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Lai C, Fuggle NR, Matin RN, Tanaka RJ, Banerji CRS, Rajan N. Artificial intelligence and machine learning in dermatological research and healthcare: British Society for Investigative Dermatology Skin Club Report, Southampton, April 2024. Br J Dermatol 2024; 192:118-124. [PMID: 39395182 DOI: 10.1093/bjd/ljae395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2024] [Revised: 10/09/2024] [Accepted: 10/09/2024] [Indexed: 10/14/2024]
Abstract
Lay Summary
The British Society of Investigative Dermatology is the annual meeting of the UK’s skin research community. At this year’s meeting in Southampton, there was a discussion on the history and potential of artificial intelligence (‘AI’) in health care.
The four experts who spoke at the meeting have summarized their lectures in this paper. There is a piece on Alan Turing, who proposed the ‘Turing Test’ to find out if a machine could think like a human. Concepts like ‘machine learning’ (a key tool in AI) are explained. Next, there is a piece on the challenges of using AI decision-making tools in the skin cancer pathway. We discuss AI/machine learning approaches to grouping patients and choosing the best treatments for people with ‘atopic dermatitis’ (or ‘eczema’). Finally, potential pitfalls in AI are highlighted, including the need to explain how AI makes decisions and approaches to achieving this.
There is much excitement about AI, and this paper captures the discussion from the meeting of the current state of AI in dermatology health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chester Lai
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Dermatopharmacology, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Nicholas R Fuggle
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- University Hospitals Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
- The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK
| | - Rubeta N Matin
- Dermatology Department, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Reiko J Tanaka
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Christopher R S Banerji
- The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK
- University College London Hospital, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK
- UCL Cancer Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, London, UK
- King's Comprehensive Cancer Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Neil Rajan
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Department of Dermatology, Newcastle upon Tyne NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Sitaru S, Zink A. Artificial intelligence: A new frontier in dermatology. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2024; 38:2199-2200. [PMID: 39582481 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.20299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 11/26/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Sitaru
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Zink
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Goessinger EV, Niederfeilner JC, Cerminara S, Maul JT, Kostner L, Kunz M, Huber S, Koral E, Habermacher L, Sabato G, Tadic A, Zimmermann C, Navarini A, Maul LV. Patient and dermatologists' perspectives on augmented intelligence for melanoma screening: A prospective study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2024; 38:2240-2249. [PMID: 38411348 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.19905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Artificial intelligence (AI) shows promising potential to enhance human decision-making as synergistic augmented intelligence (AuI), but requires critical evaluation for skin cancer screening in a real-world setting. OBJECTIVES To investigate the perspectives of patients and dermatologists after skin cancer screening by human, artificial and augmented intelligence. METHODS A prospective comparative cohort study conducted at the University Hospital Basel included 205 patients (at high-risk of developing melanoma, with resected or advanced disease) and 8 dermatologists. Patients underwent skin cancer screening by a dermatologist with subsequent 2D and 3D total-body photography (TBP). Any suspicious and all melanocytic skin lesions ≥3 mm were imaged with digital dermoscopes and classified by corresponding convolutional neural networks (CNNs). Excisions were performed based on dermatologist's melanoma suspicion, study-defined elevated CNN risk-scores and/or melanoma suspicion by AuI. Subsequently, all patients and dermatologists were surveyed about their experience using questionnaires, including quantification of patient's safety sense following different examinations (subjective safety score (SSS): 0-10). RESULTS Most patients believed AI could improve diagnostic performance (95.5%, n = 192/201). In total, 83.4% preferred AuI-based skin cancer screening compared to examination by AI or dermatologist alone (3D-TBP: 61.3%; 2D-TBP: 22.1%, n = 199). Regarding SSS, AuI induced a significantly higher feeling of safety than AI (mean-SSS (mSSS): 9.5 vs. 7.7, p < 0.0001) or dermatologist screening alone (mSSS: 9.5 vs. 9.1, p = 0.001). Most dermatologists expressed high trust in AI examination results (3D-TBP: 90.2%; 2D-TBP: 96.1%, n = 205). In 68.3% of the examinations, dermatologists felt that diagnostic accuracy improved through additional AI-assessment (n = 140/205). Especially beginners (<2 years' dermoscopic experience; 61.8%, n = 94/152) felt AI facilitated their clinical work compared to experts (>5 years' dermoscopic experience; 20.9%, n = 9/43). Contrarily, in divergent risk assessments, only 1.5% of dermatologists trusted a benign CNN-classification more than personal malignancy suspicion (n = 3/205). CONCLUSIONS While patients already prefer AuI with 3D-TBP for melanoma recognition, dermatologists continue to rely largely on their own decision-making despite high confidence in AI-results. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04605822).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Victoria Goessinger
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Sara Cerminara
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Julia-Tatjana Maul
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lisa Kostner
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Kunz
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie Huber
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Emrah Koral
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lea Habermacher
