoids, fatty acids, and vitamins. In recent years, they have attracted interest from the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries due to their exceptional biological activities, which include anti-inflammation, antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-apoptosis properties. Multiple lines of evidence have unveiled the potential neuroprotective effects of these multifunctional algal compounds for application in treating and managing AD. This article will provide insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effects of bioactive compounds derived from algae based on in vitro and in vivo models of neuroinflammation and AD. We will also discuss their potential as disease-modifying and symptomatic treatment strategies for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Yee Lee
- School of Health Sciences, International Medical
University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chiew Yen Wong
- Department of Applied Biomedical Science and
Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, International Medical University,
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rhun Yian Koh
- Department of Applied Biomedical Science and
Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, International Medical University,
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chooi Ling Lim
- Department of Applied Biomedical Science and
Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, International Medical University,
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yih Yih Kok
- Department of Applied Biomedical Science and
Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, International Medical University,
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Soi Moi Chye
- Department of Applied Biomedical Science and
Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, International Medical University,
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Wang X, Zhu H, Chen B, Zhang Y, Kok A, van Knegsel A, Zhang S, Pang X, Jiang S, Kemp B, Lu J, Lv J. Effects of endogenous DHA milk and exogenous DHA milk on oxidative stress and cognition in SAMP8 mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 174:116467. [PMID: 38531120 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, Senescence Accelerated Mice (SAMP8) were supplemented with exogenous DHA milk, endogenous DHA milk, normal milk, or 0.9 % saline solution. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), gas chromatography (GC), ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI MS/MS), and Morris water maze were used to characterize the effects of diet on oxidative stress and cognition in SAMP8 mice. Supplementation endogenous DHA milk or exogenous DHA milk can enhance the antioxidant capacity of mice organs. Endogenous DHA milk increased the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of mice brain and serum than normal milk and 0.9 % saline solution (P ≤ 0.05), as well as increased SOD activity of mice liver and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity of mice brain than normal milk (P ≤ 0.05). Exogenous DHA milk increased SOD activity of mice brain than normal milk and 0.9 % saline solution, as well as increased SOD activity of mice serum than 0.9 % saline solution (P ≤ 0.05). Several polar lipid relative content, such as 18:0/18:2 PS, 17:0 Ceramide, and 20:4 LPC in mice brain was affected by dietary supplementation with DHA-containing milk. Lipid oxidation metabolites in mice brain were not affected by DHA-containing milk. Endogenous DHA milk increased the number of platform location crossing times of mice in the Morris water maze test, compared with Exogenous DHA milk, normal milk, and 0.9 % saline solution (P ≤ 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Wang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Huiquan Zhu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Baorong Chen
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yumeng Zhang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Akke Kok
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ariette van Knegsel
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Shuwen Zhang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaoyang Pang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shilong Jiang
- Nutrition and Metabolism Research Division, Innovation Center, Heilongjiang Feihe Dairy Co., Ltd., C-16, 10A Jiuxianqiao Rd., Chaoyang, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Bas Kemp
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jing Lu
- School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Jiaping Lv
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
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Dakterzada F, Jové M, Cantero JL, Mota‐Martorell N, Pamplona R, Piñoll‐Ripoll G. The shift in the fatty acid composition of the circulating lipidome in Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2024; 20:3322-3333. [PMID: 38534027 PMCID: PMC11095469 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fatty acids (FAs) are the building blocks of complex lipids and signaling compounds; the role of the lipidome fatty acid profile (LFA) in AD progression remains unclear. METHODS The LFA of plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from 289 participants (103 AD patients, 92 MCI patients, and 94 controls) was determined by GC-FID. The MCI subjects were followed up for 58 ± 12.5 months. RESULTS In controls, CSF has a more neuroprotective LFA than plasma. In CSF, a higher content of docosahexaenoic acid was associated with a reduced risk of MCI-to-AD progression. In plasma, higher oleic acid content was associated with lower risk of AD, MCI, and MCI-to-AD progression, whereas higher levels of vaccenic acid and docosahexaenoic acid were associated with greater risk of AD and MCI, and higher rate of MCI-to-AD progression, respectively. DISCUSSION The circulating LFA is involved in the pathogenesis and progression of AD. HIGHLIGHTS The lipidome fatty acid profile in CSF and plasma was markedly different. Higher levels of vaccenic acid and lower levels of oleic acid in plasma were associated with greater risk of Alzheimer's disease. In plasma, higher levels of oleic acid were associated with a reduced risk of MCI-to-AD progression. Higher levels of docosahexaenoic acid in CSF were associated with a lower risk of MCI-to-AD progression. Higher levels of docosahexaenoic acid in plasma were associated with a greater rate of MCI-to-AD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farida Dakterzada
- Cognitive Disorders UnitCognition and Behavior Study Group, IRBLleidaHospital Universitari Santa MariaLleidaSpain
| | - Mariona Jové
- Department of Experimental MedicineUniversity of LleidaLleidaSpain
| | - José Luís Cantero
- Laboratory of Functional NeurosciencePablo de Olavide UniversitySevilleSpain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
| | | | - Reinald Pamplona
- Department of Experimental MedicineUniversity of LleidaLleidaSpain
| | - Gerard Piñoll‐Ripoll
- Cognitive Disorders UnitCognition and Behavior Study Group, IRBLleidaHospital Universitari Santa MariaLleidaSpain
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9
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Castellanos-Perilla N, Borda MG, Aarsland D, Barreto GE. An analysis of omega-3 clinical trials and a call for personalized supplementation for dementia prevention. Expert Rev Neurother 2024; 24:313-324. [PMID: 38379273 PMCID: PMC11090157 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2024.2313547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Targeted interventions are needed to delay or prevent the onset of neurodegenerative diseases. Poor dietary habits are associated with cognitive decline, highlighting the benefits of a healthy diet with fish and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Intake of omega-3 PUFAs docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), α-linolenic acid (ALA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) is linked with healthy aging, cardiovascular benefits, and reduced risk of Alzheimer's disease. Although omega-3 has health benefits, its intake is often inadequate and insufficient in modern diets. Although fish oil supplements offer an alternative source, inconsistent results from clinical trials raise questions about the factors determining their success. AREAS COVERED In this this review, the authors discuss the aforementioned determining factors and highlight strategies that could enhance the effectiveness of omega-3 PUFAs interventions for dementia and cognitive decline. Moreover, the authors provide suggestions for potential future research. EXPERT OPINION Factors such as diet, lifestyle, and genetic predisposition can all influence the effectiveness of omega-3 supplementation. When implementing clinical trials, it is crucial to consider these factors and recognize their potential impact on the interpretation of results. It is important to study each variable independently and the interactions between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Castellanos-Perilla
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Centre for Age-Related Medicine (SESAM), Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
- Semillero de Neurociencias y Envejecimiento, Ageing Institute, Medical School, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Miguel Germán Borda
- Centre for Age-Related Medicine (SESAM), Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
- Semillero de Neurociencias y Envejecimiento, Ageing Institute, Medical School, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dag Aarsland
- Centre for Age-Related Medicine (SESAM), Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - George E. Barreto
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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10
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Flores AC, Zhang X, Kris-Etherton PM, Sliwinski MJ, Shearer GC, Gao X, Na M. Metabolomics and Risk of Dementia: A Systematic Review of Prospective Studies. J Nutr 2024; 154:826-845. [PMID: 38219861 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The projected increase in the prevalence of dementia has sparked interest in understanding the pathophysiology and underlying causal factors in its development and progression. Identifying novel biomarkers in the preclinical or prodromal phase of dementia may be important for predicting early disease risk. Applying metabolomic techniques to prediagnostic samples in prospective studies provides the opportunity to identify potential disease biomarkers. OBJECTIVE The objective of this systematic review was to summarize the evidence on the associations between metabolite markers and risk of dementia and related dementia subtypes in human studies with a prospective design. DESIGN We searched PubMed, PsycINFO, and Web of Science databases from inception through December 8, 2023. Thirteen studies (mean/median follow-up years: 2.1-21.0 y) were included in the review. RESULTS Several metabolites detected in biological samples, including amino acids, fatty acids, acylcarnitines, lipid and lipoprotein variations, hormones, and other related metabolites, were associated with risk of developing dementia. Our systematic review summarized the adjusted associations between metabolites and dementia risk; however, our findings should be interpreted with caution because of the heterogeneity across the included studies and potential sources of bias. Further studies are warranted with well-designed prospective cohort studies that have defined study populations, longer follow-up durations, the inclusion of additional diverse biological samples, standardization of techniques in metabolomics and ascertainment methods for diagnosing dementia, and inclusion of other related dementia subtypes. CONCLUSIONS This study contributes to the limited systematic reviews on metabolomics and dementia by summarizing the prospective associations between metabolites in prediagnostic biological samples with dementia risk. Our review discovered additional metabolite markers associated with the onset of developing dementia and may help aid in the understanding of dementia etiology. The protocol is registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) database (https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/; registration ID: CRD42022357521).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley C Flores
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Xinyuan Zhang
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Penny M Kris-Etherton
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Martin J Sliwinski
- Center for Healthy Aging, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States; Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Greg C Shearer
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Xiang Gao
- School of Public Health, Institute of Nutrition, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Muzi Na
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States.
