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Roy PM, Girard P. Suspected pulmonary embolism in the emergency department: over-, under- and/or mis-testing? THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. EUROPE 2024; 43:100990. [PMID: 39035699 PMCID: PMC11259721 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanepe.2024.100990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Marie Roy
- Department of Emergency Medicine, CHU, University Angers, MitoVasc, Angers, France
- F-CRIN INNOVTE Network, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Philippe Girard
- F-CRIN INNOVTE Network, Saint-Etienne, France
- Department of Pulmonology, Institute Mutualiste Montsouris, Paris, France
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2
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Thomas SE, Weinberg I, Schainfeld RM, Rosenfield K, Parmar GM. Diagnosis of Pulmonary Embolism: A Review of Evidence-Based Approaches. J Clin Med 2024; 13:3722. [PMID: 38999289 PMCID: PMC11242034 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13133722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Venous thromboembolism, commonly presented as pulmonary embolism and deep-vein thrombosis, is a paramount and potentially fatal condition with variable clinical presentation. Diagnosis is key to providing appropriate treatment in a safe and timely fashion. Clinical judgment and assessment using clinical scoring systems should guide diagnostic testing, including laboratory and imaging modalities, for optimal results and to avoid unnecessary testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha E Thomas
- Vascular Medicine Section, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Ido Weinberg
- Vascular Medicine Section, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Robert M Schainfeld
- Vascular Medicine Section, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Kenneth Rosenfield
- Vascular Medicine Section, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Gaurav M Parmar
- Vascular Medicine Section, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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3
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Baumgartner C, Tritschler T, Aujesky D. Subsegmental Pulmonary Embolism. Hamostaseologie 2024; 44:197-205. [PMID: 37871632 DOI: 10.1055/a-2163-3111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Subsegmental pulmonary embolism (SSPE) is increasingly diagnosed with the growing use and technological advancements of multidetector computed tomography pulmonary angiography. Its diagnosis is challenging, and some presumed SSPE may actually represent imaging artifacts. Indirect evidence and results from small observational studies suggest that SSPE may be more benign than more proximal pulmonary embolism, and may thus not always require treatment. Therefore, guidelines suggest to consider a management strategy without anticoagulation in selected patients with SSPE at low risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism (VTE), in whom proximal deep vein thrombosis is excluded. Recently, a large prospective study among low-risk patients with SSPE who were left untreated showed a higher VTE recurrence risk than initially deemed acceptable by the investigators, and thus was prematurely interrupted after recruitment of 97% of the target population. However, the risk-benefit ratio of anticoagulation for low-risk patients with SSPE remains unclear, and results from randomized trials are needed to answer the question about their optimal management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Baumgartner
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Tritschler
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Drahomir Aujesky
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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4
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Teissandier D, Roussel M, Bannelier H, Freund Y, Catoire P. Contemporary approaches to pulmonary embolism diagnosis: a clinical review. Clin Exp Emerg Med 2024; 11:127-135. [PMID: 38368878 PMCID: PMC11237265 DOI: 10.15441/ceem.23.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The optimal diagnosis strategy for pulmonary embolism (PE) in the emergency department (ED) remains complex. This review summarizes PE diagnosis with clinical presentation, decision rules and investigations for acute PE. This review was performed using studies published between January 1, 2010, and September 1, 2023. PE should be considered in ED in patients with chest pain, shortness of breath, syncope or signs of deep veinous thrombosis. Definitive diagnosis of PE relies on thoracic imaging, with the use of chest tomographic pulmonary angiogram or ventilation-perfusion lung scintigraphy. To limit the continuous increased use of chest imaging, the clinical probability should be the first step for PE workup. The pulmonary embolism rule-out criteria (PERC) can rule out PE at this stage. If not, for low or intermediate probability, several clinical decision rules have been validated, either by ruling out PE on clinical signs, or by raising D-dimer thresholds (YEARS or PEGeD [Pulmonary Embolism Graduated D-Dimer] criteria) or by combination of these different rules. It is recommended that patients with a high clinical probability of PE should undergo chest imaging without the need for D-dimer testing. The PE diagnostic approach can be tailored in specific populations such as pregnant, younger, COVID-19, or cancer patients. PE diagnosis workup illustrates the complexity of modern probabilistic-based approaches of decision-making in medicine. It is recommended to use a Bayesian approach with the evaluation of clinical probability, then order D-dimer if the PERC rule is positive, then adapt the D-dimer threshold for ordering chest imaging using clinical decision rules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorian Teissandier
- Department of Emergency, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Mélanie Roussel
- Department of Emergency, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rouen, University of Rouen Normandy, Rouen, France
| | - Héloise Bannelier
- Department of Emergency, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France
- UMRS 1166, IHU ICAN, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Yonathan Freund
- Department of Emergency, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France
- UMRS 1166, IHU ICAN, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Catoire
- Department of Emergency, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France
- UMRS 1166, IHU ICAN, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
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5
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Glazier MM, Glazier JJ. Diagnostic Strategies in Pulmonary Embolism. Int J Angiol 2024; 33:89-94. [PMID: 38846998 PMCID: PMC11152624 DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1779661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Key to the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism (PE) is a careful bedside evaluation. After this, there are three further diagnostic steps. In all patients, estimation of the clinical probability of PE is performed. The other two steps are measurement of D-dimer when indicated and chest imaging when indicated. The clinical probability of PE is estimated at low, moderate, or high. The prevalence of PE is less than 15% among patients with low clinical probability, 15 to 40% with moderate clinical probability, and >40% in patients with high clinical probability. Clinical gestalt has been found to be very useful in estimating probability of PE. However, clinical prediction rules, such as Wells criteria, the modified Geneva score, and the PE rule out criteria have been advocated as adjuncts. In patients with high clinical probability, the high prevalence of PE can lower the D-dimer negative predictive value, which could increase the risk of diagnostic failure. Consequently, patients with high probability for PE need to proceed directly to chest imaging, without prior measurement of D-dimer level. Key studies in determining which low to moderate probability patients require chest imaging are the Age-adjusted D-dimer cutoff levels to rule out pulmonary embolism (ADJUST-PE), the Simplified diagnostic management of suspected pulmonary embolism (YEARS), and the Pulmonary Embolism Graduated D-Dimer trials. In patients with low clinical probability, PE can be excluded without imaging studies if D-dimer is less than 1,000 ng/mL. In patients in whom there is not a low likelihood for PE, this can be excluded without imaging studies if the D-dimer is below the age-adjusted threshold.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James J. Glazier
- Department of Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
- Department of Cardiology, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, Michigan
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6
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Worrall JC, Al-Dujaili H, Macdonald DB. Just the facts: radiation from CT scanning. CAN J EMERG MED 2024:10.1007/s43678-024-00714-3. [PMID: 38802559 DOI: 10.1007/s43678-024-00714-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- J C Worrall
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - H Al-Dujaili
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, USA
| | - D B Macdonald
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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7
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Naimi S, Ødegaard KJ, Jenssen KK, Lauritzen PM. Quality of referrals for lower extremity ultrasonography and computed tomography pulmonary angiography and associations with positive findings of venous thromboembolism. Radiography (Lond) 2024; 30:799-805. [PMID: 38493553 DOI: 10.1016/j.radi.2024.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The referral is the basis for radiologists' assessment of modality, protocol and urgency, and insufficient information may threaten patient safety. The aim of this study was to assess the completeness of referrals for lower extremity venous duplex ultrasonography (LEVDUS) and computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA), and to investigate associations between the provided clinical information including risk factors, symptoms and lab results in the referrals and positive findings of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), respectively. METHODS Referrals for LEVDUS (801) and CTPA (800) performed from 2016 to 2019 were obtained. Three categories of clinical information from the referrals were recorded: symptoms, risk factors and laboratory results, as well as positive imaging findings of venous thromboembolism (VTE). Referral completeness was rated from zero to three according to how many categories of clinical information the referral provided. RESULTS Information from all three clinical information categories was provided in 15% and 25% of referrals for LEVDUS and CTPA, respectively, while 2% and 10% of referrals did not contain any clinical information. Symptoms were provided most often (85% for LEVDUS and 94% for CTPA). Provided information about risk factors was significantly associated with positive findings for LEVDUS, (p = 0.02) and CTPA (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION A great majority of referrals failed to provide one or more categories of clinical information. Risk factors were associated with a positive finding of VTE on LEVDUS and CTPA. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Improving clinical information in referrals may improve justification, patient safety and quality of radiology services.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Naimi
- Department of Life Sciences and Health, Oslo Metropolitan University, P.O. Box 4 St. Olavs Plass, NO-0130 Oslo, Norway.
| | - K J Ødegaard
- Department of Radiology, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Postboks 4970 Nydalen, NO-0440 Oslo, Norway.
| | - K K Jenssen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Postboks 4970 Nydalen, NO-0440 Oslo, Norway.
| | - P M Lauritzen
- Department of Life Sciences and Health, Oslo Metropolitan University, P.O. Box 4 St. Olavs Plass, NO-0130 Oslo, Norway; Division of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Postboks 4956 Nydalen, NO-0424 Oslo, Norway.