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gianna Sabato
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Tadic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Alexander Navarini
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lara Valeska Maul
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Traini DO, Palmisano G, Peris K. Large language models and dermoscopy: Assessing the potential of task-specific GPT-4 vision in diagnosing basal cell carcinoma. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2024; 38:2320-2322. [PMID: 39258894 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.20333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Omar Traini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche Addominali Ed Endrocrino Metaboliche, UOC di Dermatologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli - IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Dermatologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Gerardo Palmisano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche Addominali Ed Endrocrino Metaboliche, UOC di Dermatologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli - IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Dermatologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Ketty Peris
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche Addominali Ed Endrocrino Metaboliche, UOC di Dermatologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli - IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Dermatologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
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Garbe C, Amaral T, Peris K, Hauschild A, Arenberger P, Basset-Seguin N, Bastholt L, Bataille V, Brochez L, Del Marmol V, Dréno B, Eggermont AMM, Fargnoli MC, Forsea AM, Höller C, Kaufmann R, Kelleners-Smeets N, Lallas A, Lebbé C, Leiter U, Longo C, Malvehy J, Moreno-Ramirez D, Nathan P, Pellacani G, Saiag P, Stockfleth E, Stratigos AJ, Van Akkooi ACJ, Vieira R, Zalaudek I, Lorigan P, Mandala M. European consensus-based interdisciplinary guideline for melanoma. Part 1: Diagnostics - Update 2024. Eur J Cancer 2024; 215:115152. [PMID: 39700658 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2024.115152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2024] [Accepted: 11/25/2024] [Indexed: 12/21/2024]
Abstract
This guideline was developed in close collaboration with multidisciplinary experts from the European Association of Dermato-Oncology (EADO), the European Dermatology Forum (EDF) and the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC). Recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of melanoma were developed on the basis of systematic literature research and consensus conferences. Cutaneous melanoma (CM) is the most dangerous form of skin tumor and accounts for 90 % of skin cancer mortality. The diagnosis of melanoma can be made clinically and must always be confirmed by dermoscopy. If melanoma is suspected, a histopathological examination is always required. Sequential digital dermoscopy and whole-body photography can be used in high-risk patients to improve the detection of early-stage melanoma. If available, confocal reflectance microscopy can also improve the clinical diagnosis in special cases. Melanoma is classified according to the 8th version of the American Joint Committee on Cancer classification. For thin melanomas up to a tumor thickness of 0.8 mm, no further diagnostic imaging is required. From stage IB, lymph node sonography is recommended, but no further imaging examinations. From stage IIB/C, whole-body examinations with computed tomography or positron emission tomography CT in combination with magnetic resonance imaging of the brain are recommended. From stage IIB/C and higher, a mutation test is recommended, especially for the BRAF V600 mutation. It is important to perform a structured follow-up to detect relapses and secondary primary melanomas as early as possible. A stage-based follow-up regimen is proposed, which in the experience of the guideline group covers the optimal requirements, although further studies may be considered. This guideline is valid until the end of 2026.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus Garbe
- Center for Dermatooncology, Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Teresa Amaral
- Center for Dermatooncology, Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Ketty Peris
- Institute of Dermatology, Università Cattolica, Rome, and Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli - IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Axel Hauschild
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Petr Arenberger
- Department of Dermatovenereology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Nicole Basset-Seguin
- Université Paris Cite, AP-HP department of Dermatology INSERM U 976 Hôpital Saint Louis Paris France
| | - Lars Bastholt
- Department of Oncology, Odense University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Veronique Bataille
- Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology Unit, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Lieve Brochez
- Department of Dermatology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Veronique Del Marmol
- Department of Dermatology, Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Brigitte Dréno
- Nantes Université, INSERM, CNRS, Immunology and New Concepts in ImmunoTherapy, INCIT, UMR 1302/EMR6001, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Alexander M M Eggermont
- University Medical Center Utrecht & Princess Maxima Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Comprehensive Cancer Center Munich of the Technical University Munich and the Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Ana-Maria Forsea
- Dermatology Department, Elias University Hospital, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy Bucharest, Romania
| | - Christoph Höller
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Roland Kaufmann
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Frankfurt University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Nicole Kelleners-Smeets
- Department of Dermatology, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Aimilios Lallas
- First Department of Dermatology, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Celeste Lebbé
- Université Paris Cite, AP-HP department of Dermatology INSERM U 976 Hôpital Saint Louis Paris France
| | - Ulrike Leiter
- Center for Dermatooncology, Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Caterina Longo