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11
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Wang W, Li J, Cui S, Li J, Ye X, Wang Z, Zhang T, Jiang X, Kong Y, Chen X, Chen YQ, Zhu S. Microglial Ffar4 deficiency promotes cognitive impairment in the context of metabolic syndrome. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadj7813. [PMID: 38306420 PMCID: PMC10836723 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj7813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is closely associated with an increased risk of dementia and cognitive impairment, and a complex interaction of genetic and environmental dietary factors may be implicated. Free fatty acid receptor 4 (Ffar4) may bridge the genetic and dietary aspects of MetS development. However, the role of Ffar4 in MetS-related cognitive dysfunction is unclear. In this study, we found that Ffar4 expression is down-regulated in MetS mice and MetS patients with cognitive impairment. Conventional and microglial conditional knockout of Ffar4 exacerbated high-fat diet (HFD)-induced cognitive dysfunction and anxiety, whereas microglial Ffar4 overexpression improved HFD-induced cognitive dysfunction and anxiety. Mechanistically, we found that microglial Ffar4 regulated microglial activation through type I interferon signaling. Microglial depletion and NF-κB inhibition partially reversed cognitive dysfunction and anxiety in microglia-specific Ffar4 knockout MetS mice. Together, these findings uncover a previously unappreciated role of Ffar4 in negatively regulating the NF-κB-IFN-β signaling and provide an attractive therapeutic target for delaying MetS-associated cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214000, China
| | - Jinyou Li
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Siyuan Cui
- Jiangnan University Medical Center, Wuxi 214002, China
| | - Jiayu Li
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214000, China
| | - Xianlong Ye
- Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang 330000, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214000, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214000, China
| | - Xuan Jiang
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214000, China
| | - Yulin Kong
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214000, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Jiangnan University Medical Center, Wuxi 214002, China
| | - Yong Q. Chen
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214000, China
| | - Shenglong Zhu
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214000, China
- Jiangnan University Medical Center, Wuxi 214002, China
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12
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Kawade N, Yamanaka K. Novel insights into brain lipid metabolism in Alzheimer's disease: Oligodendrocytes and white matter abnormalities. FEBS Open Bio 2024; 14:194-216. [PMID: 37330425 PMCID: PMC10839347 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia. A genome-wide association study has shown that several AD risk genes are involved in lipid metabolism. Additionally, epidemiological studies have indicated that the levels of several lipid species are altered in the AD brain. Therefore, lipid metabolism is likely changed in the AD brain, and these alterations might be associated with an exacerbation of AD pathology. Oligodendrocytes are glial cells that produce the myelin sheath, which is a lipid-rich insulator. Dysfunctions of the myelin sheath have been linked to white matter abnormalities observed in the AD brain. Here, we review the lipid composition and metabolism in the brain and myelin and the association between lipidic alterations and AD pathology. We also present the abnormalities in oligodendrocyte lineage cells and white matter observed in AD. Additionally, we discuss metabolic disorders, including obesity, as AD risk factors and the effects of obesity and dietary intake of lipids on the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noe Kawade
- Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Research Institute of Environmental MedicineNagoya UniversityJapan
- Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of MedicineNagoya UniversityJapan
| | - Koji Yamanaka
- Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Research Institute of Environmental MedicineNagoya UniversityJapan
- Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of MedicineNagoya UniversityJapan
- Institute for Glyco‐core Research (iGCORE)Nagoya UniversityJapan
- Center for One Medicine Innovative Translational Research (COMIT)Nagoya UniversityJapan
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13
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Ahmed I, Reeves WD, Sun W, Dubrof ST, Zukaitis JG, West FD, Park HJ, Zhao Q. Nutritional supplement induced modulations in the functional connectivity of a porcine brain. Nutr Neurosci 2024; 27:147-158. [PMID: 36657164 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2023.2166803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional connectivity (FC) measures statistical dependence between cortical brain regions. Studies of FC facilitate understanding of the brain's function and architecture that underpin normal cognition, behavior, and changes associated with various factors (e.g. nutritional supplements) at a large scale. OBJECTIVE We aimed to identify modifications in FC patterns and targeted brain anatomies in piglets following perinatal intake of different nutritional diets using a graph theory based approach. METHODS Forty-four piglets from four groups of pregnant sows, who were treated with nutritional supplements, including control diet, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), egg yolk (EGG), and DHA + EGG, went through resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI). We introduced the use of differential degree test (DDT) to identify differentially connected edges (DCEs). Simulation studies were first conducted to compare the DDT with permutation test, using three network structures at different noise levels. DDT was then applied to rs-fMRI data acquired from piglets. RESULTS In simulations, the DDT showed a greater accuracy in detecting DCEs when compared with the permutation test. For empirical data, we found that the strength of internodal connectivity is significantly increased for more than 6% of edges in the EGG group and more than 8% of edges in the DHA and DHA + EGG groups, all compared to the control group. Moreover, differential wiring diagrams between group comparisons provided means to pinpoint brain hubs affected by nutritional supplements. CONCLUSION DDT showed a greater accuracy of detection of DCEs and demonstrated EGG, DHA, and DHA + EGG supplemented diets lead to an improved internodal connectivity in the developing piglet brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishfaque Ahmed
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Institute of Physics, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan
| | - William D Reeves
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Wenwu Sun
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Stephanie T Dubrof
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jillien G Zukaitis
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Franklin D West
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Hea Jin Park
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Qun Zhao
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, Athens, GA, USA
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14
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Belaidi AA, Masaldan S, Southon A, Kalinowski P, Acevedo K, Appukuttan AT, Portbury S, Lei P, Agarwal P, Leurgans SE, Schneider J, Conrad M, Bush AI, Ayton S. Apolipoprotein E potently inhibits ferroptosis by blocking ferritinophagy. Mol Psychiatry 2024; 29:211-220. [PMID: 35484240 PMCID: PMC9757994 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01568-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Allelic variation to the APOE gene confers the greatest genetic risk for sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD). Independent of genotype, low abundance of apolipoprotein E (apoE), is characteristic of AD CSF, and predicts cognitive decline. The mechanisms underlying the genotype and apoE level risks are uncertain. Recent fluid and imaging biomarker studies have revealed an unexpected link between apoE and brain iron, which also forecasts disease progression, possibly through ferroptosis, an iron-dependent regulated cell death pathway. Here, we report that apoE is a potent inhibitor of ferroptosis (EC50 ≈ 10 nM; N27 neurons). We demonstrate that apoE signals to activate the PI3K/AKT pathway that then inhibits the autophagic degradation of ferritin (ferritinophagy), thus averting iron-dependent lipid peroxidation. Using postmortem inferior temporal brain cortex tissue from deceased subjects from the Rush Memory and Aging Project (MAP) (N = 608), we found that the association of iron with pathologically confirmed clinical Alzheimer's disease was stronger among those with the adverse APOE-ε4 allele. While protection against ferroptosis did not differ between apoE isoforms in vitro, other features of ε4 carriers, such as low abundance of apoE protein and higher levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (which fuel ferroptosis) could mediate the ε4 allele's heighted risk of AD. These data support ferroptosis as a putative pathway to explain the major genetic risk associated with late onset AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdel Ali Belaidi
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Shashank Masaldan
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Adam Southon
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Pawel Kalinowski
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Karla Acevedo
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Ambili T Appukuttan
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Stuart Portbury
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Peng Lei
- Department of Neurology and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Puja Agarwal
- Rush Alzheimer Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, United States
| | - Sue E Leurgans
- Rush Alzheimer Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, United States
| | - Julie Schneider
- Rush Alzheimer Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, United States
| | - Marcus Conrad
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Metabolism and Cell Death, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Ashley I Bush
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
| | - Scott Ayton
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
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15
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Valentin-Escalera J, Leclerc M, Calon F. High-Fat Diets in Animal Models of Alzheimer's Disease: How Can Eating Too Much Fat Increase Alzheimer's Disease Risk? J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 97:977-1005. [PMID: 38217592 PMCID: PMC10836579 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
High dietary intake of saturated fatty acids is a suspected risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). To decipher the causal link behind these associations, high-fat diets (HFD) have been repeatedly investigated in animal models. Preclinical studies allow full control over dietary composition, avoiding ethical concerns in clinical trials. The goal of the present article is to provide a narrative review of reports on HFD in animal models of AD. Eligibility criteria included mouse models of AD fed a HFD defined as > 35% of fat/weight and western diets containing > 1% cholesterol or > 15% sugar. MEDLINE and Embase databases were searched from 1946 to August 2022, and 32 preclinical studies were included in the review. HFD-induced obesity and metabolic disturbances such as insulin resistance and glucose intolerance have been replicated in most studies, but with methodological variability. Most studies have found an aggravating effect of HFD on brain Aβ pathology, whereas tau pathology has been much less studied, and results are more equivocal. While most reports show HFD-induced impairment on cognitive behavior, confounding factors may blur their interpretation. In summary, despite conflicting results, exposing rodents to diets highly enriched in saturated fat induces not only metabolic defects, but also cognitive impairment often accompanied by aggravated neuropathological markers, most notably Aβ burden. Although there are important variations between methods, particularly the lack of diet characterization, these studies collectively suggest that excessive intake of saturated fat should be avoided in order to lower the incidence of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josue Valentin-Escalera
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval (CHUL), Québec, Canada
- Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels, Québec, Canada
- OptiNutriBrain - Laboratoire International Associé (NutriNeuro France-INAF Canada)
| | - Manon Leclerc
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval (CHUL), Québec, Canada
- Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels, Québec, Canada
- OptiNutriBrain - Laboratoire International Associé (NutriNeuro France-INAF Canada)
| | - Frédéric Calon
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval (CHUL), Québec, Canada
- Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels, Québec, Canada
- OptiNutriBrain - Laboratoire International Associé (NutriNeuro France-INAF Canada)
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16
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Perneczky R. Alzheimer's Disease Prevention and Treatment Based on Population-Based Approaches. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2785:15-33. [PMID: 38427185 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3774-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The development of effective prevention and treatment strategies for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and dementia is hindered by limited knowledge of the underlying biological and environmental causes. While certain genetic factors have been associated with AD, and various lifestyle and environmental factors have been linked to dementia risk, the interactions between genes and the environment are not yet fully understood. To identify new avenues for dementia prevention, coordinated global efforts are needed to utilize existing cohorts and resources effectively and efficiently. This chapter provides an overview of current research on risk and protective factors for AD and dementia and discusses the opportunities and challenges associated with population-based approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Perneczky
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
- Ageing Epidemiology (AGE) Research Unit, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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17
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Wen J, Satyanarayanan SK, Li A, Yan L, Zhao Z, Yuan Q, Su KP, Su H. Unraveling the impact of Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity and glymphatic function. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 115:335-355. [PMID: 37914102 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other forms of dementia represent major public health challenges but effective therapeutic options are limited. Pathological brain aging is associated with microvascular changes and impaired clearance systems. The application of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 or omega-3 PUFAs) is one of the most promising nutritional interventions in neurodegenerative disorders from epidemiological data, clinical and pre-clinical studies. As essential components of neuronal membranes, n-3 PUFAs have shown neuroprotection and anti-inflammatory effects, as well as modulatory effects through microvascular pathophysiology, amyloid-beta (Aβ) clearance and glymphatic pathways. This review meticulously explores these underlying mechanisms that contribute to the beneficial effects of n-3 PUFAs against AD and dementia, synthesizing evidence from both animal and interventional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau
| | - Senthil Kumaran Satyanarayanan
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Health, Hong Kong Institute of Science & Innovation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong
| | - Ang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau
| | - Lingli Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau
| | - Ziai Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau
| | - Qiuju Yuan
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Health, Hong Kong Institute of Science & Innovation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong
| | - Kuan-Pin Su
- An-Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Mind-Body Interface Research Center (MBI-Lab), China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Huanxing Su
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau.