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8
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Gianni F, Bonzi M, Jachetti A, Solbiati M, Dreon G, Colombo G, Colombo G, Russo A, Furlan L, Casazza G, Costantino G. How to recognize pulmonary embolism in syncope patients: A simple rule. Eur J Intern Med 2024; 121:121-126. [PMID: 37945410 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2023.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Syncope can be the presenting symptom of Pulmonary Embolism (PE). It is not known wether using a standardized algorithm to rule-out PE in all patients with syncope admitted to the Emergency Departments (ED) is of value or can lead to overdiagnosis and overtreatment. METHODS We tested if simple anamnestic and clinical parameters could be used as a rule to identify patients with syncope and PE in a multicenter observational study. The rule's sensitivity was tested on a cohort of patients that presented to the ED for syncopal episodes caused by PE. The clinical impact of the rule was assessed on a population of consecutive patients admitted for syncope in the ED. RESULTS Patients were considered rule-positive in the presence of any of the following: hypotension, tachycardia, peripheral oxygen saturation ≤ 93 % (SpO2), chest pain, dyspnea, recent history of prolonged bed rest, clinical signs of deep vein thrombosis, history of previous venous thrombo-embolism and active neoplastic disease. The sensitivity of the rule was 90.3 % (95 % CI: 74.3 % to 98.0 %). The application of the rule to a population of 217 patients with syncope would have led to a 70 % reduction in the number of subjects needing additional diagnostic tests to exclude PE. CONCLUSIONS Most patients with syncope due to PE present with anamnestic and clinical features indicative of PE diagnosis. A clinical decision rule can be used to identify patients who would benefit from further diagnostic tests to exclude PE, while reducing unnecessary exams that could lead to over-testing and over-diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Gianni
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, UOC Pronto Soccorso, Milan, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Mattia Bonzi
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, UOC Pronto Soccorso, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Jachetti
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, UOC Pronto Soccorso, Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Solbiati
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, UOC Pronto Soccorso, Milan, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Dreon
- Scuola di Specializzazione in Medicina di Emergenza-Urgenza, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Colombo
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, UOC Pronto Soccorso, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Colombo
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, UOC Pronto Soccorso, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Russo
- Epidemiology Unit, Agency for Health Protection of Milan, Italy
| | - Ludovico Furlan
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, UOC Pronto Soccorso, Milan, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Casazza
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Costantino
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, UOC Pronto Soccorso, Milan, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
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9
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Delgado F, Hajibonabi F, Hislop J, Johnson JO, Naeem M, Hanna T. Optimizing emergency department imaging utilization for pulmonary emboli: A study on the effects of IV contrast rationing. Clin Imaging 2024; 107:110090. [PMID: 38271900 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinimag.2024.110090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the impact of a contrast mitigation protocol on imaging utilization for pulmonary embolism (PE) in the emergency department (ED). MATERIAL AND METHODS Medical records of ED patients with suspected PE who underwent CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA) or ventilation-perfusion (VQ) scans were analyzed in control (3/15/22-4/15/22) and test (5/15/22-6/15/22) periods. The test period included a contrast mitigation protocol due to a global iodinated contrast shortage (05/2022-06/2022). Out of 610 scans, 28 were excluded for non-PE indications. Patient demographics, time metrics, and imaging reports were recorded. RESULTS Among 11,019 ED visits, there were 582 imaging events for suspected PE. The test period exhibited a significantly lower imaging rate of 4.16 % compared to 6.54 % in the control period (p < 0.001). CTPA usage decreased by 47.73 %, while VQ scan usage increased by 775.00 % during the test period. Test period positivity rate was 0.82 %, with CTPA at 0.58 % (1/173) and VQ scan at 1.43 % (1/70). In the control period, the positivity rate was 0.29 %, with CTPA at 0.30 % (1/331) and VQ scan at 0.00 % (0/8). Previous hospitalization history was significantly higher in the test period (70/243 vs. 39/339, p < 0.001). The positivity rates between the two periods showed no significant difference (p = 0.57). There were no significant differences in ED length of stay and image acquisition times. CONCLUSION The contrast mitigation protocol reduced CTPA use, increased VQ scans, and maintained positivity rates and image acquisition times. However, concerns persist about unnecessary imaging and low positivity rates, necessitating further research to optimize PE diagnostic algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Delgado
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Farid Hajibonabi
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jada Hislop
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Muhammad Naeem
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Tarek Hanna
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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10
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Xiong W, Cheng Y, Zhao Y. Risk Scores in Venous Thromboembolism Guidelines of ESC, ACCP, and ASH: An Updated Review. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2024; 30:10760296241263856. [PMID: 38887044 PMCID: PMC11185021 DOI: 10.1177/10760296241263856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Risk scores associated with VTE have been widely used in clinical practice. Among numerous scores published, those included in guidelines are usually typical risk scores which have been extensively validated and globally recognized. This review provides an updated overview of the risk scores associated with VTE endorsed by 3 guidelines which are highly recognized in the field of VTE including the European Society of Cardiology, American College of Chest Physicians, and American Society of Hematology, focusing on the development, modification, validation, and comparison of these scores, to provide a comprehensive and updated understanding of all the classic risk scores associated with VTE to medical readers including but not limited to cardiologists, pulmonologists, hematologists, intensivists, physicians, surgeons, and researchers. Although each score recommended by these guidelines was more or less validated, there may still be room for further improvement. It may still be necessary to seek simpler, more practical, and more universally applicable VTE-related risk scores in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xiong
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Cheng
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunfeng Zhao
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Punan Hospital, Pudong New District, Shanghai, China
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11
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Aberegg SK, Graham J. Anchoring to a Diagnosis? JAMA Intern Med 2023; 183:1410. [PMID: 37843839 DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2023.5342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott K Aberegg
- Division of Respiratory, Critical Care, and Occupational Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City
| | - Jeffrey Graham
- Division of Respiratory, Critical Care, and Occupational Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City
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12
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Nze Ossima A, Ngaleu Siaha BF, Mimouni M, Mezaour N, Darlington M, Berard L, Cachanado M, Simon T, Freund Y, Durand-Zaleski I. Cost-effectiveness of modified diagnostic strategy to safely rule-out pulmonary embolism in the emergency department: a non-inferiority cluster crossover randomized trial (MODIGLIA-NI). BMC Emerg Med 2023; 23:140. [PMID: 38030975 PMCID: PMC10687836 DOI: 10.1186/s12873-023-00910-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this trial-based economic evaluation was to assess the incremental costs and cost-effectiveness of the modified diagnostic strategy combining the YEARS rule and age-adjusted D-dimer threshold compared with the control (which used the age-adjusted D-dimer threshold only) for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism (PE) in the Emergency Department (ED). METHODS Economic evaluation from a healthcare system perspective alongside a non-inferiority, crossover, and cluster-randomized trial conducted in 16 EDs in France and two in Spain with three months of follow-up. The primary endpoint was the additional cost of a patient without failure of the diagnostic strategy, defined as venous thromboembolism (VTE) diagnosis at 3months after exclusion of PE during the initial ED visit. Mean differences in 3-month failure and costs were estimated using separate generalized linear-regression mixed models, adjusted for strategy type, period, and the interaction between strategy and period as fixed effects and the hospital as a random effect. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was obtained by dividing the incremental costs by the incremental frequency of VTE. RESULTS Of the 1,414 included patients, 1,217 (86%) were analyzed in the per-protocol analysis (648 in the intervention group and 623 in the control group). At three months, there were no statistically significant differences in total costs (€-46; 95% CI: €-93 to €0.2), and the failure rate was non inferior in the intervention group (-0.64%, one-sided 97.5% CI: -∞ to 0.21%, non-inferiority margin 1.5%) between groups. The point estimate of the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) indicating that each undetected VTE averted in the intervention group is associated with cost savings of €7,142 in comparison with the control group. There was a 93% probability that the intervention was dominant. Similar results were found in the as randomized population. CONCLUSIONS Given the observed cost decrease of borderline significance, and according to the 95% confidence ellipses, the intervention strategy has a potential to lead to cost savings as a result of a reduction in the use of chest imaging and of the number of undetected VTE averted. Policy-makers should investigate how these monetary benefits can be distributed across stakeholders. CLINICALTRIALS Trial registration number ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04032769; July 25, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Nze Ossima
- Paris Health Economics and Health Services Research Unit, URC Eco IdF, AP-HP, Hotel Dieu, 1 Place du Parvis Notre Dame, Paris, 75004, France
| | - Bibi Fabiola Ngaleu Siaha
- Paris Health Economics and Health Services Research Unit, URC Eco IdF, AP-HP, Hotel Dieu, 1 Place du Parvis Notre Dame, Paris, 75004, France
| | - Maroua Mimouni
- Paris Health Economics and Health Services Research Unit, URC Eco IdF, AP-HP, Hotel Dieu, 1 Place du Parvis Notre Dame, Paris, 75004, France
| | - Nadia Mezaour
- Paris Health Economics and Health Services Research Unit, URC Eco IdF, AP-HP, Hotel Dieu, 1 Place du Parvis Notre Dame, Paris, 75004, France
| | - Meryl Darlington
- Paris Health Economics and Health Services Research Unit, URC Eco IdF, AP-HP, Hotel Dieu, 1 Place du Parvis Notre Dame, Paris, 75004, France
| | - Laurence Berard
- Département de Pharmacologie Clinique and Plateforme de Recherche Clinique de l'Est Parisien, URCEST-CRC-CRB), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital St Antoine, Paris, France
| | - Marine Cachanado
- Département de Pharmacologie Clinique and Plateforme de Recherche Clinique de l'Est Parisien, URCEST-CRC-CRB), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital St Antoine, Paris, France
| | - Tabassome Simon
- Département de Pharmacologie Clinique and Plateforme de Recherche Clinique de l'Est Parisien, URCEST-CRC-CRB), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital St Antoine, Paris, France
| | - Yonathan Freund
- Service des Urgences, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Durand-Zaleski
- Paris Health Economics and Health Services Research Unit, URC Eco IdF, AP-HP, Hotel Dieu, 1 Place du Parvis Notre Dame, Paris, 75004, France.
- URCEco Hôpital de l'Hôtel Dieu, Paris, F-75004, France.
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13
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Zhao Y, Cheng Y, Wang H, Du H, Sun J, Xu M, Luo Y, Liu S, Guo X, Xiong W. The Legend score synthesizes Wells, PERC, Geneva, D-dimer and predicts acute pulmonary embolism prior to imaging tests. Pulmonology 2023:S2531-0437(23)00195-2. [PMID: 37953212 DOI: 10.1016/j.pulmoe.2023.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The prediction rules of acute pulmonary embolism(PE) before imaging tests recommended by the commonly used guidelines have low diagnostic efficiency if not combined with D-dimer, therefore it is necessary to seek for a prediction rule with higher diagnostic efficiency. METHODS We designed a new score named Legend by synthesizing the scores of Wells, PERC, and Geneva, as well as D-dimer with patients in the development group(n = 2112), and then validated it in patients of validation group(n = 388). Diagnostic efficiency was also compared between Legend score and Wells+D-dimer (DD), PERC+DD, Geneva+DD, and YEARS+DD(YEAR algorithm). RESULTS The Legend score comprised active cancer, D-dimer≥1000 ng/mL, DVT symptoms and/or signs, previous venous thromboembolism (VTE) history, and surgery, trauma, or immobilization in the past month. The sensitivity, specificity, Youden index, and area under the curve(AUC) were 0.985, 0.744, 0.729, and (0.861[0.796-0.925], P<0.001), respectively, for original Legend score, whereas were 0.982, 0.778, 0.760, and (0.871[0.823-0.920], P<0.001), respectively, for simplified Legend score. The Kappa coefficient and P value of McNemar test were 0.988 and 1.000, respectively, between the original and simplified Legend scores. In the validation group, the sensitivity, specificity, Youden index, and C-index were 0.971, 0.749, 0.720, and (0.838[0.781-0.896], P<0.001), respectively, for the original Legend score, whereas were 0.986, 0.715, 0.701, and (0.816[0.750-0.880], P = 0.001) respectively, for the simplified Legend score. The Kappa coefficient and P value of McNemar test between original Legend score and Wells+DD, PERC+DD, Geneva+DD, and YEARS+DD were (0.563, 0.001), (0.139, <0.001), (0.631, 0.006), and (0.732, 0.029), respectively. The Kappa coefficient and P value of McNemar test between simplified Legend score and aforementioned scores were (0.675, 0.009), (0.172, <0.001), (0.747, 0.001), and (0.883, 0.012), respectively. DISCUSSION In view of the fact the Legend score reserves the efficient predictors and eliminates the inefficient ones in Wells, PERC, and revised Geneva scores, and incorporates D-dimer into it, a more efficient, modified, and user-friendly one has replaced the original ones. CONCLUSIONS The Legend score yields excellent diagnostic efficiency with good safety in the pretest prediction of acute PE prior to imaging tests. It also avoids more unnecessary imaging tests than Wells+DD, PERC+DD, Geneva+DD, or YEARS+DD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Zhao
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Punan Hospital, Pudong New District, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Cheng
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongwei Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - He Du
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinyuan Sun
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mei Xu
- Department of General Practice, North Bund Community Health Service Center, Hongkou District, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Luo
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Song Liu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuejun Guo
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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Zhu YJ, Huo Y. Clinical gestalt in identifying pulmonary embolism: does one size fit all? J Thromb Haemost 2023; 21:2702-2704. [PMID: 37739587 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtha.2023.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Jian Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yong Huo
- Department of Cardiology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.