- Department of Dermatology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, and Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale - IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Skin Cancer Centre, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Josep Malvehy
- Melanoma Unit, Department of Dermatology, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain; University of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras CIBERER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Moreno-Ramirez
- Medical-&-Surgical Dermatology Service. Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Paul Nathan
- Mount Vernon Cancer Centre, Northwood United Kingdom
| | | | - Philippe Saiag
- University Department of Dermatology, Université de Versailles-Saint Quentin en Yvelines, APHP, Boulogne, France
| | - Eggert Stockfleth
- Skin Cancer Center, Department of Dermatology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany
| | - Alexander J Stratigos
- 1st Department of Dermatology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Andreas Sygros Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Alexander C J Van Akkooi
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ricardo Vieira
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Iris Zalaudek
- Dermatology Clinic, Maggiore Hospital, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Paul Lorigan
- The University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Mario Mandala
- University of Perugia, Unit of Medical Oncology, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Perugia, Italy
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Goessinger EV, Gottfrois P, Mueller AM, Cerminara SE, Navarini AA. Image-Based Artificial Intelligence in Psoriasis Assessment: The Beginning of a New Diagnostic Era? Am J Clin Dermatol 2024; 25:861-872. [PMID: 39259262 PMCID: PMC11511687 DOI: 10.1007/s40257-024-00883-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024]
Abstract
Psoriasis, a chronic inflammatory skin disease, affects millions of people worldwide. It imposes a significant burden on patients' quality of life and healthcare systems, creating an urgent need for optimized diagnosis, treatment, and management. In recent years, image-based artificial intelligence (AI) applications have emerged as promising tools to assist physicians by offering improved accuracy and efficiency. In this review, we provide an overview of the current landscape of image-based AI applications in psoriasis. Emphasis is placed on machine learning (ML) algorithms, a key subset of AI, which enable automated pattern recognition for various tasks. Key AI applications in psoriasis include lesion detection and segmentation, differentiation from other skin conditions, subtype identification, automated area involvement, and severity scoring, as well as personalized treatment selection and response prediction. Furthermore, we discuss two commercially available systems that utilize standardized photo documentation, automated segmentation, and semi-automated Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) calculation for patient assessment and follow-up. Despite the promise of AI in this field, many challenges remain. These include the validation of current models, integration into clinical workflows, the current lack of diversity in training-set data, and the need for standardized imaging protocols. Addressing these issues is crucial for the successful implementation of AI technologies in clinical practice. Overall, we underscore the potential of AI to revolutionize psoriasis management, highlighting both the advancements and the hurdles that need to be overcome. As technology continues to evolve, AI is expected to significantly improve the accuracy, efficiency, and personalization of psoriasis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth V Goessinger
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Gottfrois
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alina M Mueller
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sara E Cerminara
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexander A Navarini
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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Vardasca R, Mendes JG, Magalhaes C. Skin Cancer Image Classification Using Artificial Intelligence Strategies: A Systematic Review. J Imaging 2024; 10:265. [PMID: 39590729 PMCID: PMC11595075 DOI: 10.3390/jimaging10110265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2024] [Revised: 09/26/2024] [Accepted: 10/17/2024] [Indexed: 11/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The increasing incidence of and resulting deaths associated with malignant skin tumors are a public health problem that can be minimized if detection strategies are improved. Currently, diagnosis is heavily based on physicians' judgment and experience, which can occasionally lead to the worsening of the lesion or needless biopsies. Several non-invasive imaging modalities, e.g., confocal scanning laser microscopy or multiphoton laser scanning microscopy, have been explored for skin cancer assessment, which have been aligned with different artificial intelligence (AI) strategies to assist in the diagnostic task, based on several image features, thus making the process more reliable and faster. This systematic review concerns the implementation of AI methods for skin tumor classification with different imaging modalities, following the PRISMA guidelines. In total, 206 records were retrieved and qualitatively analyzed. Diagnostic potential was found for several techniques, particularly for dermoscopy images, with strategies yielding classification results close to perfection. Learning approaches based on support vector machines and artificial neural networks seem to be preferred, with a recent focus on convolutional neural networks. Still, detailed descriptions of training/testing conditions are lacking in some reports, hampering reproduction. The use of AI methods in skin cancer diagnosis is an expanding field, with future work aiming to construct optimal learning approaches and strategies. Ultimately, early detection could be optimized, improving patient outcomes, even in areas where healthcare is scarce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Vardasca
- ISLA Santarem, Rua Teixeira Guedes 31, 2000-029 Santarem, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciência e Inovação em Engenharia Mecânica e Engenharia Industrial, Universidade do Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal; (J.G.M.); (C.M.)