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18
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Ten Kate M, Barkhof F, Schwarz AJ. Consistency between Treatment Effects on Clinical and Brain Atrophy Outcomes in Alzheimer's Disease Trials. J Prev Alzheimers Dis 2024; 11:38-47. [PMID: 38230715 PMCID: PMC10994869 DOI: 10.14283/jpad.2023.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Longitudinal changes in volumetric MRI outcome measures have been shown to correlate well with longitudinal changes in clinical instruments and have been widely used as biomarker outcomes in clinical trials for Alzheimer's disease (AD). While instances of discordant findings have been noted in some trials, especially the recent amyloid-removing therapies, the overall relationship between treatment effects on brain atrophy and clinical outcomes, and how it might depend on treatment target or mechanism, clinical instrument or imaging variable is not yet clear. OBJECTIVE To systematically assess the consistency and therapeutic class-dependence of treatment effects on clinical outcomes and on brain atrophy in published reports of clinical trials conducted in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and/or AD. DESIGN Quantitative review of the published literature. The consistency of treatment effects on clinical and brain atrophy outcomes was assessed in terms of statistical agreement with hypothesized equal magnitude effects (e.g., 30% slowing of both) and nominal directional concordance, as a function of therapeutic class. SETTING Interventional randomized clinical trials. PARTICIPANTS MCI or AD trial participants. INTERVENTION Treatments included were those that involved ingestion or injection of a putatively active substance into the body, encompassing both pharmacological and controlled dietary interventions. MEASUREMENTS Each trial included in the analysis reported at least one of the required clinical outcomes (ADAS-Cog, CDR-SB or MMSE) and at least one of the required imaging outcomes (whole brain, ventricular or hippocampal volume). RESULTS Data from 35 trials, comprising 185 pairwise comparisons, were included. Overall, the 95% confidence bounds overlapped with the line of identity for 150/185 (81%) of the imaging-clinical variable pairs. The greatest proportion of outliers was found in trials of anti-amyloid antibodies that have been shown to dramatically reduce the level of PET-detectable amyloid plaques, for which only 13/33 (39%) of observations overlapped the identity line. A Deming regression calculated using all data points yielded a slope of 0.54, whereas if data points from the amyloid remover class were excluded, the Deming regression line had a slope of 0.92. Directional discordance of treatment effects was also most pronounced for the amyloid-removing class, and for comparisons involving ventricular volume. CONCLUSION Our results provide a frame of reference for the interpretation of clinical and brain atrophy results from future clinical trials and highlight the importance of mechanism of action in the interpretation of imaging results.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ten Kate
- Adam J Schwarz, PhD, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Ltd., 40 Landsdowne St., Cambridge MA 02139, USA Tel: (+1) 317 282 3557,
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Loeffler DA. Approaches for Increasing Cerebral Efflux of Amyloid-β in Experimental Systems. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 100:379-411. [PMID: 38875041 DOI: 10.3233/jad-240212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Amyloid protein-β (Aβ) concentrations are increased in the brain in both early onset and late onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). In early onset AD, cerebral Aβ production is increased and its clearance is decreased, while increased Aβ burden in late onset AD is due to impaired clearance. Aβ has been the focus of AD therapeutics since development of the amyloid hypothesis, but efforts to slow AD progression by lowering brain Aβ failed until phase 3 trials with the monoclonal antibodies lecanemab and donanemab. In addition to promoting phagocytic clearance of Aβ, antibodies lower cerebral Aβ by efflux of Aβ-antibody complexes across the capillary endothelia, dissolving Aβ aggregates, and a "peripheral sink" mechanism. Although the blood-brain barrier is the main route by which soluble Aβ leaves the brain (facilitated by low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 and ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1), Aβ can also be removed via the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, glymphatic drainage, and intramural periarterial drainage. This review discusses experimental approaches to increase cerebral Aβ efflux via these mechanisms, clinical applications of these approaches, and findings in clinical trials with these approaches in patients with AD or mild cognitive impairment. Based on negative findings in clinical trials with previous approaches targeting monomeric Aβ, increasing the cerebral efflux of soluble Aβ is unlikely to slow AD progression if used as monotherapy. But if used as an adjunct to treatment with lecanemab or donanemab, this approach might allow greater slowing of AD progression than treatment with either antibody alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Loeffler
- Department of Neurology, Beaumont Research Institute, Corewell Health, Royal Oak, MI, USA
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20
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Lu TV, Grill JD, Gillen DL. Study Partner Type and Adverse Event Reporting in Mild-to-Moderate Alzheimer's Disease Clinical Trials. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 98:729-738. [PMID: 38427487 PMCID: PMC10977362 DOI: 10.3233/jad-231283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Background In randomized clinical trials (RCTs), monitoring adverse events (AEs) and serious AEs (SAEs) is critical. All Alzheimer's disease (AD) RCTs require participants to enroll with a study partner. Objective We examined AE reporting rates in mild-to-moderate AD trials and their associations with study partner type. Methods We estimated AE reporting rates using placebo data from seven independent RCTs conducted by the Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study. We assessed the heterogeneity of reporting rates as a function of visits using generalized estimating equations. In the primary analysis, we tested the hypotheses that the rates of reporting differed by study partner type and time they spent with the participant weekly using Poisson regression with robust variance estimation. In all regression models, log-transformed total patient years was included. Results The estimated reporting rates were 2.83 (95% CI: 2.66, 3.02), 1.18 (95% CI: 1.09, 1.28), 0.23 (95% CI: 0.19, 0.27), and 0.28 (95% CI: 0.24, 0.33) events per participant year for grade 1-3 AEs and SAEs, respectively. We estimated that greater number of visits per year was associated with increased reporting for grade 1-2 AEs and SAEs. We did not find evidence to suggest that AE reporting differed by study partner type or by time the study partner spent with the participant. Conclusions Study partner type and time the study partner spent with the participant did not appear to impact AE reporting. Estimated reporting rates may be useful to evaluate safety in future studies, particularly those with no control arm and similar visit frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy V. Lu
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Joshua D. Grill
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Daniel L. Gillen
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Population Health and Disease Prevention, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - for the Alzheimer’s Disease Cooperative Study
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Population Health and Disease Prevention, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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21
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Zhang X, Yuan T, Chen X, Liu X, Hu J, Liu Z. Effects of DHA on cognitive dysfunction in aging and Alzheimer's disease: The mediating roles of ApoE. Prog Lipid Res 2024; 93:101256. [PMID: 37890592 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2023.101256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) continues to rise due to the increasing aging population. Among the various genetic factors associated with AD, apolipoprotein E (ApoE), a lipid transporter, stands out as the primary genetic risk factor. Specifically, individuals carrying the ApoE4 allele exhibit a significantly higher risk. However, emerging research indicates that dietary factors play a prominent role in modifying the risk of AD. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a prominent ω-3 fatty acid, has garnered considerable attention for its potential to ameliorate cognitive function. The intricate interplay between DHA and the ApoE genotype within the brain, which may influence DHA's utilization and functionality, warrants further investigation. This review meticulously examines experimental and clinical studies exploring the effects of DHA on cognitive decline. Special emphasis is placed on elucidating the role of ApoE gene polymorphism and the underlying mechanisms are discussed. These studies suggest that early DHA supplementation may confer benefits to cognitively normal older adults carrying the ApoE4 gene. However, once AD develops, ApoE4 non-carriers may experience greater benefits compared to ApoE4 carriers, although the overall effectiveness of DHA supplementation at this stage is limited. Potential mechanisms underlying these differential effects may include accelerated DHA catabolism in ApoE4 carriers, impaired transport across the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and compromised lipidation and circulatory function in ApoE4 carriers. Thus, the supplementation of DHA may represent a potential intervention strategy aimed at compensating for these deficiencies in ApoE4 carriers prior to the onset of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Tian Yuan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Northwest A&F University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, China
| | - Xuhui Chen
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518036, China
| | - Xuebo Liu
- Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jun Hu
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518036, China.
| | - Zhigang Liu
- Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Northwest A&F University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, China; Dongguan Chuangwei Precision Nutrition and Health Innovation Center, Dongguan, Guangdong 523170, China; Shaanxi Precision Nutrition and Health Research Institute, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710300, China.
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22
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Kocatürk RR, Temizyürek A, Özcan ÖÖ, Ergüzel TT, Karahan M, Konuk M, Tarhan N. Effect of nutritional supports on malnutrition, cognition, function and biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review. Int J Neurosci 2023; 133:1355-1373. [PMID: 35686376 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2022.2079506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM To summarize the nutritional supplementation on biochemical parameters, cognition, function, Alzheimer's Disease (AD) biomarkers and nutritional status. MATERIALS AND METHODS PubMed, Web of Science, Korean Journal Database, Russian Science Citation Index, SciELO Citation Index, Cochrane Library and Scopus databases were searched until 16 April 2021. 22.193 records in total were reached according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Included Studies were evaluated through the Modified Jadad Scale and gathered under four subheadings. RESULTS Forty-eight studies with a total of 7009 AD patients were included. Souvenaid, ONS (368 ± 69 kcal), Vegenat-med, 500 mg Resveratrol, ONS (200 mL) were effective nutritional supplements on promoting weight gain and protecting malnutrition status but showed conflicting results in Body mass index, Mid-Upper-Arm Circumference and Triceps Skin Fold Thickness. ONS and a lyophilized whole supplementation Vegenat-med intake made an increase in MNA scores. While all nutritional supplements showed controversial results in biochemical parameters but caused a decrease in Hcy levels which caused reductions in brain Aβ plaque (increase serum Aβ), p-Tau and cognitive improvement. Folic acid and vitamin D decreased serum APP, BACE1, BACE1mRNA. Resveratrol, Hericium erinaceus mycelia, vitamin D and Betaine supplements improved cognitive, functional prognosis and quality of life unlike other nutritional supplements had no effect on cognitive scales. CONCLUSIONS Better designed trials with holistic measures are needed to investigate the effect of nutritional support on the AD biomarkers, cognitive status, biochemical parameters and functional states. Also, more beneficial results can be obtained by examining the simultaneous effects of nutritional supplements with larger sample groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rümeysa Rabia Kocatürk
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Science, Üsküdar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Arzu Temizyürek
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Altınbaş University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Öznur Özge Özcan
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Health Sciences Institute, Üsküdar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Türker Tekin Ergüzel
- Department of Software Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Üsküdar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mesut Karahan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Science, Üsküdar University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Biomedical Device Technology, Vocational School of Health Sciences, Üsküdar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Muhsin Konuk
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Üsküdar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nevzat Tarhan
- NP Istanbul Brain Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Üsküdar University, Istanbul, Turkey
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23
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Zhang T, Gao G, Kwok LY, Sun Z. Gut microbiome-targeted therapies for Alzheimer's disease. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2271613. [PMID: 37934614 PMCID: PMC10631445 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2271613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The advent of high-throughput 'omics' technologies has improved our knowledge of gut microbiome in human health and disease, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disorder. Frequent bidirectional communications and mutual regulation exist between the gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous system through the gut-brain axis. A large body of research has reported a close association between the gut microbiota and AD development, and restoring a healthy gut microbiota may curb or even improve AD symptoms and progression. Thus, modulation of the gut microbiota has become a novel paradigm for clinical management of AD, and emerging effort has focused on developing potential novel strategies for preventing and/or treating the disease. In this review, we provide an overview of the connection and causal relationship between gut dysbiosis and AD, the mechanisms of gut microbiota in driving AD progression, and the successes and challenges of implementing available gut microbiome-targeted therapies (including probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, postbiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation) in preventive and/or therapeutic preclinical and clinical intervention studies of AD. Finally, we discuss the future directions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Guangqi Gao
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Lai-Yu Kwok
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Zhihong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
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24
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Nagata A, Oishi S, Kirishita N, Onoda K, Kobayashi T, Terada Y, Minami A, Senoo N, Yoshioka Y, Uchida K, Ito K, Miura S, Miyoshi N. Allyl Isothiocyanate Maintains DHA-Containing Glycerophospholipids and Ameliorates the Cognitive Function Decline in OVX Mice. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:43118-43129. [PMID: 38024702 PMCID: PMC10652735 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c06622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Low-temperature-induced fatty acid desaturation is highly conserved in animals, plants, and bacteria. Allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) is an agonist of the transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1), which is activated by various chemophysiological stimuli, including low temperature. However, whether AITC induces fatty acid desaturation remains unknown. We showed here that AITC increased levels of glycerophospholipids (GP) esterified with unsaturated fatty acids, especially docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in TRPA1-expressing HEK cells. Additionally, GP-DHA including phosphatidylcholine (18:0/22:6) and phosphatidylethanolamine (18:0/22:6) was increased in the brain and liver of AITC-administered mice. Moreover, intragastrical injection of AITC in ovariectomized (OVX) female C57BL/6J mice dose-dependently shortened the Δlatency time determined by the Morris water maze test, indicating AITC ameliorated the cognitive function decline in these mice. Thus, the oral administration of AITC maintains GP-DHA in the liver and brain, proving to be a potential strategy for preventing cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akika Nagata
- Graduate
School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 4228526, Japan
| | - Shiori Oishi
- Graduate
School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 4228526, Japan
| | - Nanako Kirishita
- Graduate
School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 4228526, Japan
| | - Keita Onoda
- Graduate
School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 4228526, Japan
| | - Takuma Kobayashi
- Graduate
School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 4228526, Japan
| | - Yuko Terada
- Graduate
School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 4228526, Japan
| | - Akira Minami
- Department
of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 4228526, Japan
| | - Nanami Senoo
- Graduate
School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 4228526, Japan
| | - Yasukiyo Yoshioka
- Graduate
School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 4228526, Japan
| | - Kunitoshi Uchida
- Graduate
School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 4228526, Japan
| | - Keisuke Ito
- Graduate
School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 4228526, Japan
| | - Shinji Miura
- Graduate
School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 4228526, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Miyoshi
- Graduate
School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 4228526, Japan
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25
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He X, Yu H, Fang J, Qi Z, Pei S, Yan B, Liu R, Wang Q, Szeto IMY, Liu B, Chen L, Li D. The effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on cognitive function outcomes in the elderly depends on the baseline omega-3 index. Food Funct 2023; 14:9506-9517. [PMID: 37840364 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo02959j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Both epidemiological and preclinical studies have shown the benefits of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) on dementia and cognitive impairment, yet the results of clinical randomized controlled trials (RCTs) performed to date are conflicting. The difference in the baseline omega-3 index (O3i) of subjects is a potential cause for this disparity, yet this is usually ignored. The present meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) on cognitive function in the elderly and the role of baseline O3i. A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science up to June 27th, 2023. The mean changes in the mini-mental state examination (MMSE) score were calculated as weighted mean differences by using a fixed-effects model. Fifteen random controlled trials were included in the meta-analysis. Pooled analysis showed that n-3 PUFA supplementation did not significantly improve the MMSE score (WMD = 0.04, [-0.08, 0.16]; Z = 0.62, P = 0.53; I2 = 0.00%, P(I2) = 0.49). Out of the 15 studies included in the meta-analysis, only 7 reported O3i at baseline and outcome, so only these 7 articles were used for subgroup analysis. Subgroup analysis showed that the MMSE score was significantly improved in the higher baseline O3i subgroup (WMD = 0.553, [0.01, 1.095]; I2 = 0.00%, P(I2) = 0.556) and higher O3i increment subgroup (WMD = 0.525, [0.023, 1.026]; I2 = 0.00%, P(I2) = 0.545). The overall effect demonstrated that n-3 PUFA supplementation exerted no improvement on global cognitive function. However, a higher baseline O3i and higher O3i increment were associated with an improvement in cognitive function in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin He
- Institute of Nutrition & Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
- School of Public Health and Emergency Management, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hongzhuan Yu
- Weifang Traditional Chinese Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Jiacheng Fang
- Institute of Nutrition & Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Zhongshi Qi
- Institute of Nutrition & Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Shengjie Pei
- Institute of Nutrition & Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Bei Yan
- Institute of Nutrition & Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Run Liu
- Institute of Nutrition & Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Qiuzhen Wang
- Institute of Nutrition & Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| | | | - Biao Liu
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Dairy, Hohhot 010110, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Institute of Nutrition & Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Duo Li
- Institute of Nutrition & Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, China
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Australia
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26
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Frankevich N, Tokareva A, Chagovets V, Starodubtseva N, Dolgushina N, Shmakov R, Sukhikh G, Frankevich V. COVID-19 Infection during Pregnancy: Disruptions in Lipid Metabolism and Implications for Newborn Health. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13787. [PMID: 37762087 PMCID: PMC10531385 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has raised questions about indirect impact in pregnant women on the development of their future children. Investigating the characteristics of lipid metabolism in the "mother-placenta-fetus" system can give information about the pathophysiology of COVID-19 infection during pregnancy. A total of 234 women were included in study. Maternal plasma, cord blood, and amniotic fluid lipidome were analyzed using HPLC-MS/MS. Differences in lipid profile were searched by Mann-Whitney and Kruskall-Wallis test, and diagnostic model based on logistic regression were built by AIC. Elevated levels of lysophospholipids, triglycerides, sphingomyelins, and oxidized lipids were registered in patients' maternal and cord plasma after COVID-19 infection. An increase in maternal plasma sphingomyelins and oxidized lipids was observed in cases of infection during the second trimester. In amniotic fluid, compared to the control group, nine lipids were reduced and six were elevated. Levels of phosphoglycerides, lysophosphoglycerides, and phosphatidylinositols decreased during infection in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. A health diagnostic model for newborns based on maternal plasma was developed for each group and exhibited good diagnostic value (AUC > 0.85). Maternal and cord plasma's lipidome changes during delivery, which are associated with COVID-19 infection during pregnancy, are synergistic. The most significant disturbances occur with infections in the second trimester of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Frankevich
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics Gynecology and Perinatology Named after Academician V.I. Kulakov of the Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (N.F.); (A.T.); (V.C.); (N.S.); (N.D.); (R.S.); (G.S.)