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Truong P, Mazzolai L, Font C, Ciammaichella M, González-Martínez J, Tufano A, Gavín-Sebastián O, Le Mao R, Monreal M, Hugli O. Safety of the pulmonary embolism rule-out criteria rule: Findings from the Registro Informatizado de la Enfermedad TromboEmbolica venosa (RIETE) registry. Acad Emerg Med 2023; 30:935-945. [PMID: 37092646 DOI: 10.1111/acem.14744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diagnostic strategy for pulmonary embolism (PE) includes a D-dimer test when PE probability is low or intermediate, but false-positive D-dimer results are frequent and can result in an unnecessary computed tomography pulmonary angiogram. The PE rule-out criteria (PERC) rule excludes PE without D-dimer testing when pretest probability is <15%. The aim of this study was to assess the safety of the PERC rule strategy in patients included in the Registro Informatizado de la Enfermedad TromboEmbolica venosa (RIETE) registry. METHODS This retrospective cohort study used data from the RIETE registry, an ongoing, international prospective registry of patients with objectively confirmed venous thromboembolism. The primary outcome was the failure rate of the PERC strategy, represented by the proportion of PERC-negative (PERC-N) patients with a PE included in the registry. Secondary outcomes were a comparison of the clinical characteristics, treatment strategy, and outcome of PERC-N versus PERC-positive (PERC-P) patients at 3 months. RESULTS From 2001 to 2021, a total of 49,793 patients with acute PE were enrolled in the RIETE registry. We included 48,903 in the final analysis after exclusion of 890 patients with an undetermined PERC status. Only 346 patients were PERC-N with a failure rate of 0.7% (95% confidence interval 0.6%-0.8%). PERC-N patients presented more frequently with chest pain but less often with dyspnea, syncope, or hypotension. They also had subsegmental or segmental PE more frequently, were more often treated with direct oral anticoagulants, and received mechanical or pharmacological thrombolysis less often. In addition, PERC-N patients had a lower incidence of recurrent deep vein thrombosis, major bleeding, and death attributed to PE during the 3-month follow-up. CONCLUSIONS A low failure rate of the PERC rule was observed in the RIETE registry, thus supporting its use to safely identify patients with an unlikely probability of PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perrine Truong
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lucia Mazzolai
- Department of Angiology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Carme Font
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - José González-Martínez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan de Déu, Fundació Althaia, Manresa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonella Tufano
- Regional Reference Centre, Federico II University Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Olga Gavín-Sebastián
- Department of Haematology, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Raphael Le Mao
- Department of Internal Medicine, CHRU Brest, Brest, France
| | - Manuel Monreal
- Faculty of Health Sciences, UCAM-Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Olivier Hugli
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
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16
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Mwansa H, Zghouzi M, Barnes GD. Unprovoked Venous Thromboembolism: The Search for the Cause. Med Clin North Am 2023; 107:861-882. [PMID: 37541713 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcna.2023.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a common vascular disorder encompassing deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). There is no data on global estimates of VTE prevalence and incidence. Most patients with unprovoked VTE require secondary thromboprophylaxis upon the completion of the primary treatment phase if they have no high bleeding risk. Risk prediction models can help identify patients at low VTE recurrence risk who may discontinue anticoagulation upon the completion of the primary treatment phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hunter Mwansa
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mohamed Zghouzi
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Geoffrey D Barnes
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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17
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Westafer LM, Long B, Gottlieb M. Managing Pulmonary Embolism. Ann Emerg Med 2023; 82:394-402. [PMID: 36805291 PMCID: PMC10432572 DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2023.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Westafer
- Department for Healthcare Delivery and Population Science and Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School-Baystate, Springfield, MA.
| | - Brit Long
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brooke Army Medical Center, San Antonio, TX
| | - Michael Gottlieb
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
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18
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Roussel M, Bloom B, Taalba M, Choquet C, Douillet D, Fémy F, Marouk A, Gorlicki J, Gerlier C, Macrez R, Arnaud E, Bompard R, Montassier E, Hugli O, Czopik C, Eyer X, Benhamed A, Peyrony O, Chouihed T, Penaloza A, Marra A, Laribi S, Reuter PG, Behringer W, Douplat M, Guenezan J, Javaud N, Lucidarme O, Cachanado M, Aparicio-Monforte A, Freund Y. Temporal Trends in the Use of Computed Tomographic Pulmonary Angiography for Suspected Pulmonary Embolism in the Emergency Department : A Retrospective Analysis. Ann Intern Med 2023. [PMID: 37216659 DOI: 10.7326/m22-3116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, validated clinical decision rules have been developed that avoid unnecessary use of computed tomographic pulmonary angiography (CTPA) in patients with suspected pulmonary embolism (PE) in the emergency department (ED). OBJECTIVE To measure any resulting change in CTPA use for suspected PE. DESIGN Retrospective analysis. SETTING 26 European EDs in 6 countries. PATIENTS Patients with CTPA performed for suspected PE in the ED during the first 7 days of each odd month between January 2015 and December 2019. MEASUREMENTS The primary end points were the CTPAs done for suspected PE in the ED and the number of PEs diagnosed in the ED each year adjusted to an annual census of 100 000 ED visits. Temporal trends were estimated using generalized linear mixed regression models. RESULTS 8970 CTPAs were included (median age, 63 years; 56% female). Statistically significant temporal trends for more frequent use of CTPA (836 per 100 000 ED visits in 2015 vs. 1112 in 2019; P < 0.001), more diagnosed PEs (138 per 100 000 in 2015 vs. 164 in 2019; P = 0.028), a higher proportion of low-risk PEs (annual percent change [APC], 13.8% [95% CI, 2.6% to 30.1%]) with more ambulatory management (APC, 19.3% [CI, 4.1% to 45.1%]), and a lower proportion of intensive care unit admissions (APC, -8.9% [CI, -17.1% to -0.3%]) were observed. LIMITATION Data were limited to 7 days every 2 months. CONCLUSION Despite the recent validation of clinical decision rules to limit the use of CTPA, an increase in the CTPA rate along with more diagnosed PEs and especially low-risk PEs were instead observed. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE None specific for this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Roussel
- Sorbonne Université, UMR Inserm 1166, IHU ICAN, Paris; Emergency Department, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France (M.R., Y.F.)
| | - Ben Bloom
- Emergency Department, Royal London Hospital, London, United Kingdom (B.B.)
| | - Mehdi Taalba
- Emergency Department, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France (M.T.)
| | - Christophe Choquet
- Emergency Department, Hôpital Bichat, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France (C. Choquet)
| | - Delphine Douillet
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University Hospital of Angers, Angers; and UNIV Angers, UMR MitoVasc CNRS 6215 INSERM 1083, Angers, France (D.D.)
| | - Florent Fémy
- Emergency Department, Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris Cite, Paris; and Toxicology and Chemical Risks Department, French Armed Forces Biomedical Institute, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France (F.F.)
| | - Alexis Marouk
- Emergency Department, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France (A. Marouk)
| | - Judith Gorlicki
- Emergency Department, Hôpital Avicenne, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Bobigny, France (J. Golicki)
| | - Camille Gerlier
- Emergency Department, Hôpital Saint-Joseph, Paris, France (C.G.)
| | - Richard Macrez
- Emergency Department, CHU Caen Côte de Nacre, Normandie Université UNICAEN, INSERM PhIND Institut Blood and Brain, Caen, France (R.M.)
| | - Emilien Arnaud
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Amiens-Picardy University Hospital, Amiens, France (E.A.)
| | - Rudy Bompard
- Emergency Department, Hôpital Tenon, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France (R.B.)
| | | | - Olivier Hugli
- Emergency Department, Lausanne University Hospital Emergency Care Service, Lausanne, Switzerland (O.H.)
| | - Charlotte Czopik
- Emergency Department, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France (C. Czopik)
| | - Xavier Eyer
- Emergency Department, Hôpital Lariboisière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France (X.E.)
| | - Axel Benhamed
- Emergency Department, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France (A.B., M.D.)
| | - Olivier Peyrony
- Emergency Department, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France (O.P.)
| | - Tahar Chouihed
- Emergency Department, University Hospital of Nancy, Nancy, France (T.C.)
| | - Andrea Penaloza
- Emergency Department, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium (A.P.)
| | - Alessio Marra
- Emergency Department, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy (A. Marra)
| | - Said Laribi
- Tours University, Emergency Medicine Department, Tours University Hospital, Tours, France (S.L.)
| | - Paul-Georges Reuter
- Emergency Department, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Boulogne; and Université Versailles-Saint Quentin en Yvelines, Boulogne, France (P.-G.R.)
| | - Wilhelm Behringer
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Medical University Vienna, Vienna General Hospital, Vienna, Austria (W.B.)
| | - Marion Douplat
- Emergency Department, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France (A.B., M.D.)
| | - Jeremy Guenezan
- Emergency Department, University Hospital of Poitiers, Poitiers, France (J. Guenezen)
| | - Nicolas Javaud
- Emergency Department, Hôpital Louis-Mourier, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Colombes; and Reference Center for Bradykinin Angiodema (CReAk), Université Paris Cite, Colombes, France (N.J.)
| | - Olivier Lucidarme
- Sorbonne Université, UMR Inserm 1166, IHU ICAN, Paris; and Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale LIB, Paris, France (O.L.)
| | - Marine Cachanado
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Clinical Research Platform Paris-East (URCEST-CRC-CRB), Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France (M.C., A.A.)
| | - Ainhoa Aparicio-Monforte
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Clinical Research Platform Paris-East (URCEST-CRC-CRB), Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France (M.C., A.A.)
| | - Yonathan Freund
- Sorbonne Université, UMR Inserm 1166, IHU ICAN, Paris; Emergency Department, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France (M.R., Y.F.)