| | - Joaquim Gabriel Mendes
- Instituto de Ciência e Inovação em Engenharia Mecânica e Engenharia Industrial, Universidade do Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal; (J.G.M.); (C.M.)
- Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carolina Magalhaes
- Instituto de Ciência e Inovação em Engenharia Mecânica e Engenharia Industrial, Universidade do Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal; (J.G.M.); (C.M.)
- Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal
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Winkler JK, Kommoss KS, Vollmer AS, Blum A, Stolz W, Kränke T, Hofmann-Wellenhof R, Enk A, Toberer F, Haenssle HA. Computerizing the first step of the two-step algorithm in dermoscopy: A convolutional neural network for differentiating melanocytic from non-melanocytic skin lesions. Eur J Cancer 2024; 210:114297. [PMID: 39217816 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2024.114297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Convolutional neural networks (CNN) have shown performance equal to trained dermatologists in differentiating benign from malignant skin lesions. To improve clinicians' management decisions, additional classifications into diagnostic categories might be helpful. METHODS A convenience sample of 100 pigmented/non-pigmented skin lesions was used for a cross-sectional two-level reader study including 96 dermatologists (level I: dermoscopy only; level II: clinical close-up images, dermoscopy, and textual information). Dermoscopic images were classified by a binary CNN trained to differentiate melanocytic from non-melanocytic lesions (FotoFinder Systems, Bad Birnbach, Germany). Primary endpoint was the accuracy of the CNN's classification in comparison with dermatologists reviewing level-II information. Secondary endpoints included dermatologists' accuracies according to their level of experience and the CNN's area under the curve (AUC) of receiver operating characteristics (ROC). RESULTS The CNN revealed an accuracy and ROC AUC with corresponding 95 % confidence intervals (CI) of 91.0 % (83.8 % to 95.2 %) and 0.981 (0.962 to 1). In level I, dermatologists showed a mean accuracy of 83.7 % (82.5 % to 84.8 %). With level II information, the accuracy improved to 87.8 % (86.7 % to 88.9 %; p < 0.001). When comparing accuracies of CNN and dermatologists in level II, the CNN's accuracy was higher (91.0 % versus 87.8 %, p < 0.001). For experts with level II information results were on par with the CNN (91.0 % versus 90.4 %, p = 0.368). CONCLUSIONS The tested CNN accurately differentiated melanocytic from non-melanocytic skin lesions and outperformed dermatologists. The CNN may support clinicians and could be used in an ensemble approach combined with other CNN models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia K Winkler
- Department of Dermatology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | | | | | - Andreas Blum
- Public, Private and Teaching Practice, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Stolz
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology and Environmental Medicine II, Hospital Thalkirchner Street, Munich, Germany
| | - T Kränke
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - R Hofmann-Wellenhof
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Alexander Enk
- Department of Dermatology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ferdinand Toberer
- Department of Dermatology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Holger A Haenssle
- Department of Dermatology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Sarwar N, Irshad A, Naith QH, D Alsufiani K, Almalki FA. Skin lesion segmentation using deep learning algorithm with ant colony optimization. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak 2024; 24:265. [PMID: 39334181 PMCID: PMC11428829 DOI: 10.1186/s12911-024-02686-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 09/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Segmentation of skin lesions remains essential in histological diagnosis and skin cancer surveillance. Recent advances in deep learning have paved the way for greater improvements in medical imaging. The Hybrid Residual Networks (ResUNet) model, supplemented with Ant Colony Optimization (ACO), represents the synergy of these improvements aimed at improving the efficiency and effectiveness of skin lesion diagnosis. OBJECTIVE This paper seeks to evaluate the effectiveness of the Hybrid ResUNet model for skin lesion classification and assess its impact on optimizing ACO performance to bridge the gap between computational efficiency and clinical utility. METHODS The study used a deep learning design on a complex dataset that included a variety of skin lesions. The method includes training a Hybrid ResUNet model with standard parameters and fine-tuning using ACO for hyperparameter optimization. Performance was evaluated using traditional metrics such as accuracy, dice coefficient, and Jaccard index compared with existing models such as residual network (ResNet) and U-Net. RESULTS The proposed hybrid ResUNet model exhibited excellent classification accuracy, reflected in the noticeable improvement in all evaluated metrics. His ability to describe complex lesions was particularly outstanding, improving diagnostic accuracy. Our experimental results demonstrate that the proposed Hybrid ResUNet model outperforms existing state-of-the-art methods, achieving an accuracy of 95.8%, a Dice coefficient of 93.1%, and a Jaccard index of 87.5. CONCLUSION The addition of ResUNet to ACO in the proposed Hybrid ResUNet model significantly improves the classification of skin lesions. This integration goes beyond traditional paradigms and demonstrates a viable strategy for deploying AI-powered tools in clinical settings. FUTURE WORK Future investigations will focus on increasing the version's abilities by using multi-modal imaging information, experimenting with alternative optimization algorithms, and comparing real-world medical applicability. There is also a promising scope for enhancing computational performance and exploring the model's interpretability for more clinical adoption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadeem Sarwar