| | - Alisa Tokareva
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics Gynecology and Perinatology Named after Academician V.I. Kulakov of the Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (N.F.); (A.T.); (V.C.); (N.S.); (N.D.); (R.S.); (G.S.)
| | - Vitaly Chagovets
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics Gynecology and Perinatology Named after Academician V.I. Kulakov of the Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (N.F.); (A.T.); (V.C.); (N.S.); (N.D.); (R.S.); (G.S.)
| | - Natalia Starodubtseva
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics Gynecology and Perinatology Named after Academician V.I. Kulakov of the Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (N.F.); (A.T.); (V.C.); (N.S.); (N.D.); (R.S.); (G.S.)
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia Dolgushina
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics Gynecology and Perinatology Named after Academician V.I. Kulakov of the Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (N.F.); (A.T.); (V.C.); (N.S.); (N.D.); (R.S.); (G.S.)
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, Perinatology and Reproductology, Institute of Professional Education, Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Roman Shmakov
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics Gynecology and Perinatology Named after Academician V.I. Kulakov of the Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (N.F.); (A.T.); (V.C.); (N.S.); (N.D.); (R.S.); (G.S.)
| | - Gennady Sukhikh
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics Gynecology and Perinatology Named after Academician V.I. Kulakov of the Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (N.F.); (A.T.); (V.C.); (N.S.); (N.D.); (R.S.); (G.S.)
| | - Vladimir Frankevich
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics Gynecology and Perinatology Named after Academician V.I. Kulakov of the Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (N.F.); (A.T.); (V.C.); (N.S.); (N.D.); (R.S.); (G.S.)
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Siberian State Medical University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
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27
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Choi J, Rod-in W, Jang AY, Park WJ. Arctoscopus japonicus Lipids Enhance Immunity of Mice with Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppression. Foods 2023; 12:3292. [PMID: 37685225 PMCID: PMC10486990 DOI: 10.3390/foods12173292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A lipid extract was obtained from eggs of the sailfin sandfish, Arctoscopus japonicus. Immunostimulatory effects of A. japonicus lipids incorporated with PEG6000 (AJ-PEG) on immunosuppressed mice treated with cyclophosphamide (CY) were investigated. AJ-PEG was administered orally to mice at different concentrations of 25 to 100 mg/kg body weight (BW). CY was injected to mice intraperitoneally at 80 mg/kg BW. Administration of AJ-PEG significantly increased the spleen index of CY-treated mice. AJ-PEG also stimulated the proliferation of splenic lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) activity. Immune-associated cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ as well as TLR4 were overexpressed in splenic lymphocytes. Furthermore, AJ-PEG significantly increased splenic CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. In peritoneal macrophages, AJ-PEG administration improved proliferation, nitric oxide (NO) production, and phagocytosis. It also upregulated iNOS, COX-2, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α expression. Taken together, these results suggest that AJ-PEG can be used in animal models with immunosuppressive conditions as a potent immunomodulatory agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- JeongUn Choi
- Department of Wellness-Bio Industry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Marine Food Science and Technology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Republic of Korea; (W.R.-i.); (A.-y.J.)
| | - Weerawan Rod-in
- Department of Marine Food Science and Technology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Republic of Korea; (W.R.-i.); (A.-y.J.)
| | - A-yeong Jang
- Department of Marine Food Science and Technology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Republic of Korea; (W.R.-i.); (A.-y.J.)
| | - Woo Jung Park
- Department of Wellness-Bio Industry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Marine Food Science and Technology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Republic of Korea; (W.R.-i.); (A.-y.J.)
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28
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Plascencia-Villa G, Perry G. Roles of Oxidative Stress in Synaptic Dysfunction and Neuronal Cell Death in Alzheimer's Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1628. [PMID: 37627623 PMCID: PMC10451948 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12081628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a brain disorder that progressively undermines memory and thinking skills by affecting the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex. The main histopathological hallmarks of AD are the presence of abnormal protein aggregates (Aβ and tau), synaptic dysfunction, aberrant proteostasis, cytoskeletal abnormalities, altered energy homeostasis, DNA and RNA defects, inflammation, and neuronal cell death. However, oxidative stress or oxidative damage is also evident and commonly overlooked or considered a consequence of the advancement of dementia symptoms. The control or onset of oxidative stress is linked to the activity of the amyloid-β peptide, which may serve as both antioxidant and pro-oxidant molecules. Furthermore, oxidative stress is correlated with oxidative damage to proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids in vulnerable cell populations, which ultimately lead to neuronal death through different molecular mechanisms. By recognizing oxidative stress as an integral feature of AD, alternative therapeutic or preventive interventions are developed and tested as potential or complementary therapies for this devastating neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germán Plascencia-Villa
- Department of Neuroscience, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA), San Antonio, TX 78249, USA;
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Plascencia-Villa G, Perry G. Exploring Molecular Targets for Mitochondrial Therapies in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12486. [PMID: 37569861 PMCID: PMC10419704 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The progressive deterioration of function and structure of brain cells in neurodegenerative diseases is accompanied by mitochondrial dysfunction, affecting cellular metabolism, intracellular signaling, cell differentiation, morphogenesis, and the activation of programmed cell death. However, most of the efforts to develop therapies for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease have focused on restoring or maintaining the neurotransmitters in affected neurons, removing abnormal protein aggregates through immunotherapies, or simply treating symptomatology. However, none of these approaches to treating neurodegeneration can stop or reverse the disease other than by helping to maintain mental function and manage behavioral symptoms. Here, we discuss alternative molecular targets for neurodegeneration treatments that focus on mitochondrial functions, including regulation of calcium ion (Ca2+) transport, protein modification, regulation of glucose metabolism, antioxidants, metal chelators, vitamin supplementation, and mitochondrial transference to compromised neurons. After pre-clinical evaluation and studies in animal models, some of these therapeutic compounds have advanced to clinical trials and are expected to have positive outcomes in subjects with neurodegeneration. These mitochondria-targeted therapeutic agents are an alternative to established or conventional molecular targets that have shown limited effectiveness in treating neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germán Plascencia-Villa
- Department of Neuroscience, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA), San Antonio, TX 78249, USA;
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Zhang W, Xiao D, Mao Q, Xia H. Role of neuroinflammation in neurodegeneration development. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:267. [PMID: 37433768 PMCID: PMC10336149 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01486-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 97.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease, and so on, have suggested that inflammation is not only a result of neurodegeneration but also a crucial player in this process. Protein aggregates which are very common pathological phenomenon in neurodegeneration can induce neuroinflammation which further aggravates protein aggregation and neurodegeneration. Actually, inflammation even happens earlier than protein aggregation. Neuroinflammation induced by genetic variations in CNS cells or by peripheral immune cells may induce protein deposition in some susceptible population. Numerous signaling pathways and a range of CNS cells have been suggested to be involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration, although they are still far from being completely understood. Due to the limited success of traditional treatment methods, blocking or enhancing inflammatory signaling pathways involved in neurodegeneration are considered to be promising strategies for the therapy of neurodegenerative diseases, and many of them have got exciting results in animal models or clinical trials. Some of them, although very few, have been approved by FDA for clinical usage. Here we comprehensively review the factors affecting neuroinflammation and the major inflammatory signaling pathways involved in the pathogenicity of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. We also summarize the current strategies, both in animal models and in the clinic, for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Zhang
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, 199 South Chang'an Road, Xi'an, 710062, P.R. China
| | - Dan Xiao
- The State Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Air Force Medical University, No. 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, P.R. China
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, No. 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Qinwen Mao
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Huntsman Cancer Institute, 2000 Circle of Hope Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Haibin Xia
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, 199 South Chang'an Road, Xi'an, 710062, P.R. China.