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19
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Jianling Q, Lulu J, Liuyi Q, Lanfang F, Xu M, Wenchen L, Maofeng W. A nomogram for predicting the risk of pulmonary embolism in neurology department suspected PE patients: A 10-year retrospective analysis. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1139598. [PMID: 37090975 PMCID: PMC10113433 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1139598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveThe purpose of this retrospective study was to establish a numerical model for predicting the risk of pulmonary embolism (PE) in neurology department patients.MethodsA total of 1,578 subjects with suspected PE at the neurology department from January 2012 to December 2021 were considered for enrollment in our retrospective study. The patients were randomly divided into the training cohort and the validation cohort in the ratio of 7:3. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression were used to select the optimal predictive features. Multivariate logistic regression was used to establish the numerical model, and this model was visualized by a nomogram. The model performance was assessed and validated by discrimination, calibration, and clinical utility.ResultsOur predictive model indicated that eight variables, namely, age, pulse, systolic pressure, hemoglobin, neutrophil count, low-density lipoprotein, D-dimer, and partial pressure of oxygen, were associated with PE. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the model was 0.750 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.721–0.783] in the training cohort and 0.742 (95% CI: 0.689–0.787) in the validation cohort, indicating that the model showed a good differential performance. A good consistency between the prediction and the real observation was presented in the training and validation cohorts. The decision curve analysis in the training and validation cohorts showed that the numerical model had a good net clinical benefit.ConclusionWe established a novel numerical model to predict the risk factors for PE in neurology department suspected PE patients. Our findings may help doctors to develop individualized treatment plans and PE prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Jianling
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Laboratory, Affiliated Dongyang Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Dongyang, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jin Lulu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Laboratory, Affiliated Dongyang Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Dongyang, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiu Liuyi
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Dongyang Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Dongyang, Zhejiang, China
| | - Feng Lanfang
- Department of Respiratory, Affiliated Dongyang Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Dongyang, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ma Xu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Affiliated Dongyang Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Dongyang, Zhejiang, China
| | - Li Wenchen
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Dongyang Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Dongyang, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wang Maofeng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Laboratory, Affiliated Dongyang Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Dongyang, Zhejiang, China
- *Correspondence: Wang Maofeng
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Roy PM, Moumneh T, Bizouard T, Duval D, Douillet D. How to Combat Over-Testing for Patients Suspected of Pulmonary Embolism: A Narrative Review. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13071326. [PMID: 37046544 PMCID: PMC10093278 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13071326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The diagnosis of PE remains difficult in 2023 because the signs and symptoms are not sensible nor specific. The consequences of potential diagnostic errors can be dramatic, whether by default or by excess. Furthermore, the achievement of a simple diagnostic strategy, based on clinical probability assessment, D-dimer measurement and computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) leads to a new challenge for PE diagnosis: over-testing. Indeed, since the 2000s, the wide availability of CTPA resulted in a major increase in investigations with a mod I confirm erate increase in PE diagnosis, without any notable improvement in patient outcomes. Quite the contrary, the complications of anticoagulation for PE increased significantly, and the long-term consequences of imaging diagnostic radiation is an important concern, especially the risk of breast cancer for young women. As a result, several strategies have been proposed to fight over-testing. They are mostly based on defining a subgroup of patients for whom no specific exam should be required to rule-out PE and adjusting the D-dimer cutoff to allow the exclusion of PE without performing CTPA. This narrative review presents the advantages and limitations of these different strategies as well as the perspective in PE diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Marie Roy
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University Hospital of Angers, Avenue of the Hotel Dieu, 49100 Angers, France
- UMR MitoVasc CNRS 6215 INSERM 1083, University Angers, 49100 Angers, France
- FCRIN, INNOVTE, 42023 Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Thomas Moumneh
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University Hospital of Tours, Avenue of the Republic, 37044 Tours, France
| | - Thomas Bizouard
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University Hospital of Angers, Avenue of the Hotel Dieu, 49100 Angers, France
| | - Damien Duval
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University Hospital of Angers, Avenue of the Hotel Dieu, 49100 Angers, France
| | - Delphine Douillet
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University Hospital of Angers, Avenue of the Hotel Dieu, 49100 Angers, France
- UMR MitoVasc CNRS 6215 INSERM 1083, University Angers, 49100 Angers, France
- FCRIN, INNOVTE, 42023 Saint-Étienne, France
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Hanaki N, Miyata J, Yamada Y, Shiga T. Choosing Wisely® in Japanese Emergency Medicine: Nine Recommendations to Improve The Value of Health Care. J Emerg Med 2023; 64:371-379. [PMID: 37019499 DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2023.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The overuse of diagnostic and therapeutic modalities has become an issue in the field of emergency medicine. The health care system of Japan aims to provide the most appropriate quality and quantity of care at the right price, while focusing on patient value. The Choosing Wisely® campaign was launched in Japan and other countries. OBJECTIVE In this article, recommendations were discussed to improve the field of emergency medicine based on the state of the Japanese health care system. METHODS The modified Delphi method, a consensus-building method, was used in this study. The final recommendations were developed by a working group of 20 medical professionals, students, and patients, consisting of members of the emergency physician electronic mailing list. RESULTS From the 80 candidates recommended and excessive actions gathered, nine recommendations were formulated after two Delphi rounds. The recommendations included the suppression of excessive behavior and the implementation of appropriate medical treatment, like rapid pain relief and the application of ultrasonography during central venous catheter placement. CONCLUSIONS This study formulated recommendations to improve the field of Japanese emergency medicine, based on the feedback of patients and health care professionals. The nine recommendations will be helpful for all people involved in emergency care in Japan because they have the potential to prevent the overuse of diagnostic and therapeutic modalities, while maintaining the appropriate quality of patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nao Hanaki
- Department of Social Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jun Miyata
- Department of Island and Community Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Goto-shi, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yoshie Yamada
- Department of Healthcare Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Shiga
- Department of Emergency Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Tokyo, Otawara, Japan
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22
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Mercurio L, Corwin D, Kaplan R, Ellison AM, Casper TC, Kuppermann N, Kline JA. Bedside exclusion of pulmonary embolism in children without radiation (BEEPER): a national study of the Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network-Study protocol. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2023; 7:100046. [PMID: 36865906 PMCID: PMC9971278 DOI: 10.1016/j.rpth.2023.100046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Pulmonary Embolism Rule Out Criteria (PERC) Peds rule, derived from the PERC rule, was derived to estimate a low pretest probability for pulmonary embolism (PE) in children but has not been prospectively validated. Objective The objective of this study was to present a protocol for an ongoing multicenter prospective observational study that evaluates the diagnostic accuracy of the PERC-Peds rule. Methods This protocol is identified by the acronym, BEdside Exclusion of Pulmonary Embolism without Radiation in children. The study aims were designed to prospectively validate, or if necessary, refine, the accuracy of PERC-Peds and D-dimer in excluding PE among children with clinical suspicion or testing for PE. Multiple ancillary studies will examine clinical characteristics and epidemiology of the participants. Children aged 4 through 17 years were being enrolled at 21 sites through the Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network (PECARN). Patients taking anticoagulant therapy are excluded. PERC-Peds criteria data, clinical gestalt, and demographic information are collected in real time. The criterion standard outcome is image-confirmed venous thromboembolism within 45 days, determined from independent expert adjudication. We assessed interrater reliability of the PERC-Peds, frequency of PERC-Peds use in routine clinical care, and descriptive characteristics of missed eligible and missed patients with PE. Results Enrollment is currently 60% complete with an anticipated data lock in 2025. Conclusions This prospective multicenter observational study will not only test whether a set of simple criteria can safely exclude PE without need for imaging but also provide a resource to fill a critical knowledge gap about clinical characteristics of children with suspected and diagnosed PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Mercurio
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Section of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Daniel Corwin
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ron Kaplan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Emergency Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Angela M. Ellison
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Theron Charles Casper
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Nathan Kuppermann
- Departments of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics, UC Davis School of Medicine and UC Davis Health, Sacramento, California
| | - Jeffrey A. Kline
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
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Xiong W, Zhao Y, Cheng Y, Du H, Sun J, Wang Y, Xu M, Guo X. Comparison of VTE risk scores in guidelines for VTE diagnosis in nonsurgical hospitalized patients with suspected VTE. Thromb J 2023; 21:8. [PMID: 36658654 PMCID: PMC9850809 DOI: 10.1186/s12959-023-00450-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The assessment of VTE likelihood with VTE risk scores is essential prior to imaging examinations during VTE diagnostic procedure. Little is known with respect to the disparity of predictive power for VTE diagnosis among VTE risk scores in guidelines for nonsurgical hospitalized patients with clinically suspected VTE. METHODS A retrospective study was performed to compare the predictive power for VTE diagnosis among the Wells, Geneva, YEARS, PERC, Padua, and IMPROVE scores in the leading authoritative guidelines in nonsurgical hospitalized patients with suspected VTE. RESULTS Among 3168 nonsurgical hospitalized patients with suspected VTE, VTE was finally excluded in 2733(86.3%) ones, whereas confirmed in 435(13.7%) ones. The sensitivity and specificity resulted from the Wells, Geneva, YEARS, PERC, Padua, and IMPROVE scores were (90.3%, 49.8%), (88.7%, 53.6%), (73.8%, 50.2%), (97.7%,16.9%), (80.9%, 44.0%), and (78.2%, 47.0%), respectively. The YI were 0.401, 0.423, 0.240, 0.146, 0.249, and 0.252 for the Wells, Geneva, YEARS, PERC, Padua, and IMPROVE scores, respectively. The C-index were 0.694(0.626-0.762), 0.697(0.623-0.772), 0.602(0.535-0.669), 0.569(0.486-0.652), 0.607(0.533-0.681), and 0.609(0.538-0.680) for the Wells, Geneva, YEARS, PERC, Padua, and IMPROVE scores, respectively. Consistency was significant in the pairwise comparison of Wells vs Geneva(Kappa 0.753, P = 0.565), YEARS vs Padua(Kappa 0.816, P = 0.565), YEARS vs IMPROVE(Kappa 0.771, P = 0.645), and Padua vs IMPROVE(Kappa 0.789, P = 0.812), whereas it did not present in the other pairs. The YI was improved to 0.304, 0.272, and 0.264 for the PERC(AUC 0.631[0.547-0.714], P = 0.006), Padua(AUC 0.613[0.527-0.700], P = 0.017), and IMPROVE(AUC 0.614[0.530-0.698], P = 0.016), with a revised cutoff of 5 or less, 6 or more, and 4 or more denoting the VTE-likely, respectively. CONCLUSIONS For nonsurgical hospitalized patients with suspected VTE, the Geneva and Wells scores perform best, the PERC scores performs worst despite its significantly high sensitivity, whereas the others perform intermediately, albeit the absolute predictive power of all isolated scores are mediocre. The predictive power of the PERC, Padua, and IMPROVE scores are improved with revised cutoffs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xiong
- grid.412987.10000 0004 0630 1330Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No. 1665, Kongjiang Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200092 China
| | - Yunfeng Zhao
- grid.459502.fDepartment of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Pudong New District, Punan Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Cheng
- grid.412987.10000 0004 0630 1330Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No. 1665, Kongjiang Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200092 China
| | - He Du
- grid.412532.3Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinyuan Sun
- grid.412987.10000 0004 0630 1330Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No. 1665, Kongjiang Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200092 China
| | - Yanmin Wang
- grid.412987.10000 0004 0630 1330Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No. 1665, Kongjiang Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200092 China
| | - Mei Xu
- Department of General Practice, North Bund Community Health Service Center, Hongkou District, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuejun Guo
- grid.412987.10000 0004 0630 1330Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No. 1665, Kongjiang Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200092 China
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Diagnostic Strategy for Suspected Pulmonary Embolism in Emergency Departments Based on the 4-Level Pulmonary Embolism Clinical Probability Score: Study Protocol of SPEED&PEPS Trial. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12123101. [PMID: 36553108 PMCID: PMC9777430 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12123101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Several strategies have been devised to safely limit the use of thoracic imaging in patients suspected of pulmonary embolism (PE). However, they are based on different rules for clinical probability (CP) assessment, rendering their combination difficult. The four-level pulmonary embolism probability score (4PEPS) allows the combination of all other strategies using a single CP assessment. Methods and analysis: Pragmatic cluster-randomized trial in 20 EDs. Patients with suspected PE will be included and followed for 90 days (number of patients to be included: 2560, 1280 in each arm). Ten centers will be allocated to the control group where physicians will be free to do as they see fit but they will be given the recommendation to apply a validated strategy. Ten centers will be allocated to the interventional group where the physicians will be given the recommendation to apply the 4PEPS strategy. The primary objective will be to demonstrate that the application of the 4PEPS strategy by the emergency physicians, in comparison to current practices, (i) does not increase the risk of serious events related to diagnostic strategies and (ii) significantly reduces the use of thoracic imaging. Ethics and dissemination: The study will be submitted for approval to an institutional ethics review board for all participating centers. If successful, the SPEED&PEPS trial will have an important impact for patients suspected of PE limiting their irradiation and for public health in substantial savings in terms of the direct cost of diagnostic investigations and the indirect cost of hospitalizations due to waiting times or delayed harmful effects. Funding: This work is funded by a French Public Health grant (PREPS-N 2019). The funding source plays no role in the study design, data collection, analysis, interpretation or the writing of the manuscript. Trial registration: ongoing. Trial status: not started.