- Department of Computer Science, Bahria University Lahore Campus, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Asma Irshad
- School of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Qamar H Naith
- Department of Software Engineering, College of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Jeddah, PO Box 34, Jeddah, 21959, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kholod D Alsufiani
- Computer Sciences Program, Turabah University College, Taif University, P.O.Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faris A Almalki
- Department of Computer Engineering, College of Computers and Information Technology, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia.
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Heinlein L, Maron RC, Hekler A, Haggenmüller S, Wies C, Utikal JS, Meier F, Hobelsberger S, Gellrich FF, Sergon M, Hauschild A, French LE, Heinzerling L, Schlager JG, Ghoreschi K, Schlaak M, Hilke FJ, Poch G, Korsing S, Berking C, Heppt MV, Erdmann M, Haferkamp S, Drexler K, Schadendorf D, Sondermann W, Goebeler M, Schilling B, Krieghoff-Henning E, Brinker TJ. Prospective multicenter study using artificial intelligence to improve dermoscopic melanoma diagnosis in patient care. COMMUNICATIONS MEDICINE 2024; 4:177. [PMID: 39256516 PMCID: PMC11387610 DOI: 10.1038/s43856-024-00598-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early detection of melanoma, a potentially lethal type of skin cancer with high prevalence worldwide, improves patient prognosis. In retrospective studies, artificial intelligence (AI) has proven to be helpful for enhancing melanoma detection. However, there are few prospective studies confirming these promising results. Existing studies are limited by low sample sizes, too homogenous datasets, or lack of inclusion of rare melanoma subtypes, preventing a fair and thorough evaluation of AI and its generalizability, a crucial aspect for its application in the clinical setting. METHODS Therefore, we assessed "All Data are Ext" (ADAE), an established open-source ensemble algorithm for detecting melanomas, by comparing its diagnostic accuracy to that of dermatologists on a prospectively collected, external, heterogeneous test set comprising eight distinct hospitals, four different camera setups, rare melanoma subtypes, and special anatomical sites. We advanced the algorithm with real test-time augmentation (R-TTA, i.e., providing real photographs of lesions taken from multiple angles and averaging the predictions), and evaluated its generalization capabilities. RESULTS Overall, the AI shows higher balanced accuracy than dermatologists (0.798, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.779-0.814 vs. 0.781, 95% CI 0.760-0.802; p = 4.0e-145), obtaining a higher sensitivity (0.921, 95% CI 0.900-0.942 vs. 0.734, 95% CI 0.701-0.770; p = 3.3e-165) at the cost of a lower specificity (0.673, 95% CI 0.641-0.702 vs. 0.828, 95% CI 0.804-0.852; p = 3.3e-165). CONCLUSION As the algorithm exhibits a significant performance advantage on our heterogeneous dataset exclusively comprising melanoma-suspicious lesions, AI may offer the potential to support dermatologists, particularly in diagnosing challenging cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Heinlein
- Digital Biomarkers for Oncology Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Roman C Maron
- Digital Biomarkers for Oncology Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Achim Hekler
- Digital Biomarkers for Oncology Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sarah Haggenmüller
- Digital Biomarkers for Oncology Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Wies
- Digital Biomarkers for Oncology Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Medical Faculty, University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jochen S Utikal
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- DKFZ Hector Cancer Institute at the University Medical Center Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Friedegund Meier
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Skin Cancer Center at the University Cancer Centre Dresden and National Center for Tumor Diseases, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sarah Hobelsberger
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Frank F Gellrich
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mildred Sergon
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Axel Hauschild
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital (UKSH), Kiel, Germany
| | - Lars E French
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Lucie Heinzerling