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Hartnett KB, Ferguson BJ, Hecht PM, Schuster LE, Shenker JI, Mehr DR, Fritsche KL, Belury MA, Scharre DW, Horwitz AJ, Kille BM, Sutton BE, Tatum PE, Greenlief CM, Beversdorf DQ. Potential Neuroprotective Effects of Dietary Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Stress in Alzheimer's Disease. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1096. [PMID: 37509132 PMCID: PMC10377362 DOI: 10.3390/biom13071096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A large number of individual potentially modifiable factors are associated with risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, less is known about the interactions between the individual factors. METHODS In order to begin to examine the relationship between a pair of factors, we performed a pilot study, surveying patients with AD and controls for stress exposure and dietary omega-3 fatty acid intake to explore their relationship for risk of AD. RESULTS For individuals with the greatest stress exposure, omega-3 fatty acid intake was significantly greater in healthy controls than in AD patients. There was no difference among those with low stress exposure. CONCLUSIONS These initial results begin to suggest that omega-3 fatty acids may mitigate AD risk in the setting of greater stress exposure. This will need to be examined with larger populations and other pairs of risk factors to better understand these important relationships. Examining how individual risk factors interact will ultimately be important for learning how to optimally decrease the risk of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn B Hartnett
- School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Bradley J Ferguson
- Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
- Department of Health Psychology, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Patrick M Hecht
- Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Luke E Schuster
- School of Medicine, University of Kansas, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Joel I Shenker
- Department of Neurology, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - David R Mehr
- Family & Community Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Kevin L Fritsche
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Martha A Belury
- Department of Human Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Douglas W Scharre
- Department of Neurology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | | | | | - Briann E Sutton
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, William Carey University, Hattiesburg, MS 39401, USA
| | - Paul E Tatum
- Division of Palliative Medicine; Washington University. St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | | - David Q Beversdorf
- Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
- Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
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Sherzai AZ, Sherzai AN, Sherzai D. A Systematic Review of Omega-3 Consumption and Neuroprotective Cognitive Outcomes. Am J Lifestyle Med 2023; 17:560-588. [PMID: 37426732 PMCID: PMC10328206 DOI: 10.1177/15598276221117102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Context While a great deal of interest has been accorded to the cognitive effects of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC PUFAs), there is a need for systematic review data that assess this outcome across the lifespan, accounting for population differences and highlighting methodological limitations of extant studies. Objective This systematic review addresses the effects of n-3s on human cognition and provides an overview on the current state of research and recommendations for future efforts. Data Sources Based on a thorough review of highly powered articles from PubMed (MEDLINE), Web of Science, and ProQuest Central, the authors evaluated articles published between 2000 and 2020 assessing LC PUFA status on cognition as a primary outcome measure. Using the PRISMA guidelines, the researchers' primary aim was to provide a comprehensive overview of the articles. Conclusions The results indicate inconsistent effects of intervention, with benefits for specific groups on specific outcomes. Although results were rarely definitive across cognitive domains, and the majority of studies indicated the presence of a possible threshold effect in which LC PUFA needs were already being met, and supplementation did not have an additional effect, there is evidence for trends towards benefit in cognitive functions, in those experiencing early cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Z. Sherzai
- Department of Neurology, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA, USA (DS, AZS); and California State University, Los Angeles, CA, USA (ANS)
| | - Alexander N. Sherzai
- Department of Neurology, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA, USA (DS, AZS); and California State University, Los Angeles, CA, USA (ANS)
| | - Dean Sherzai
- Department of Neurology, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA, USA (DS, AZS); and California State University, Los Angeles, CA, USA (ANS)
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Wei BZ, Li L, Dong CW, Tan CC, Xu W. The Relationship of Omega-3 Fatty Acids with Dementia and Cognitive Decline: Evidence from Prospective Cohort Studies of Supplementation, Dietary Intake, and Blood Markers. Am J Clin Nutr 2023; 117:1096-1109. [PMID: 37028557 PMCID: PMC10447496 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous data have linked omega-3 fatty acids with risk of dementia. We aimed to assess the longitudinal relationships of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake as well as blood biomarkers with risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD), dementia, or cognitive decline. Longitudinal data were derived from 1135 participants without dementia (mean age = 73 y) in the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) cohort to evaluate the associations of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation and blood biomarkers with incident AD during the 6-y follow-up. A meta-analysis of published cohort studies was further conducted to test the longitudinal relationships of dietary intake of omega-3 and its peripheral markers with all-cause dementia or cognitive decline. Causal dose-response analyses were conducted using the robust error meta-regression model. In the ADNI cohort, long-term users of omega-3 fatty acid supplements exhibited a 64% reduced risk of AD (hazard ratio: 0.36, 95% confidence interval: 0.18, 0.72; P = 0.004). After incorporating 48 longitudinal studies involving 103,651 participants, a moderate-to-high level of evidence suggested that dietary intake of omega-3 fatty acids could lower risk of all-cause dementia or cognitive decline by ∼20%, especially for docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) intake (relative risk [RR]: 0.82, I2 = 63.6%, P = 0.001) and for studies that were adjusted for apolipoprotein APOE ε4 status (RR: 0.83, I2 = 65%, P = 0.006). Each increment of 0.1 g/d of DHA or eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) intake was associated with an 8% ∼ 9.9% (Plinear < 0.0005) lower risk of cognitive decline. Moderate-to-high levels of evidence indicated that elevated levels of plasma EPA (RR: 0.88, I2 = 38.1%) and erythrocyte membrane DHA (RR: 0.94, I2 = 0.4%) were associated with a lower risk of cognitive decline. Dietary intake or long-term supplementation of omega-3 fatty acids may help reduce risk of AD or cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Zhen Wei
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China; The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Neurology, Linyi People's Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Cheng-Wen Dong
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chen-Chen Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
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Whitehead LE, Sailer O, Witham MD, Wason JMS. Bayesian borrowing for basket trials with longitudinal outcomes. Stat Med 2023. [PMID: 37120858 DOI: 10.1002/sim.9751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Basket trials are a novel clinical trial design in which a single intervention is investigated in multiple patient subgroups, or "baskets." They offer the opportunity to share information between subgroups, potentially increasing power to detect treatment effects. Basket trials offer several advantages over running a series of separate trials, including reduced sample sizes, increased efficiency, and reduced costs. Primarily, basket trials have been undertaken in Phase II oncology settings, but could be a promising design in other areas where a shared underlying biological mechanism drives different diseases. One such area is chronic aging-related diseases. However, trials in this area frequently have longitudinal outcomes, and therefore suitable methods are needed to share information in this setting. In this paper, we extend three Bayesian borrowing methods for a basket design with continuous longitudinal endpoints. We demonstrate our methods on a real-world dataset and in a simulation study where the aim is to detect positive basketwise treatment effects. Methods are compared with standalone analysis of each basket without borrowing. Our results confirm that methods that share information can improve power to detect positive treatment effects and increase precision over independent analysis in many scenarios. In highly heterogeneous scenarios, there is a trade-off between increased power and increased risk of type I errors. Our proposed methods for basket trials with continuous longitudinal outcomes aim to facilitate their applicability in the area of aging related diseases. Choice of method should be made based on trial priorities and the expected basketwise distribution of treatment effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lou E Whitehead
- Biostatistics Research Group, Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Oliver Sailer
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Miles D Witham
- AGE Research Group, NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle University and Newcastle upon Tyne NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - James M S Wason
- Biostatistics Research Group, Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Martinsen A, Saleh RNM, Chouinard-Watkins R, Bazinet R, Harden G, Dick J, Tejera N, Pontifex MG, Vauzour D, Minihane AM. The Influence of APOE Genotype, DHA, and Flavanol Intervention on Brain DHA and Lipidomics Profile in Aged Transgenic Mice. Nutrients 2023; 15:2032. [PMID: 37432149 DOI: 10.3390/nu15092032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) genotype is predictive of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The brain is highly enriched with the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n3-PUFA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). DHA's metabolism is defective in APOE4 carriers. Flavanol intake can play a role in modulating DHA levels. However, the impact of flavanol co-supplementation with fish oil on brain DHA uptake, status and partitioning, and according to APOE genotype is currently unknown. Here, using a humanised APOE3 and APOE4 targeted replacement transgenic mouse model, the interactive influence of cocoa flavanols (FLAV) and APOE genotype on the blood and subcortical brain PUFA status following the supplementation of a high fat (HF) enriched with DHA from fish oil (FO) was investigated. DHA levels increased in the blood (p < 0.001) and brain (p = 0.001) following supplementation. Compared to APOE3, a higher red blood cell (RBC) DHA (p < 0.001) was evident in APOE4 mice following FO and FLAV supplementation. Although FO did not increase the percentage of brain DHA in APOE4, a 17.1% (p < 0.05) and 20.0% (p < 0.001) higher DHA level in the phosphatidylcholine (PC) fraction in the HF FO and HF FO FLAV groups, and a 14.5% (p < 0.05) higher DHA level in the phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) fraction in the HF FO FLAV group was evident in these animals relative to the HF controls. The addition of FLAV (+/- FO) did not significantly increase the percentage of brain DHA in the group as a whole. However, a higher brain: RBC DHA ratio was evident in APOE3 only (p < 0.05) for HF FLAV versus HF. In conclusion, our data shows only modest effects of FLAV on the brain DHA status, which is limited to APOE3.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rasha N M Saleh
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21526, Egypt
| | - Raphael Chouinard-Watkins
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Richard Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Glenn Harden
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - James Dick
- Nutrition Analytical Service, Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Noemi Tejera
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | | | - David Vauzour
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
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He Y, Huang SY, Wang HF, Zhang W, Deng YT, Zhang YR, Dong Q, Feng JF, Cheng W, Yu JT. Circulating polyunsaturated fatty acids, fish oil supplementation, and risk of incident dementia: a prospective cohort study of 440,750 participants. GeroScience 2023:10.1007/s11357-023-00778-6. [PMID: 37046127 PMCID: PMC10400523 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-00778-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cohort studies report inconsistent associations between omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) or fish oil and dementia risk. Furthermore, evidence relating omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-6 PUFA) with dementia is scarce. Here, we included 440,750 dementia-free participants from UK Biobank to comprehensively investigate the associations between plasma levels of different types of PUFA, fish oil supplementation, and dementia risk. During a median follow-up of 9.25 years, 7768 incident dementia events occurred. Higher plasma levels of five PUFA measures showed consistent associations with lower dementia risk (hazard ratios [95% confidence intervals] for per standard deviation increment of plasma concentrations 0.85 [0.81-0.89] for total PUFAs; 0.90 [0.86-0.95] for omega-3 PUFAs; 0.92 [0.87-0.96] for docosahexaenoic acid (DHA); 0.86 [0.82-0.90] for omega-6 PUFAs; 0.86 [0.82-0.90] for linoleic acid (LA); all p < 0.001). Compared with non-users, fish oil supplement users had a 7% decreased risk of developing all-cause dementia (0.93 [0.89-0.97], p = 0.002), and the relationship was partially mediated by plasma n-3 PUFA levels (omega-3 PUFAs: proportion of mediation = 57.99%; DHA: proportion of mediation = 56.95%). Furthermore, we observed significant associations of plasma n-3 PUFA levels and fish oil supplementation with peripheral immune markers that were related to dementia risk, as well as the positive associations of plasma PUFA levels with brain gray matter volumes and white matter microstructural integrity, suggesting they may affect dementia risk by affecting peripheral immunity and brain structure. Taken together, higher plasma PUFA levels and fish oil supplementation were associated with lower risk of incident dementia. This study may support the value of interventions to target PUFAs (specifically n-3 PUFAs) to prevent dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu He
- Department of Neurology and Institute of NeurologyState Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain ScienceNational Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu-Yi Huang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of NeurologyState Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain ScienceNational Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui-Fu Wang
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue-Ting Deng
- Department of Neurology and Institute of NeurologyState Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain ScienceNational Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya-Ru Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of NeurologyState Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain ScienceNational Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Dong
- Department of Neurology and Institute of NeurologyState Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain ScienceNational Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Feng Feng
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Fudan ISTBI-ZJNU Algorithm Centre for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
- MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Cheng
- Department of Neurology and Institute of NeurologyState Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain ScienceNational Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Fudan ISTBI-ZJNU Algorithm Centre for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Jin-Tai Yu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of NeurologyState Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain ScienceNational Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Yamagata K. Docosahexaenoic acid inhibits ischemic stroke to reduce vascular dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2023; 167:106733. [PMID: 37028469 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2023.106733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Stroke and dementia are global leading causes of neurological disability and death. The pathology of these diseases is interrelated and they share common, modifiable risk factors. It is suggested that docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) prevents neurological and vascular disorders induced by ischemic stroke and also prevent dementia. The purpose of this study was to review the potential preventative role of DHA against ischemic stroke-induced vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease. In this review, I analyzed studies on stroke-induced dementia from the PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science databases as well as studies on the effects of DHA on stroke-induced dementia. As per the results of interventional studies, DHA intake can potentially ameliorate dementia and cognitive function. In particular, DHA derived from foods such as fish oil enters the blood and then migrates to the brain by binding to fatty acid binding protein 5 that is present in cerebral vascular endothelial cells. At this point, the esterified form of DHA produced by lysophosphatidylcholine is preferentially absorbed into the brain instead of free DHA. DHA accumulates in nerve cell membrane and is involved in the prevention of dementia. The antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties of DHA and DHA metabolites as well as their ability to decrease amyloid beta (Aβ) 42 production were implicated in the improvement of cognitive function. The antioxidant effect of DHA, the inhibition of neuronal cell death by Aβ peptide, improvement in learning ability, and enhancement of synaptic plasticity may contribute to the prevention of dementia induced by ischemic stroke.