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Moumneh T, Penaloza A, Charpentier S, Douillet D, Prunier F, Riou J, Roy PM. Efficacy of HEAR and HEART score to rule out major adverse cardiac events in patients presenting to the emergency department with chest pain: study protocol of the eCARE stepped-wedge randomised control trial. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e066953. [PMID: 36600358 PMCID: PMC9730388 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-066953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Current guidelines for patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) with chest pain without ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) on ECG are based on serial troponin measurements. A clinical tool able to identify very low-risk patients who could forgo a troponin test and low-risk patients requiring only one troponin measurement would be of great interest. To do so, the HEAR and HEART score, standing for history, ECG, age, risk factors±troponin were prospectively assessed, but not combined and implemented in clinical practice. The objective of the eCARE study is to assess the impact of implementing a diagnostic strategy based on a HEAR score <2 or a HEART score <4 (HEAR-T strategy) to rule out non-STEMI without or with a single troponin measurement in patients presenting to the ED with chest pain without obvious diagnosis after physical examination and an ECG. METHODS AND ANALYSIS Stepped-wedge cluster-randomised control trial in 10 EDs. Patients with non-traumatic chest pain and no formal diagnosis were included and followed for 30 days. In the interventional phase, the doctor will be asked not to perform a troponin test to look for an acute coronary if the HEAR score is <2 and not to perform an additional troponin test if the HEAR score is ≥2 and HEART score is <4. The main endpoint is the non-inferiority of the rates of major adverse cardiac events occurring between a patient's discharge and the 30-day follow-up against current recommended guidelines. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The study was approved by an institutional review board for all participating centres. If successful, the eCARE study will cover a gap in the evidence, proving that it is safe and efficient to rule out the hypothesis of an acute myocardial infarction in some selected very low-risk patients or based on a single troponin measurement in some low-risk patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT04157790.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Moumneh
- Département de Médecine d'Urgence, CHU d'Angers, Angers, France
- Institut MitoVasc, UMR CNRS 6215 INSERM 1083, Université d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Andrea Penaloza
- Service de Médecine d'Urgence, Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sandrine Charpentier
- Département de médecine d'Urgence, Hopital Purpan - CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- Laboratoire d'épidemiologie et d'analyse en santé publique, UMR 1027 INSERM, F-31000, Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Delphine Douillet
- Département de Médecine d'Urgence, CHU d'Angers, Angers, France
- Institut MitoVasc, UMR CNRS 6215 INSERM 1083, Université d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Fabrice Prunier
- Institut MitoVasc, UMR CNRS 6215 INSERM 1083, Université d'Angers, Angers, France
- Département de Cardiologie, CHU d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Jérémie Riou
- Département de biostatstiques et de métodologie, CHU d'Angers, Angers, France
- MINT, INSERM UMR 1066, CNRS UMR 6021, Université Angers, Angers, France
| | - Pierre-Marie Roy
- Département de Médecine d'Urgence, CHU d'Angers, Angers, France
- Institut MitoVasc, UMR CNRS 6215 INSERM 1083, Université d'Angers, Angers, France
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Meusel M, Pätz T, Gruber K, Kupp S, Jensch PJ, Saraei R, Fürschke A, Sayk F, Eitel I, Wolfrum S. PrEdictive value of coMbined pre-test proBability and blOod gas anaLysis In pulmonary emboliSM-the EMBOLISM study. Intern Emerg Med 2022; 17:2245-2252. [PMID: 35976533 PMCID: PMC9652271 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-022-03075-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In patients with suspected pulmonary embolism (PE), the number of unnecessary computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) scans remains high, especially in patients with low pre-test probability (PTP). So far, no study showed any additional benefit of capillary blood gas analysis (BGA) in diagnostic algorithms for PE. In this retrospective analysis of patients with suspected PE and subsequent CTPA, clinical data, D-dimer levels and BGA parameters (including standardized PaO2) were analyzed. Logistic regression analyses were performed to identify independent predictors for PE and reduce unnecessary CTPA examinations in patients with low PTP according to Wells score. Of 1538 patients, PE was diagnosed in 433 patients (28.2%). The original Wells score (odds ratio: 1.381 [95% CI 1.300-1.467], p < 0.001) and standardized PaO2 (odds ratio: 0.987 [95% CI 0.978-0.996], p = 0.005) were independent predictors for PE. After cohort adjustment for low PTP a D-dimer cut-off < 1.5 mg/L (278 patients (18.1%) with 18 PE (6.5%)) was identified in which a standardized PaO2 > 65 mmHg reduced the number of unnecessary CTPA by 31.9% with a 100% sensitivity. This approach was further validated in additional 53 patients with low PTP. In this validation group CTPA examinations were reduced by 32.7%. No patient with PE was missed. With our novel algorithm combining BGA testing with low PTP according to Wells score, we were able to increase the D-Dimer threshold to 1.5 mg/L and reduce CTPA examinations by approximately 32%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Meusel
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Heart Center Lübeck, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, University of Lübeck, German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Toni Pätz
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Heart Center Lübeck, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, University of Lübeck, German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Kim Gruber
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Heart Center Lübeck, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, University of Lübeck, German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kupp
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Heart Center Lübeck, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, University of Lübeck, German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Philipp-Johannes Jensch
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Heart Center Lübeck, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, University of Lübeck, German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Roza Saraei
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Heart Center Lübeck, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, University of Lübeck, German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Alexander Fürschke
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Schleswig Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Friedhelm Sayk
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ingo Eitel
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Heart Center Lübeck, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, University of Lübeck, German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sebastian Wolfrum
- Emergency Department, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Germany
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Abstract
IMPORTANCE Pulmonary embolism (PE) is characterized by occlusion of blood flow in a pulmonary artery, typically due to a thrombus that travels from a vein in a lower limb. The incidence of PE is approximately 60 to 120 per 100 000 people per year. Approximately 60 000 to 100 000 patients die from PE each year in the US. OBSERVATIONS PE should be considered in patients presenting with acute chest pain, shortness of breath, or syncope. The diagnosis is determined by chest imaging. In patients with a systolic blood pressure of at least 90 mm Hg, the following 3 steps can be used to evaluate a patient with possible PE: assessment of the clinical probability of PE, D-dimer testing if indicated, and chest imaging if indicated. The clinical probability of PE can be assessed using a structured score or using clinical gestalt. In patients with a probability of PE that is less than 15%, the presence of 8 clinical characteristics (age <50 years, heart rate <100/min, an oxygen saturation level of > 94%, no recent surgery or trauma, no prior venous thromboembolism event, no hemoptysis, no unilateral leg swelling, and no estrogen use) identifies patients at very low risk of PE in whom no further testing is needed. In patients with low or intermediate clinical probability, a D-dimer level of less than 500 ng/mL is associated with a posttest probability of PE less than 1.85%. In these patients, PE can be excluded without chest imaging. A further refinement of D-dimer threshold is possible in patients aged 50 years and older, and in patients with a low likelihood of PE. Patients with a high probability of PE (ie, >40% probability) should undergo chest imaging, and D-dimer testing is not necessary. In patients with PE and a systolic blood pressure of 90 mm Hg or higher, compared with heparin combined with a vitamin K antagonist such as warfarin followed by warfarin alone, direct oral anticoagulants such as apixaban, edoxaban, rivaroxaban, or dabigatran, are noninferior for treating PE and have a 0.6% lower rate of bleeding. In patients with PE and systolic blood pressure lower than 90 mm Hg, systemic thrombolysis is recommended and is associated with an 1.6% absolute reduction of mortality (from 3.9% to 2.3%). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In the US, PE affects approximately 370 000 patients per year and may cause approximately 60 000 to 100 000 deaths per year. First-line therapy consists of direct oral anticoagulants such as apixaban, edoxaban, rivaroxaban, or dabigatran, with thrombolysis reserved for patients with systolic blood pressure lower than 90 mm Hg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonathan Freund
- Sorbonne Université, Improving Emergency Care FHU, Paris, France
- Emergency Department, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris, France
| | - Fleur Cohen-Aubart
- Sorbonne Université, Improving Emergency Care FHU, Paris, France
- Internal Medicine Department 2, French National Referral Center for Rare Systemic Diseases and Histiocytoses, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris, France
| | - Ben Bloom
- Emergency Department, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