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-European Metropolitan Region Nürnberg, CCC Alliance WERA, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Justin G Schlager
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kamran Ghoreschi
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Max Schlaak
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Franz J Hilke
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gabriela Poch
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sören Korsing
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carola Berking
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-European Metropolitan Region Nürnberg, CCC Alliance WERA, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus V Heppt
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-European Metropolitan Region Nürnberg, CCC Alliance WERA, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Erdmann
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-European Metropolitan Region Nürnberg, CCC Alliance WERA, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Haferkamp
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Konstantin Drexler
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Dirk Schadendorf
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Wiebke Sondermann
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Matthias Goebeler
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Hospital Würzburg and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) WERA, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bastian Schilling
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Hospital Würzburg and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) WERA, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Eva Krieghoff-Henning
- Digital Biomarkers for Oncology Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Titus J Brinker
- Digital Biomarkers for Oncology Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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11
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Koga S, Du W, Ono D. Response to "Can ChatGPT Vision diagnose melanoma? An exploratory diagnostic accuracy study.". J Am Acad Dermatol 2024; 91:e61-e62. [PMID: 38685408 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2024.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Koga
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| | - Wei Du
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Daisuke Ono
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
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12
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Tognetti L, Miracapillo C, Leonardelli S, Luschi A, Iadanza E, Cevenini G, Rubegni P, Cartocci A. Deep Learning Techniques for the Dermoscopic Differential Diagnosis of Benign/Malignant Melanocytic Skin Lesions: From the Past to the Present. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:758. [PMID: 39199716 PMCID: PMC11351129 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11080758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
There has been growing scientific interest in the research field of deep learning techniques applied to skin cancer diagnosis in the last decade. Though encouraging data have been globally reported, several discrepancies have been observed in terms of study methodology, result presentations and validation in clinical settings. The present review aimed to screen the scientific literature on the application of DL techniques to dermoscopic melanoma/nevi differential diagnosis and extrapolate those original studies adequately by reporting on a DL model, comparing them among clinicians and/or another DL architecture. The second aim was to examine those studies together according to a standard set of statistical measures, and the third was to provide dermatologists with a comprehensive explanation and definition of the most used artificial intelligence (AI) terms to better/further understand the scientific literature on this topic and, in parallel, to be updated on the newest applications in the medical dermatologic field, along with a historical perspective. After screening nearly 2000 records, a subset of 54 was selected. Comparing the 20 studies reporting on convolutional neural network (CNN)/deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) models, we have a scenario of highly performant DL algorithms, especially in terms of low false positive results, with average values of accuracy (83.99%), sensitivity (77.74%), and specificity (80.61%). Looking at the comparison with diagnoses by clinicians (13 studies), the main difference relies on the specificity values, with a +15.63% increase for the CNN/DCNN models (average specificity of 84.87%) compared to humans (average specificity of 64.24%) with a 14,85% gap in average accuracy; the sensitivity values were comparable (79.77% for DL and 79.78% for humans). To obtain higher diagnostic accuracy and feasibility in clinical practice, rather than in experimental retrospective settings, future DL models should be based on a large dataset integrating dermoscopic images with relevant clinical and anamnestic data that is prospectively tested and adequately compared with physicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Tognetti
- Dermatology Unit, Deparment of Medical, Surgical and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Viale Bracci 16, 53100 Siena, Italy (P.R.)