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Talukdar T, Zwilling CE, Barbey AK. Integrating Nutrient Biomarkers, Cognitive Function, and Structural MRI Data to Build Multivariate Phenotypes of Healthy Aging. J Nutr 2023; 153:1338-1346. [PMID: 36965693 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research in the emerging field of Nutritional Cognitive Neuroscience demonstrates that many aspects of nutrition - from entire diets to specific nutrients - affect cognitive performance and brain health. OBJECTIVE While prior research has primarily examined the bivariate relationship between nutrition and cognition, or nutrition and brain health, the present study sought to investigate the joint relationship between these essential and interactive elements of human health. METHODS We applied a state-of-the-art data fusion method, Coupled Matrix Tensor Factorization, to characterize the joint association between measures of nutrition (52 nutrient biomarkers), cognition (Wechsler Abbreviated Test of Intelligence and Wechsler Memory Scale), and brain health (high-resolution Magnetic Resonance Imaging measures of structural brain volume) within a cross-sectional sample of 111 healthy older adults that had an average age of 69.1 years, were 62% female and had an average Body Mass Index of 26.0. RESULTS Data fusion uncovered 3 latent factors that capture the joint association between specific nutrient profiles, cognitive measures, and cortical volumes, demonstrating the respects in which these health domains are coupled. Hierarchical cluster analysis further revealed systematic differences between the observed latent factors, providing evidence for multivariate phenotypes that represent high versus low levels of performance across multiple health domains. The primary features that distinguish between each phenotype were: (i) nutrient biomarkers for monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids; (ii) cognitive measures of immediate, auditory, and delayed memory; and (iii) brain volumes within frontal, temporal, and parietal cortex. CONCLUSIONS By incorporating innovations in nutritional epidemiology (nutrient biomarker analysis), cognitive neuroscience (high-resolution structural brain imaging), and statistics (data fusion), the present study provides an interdisciplinary synthesis of methods that elucidate how nutrition, cognition, and brain health are integrated through lifestyle choices that affect healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanveer Talukdar
- Decision Neuroscience Laboratory, Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL. USA
| | - Christopher E Zwilling
- Decision Neuroscience Laboratory, Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL. USA
| | - Aron K Barbey
- Decision Neuroscience Laboratory, Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL. USA; Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL. USA; Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL. USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL. USA; Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL. USA; Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL. USA.
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Andriambelo B, Stiffel M, Roke K, Plourde M. New perspectives on randomized controlled trials with omega-3 fatty acid supplements and cognition: A scoping review. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 85:101835. [PMID: 36603691 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Long chain polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 FA), such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are known to be important components in a healthy diet and contribute to healthy functioning of the heart and the brain, among other organs. Although there are epidemiological studies on the strong relationship between fish or n-3 FA consumption and lower risk of cognitive decline, results from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are less consistent. Here, we performed a scoping review on RCTs with n-3 FA supplementation where cognition was evaluated. Seventy-eight RCTs published before April 2022 were included in this review. Among these RCTs, 43.6% reported a positive cognitive outcome after the consumption of n-3 FA compared to the placebo. However, there was a large diversity of populations studied (age ranges and health status), wide range of doses of EPA + DHA supplemented (79 mg/day - 5200 mg/day) and a multitude of tests evaluating cognition, mainly diagnostic tests, that were used to assess cognitive scores and overall cognitive status. RCTs were thereafter categorized into non-cognitively impaired middle-aged adults (n = 24), non-cognitively impaired older adults (n = 24), adults with subjective memory complaints (n = 14), adults with mild cognitive impairments (MCI, n = 9) and people with diagnosed dementia or other cognitive changes (n = 7). Among these categories, 66.7% of RCTs conducted with MCI adults reported a positive cognitive outcome when supplemented with n-3 FA vs. the placebo. Therefore, this scoping review provides rationale and questions to a) strengthen the design of future RCTs with n-3 FA for cognitive outcomes, and b) generate more informative data to support clinicians in their practice in assessing cognition before and after a nutritional intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Andriambelo
- Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada, Centre de Recherche sur le Vieillissement, CIUSSS de l'Estrie-CHUS, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Institut de la nutrition et des aliments fonctionnels, Université Laval, QC, Canada
| | - M Stiffel
- Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada, Centre de Recherche sur le Vieillissement, CIUSSS de l'Estrie-CHUS, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Institut de la nutrition et des aliments fonctionnels, Université Laval, QC, Canada
| | - K Roke
- GOED- Global Organization for EPA and DHA Omega-3, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - M Plourde
- Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada, Centre de Recherche sur le Vieillissement, CIUSSS de l'Estrie-CHUS, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Institut de la nutrition et des aliments fonctionnels, Université Laval, QC, Canada.
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40
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Yin F. Lipid metabolism and Alzheimer's disease: clinical evidence, mechanistic link and therapeutic promise. FEBS J 2023; 290:1420-1453. [PMID: 34997690 PMCID: PMC9259766 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-associated neurodegenerative disorder with multifactorial etiology, intersecting genetic and environmental risk factors, and a lack of disease-modifying therapeutics. While the abnormal accumulation of lipids was described in the very first report of AD neuropathology, it was not until recent decades that lipid dyshomeostasis became a focus of AD research. Clinically, lipidomic and metabolomic studies have consistently shown alterations in the levels of various lipid classes emerging in early stages of AD brains. Mechanistically, decades of discovery research have revealed multifaceted interactions between lipid metabolism and key AD pathogenic mechanisms including amyloidogenesis, bioenergetic deficit, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and myelin degeneration. In the present review, converging evidence defining lipid dyshomeostasis in AD is summarized, followed by discussions on mechanisms by which lipid metabolism contributes to pathogenesis and modifies disease risk. Furthermore, lipid-targeting therapeutic strategies, and the modification of their efficacy by disease stage, ApoE status, and metabolic and vascular profiles, are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yin
- Center for Innovation in Brain Science, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine Tucson, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Graduate Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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41
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Xu J, Ni B, Ma C, Rong S, Gao H, Zhang L, Xiang X, Huang Q, Deng Q, Huang F. Docosahexaenoic acid enhances hippocampal insulin sensitivity to promote cognitive function of aged rats on a high-fat diet. J Adv Res 2023; 45:31-42. [PMID: 35618634 PMCID: PMC10006543 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2022.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diminished brain insulin sensitivity is associated with reduced cognitive function. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is known to maintain normal brain function. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to determine whether DHA impacts hippocampal insulin sensitivity and cognitive function in aged rats fed a high-fat diet (HFD). METHODS Eight-month-old female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups (n = 50 each). Rats in the aged group, HFD group, and DHA treatment group received standard diet (10 kcal% fat), HFD (45 kcal% fat), and DHA-enriched HFD (45 kcal% fat, 1% DHA, W/W) for 10 months, respectively. Four-month-old female rats (n = 40) that received a standard diet served as young controls. Neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, amyloid formation, and tau phosphorylation in the hippocampus, as well as systemic glucose homeostasis and cognitive function, were tested. RESULTS DHA treatment relieved a block in the insulin signaling pathway and consequently protected aged rats against HFD-induced hippocampal insulin resistance. The beneficial effects were explained by a DHA-induced decrease in systemic glucose homeostasis dysregulation, hippocampal neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. In addition, DHA treatment broke the reciprocal cycle of hippocampal insulin resistance, Aβ burden, and tau hyperphosphorylation. Importantly, treatment of model rats with DHA significantly increased their cognitive capacity, as evidenced by their increased hippocampal-dependent learning and memory, restored neuron morphology, enhanced cholinergic activity, and activated cyclic AMP-response element-binding protein. CONCLUSION DHA improves cognitive function by enhancing hippocampal insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiqu Xu
- Department of Nutriology, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2 Xudong Second Road, Wuhan 430062, P.R. China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2 Xudong Second Road, Wuhan 430062, P.R. China
| | - Ben Ni
- Department of Nutriology, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2 Xudong Second Road, Wuhan 430062, P.R. China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2 Xudong Second Road, Wuhan 430062, P.R. China
| | - Congcong Ma
- Department of Nutriology, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2 Xudong Second Road, Wuhan 430062, P.R. China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2 Xudong Second Road, Wuhan 430062, P.R. China
| | - Shuang Rong
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, P.R. China
| | - Hui Gao
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan 430030, P.R. China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Integrated Chinese & Western Medicine, No. 11, Lingjiaohu Road, Wuhan 430015, P.R. China
| | - Xia Xiang
- Department of Nutriology, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2 Xudong Second Road, Wuhan 430062, P.R. China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2 Xudong Second Road, Wuhan 430062, P.R. China
| | - Qingde Huang
- Department of Nutriology, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2 Xudong Second Road, Wuhan 430062, P.R. China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2 Xudong Second Road, Wuhan 430062, P.R. China
| | - Qianchun Deng
- Department of Nutriology, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2 Xudong Second Road, Wuhan 430062, P.R. China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2 Xudong Second Road, Wuhan 430062, P.R. China
| | - Fenghong Huang
- Department of Nutriology, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2 Xudong Second Road, Wuhan 430062, P.R. China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2 Xudong Second Road, Wuhan 430062, P.R. China.
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Tsiknia AA, Bergstrom J, Reas ET. Midlife omega-3 fatty acid intake predicts later life white matter microstructure in an age- and APOE-dependent manner. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:2143-2151. [PMID: 35584792 PMCID: PMC9977375 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Omega-3 intake has been positively associated with healthy brain aging, yet it remains unclear whether high omega-3 intake beginning early in life may optimize its protective effects against brain aging. We examined whether omega-3 intake is associated with brain microstructure over 2 decades later among dementia-free older adults. The 128 participants (62% women; age at magnetic resonance imaging: 76.6 ± 7.9) from the Rancho Bernardo Study of Healthy Aging completed at least 1 dietary assessment between 1984 and 1996 and underwent restriction spectrum imaging (RSI) 22.8 ± 3.1 years later. We evaluated associations between prior omega-3 intake and RSI metrics of gray and white matter (WM) microstructure. Higher prior omega-3 intake was associated with greater restricted diffusion in the superior cortico-striatal fasciculus. A correlation between higher prior omega-3 intake and greater cingulum restricted diffusion was stronger among participants >80 years old. Higher omega-3 intake correlated with greater restricted diffusion in the inferior longitudinal and inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus more strongly for apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 carriers than noncarriers. Associations were not modified by adjustment for dietary pattern, health, or lifestyle. High omega-3 intake in midlife may help to maintain WM integrity into older age, particularly in the latest decades of life and among APOE ε4 carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaryllis A Tsiknia
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093-0841, United States
| | - Jaclyn Bergstrom
- School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, United States
| | - Emilie T Reas
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093-0841, United States
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The effects of multi-nutrient formulas containing a combination of n-3 PUFA and B vitamins on cognition in the older adult: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Nutr 2023; 129:428-441. [PMID: 35473808 PMCID: PMC9876812 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114522001283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
There is now evidence to suggest that there may be an interaction between B vitamins and n-3 PUFA, with suggestions that increasing intake of both nutrients simultaneously may benefit cognition in older adults. The aim of this systematic review was to investigate whether supplementation with a combination of n-3 PUFA and B vitamins can prevent cognitive decline in older adults. Randomised controlled trials conducted in older adults that measured cognitive function were retrieved. The included trials provided a combination of n-3 PUFA and B vitamins alone, or in combination with other nutrients. Trials that provided n-3 PUFA alone and also measured B vitamin status or provided B vitamin supplementation alone and measured n-3 PUFA status were also included. The databases searched were The Cochrane Library, EMBASE, CINAHL, Scopus and MEDLINE. A total of 14 papers were included in the analysis (n 4913; age: 60-70 years; follow-up 24 weeks to 4 years). The meta-analysis results found a significant benefit of nutrient formulas, which included both n-3 PUFA and B vitamins alongside other nutrients, v. placebo on global cognition assessed using composite scores from a neuropsychological test battery (G = 0·23, P = 0·002), global cognition using single measures of cognition (G = 0·28, P = 0·004) and episodic memory (G = 0·32, P = 0·001). The results indicate that providing a combination of n-3 PUFA and B vitamins as part of a multi-nutrient formula benefits cognition in older adults v. a placebo, and the potential for an interaction between these key nutrients should be considered in future experimental work.