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Bannelier H, Gorlicki J, Penaloza A, Douillet D, Roy PM, Freund Y, Roussel M. Evaluation of the "hemoptysis" item in clinical decision rules for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism in the emergency department. Acad Emerg Med 2022; 29:1205-1212. [PMID: 35975482 DOI: 10.1111/acem.14574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hemoptysis is not common in pulmonary embolism (PE) and lacks specificity for its diagnosis. However, this item is present in different validated scores that estimate the clinical probability of PE. The relevance of this item in clinical decision rules (CDRs) is not clearly established. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of removing the "hemoptysis" item from the PERC, YEARS, and PEGeD CDR in patients with low clinical probability of PE. DESIGN This was a post hoc analysis of two European prospective cohorts, which included 2968 patients presenting to the ED with a low clinical probability of PE (PROPER and PERCEPIC) and a 3-month follow-up. The primary endpoint was the false-negative rate of a CDR score without the hemoptysis item. Secondary endpoints included the potential reduction of chest imaging if the item hemoptysis was to be removed and risk stratification of the Geneva and Wells scores without the hemoptysis item. RESULTS Of 2968 patients included (mean ± SD age 46 ± 18 years, 53% female), 87 patients (3%) had a PE diagnosed at 3 months. A total of 2908 were followed-up at 3 months and analyzed. Using the PERC rule with and without the hemoptysis item, there were 13 and 14 missed cases of PE, respectively (failure rate 0.45% [95% CI 0.25%-0.78%] and 0.48% [95% CI 0.27%-0.82%]). Using the YEARS strategy, there were 11 missed PE cases with or without the hemoptysis item (false-negative rate 0.57% [95% CI 0.30%-1.05%]). With the PERC and YEARS rule, removing the hemoptysis item would have led to a 1% reduction in chest imaging. The PEGeD strategy was not modified by the removal of the hemoptysis item. CONCLUSIONS The hemoptysis item could be safely removed from the PERC, YEARS, and PEGeD CDRs. However, there was no subsequent clinically relevant reduction of chest imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héloïse Bannelier
- Emergency Department, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Judith Gorlicki
- Emergency Department, Hôpital Avicenne, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, INSERM U942-MASCOT, Bobigny, France
| | - Andrea Penaloza
- Emergency Department, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Delphine Douillet
- Emergency Department, Angers University Hospital, Angers, France.,FCRIN, INNOVTE, Saint Etienne, France
| | - Pierre-Marie Roy
- Emergency Department, Angers University Hospital, Angers, France.,FCRIN, INNOVTE, Saint Etienne, France
| | - Yonathan Freund
- Emergency Department, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Improving Emergency Care FHU, Paris, France
| | - Melanie Roussel
- Emergency Department, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Improving Emergency Care FHU, Paris, France
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Piazza I, Passarella M, Fornelli V, Memaj I. YEARS rule combined with the age-adjusted D-dimer threshold in patients with suspected pulmonary embolism. Intern Emerg Med 2022; 17:2141-2142. [PMID: 35939204 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-022-03070-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Piazza
- Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy.
- Emergency Department, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Piazza OMS, 1, 24127, Bergamo, Italy.
| | - Mariele Passarella
- Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Fornelli
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Irdi Memaj
- Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Emergency Department, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Piazza OMS, 1, 24127, Bergamo, Italy
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Rules of comparison: a brief historical perspective. Eur J Emerg Med 2022; 29:323-324. [PMID: 36062432 DOI: 10.1097/mej.0000000000000970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Comparison of the safety and efficacy of YEARS, PEGeD, 4PEPS or the sole item "PE is the most likely diagnosis" strategies for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism in the emergency department: post-hoc analysis of two European cohort studies. Eur J Emerg Med 2022; 29:341-347. [PMID: 36062433 DOI: 10.1097/mej.0000000000000967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The optimal strategy for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism (PE) in the emergency department (ED) remains debated. To reduce the need of imaging testing, several rules have been recently validated using an elevated D-dimer threshold. OBJECTIVE To validate the safety of different diagnostic strategies and compare the efficacy in terms of chest imaging testing. DESIGN AND PATIENTS Post-hoc analysis of individual data of 3330 adult patients without a high clinical probability of PE in the ED followed-up at 3 months in France and Spain (1916 from the PROPER cohort, 1414 from the MODIGLIANI cohort). EXPOSURE Four diagnostic strategies with an elevated D-dimer threshold if PE is unlikely. The YEARS combined with Pulmonary Embolism Rule-out Criteria (PERC) the pulmonary embolism graduated D-dimer (PEGeD) combined with PERC and the 4-level pulmonary embolism probability score (4PEPS) rules were assessed. A modified simplified (MODS) rule with a simplified YEARS reduced to the sole item of "Is PE the most likely diagnosis" combined with PERC was also tested. OUTCOME MEASURE AND ANALYSIS The primary outcome was the proportion of diagnosed PE or deep venous thrombosis at 3 months in patients in whom PE could have been excluded without chest imaging according to the tested strategy. The safety of a strategy was confirmed if the failure rate was less than 1.85%. The secondary outcome was the use of imaging testing according to each rule. RESULTS Among 3330 analyzed patients, 150 (4.5%) had a PE. The number of missed PEs were 25, 29, 30 and 26 for the PERC+YEARS, PERC+PEGeD, 4PEPS and MODS rules respectively, with a failure rate of 0.75% (95% CI 0.51% to 1.10%), 0.87% (0.61% to 1.25%), 0.90% (0.63% to 1.28%) and 0.78% (0.53% to 1.14%) respectively. There was no significant difference in the failure rate between rules. Except for a significant lower use of chest imaging for 4PEPS compared to YEARS (14.9% vs 16.3%, difference -1.4% [95%CI -2.1% to -0.8%]), there was no difference in the proportion of imaging testing. CONCLUSION In this post-hoc analysis of patients with suspicion of PE, YEARS and PEGeD combined with PERC, and 4PEPS were safe to exclude PE. The safety of the modified simplified MODS strategy was also confirmed. There was no significant difference of the failure rate between strategies.
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32
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Tan S, Hamarati LB, Rajiah PS, Le Gal G, Ko JP, Stojanovska J. CTA of Acute Pulmonary Embolism: Best Practices. Semin Roentgenol 2022; 57:313-323. [DOI: 10.1053/j.ro.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Remillard TC, Kodra A, Kim M. Diagnosis, Diagnostic Tools, and Risk Stratification for Contemporary Treatment of Pulmonary Embolism. Int J Angiol 2022; 31:150-154. [PMID: 36157099 PMCID: PMC9507591 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1756177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary embolism (PE) is quite common and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. It is estimated that it is the cause of approximately 100,000 annual deaths in the United States. With great variability in presenting symptoms of PE, poor recognition of PE can be fatal. As such, many risk scores have been created to identify the sickest patients. Choosing the appropriate imaging modality is also critical. Invasive pulmonary angiography was once the gold standard to establish the diagnosis. With the advent of nuclear imaging, V/Q scans, invasive angiography has been phased out for diagnosing acute PE. At present, the standard for diagnosis of acute PE is computed tomography pulmonary angiography. In select patient cohorts, nuclear studies remain the modality of choice. Once the diagnosis of acute PE is established, there is a broad spectrum of severity in outcome which has led to substantial focus and development of risk stratification prediction models. We will discuss making the proper diagnosis with contemporary diagnostic tools and risk stratifying patients with PE to receive the correct treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor C. Remillard
- Department of Cardiology, Lenox Hill Hospital, Northwell Health, New York, New York
| | - Arber Kodra
- Department of Cardiology, Lenox Hill Hospital, Northwell Health, New York, New York
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Lenox Hill Hospital, Northwell Health, New York, New York
| | - Michael Kim
- Department of Cardiology, Lenox Hill Hospital, Northwell Health, New York, New York
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34
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Cafferkey J, Serebriakoff P, de Wit K, Horner DE, Reed MJ. Pulmonary embolism diagnosis: clinical assessment at the front door. J Accid Emerg Med 2022; 39:945-951. [PMID: 35868848 DOI: 10.1136/emermed-2021-212000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
This first of two practice reviews addresses pulmonary embolism (PE) diagnosis considering important aspects of PE clinical presentation and comparing evidence-based PE testing strategies. A companion paper addresses the management of PE. Symptoms and signs of PE are varied, and emergency physicians frequently use testing to 'rule out' the diagnosis in people with respiratory or cardiovascular symptoms. The emergency clinician must balance the benefit of reassuring negative PE testing with the risks of iatrogenic harms from over investigation and overdiagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Cafferkey
- Emergency Medicine Research Group Edinburgh (EMERGE), NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Kerstin de Wit
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel E Horner
- Emergency Department, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK.,Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Matthew James Reed
- Emergency Medicine Research Group Edinburgh (EMERGE), NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK .,Acute Care Group, The University of Edinburgh Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, Edinburgh, UK
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35
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Claret PG, Douillet D, Chauvin A, Rousseau G, Gil-Jardine C. Actualités en médecine d’urgence. ANNALES FRANCAISES DE MEDECINE D URGENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.3166/afmu-2022-0425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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36
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Riou B, Freund Y. Histoire exceptionnelle d’un article peu banal. ANNALES FRANCAISES DE MEDECINE D URGENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.3166/afmu-2022-0406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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37
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Abstract
We have updated recommendations on 12 controversial topics that were published in the 2013 National Consensus on the diagnosis, risk stratification and treatment of patients with pulmonary embolism (PE). A comprehensive review of the literature was performed for each topic, and each recommendation was evaluated in two teleconferences. For diagnosis, we recommend against using the Pulmonary Embolism Rule Out Criteria (PERC) rule as the only test to rule out PE, and we recommend using a d-dimer cutoff adjusted to age to rule out PE. We suggest using computed tomography pulmonary angiogram as the imaging test of choice for the majority of patients with suspected PE. We recommend using direct oral anticoagulants (over vitamin K antagonists) for the vast majority of patients with acute PE, and we suggest using anticoagulation for patients with isolated subsegmental PE. We recommend against inserting an inferior cava filter for the majority of patients with PE, and we recommend using full-dose systemic thrombolytic therapy for PE patients requiring reperfusion. The decision to stop anticoagulants at 3 months or to treat indefinitely mainly depends on the presence (or absence) and type of risk factor for venous thromboembolism, and we recommend against thrombophilia testing to decide duration of anticoagulation. Finally, we suggest against extensive screening for occult cancer in patients with PE.