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Ritchie M, Gillen DL, Grill JD. Recruitment across two decades of NIH-funded Alzheimer's disease clinical trials. Alzheimers Res Ther 2023; 15:28. [PMID: 36732846 PMCID: PMC9893207 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-023-01177-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Timely accrual of a representative sample is a key factor in whether Alzheimer's disease (AD) clinical trials successfully answer the scientific questions under study. Studies in other fields have observed that, over time, recruitment to trials has become increasingly reliant on larger numbers of sites, with declines in the average per-site recruitment rate. Here, we examined the trends in recruitment over a 20-year period of NIH-funded AD clinical trials conducted by the Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study (ADCS), a temporally consistent network of sites devoted to interventional research. METHODS We performed retrospective analyses of eleven ADCS randomized clinical trials. To examine the recruitment planning, we calculated the expected number of participants to be enrolled per site for each trial. To examine the actual trial recruitment rates, we quantified the number of participants enrolled per site per month. RESULTS No effects of time were observed on recruitment planning or overall recruitment rates across trials. No trial achieved an overall recruitment rate greater than one subject per site per month. We observed the fastest recruitment rates in trials with no competition and the slowest in trials that overlapped in time. The highest recruitment rates were consistently seen early within trials and declined over the course of studies. CONCLUSIONS Trial recruitment projections should plan for fewer than one participant randomized per site per month and consider the number of other AD trials being conducted concurrently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Ritchie
- UC Irvine Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
| | - Daniel L Gillen
- UC Irvine Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Joshua D Grill
- UC Irvine Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
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Andrade S, Nunes D, Dabur M, Ramalho MJ, Pereira MC, Loureiro JA. Therapeutic Potential of Natural Compounds in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Insights from Clinical Trials. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15010212. [PMID: 36678841 PMCID: PMC9860553 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are caused by the gradual loss of neurons' function. These neurological illnesses remain incurable, and current medicines only alleviate the symptoms. Given the social and economic burden caused by the rising frequency of neurodegenerative diseases, there is an urgent need for the development of appropriate therapeutics. Natural compounds are gaining popularity as alternatives to synthetic drugs due to their neuroprotective properties and higher biocompatibility. While natural compounds' therapeutic effects for neurodegenerative disease treatment have been investigated in numerous in vitro and in vivo studies, only few have moved to clinical trials. This article provides the first systematic review of the clinical trials evaluating natural compounds' safety and efficacy for the treatment of the five most prevalent neurodegenerative disorders: Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Huntington's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Andrade
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE—Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Débora Nunes
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE—Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Meghna Dabur
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE—Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria J. Ramalho
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE—Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria C. Pereira
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE—Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: (M.C.P.); (J.A.L.)
| | - Joana A. Loureiro
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE—Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: (M.C.P.); (J.A.L.)
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Parolo S, Mariotti F, Bora P, Carboni L, Domenici E. Single-cell-led drug repurposing for Alzheimer's disease. Sci Rep 2023; 13:222. [PMID: 36604493 PMCID: PMC9816180 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27420-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia. Notwithstanding the huge investments in drug development, only one disease-modifying treatment has been recently approved. Here we present a single-cell-led systems biology pipeline for the identification of drug repurposing candidates. Using single-cell RNA sequencing data of brain tissues from patients with Alzheimer's disease, genome-wide association study results, and multiple gene annotation resources, we built a multi-cellular Alzheimer's disease molecular network that we leveraged for gaining cell-specific insights into Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology and for the identification of drug repurposing candidates. Our computational approach pointed out 54 candidate drugs, mainly targeting MAPK and IGF1R signaling pathways, which could be further evaluated for their potential as Alzheimer's disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Parolo
- Fondazione the Microsoft Research-University of Trento Centre for Computational and Systems Biology (COSBI), 38068, Rovereto, Italy.
| | - Federica Mariotti
- grid.491181.4Fondazione the Microsoft Research-University of Trento Centre for Computational and Systems Biology (COSBI), 38068 Rovereto, Italy
| | - Pranami Bora
- grid.491181.4Fondazione the Microsoft Research-University of Trento Centre for Computational and Systems Biology (COSBI), 38068 Rovereto, Italy
| | - Lucia Carboni
- grid.6292.f0000 0004 1757 1758Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Enrico Domenici
- grid.491181.4Fondazione the Microsoft Research-University of Trento Centre for Computational and Systems Biology (COSBI), 38068 Rovereto, Italy ,grid.11696.390000 0004 1937 0351Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy
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Beversdorf DQ, Crosby HW, Shenker JI. Complementary and Alternative Medicine Approaches in Alzheimer Disease and Other Neurocognitive Disorders. MISSOURI MEDICINE 2023; 120:70-78. [PMID: 36860601 PMCID: PMC9970340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
As our population ages, there is interest in delaying or intervening in cognitive decline. While newer agents are under development, agents in mainstream use do not impact the course of diseases that cause cognitive decline. This increases interest in alternative strategies. Even as we welcome possible new disease-modifying agents, they are likely to remain costly. Herein, we review the evidence behind other complementary and alternative strategies for cognitive enhancement and prevention of cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Q Beversdorf
- Departments of Neurology, Radiology, and Psychological Sciences, and is the William and Nancy Thompson Endowed Chair in Radiology, , University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Haley W Crosby
- Fourth-year medical student at the School of Medicine, , University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Joel I Shenker
- Department of Neurology, University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri
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Dover M, Moseley T, Biskaduros A, Paulchakrabarti M, Hwang SH, Hammock B, Choudhury B, Kaczor-Urbanowicz KE, Urbanowicz A, Morselli M, Dang J, Pellegrini M, Paul K, Bentolila LA, Fiala M. Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Mend Macrophage Transcriptome, Glycome, and Phenotype in the Patients with Neurodegenerative Diseases, Including Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 91:245-261. [PMID: 36373322 PMCID: PMC9881025 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macrophages of healthy subjects have a pro-resolution phenotype, upload amyloid-β (Aβ) into endosomes, and degrade Aβ, whereas macrophages of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) generally have a pro-inflammatory phenotype and lack energy for brain clearance of Aβ. OBJECTIVE To clarify the pathogenesis of sporadic AD and therapeutic effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) with vitamins B and D and antioxidants on monocyte/macrophage (MM) migration in the AD brain, MM transcripts in energy and Aβ degradation, MM glycome, and macrophage clearance of Aβ. METHODS We followed for 31.3 months (mean) ten PUFA-supplemented neurodegenerative patients: 3 with subjective cognitive impairment (SCI), 2 with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), 3 MCI/vascular cognitive impairment, 2 with dementia with Lewy bodies, and 7 non-supplemented caregivers. We examined: monocyte migration in the brain and a blood-brain barrier model by immunochemistry and electron microscopy; macrophage transcriptome by RNAseq; macrophage glycome by N-glycan profiling and LTQ-Orbitrap mass spectrometry; and macrophage phenotype and phagocytosis by immunofluorescence. RESULTS MM invade Aβ plaques, upload but do not degrade Aβ, and release Aβ into vessels, which develop cerebrovascular amyloid angiopathy (CAA); PUFA upregulate energy and Aβ degradation enzyme transcripts in macrophages; PUFA enhance sialylated N-glycans in macrophages; PUFA reduce oxidative stress and increase pro-resolution MM phenotype, mitochondrial membrane potential, and Aβ phagocytosis (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Macrophages of SCI, MCI, and AD patients have interrelated defects in the transcriptome, glycome, Aβ phagocytosis, and Aβ degradation. PUFA mend macrophage transcriptome, enrich glycome, enhance Aβ clearance, and benefit the cognition of early-stage AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Dover
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, UCLA School of Life Sciences, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Integrated Biology and Physiology, UCLA School of Life Sciences, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Taylor Moseley
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, UCLA School of Life Sciences, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Adrienne Biskaduros
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, UCLA School of Life Sciences, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Sung Hee Hwang
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, and UCDavis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California – Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Bruce Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, and UCDavis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California – Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Biswa Choudhury
- GlycoAnalytics Core, University of California SanDiego Health Sciences, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Andrzej Urbanowicz
- Institute of Control and Computation Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marco Morselli
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, UCLA School of Life Sciences, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Johnny Dang
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, UCLA School of Life Sciences, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Matteo Pellegrini
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, UCLA School of Life Sciences, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ketema Paul
- Department of Integrated Biology and Physiology, UCLA School of Life Sciences, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Laurent A. Bentolila
- Advanced Light Microscopy and Spectroscopy Laboratory, California Nano Systems Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Milan Fiala
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, UCLA School of Life Sciences, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Integrated Biology and Physiology, UCLA School of Life Sciences, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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49
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Badesso S, Cartas-Cejudo P, Espelosin M, Santamaria E, Cuadrado-Tejedor M, Garcia-Osta A. Docosahexaenoic Acid Ameliorates Contextual Fear Memory Deficits in the Tg2576 Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Model: Cellular and Molecular Correlates. Pharmaceutics 2022; 15:pharmaceutics15010082. [PMID: 36678710 PMCID: PMC9866126 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), the most abundant polyunsaturated fatty acid in the brain, is essential for successful aging. In fact, epidemiological studies have demonstrated that increased intake of DHA might lower the risk for developing Alzheimer's disease (AD). These observations are supported by studies in animal models showing that DHA reduces synaptic pathology and memory deficits. Different mechanisms to explain these beneficial effects have been proposed; however, the molecular pathways involved are still unknown. In this study, to unravel the main underlying molecular mechanisms activated upon DHA treatment, the effect of a high dose of DHA on cognitive function and AD pathology was analyzed in aged Tg2576 mice and their wild-type littermates. Transcriptomic analysis of mice hippocampi using RNA sequencing was subsequently performed. Our results revealed that, through an amyloid-independent mechanism, DHA enhanced memory function and increased synapse formation only in the Tg2576 mice. Likewise, the IPA analysis demonstrated that essential neuronal functions related to synaptogenesis, neuritogenesis, the branching of neurites, the density of dendritic spines and the outgrowth of axons were upregulated upon-DHA treatment in Tg2576 mice. Our results suggest that memory function in APP mice is influenced by DHA intake; therefore, a high dose of daily DHA should be tested as a dietary supplement for AD dementia prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Badesso
- Neurosciences Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, IdiSNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Paz Cartas-Cejudo
- Clinical Neuroproteomics Unit, Navarrabiomed, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maria Espelosin
- Neurosciences Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, IdiSNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Enrique Santamaria
- Clinical Neuroproteomics Unit, Navarrabiomed, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Mar Cuadrado-Tejedor
- Neurosciences Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, IdiSNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, IdiSNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.C.-T.); (A.G.-O.)
| | - Ana Garcia-Osta
- Neurosciences Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, IdiSNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.C.-T.); (A.G.-O.)