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38
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Freund Y, Chauvin A, Bloom B. Diagnostic Strategy Using an Elevated Age-Adjusted D-Dimer Threshold and Thromboembolic Events in the Emergency Department-Reply. JAMA 2022; 327:984-985. [PMID: 35258536 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2022.0544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ben Bloom
- Emergency Department, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, England
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39
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Becattini C, Kokorin VA, Lesniak W, Marin-Leon I, Medrano FJ, Morbidoni L, Marra AM, Biskup E, Riera-Mestre A, Dicker D. Pulmonary embolism - An EFIM guideline critical appraisal and adaptation for practicing clinicians. Eur J Intern Med 2022; 96:5-12. [PMID: 34903446 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2021.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several trials have been conducted in the last decades that challenged the management of patients with acute pulmonary embolism (PE) in terms of diagnosis and treatment. Updated international clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) endorsed the evidence from these trials. The aim of this document was to adapt recommendations from existing CPGs to assist physicians in decision making concerning specific and complex scenarios related to acute PE. METHODS The flow for the adaptation procedure was first the identification of unsolved clinical issues in patients with acute PE (PICOs), then critically appraise the existing CPGs and choose the recommendations, which are the most applicable to these specific and complex scenarios. RESULTS Five PICOs were identified and CPGs appraisal was performed. Concerning diagnosis of PE when computed tomographic pulmonary angiography is not available/contraindicated and d-dimer is less specific, perfusion lung scan is the preferred option in the majority of clinical scenarios. For the treatment of PE when relevant clinical conditions like pregnancy or severe renal failure are present heparin is to be used. Poor evidence and low-level recommendations exist on the best bleeding prediction rule in patients treated for PE. The duration of anticoagulation needs to be tailored concerning the presence of predisposing factors for index PE and the consequent risk for recurrence. Finally, recommendations on the opportunity to screen for cancer and thrombophilia patients without recognized thrombosis risk factors for PE are reported. Overall, 35 recommendations were endorsed and the rationale for the selection is reported in the main text. CONCLUSION By the use of proper methodology for the adaptation process, this document offers a simple and updated guide for practicing clinicians dealing with complex patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Becattini
- Internal and Emergency Medicine Department, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Valentin A Kokorin
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (RNRMU), Department of Hospital Therapy named after academician P.E. Lukomsky, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Wiktoria Lesniak
- Evidence Based Medicine Unit, Institute of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ignacio Marin-Leon
- CIBERESP, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla), Fundación Enebro, Seville, Spain
| | - Francisco J Medrano
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla), CIBERESP and Departmento de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.
| | - Laura Morbidoni
- Internal Medicine Unit "Principe di Piemonte" Hospital Senigallia, Italy
| | - Alberto M Marra
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, "Federico II" University Hospital and School of Medicine, Naples, Italy; Centre for Pulmonary Hypertension, Thoraxklinik at Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ewelina Biskup
- Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Antoni Riera-Mestre
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitari Bellvitge - Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dror Dicker
- Internal Medicine Department, Hasharon Hospital-Rabin Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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40
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Geersing GJ, Takada T, Klok FA, Büller HR, Courtney DM, Freund Y, Galipienzo J, Le Gal G, Ghanima W, Kline JA, Huisman MV, Moons KGM, Perrier A, Parpia S, Robert-Ebadi H, Righini M, Roy PM, van Smeden M, Stals MAM, Wells PS, de Wit K, Kraaijpoel N, van Es N. Ruling out pulmonary embolism across different healthcare settings: A systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis. PLoS Med 2022; 19:e1003905. [PMID: 35077453 PMCID: PMC8824365 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The challenging clinical dilemma of detecting pulmonary embolism (PE) in suspected patients is encountered in a variety of healthcare settings. We hypothesized that the optimal diagnostic approach to detect these patients in terms of safety and efficiency depends on underlying PE prevalence, case mix, and physician experience, overall reflected by the type of setting where patients are initially assessed. The objective of this study was to assess the capability of ruling out PE by available diagnostic strategies across all possible settings. METHODS AND FINDINGS We performed a literature search (MEDLINE) followed by an individual patient data (IPD) meta-analysis (MA; 23 studies), including patients from self-referral emergency care (n = 12,612), primary healthcare clinics (n = 3,174), referred secondary care (n = 17,052), and hospitalized or nursing home patients (n = 2,410). Multilevel logistic regression was performed to evaluate diagnostic performance of the Wells and revised Geneva rules, both using fixed and adapted D-dimer thresholds to age or pretest probability (PTP), for the YEARS algorithm and for the Pulmonary Embolism Rule-out Criteria (PERC). All strategies were tested separately in each healthcare setting. Following studies done in this field, the primary diagnostic metrices estimated from the models were the "failure rate" of each strategy-i.e., the proportion of missed PE among patients categorized as "PE excluded" and "efficiency"-defined as the proportion of patients categorized as "PE excluded" among all patients. In self-referral emergency care, the PERC algorithm excludes PE in 21% of suspected patients at a failure rate of 1.12% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.74 to 1.70), whereas this increases to 6.01% (4.09 to 8.75) in referred patients to secondary care at an efficiency of 10%. In patients from primary healthcare and those referred to secondary care, strategies adjusting D-dimer to PTP are the most efficient (range: 43% to 62%) at a failure rate ranging between 0.25% and 3.06%, with higher failure rates observed in patients referred to secondary care. For this latter setting, strategies adjusting D-dimer to age are associated with a lower failure rate ranging between 0.65% and 0.81%, yet are also less efficient (range: 33% and 35%). For all strategies, failure rates are highest in hospitalized or nursing home patients, ranging between 1.68% and 5.13%, at an efficiency ranging between 15% and 30%. The main limitation of the primary analyses was that the diagnostic performance of each strategy was compared in different sets of studies since the availability of items used in each diagnostic strategy differed across included studies; however, sensitivity analyses suggested that the findings were robust. CONCLUSIONS The capability of safely and efficiently ruling out PE of available diagnostic strategies differs for different healthcare settings. The findings of this IPD MA help in determining the optimum diagnostic strategies for ruling out PE per healthcare setting, balancing the trade-off between failure rate and efficiency of each strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geert-Jan Geersing
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Toshihiko Takada
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of General Medicine, Shirakawa Satellite for Teaching And Research (STAR), Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Frederikus A. Klok
- Department of Medicine, Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Dutch Thrombosis Network, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Harry R. Büller
- Department of Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - D. Mark Courtney
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yonathan Freund
- Sorbonne University, Emergency Department, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Javier Galipienzo
- Service of Anesthesiology, MD Anderson Cancer Center Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gregoire Le Gal
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Waleed Ghanima
- Department of Medicine, Østfold Hospital Trust, Norway and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jeffrey A. Kline
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Menno V. Huisman
- Department of Medicine, Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Dutch Thrombosis Network, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Karel G. M. Moons
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Cochrane Netherlands, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Arnaud Perrier
- Division of Angiology and Hemostasis, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sameer Parpia
- Department of Oncology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Helia Robert-Ebadi
- Division of Angiology and Hemostasis, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marc Righini
- Division of Angiology and Hemostasis, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pierre-Marie Roy
- UNIV Angers, UMR (CNRS 6015—INSERM 1083) and CHU Angers, Department of Emergency Medicine, F-CRIN InnoVTE, Angers, France
| | - Maarten van Smeden
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Milou A. M. Stals
- Department of Medicine, Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Dutch Thrombosis Network, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Philip S. Wells
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Kerstin de Wit
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Noémie Kraaijpoel
- Department of Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nick van Es
- Department of Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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41
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Levi M, van Es N. Diagnostic Strategies for Suspected Pulmonary Embolism. JAMA 2021; 326:2135-2136. [PMID: 34874441 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2021.19282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Levi
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Medicine, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- Cardiometabolic Programme-NIHR UCLH/UCL BRC, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nick van Es
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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42
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Freund Y, Chauvin A, Jimenez S, Philippon AL, Curac S, Fémy F, Gorlicki J, Chouihed T, Goulet H, Montassier E, Dumont M, Lozano Polo L, Le Borgne P, Khellaf M, Bouzid D, Raynal PA, Abdessaied N, Laribi S, Guenezan J, Ganansia O, Bloom B, Miró O, Cachanado M, Simon T. Effect of a Diagnostic Strategy Using an Elevated and Age-Adjusted D-Dimer Threshold on Thromboembolic Events in Emergency Department Patients With Suspected Pulmonary Embolism: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 2021; 326:2141-2149. [PMID: 34874418 PMCID: PMC8652602 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2021.20750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Uncontrolled studies suggest that pulmonary embolism (PE) can be safely ruled out using the YEARS rule, a diagnostic strategy that uses varying D-dimer thresholds. OBJECTIVE To prospectively validate the safety of a strategy that combines the YEARS rule with the pulmonary embolism rule-out criteria (PERC) rule and an age-adjusted D-dimer threshold. DESIGN, SETTINGS, AND PARTICIPANTS A cluster-randomized, crossover, noninferiority trial in 18 emergency departments (EDs) in France and Spain. Patients (N = 1414) who had a low clinical risk of PE not excluded by the PERC rule or a subjective clinical intermediate risk of PE were included from October 2019 to June 2020, and followed up until October 2020. INTERVENTIONS Each center was randomized for the sequence of intervention periods. In the intervention period (726 patients), PE was excluded without chest imaging in patients with no YEARS criteria and a D-dimer level less than 1000 ng/mL and in patients with 1 or more YEARS criteria and a D-dimer level less than the age-adjusted threshold (500 ng/mL if age <50 years or age in years × 10 in patients ≥50 years). In the control period (688 patients), PE was excluded without chest imaging if the D-dimer level was less than the age-adjusted threshold. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary end point was venous thromboembolism (VTE) at 3 months. The noninferiority margin was set at 1.35%. There were 8 secondary end points, including chest imaging, ED length of stay, hospital admission, nonindicated anticoagulation treatment, all-cause death, and all-cause readmission at 3 months. RESULTS Of the 1414 included patients (mean age, 55 years; 58% female), 1217 (86%) were analyzed in the per-protocol analysis. PE was diagnosed in the ED in 100 patients (7.1%). At 3 months, VTE was diagnosed in 1 patient in the intervention group (0.15% [95% CI, 0.0% to 0.86%]) vs 5 patients in the control group (0.80% [95% CI, 0.26% to 1.86%]) (adjusted difference, -0.64% [1-sided 97.5% CI, -∞ to 0.21%], within the noninferiority margin). Of the 6 analyzed secondary end points, only 2 showed a statistically significant difference in the intervention group compared with the control group: chest imaging (30.4% vs 40.0%; adjusted difference, -8.7% [95% CI, -13.8% to -3.5%]) and ED median length of stay (6 hours [IQR, 4 to 8 hours] vs 6 hours [IQR, 5 to 9 hours]; adjusted difference, -1.6 hours [95% CI, -2.3 to -0.9]). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Among ED patients with suspected PE, the use of the YEARS rule combined with the age-adjusted D-dimer threshold in PERC-positive patients, compared with a conventional diagnostic strategy, did not result in an inferior rate of thromboembolic events. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04032769.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonathan Freund
- Sorbonne Université, Improving Emergency Care FHU, Paris, France
- Emergency Department, Hôpital Pitié–Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Anthony Chauvin
- Emergency Department, Hôpital Lariboisière, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Sonia Jimenez
- Emergency Department, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Anne-Laure Philippon
- Sorbonne Université, Improving Emergency Care FHU, Paris, France
- Emergency Department, Hôpital Pitié–Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Sonja Curac
- Emergency Department, Hôpital Beaujon, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Clichy, France
| | - Florent Fémy
- Emergency Department, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris University, Paris, France
- Toxicology and Chemical Risks Department, French Armed Forces Biomedical Institute, Bretigny-Sur-Orges, France
| | - Judith Gorlicki
- Emergency Department, Hôpital Avicenne, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, INSERM U942-MASCOT, Bobigny, France
| | - Tahar Chouihed
- Emergency Department, University Hospital of Nancy, Université de Lorraine, UMR_S 1116, Nancy, France
| | - Hélène Goulet
- Emergency Department, Hôpital Tenon, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Margaux Dumont
- Emergency Department, Hôpital Pitié–Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Laura Lozano Polo
- Emergency Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Pierrick Le Borgne
- Emergency Department, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Mehdi Khellaf
- Emergency Department, CHU Henri Mondor, INSERM U955, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Donia Bouzid
- Université de Paris, INSERM, IAME, F-75006 Paris, France
- Emergency Department, Bichat-Claude Bernard University Hospital, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Alexis Raynal
- Emergency Department, Hôpital St-Antoine, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Nizar Abdessaied
- Emergency Department, Centre Hospitalier de St Denis, St Denis, France
| | - Saïd Laribi
- Tours University, Emergency Medicine Department, Tours University Hospital, Tours, France
| | - Jeremy Guenezan
- Emergency Department, University Hospital of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Olivier Ganansia
- Emergency Department, Groupe Hospitalier Paris–St Joseph, Paris, France
| | - Ben Bloom
- Emergency Department, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Oscar Miró
- Emergency Department, Hôpital Lariboisière, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Marine Cachanado
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Clinical Research Platform Paris-East (URCEST-CRC-CRB), Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne University, St Antoine Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Tabassome Simon
- Sorbonne Université, Improving Emergency Care FHU, Paris, France
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Clinical Research Platform Paris-East (URCEST-CRC-CRB), Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne University, St Antoine Hospital, Paris, France
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43
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Ramjug S, Phillips G. Update in the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism for the non-respiratory physician. Clin Med (Lond) 2021; 21:e591-e597. [PMID: 34862218 DOI: 10.7861/clinmed.2021-0666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
An increasingly common scenario on the acute medical take is that of 'possible pulmonary embolism'. The aim of this article is to update the reader about the available clinical decision tools that can help to avoid the over investigation of such patients, as well as other tools that can support an outpatient management strategy in appropriate patient groups. The importance of risk stratification methodologies in acute pulmonary embolism management is emphasised. We address the evidence on the long-term risk of venous thromboembolism recurrence and show how this can be used to make decisions about duration of anticoagulation. Finally, we discuss a number of special scenarios, including the implications of incidentally discovered isolated subsegmental pulmonary embolus and the management of pulmonary embolus in malignancy and pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gerrard Phillips
- Federation of Royal Colleges of Physicians, London, UK and Dorset County Hospital, Dorchester, UK
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44
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Roy PM, Moumneh T, Penaloza A. Safety of the 4PEPS in Patients With a Very Low Prevalence of Pulmonary Embolism-Need for More Than a Point Estimate-Reply. JAMA Cardiol 2021; 6:1468-1469. [PMID: 34643652 DOI: 10.1001/jamacardio.2021.4011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Marie Roy
- Emergency Department, CHU Angers, Angers, France.,UNIV Angers, Health Faculty, UMR MitoVasc CNRS 6015 - INSERM 1083, Equipe CARME, Angers, France.,F-CRIN INNOVTE, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Thomas Moumneh
- Emergency Department, CHU Angers, Angers, France.,UNIV Angers, Health Faculty, UMR MitoVasc CNRS 6015 - INSERM 1083, Equipe CARME, Angers, France.,F-CRIN INNOVTE, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Andrea Penaloza
- F-CRIN INNOVTE, Saint-Etienne, France.,Emergency Department, Cliniques universitaires Saint Luc, Brussels, Belgium.,UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
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45
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Kulka HC, Zeller A, Fornaro J, Wuillemin WA, Konstantinides S, Christ M. Acute Pulmonary Embolism–Its Diagnosis and Treatment From a Multidisciplinary Viewpoint. DEUTSCHES ARZTEBLATT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 118:618-628. [PMID: 34382576 DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.m2021.0226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physicians from many different specialties see patients suffering from acute pulmonary embolism (PE), which has an incidence of 39-115 cases per 100 000 persons per year. Because PE can be life-threatening, a rapid, targeted response is essential. METHODS This review is based on pertinent publications retrieved by a selective literature search of international databases, with particular attention to current guidelines and expert opinions. RESULTS Whenever PE is suspected, clinical assessment tools must be applied for risk stratification and diagnostic evaluation. The PERC (Pulmonary Embolism Rule-out Criteria) and the YEARS algorithm lead to more effective diagnosis. For hemodynamically unstable patients, bedside echocardiography is of high value and enables risk stratification. New oral anticoagulants have fewer hemorrhagic complications than vitamin K antagonists and are not inferior to them with respect to the risk of recurrent PE (hazard ratio 0.84-1.09). The duration of anticoagulation is set according to the risk of recurrence. Systemic thrombolysis is recommended for patients with a high-risk PE, in whom it significantly reduces mortality (odds ratio 0.53, number needed to treat 59). Surgical or interventional techniques can be considered if thrombolysis is contraindicated or unsuccessful. CONCLUSION Newly introduced diagnostic aids and algorithms simplify the diagnosis and treatment of acute PE while continuing to assure a high degree of patient safety.
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46
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Stolberg S, Mudawi D, Dean K, Cheng A, Barraclough R. Investigation and management of pulmonary embolism 1: a probability-based approach. Br J Hosp Med (Lond) 2021; 82:1-16. [PMID: 34338014 DOI: 10.12968/hmed.2021.0286a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary embolism remains a common and potentially deadly disease, despite advances in diagnostic imaging, treatment and prevention. Managing pulmonary embolism requires a multifactorial approach involving risk stratification, determining appropriate diagnostics and selecting individualised therapy. This article reviews the pathophysiology, risk factors, clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation and therapeutic management and early outpatient management of pulmonary embolism. The second part summarises pulmonary embolism in the setting of pregnancy, COVID-19, recurrent disease and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Stolberg
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - Dalia Mudawi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - Katrina Dean
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - Andrew Cheng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester, UK
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47
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Levsky JM, Haramati LB. "Rule Out" vs "Do Without". Chest 2021; 160:21-22. [PMID: 34246366 PMCID: PMC10162856 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2021.02.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Levsky
- Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Linda B Haramati
- Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY.
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48
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Khan F, Tritschler T, Kahn SR, Rodger MA. Venous thromboembolism. Lancet 2021; 398:64-77. [PMID: 33984268 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)32658-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Venous thromboembolism, comprising both deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, is a chronic illness that affects nearly 10 million people every year worldwide. Strong provoking risk factors for venous thromboembolism include major surgery and active cancer, but most events are unprovoked. Diagnosis requires a sequential work-up that combines assessment of clinical pretest probability for venous thromboembolism using a clinical score (eg, Wells score), D-dimer testing, and imaging. Venous thromboembolism can be considered excluded in patients with both a non-high clinical pretest probability and normal D-dimer concentrations. When required, ultrasonography should be done for a suspected deep vein thrombosis and CT or ventilation-perfusion scintigraphy for a suspected pulmonary embolism. Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are the first-line treatment for almost all patients with venous thromboembolism (including those with cancer). After completing 3-6 months of initial treatment, anticoagulation can be discontinued in patients with venous thromboembolism provoked by a major transient risk factor. Patients whose long-term risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism outweighs the long-term risk of major bleeding, such as those with active cancer or men with unprovoked venous thromboembolism, should receive indefinite anticoagulant treatment. Pharmacological venous thromboembolism prophylaxis is generally warranted in patients undergoing major orthopaedic or cancer surgery. Ongoing research is focused on improving diagnostic strategies for suspected deep vein thrombosis, comparing different DOACs, developing safer anticoagulants, and further individualising approaches for the prevention and management of venous thromboembolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faizan Khan
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Tobias Tritschler
- Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of General Internal Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Susan R Kahn
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Division of Internal Medicine and Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Jewish General Hospital/Lady Davis Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Marc A Rodger
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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49
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Freund Y, Roussel M, Kline J, Roy PM, Bloom B. The failure rate does not equal the false-negative rate: A call for tailoring diagnostic strategy validation in low prevalence populations. J Thromb Haemost 2021; 19:1832-1833. [PMID: 34176222 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yonathan Freund
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Emergency Department, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Mélanie Roussel
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- CHU Charles Nicole, Rouen, France
| | - Jeff Kline
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Pierre-Marie Roy
- Emergency Department, CHU Angers, Institut Mitovasc UMR (CNRS 6015-INSERM 1083), UNIV Angers, F-CRIN INNOVTE, Angers, France
| | - Ben Bloom
- Emergency Department, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
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50
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Konstantinides SV, Meyer G, Becattini C, Bueno H, Geersing GJ, Harjola VP, Huisman MV, Humbert M, Jennings CS, Jiménez D, Kucher N, Lang IM, Lankeit M, Lorusso R, Mazzolai L, Meneveau N, Ní Áinle F, Prandoni P, Pruszczyk P, Righini M, Torbicki A, Van Belle E, Zamorano JL. 2019 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism developed in collaboration with the European Respiratory Society (ERS). Eur Heart J 2021; 41:543-603. [PMID: 31504429 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2063] [Impact Index Per Article: 687.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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