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Satizabal CL, Himali JJ, Beiser AS, Ramachandran V, Melo van Lent D, Himali D, Aparicio HJ, Maillard P, DeCarli CS, Harris WS, Seshadri S. Association of Red Blood Cell Omega-3 Fatty Acids With MRI Markers and Cognitive Function in Midlife: The Framingham Heart Study. Neurology 2022; 99:e2572-e2582. [PMID: 36198518 PMCID: PMC9754651 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000201296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Diet may be a key contributor to brain health in midlife. In particular, omega-3 fatty acids have been related to better neurologic outcomes in older adults. However, studies focusing on midlife are lacking. We investigated the cross-sectional association of red blood cell (RBC) omega-3 fatty acid concentrations with MRI and cognitive markers of brain aging in a community-based sample of predominantly middle-aged adults and further explore effect modification by APOE genotype. METHODS We included participants from the Third-Generation and Omni 2 cohorts of the Framingham Heart Study attending their second examination. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) concentrations were measured from RBC using gas chromatography, and the Omega-3 index was calculated as EPA + DHA. We used linear regression models to relate omega-3 fatty acid concentrations to brain MRI measures (i.e., total brain, total gray matter, hippocampal, and white matter hyperintensity volumes) and cognitive function (i.e., episodic memory, processing speed, executive function, and abstract reasoning) adjusting for potential confounders. We further tested for interactions between omega-3 fatty acid levels and APOE genotype (e4 carrier vs noncarrier) on MRI and cognitive outcomes. RESULTS We included 2,183 dementia-free and stroke-free participants (mean age of 46 years, 53% women, 22% APOE-e4 carriers). In multivariable models, higher Omega-3 index was associated with larger hippocampal volumes (standard deviation unit beta ±standard error; 0.003 ± 0.001, p = 0.013) and better abstract reasoning (0.17 ± 0.07, p = 0.013). Similar results were obtained for DHA or EPA concentrations individually. Stratification by APOE-e4 status showed associations between higher DHA concentrations or Omega-3 index and larger hippocampal volumes in APOE-e4 noncarriers, whereas higher EPA concentrations were related to better abstract reasoning in APOE-e4 carriers. Finally, higher levels of all omega-3 predictors were related to lower white matter hyperintensity burden but only in APOE-e4 carriers. DISCUSSION Our results, albeit exploratory, suggest that higher omega-3 fatty acid concentrations are related to better brain structure and cognitive function in a predominantly middle-aged cohort free of clinical dementia. These associations differed by APOE genotype, suggesting potentially different metabolic patterns by APOE status. Additional studies in middle-aged populations are warranted to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia L Satizabal
- From the Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (C.L.S., J.J.H., D.M.L., S.S.), UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX; Department of Population Health Sciences (C.L.S., J.J.H.), UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX; Department of Neurology (C.L.S., J.J.H., A.S.B., D.M.L., H.J.A., S.S.), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; The Framingham Heart Study (C.L.S., J.J.H., A.S.B., V.R., D.M.L., D.H., H.J.A., S.S.), Framingham, MA; Department of Biostatistics (J.J.H., A.S.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Department of Medicine (V.R.), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Epidemiology (V.R.), Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Center for Computing and Data Sciences (V.R.), Boston University, Boston, MA; Imaging of Dementia and Aging Laboratory and Center for Neurosciences (P.M., C.S.D.), Davis, CA; Department of Neurology (C.S.D.), UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA; Sanford School of Medicine (W.S.H.), University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD; and Fatty Acid Research Institute (W.S.H.), Sioux Falls, SD.
| | - Jayandra Jung Himali
- From the Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (C.L.S., J.J.H., D.M.L., S.S.), UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX; Department of Population Health Sciences (C.L.S., J.J.H.), UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX; Department of Neurology (C.L.S., J.J.H., A.S.B., D.M.L., H.J.A., S.S.), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; The Framingham Heart Study (C.L.S., J.J.H., A.S.B., V.R., D.M.L., D.H., H.J.A., S.S.), Framingham, MA; Department of Biostatistics (J.J.H., A.S.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Department of Medicine (V.R.), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Epidemiology (V.R.), Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Center for Computing and Data Sciences (V.R.), Boston University, Boston, MA; Imaging of Dementia and Aging Laboratory and Center for Neurosciences (P.M., C.S.D.), Davis, CA; Department of Neurology (C.S.D.), UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA; Sanford School of Medicine (W.S.H.), University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD; and Fatty Acid Research Institute (W.S.H.), Sioux Falls, SD
| | - Alexa S Beiser
- From the Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (C.L.S., J.J.H., D.M.L., S.S.), UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX; Department of Population Health Sciences (C.L.S., J.J.H.), UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX; Department of Neurology (C.L.S., J.J.H., A.S.B., D.M.L., H.J.A., S.S.), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; The Framingham Heart Study (C.L.S., J.J.H., A.S.B., V.R., D.M.L., D.H., H.J.A., S.S.), Framingham, MA; Department of Biostatistics (J.J.H., A.S.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Department of Medicine (V.R.), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Epidemiology (V.R.), Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Center for Computing and Data Sciences (V.R.), Boston University, Boston, MA; Imaging of Dementia and Aging Laboratory and Center for Neurosciences (P.M., C.S.D.), Davis, CA; Department of Neurology (C.S.D.), UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA; Sanford School of Medicine (W.S.H.), University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD; and Fatty Acid Research Institute (W.S.H.), Sioux Falls, SD
| | - Vasan Ramachandran
- From the Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (C.L.S., J.J.H., D.M.L., S.S.), UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX; Department of Population Health Sciences (C.L.S., J.J.H.), UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX; Department of Neurology (C.L.S., J.J.H., A.S.B., D.M.L., H.J.A., S.S.), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; The Framingham Heart Study (C.L.S., J.J.H., A.S.B., V.R., D.M.L., D.H., H.J.A., S.S.), Framingham, MA; Department of Biostatistics (J.J.H., A.S.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Department of Medicine (V.R.), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Epidemiology (V.R.), Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Center for Computing and Data Sciences (V.R.), Boston University, Boston, MA; Imaging of Dementia and Aging Laboratory and Center for Neurosciences (P.M., C.S.D.), Davis, CA; Department of Neurology (C.S.D.), UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA; Sanford School of Medicine (W.S.H.), University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD; and Fatty Acid Research Institute (W.S.H.), Sioux Falls, SD
| | - Debora Melo van Lent
- From the Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (C.L.S., J.J.H., D.M.L., S.S.), UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX; Department of Population Health Sciences (C.L.S., J.J.H.), UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX; Department of Neurology (C.L.S., J.J.H., A.S.B., D.M.L., H.J.A., S.S.), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; The Framingham Heart Study (C.L.S., J.J.H., A.S.B., V.R., D.M.L., D.H., H.J.A., S.S.), Framingham, MA; Department of Biostatistics (J.J.H., A.S.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Department of Medicine (V.R.), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Epidemiology (V.R.), Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Center for Computing and Data Sciences (V.R.), Boston University, Boston, MA; Imaging of Dementia and Aging Laboratory and Center for Neurosciences (P.M., C.S.D.), Davis, CA; Department of Neurology (C.S.D.), UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA; Sanford School of Medicine (W.S.H.), University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD; and Fatty Acid Research Institute (W.S.H.), Sioux Falls, SD
| | - Dibya Himali
- From the Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (C.L.S., J.J.H., D.M.L., S.S.), UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX; Department of Population Health Sciences (C.L.S., J.J.H.), UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX; Department of Neurology (C.L.S., J.J.H., A.S.B., D.M.L., H.J.A., S.S.), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; The Framingham Heart Study (C.L.S., J.J.H., A.S.B., V.R., D.M.L., D.H., H.J.A., S.S.), Framingham, MA; Department of Biostatistics (J.J.H., A.S.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Department of Medicine (V.R.), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Epidemiology (V.R.), Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Center for Computing and Data Sciences (V.R.), Boston University, Boston, MA; Imaging of Dementia and Aging Laboratory and Center for Neurosciences (P.M., C.S.D.), Davis, CA; Department of Neurology (C.S.D.), UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA; Sanford School of Medicine (W.S.H.), University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD; and Fatty Acid Research Institute (W.S.H.), Sioux Falls, SD
| | - Hugo J Aparicio
- From the Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (C.L.S., J.J.H., D.M.L., S.S.), UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX; Department of Population Health Sciences (C.L.S., J.J.H.), UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX; Department of Neurology (C.L.S., J.J.H., A.S.B., D.M.L., H.J.A., S.S.), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; The Framingham Heart Study (C.L.S., J.J.H., A.S.B., V.R., D.M.L., D.H., H.J.A., S.S.), Framingham, MA; Department of Biostatistics (J.J.H., A.S.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Department of Medicine (V.R.), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Epidemiology (V.R.), Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Center for Computing and Data Sciences (V.R.), Boston University, Boston, MA; Imaging of Dementia and Aging Laboratory and Center for Neurosciences (P.M., C.S.D.), Davis, CA; Department of Neurology (C.S.D.), UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA; Sanford School of Medicine (W.S.H.), University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD; and Fatty Acid Research Institute (W.S.H.), Sioux Falls, SD
| | - Pauline Maillard
- From the Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (C.L.S., J.J.H., D.M.L., S.S.), UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX; Department of Population Health Sciences (C.L.S., J.J.H.), UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX; Department of Neurology (C.L.S., J.J.H., A.S.B., D.M.L., H.J.A., S.S.), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; The Framingham Heart Study (C.L.S., J.J.H., A.S.B., V.R., D.M.L., D.H., H.J.A., S.S.), Framingham, MA; Department of Biostatistics (J.J.H., A.S.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Department of Medicine (V.R.), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Epidemiology (V.R.), Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Center for Computing and Data Sciences (V.R.), Boston University, Boston, MA; Imaging of Dementia and Aging Laboratory and Center for Neurosciences (P.M., C.S.D.), Davis, CA; Department of Neurology (C.S.D.), UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA; Sanford School of Medicine (W.S.H.), University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD; and Fatty Acid Research Institute (W.S.H.), Sioux Falls, SD
| | - Charles S DeCarli
- From the Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (C.L.S., J.J.H., D.M.L., S.S.), UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX; Department of Population Health Sciences (C.L.S., J.J.H.), UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX; Department of Neurology (C.L.S., J.J.H., A.S.B., D.M.L., H.J.A., S.S.), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; The Framingham Heart Study (C.L.S., J.J.H., A.S.B., V.R., D.M.L., D.H., H.J.A., S.S.), Framingham, MA; Department of Biostatistics (J.J.H., A.S.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Department of Medicine (V.R.), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Epidemiology (V.R.), Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Center for Computing and Data Sciences (V.R.), Boston University, Boston, MA; Imaging of Dementia and Aging Laboratory and Center for Neurosciences (P.M., C.S.D.), Davis, CA; Department of Neurology (C.S.D.), UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA; Sanford School of Medicine (W.S.H.), University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD; and Fatty Acid Research Institute (W.S.H.), Sioux Falls, SD
| | - William S Harris
- From the Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (C.L.S., J.J.H., D.M.L., S.S.), UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX; Department of Population Health Sciences (C.L.S., J.J.H.), UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX; Department of Neurology (C.L.S., J.J.H., A.S.B., D.M.L., H.J.A., S.S.), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; The Framingham Heart Study (C.L.S., J.J.H., A.S.B., V.R., D.M.L., D.H., H.J.A., S.S.), Framingham, MA; Department of Biostatistics (J.J.H., A.S.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Department of Medicine (V.R.), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Epidemiology (V.R.), Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Center for Computing and Data Sciences (V.R.), Boston University, Boston, MA; Imaging of Dementia and Aging Laboratory and Center for Neurosciences (P.M., C.S.D.), Davis, CA; Department of Neurology (C.S.D.), UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA; Sanford School of Medicine (W.S.H.), University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD; and Fatty Acid Research Institute (W.S.H.), Sioux Falls, SD
| | - Sudha Seshadri
- From the Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (C.L.S., J.J.H., D.M.L., S.S.), UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX; Department of Population Health Sciences (C.L.S., J.J.H.), UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX; Department of Neurology (C.L.S., J.J.H., A.S.B., D.M.L., H.J.A., S.S.), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; The Framingham Heart Study (C.L.S., J.J.H., A.S.B., V.R., D.M.L., D.H., H.J.A., S.S.), Framingham, MA; Department of Biostatistics (J.J.H., A.S.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Department of Medicine (V.R.), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Epidemiology (V.R.), Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Center for Computing and Data Sciences (V.R.), Boston University, Boston, MA; Imaging of Dementia and Aging Laboratory and Center for Neurosciences (P.M., C.S.D.), Davis, CA; Department of Neurology (C.S.D.), UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA; Sanford School of Medicine (W.S.H.), University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD; and Fatty Acid Research Institute (W.S.H.), Sioux Falls, SD
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