| | - Chiara Miracapillo
- Dermatology Unit, Deparment of Medical, Surgical and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Viale Bracci 16, 53100 Siena, Italy (P.R.)
| | - Simone Leonardelli
- Dermatology Unit, Deparment of Medical, Surgical and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Viale Bracci 16, 53100 Siena, Italy (P.R.)
| | - Alessio Luschi
- Bioengineering and Biomedical Data Science Lab, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy (E.I.)
| | - Ernesto Iadanza
- Bioengineering and Biomedical Data Science Lab, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy (E.I.)
| | - Gabriele Cevenini
- Bioengineering and Biomedical Data Science Lab, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy (E.I.)
| | - Pietro Rubegni
- Dermatology Unit, Deparment of Medical, Surgical and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Viale Bracci 16, 53100 Siena, Italy (P.R.)
| | - Alessandra Cartocci
- Dermatology Unit, Deparment of Medical, Surgical and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Viale Bracci 16, 53100 Siena, Italy (P.R.)
- Bioengineering and Biomedical Data Science Lab, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy (E.I.)
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13
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Giulini M, Goldust M, Grabbe S, Ludwigs C, Seliger D, Karagaiah P, Schepler H, Butsch F, Weidenthaler-Barth B, Rietz S. Combining artificial intelligence and human expertise for more accurate dermoscopic melanoma diagnosis: A 2-session retrospective reader study. J Am Acad Dermatol 2024; 90:1266-1268. [PMID: 38430100 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2023.12.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Giulini
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Mohamad Goldust
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Stephan Grabbe
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
| | | | | | - Priyanka Karagaiah
- Department of Dermatology, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bengaluru, India
| | - Hadrian Schepler
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Florian Butsch
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Stephan Rietz
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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14
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Primiero CA, Rezze GG, Caffery LJ, Carrera C, Podlipnik S, Espinosa N, Puig S, Janda M, Soyer HP, Malvehy J. A Narrative Review: Opportunities and Challenges in Artificial Intelligence Skin Image Analyses Using Total Body Photography. J Invest Dermatol 2024; 144:1200-1207. [PMID: 38231164 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2023.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms for skin lesion classification have reported accuracy at par with and even outperformance of expert dermatologists in experimental settings. However, the majority of algorithms do not represent real-world clinical approach where skin phenotype and clinical background information are considered. We review the current state of AI for skin lesion classification and present opportunities and challenges when applied to total body photography (TBP). AI in TBP analysis presents opportunities for intrapatient assessment of skin phenotype and holistic risk assessment by incorporating patient-level metadata, although challenges exist for protecting patient privacy in algorithm development and improving explainable AI methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare A Primiero
- Dermatology Department, Hospital Clinic and Fundació Clínic per la Recerca Biomèdica - Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Dermatology Research Centre, Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Gisele Gargantini Rezze
- Dermatology Department, Hospital Clinic and Fundació Clínic per la Recerca Biomèdica - Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Liam J Caffery
- Dermatology Research Centre, Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Centre of Health Services Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Centre for Online Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Cristina Carrera
- Dermatology Department, Hospital Clinic and Fundació Clínic per la Recerca Biomèdica - Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Medicine Department, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sebastian Podlipnik
- Dermatology Department, Hospital Clinic and Fundació Clínic per la Recerca Biomèdica - Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Natalia Espinosa
- Dermatology Department, Hospital Clinic and Fundació Clínic per la Recerca Biomèdica - Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Puig
- Dermatology Department, Hospital Clinic and Fundació Clínic per la Recerca Biomèdica - Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Medicine Department, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Monika Janda
- Centre of Health Services Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - H Peter Soyer
- Dermatology Research Centre, Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Dermatology Department, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Josep Malvehy
- Dermatology Department, Hospital Clinic and Fundació Clínic per la Recerca Biomèdica - Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Medicine Department, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain.
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15
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Hartman RI, Trepanowski N, Chang MS, Tepedino K, Gianacas C, McNiff JM, Fung M, Braghiroli NF, Grant-Kels JM. Multicenter prospective blinded melanoma detection study with a handheld elastic scattering spectroscopy device. JAAD Int 2024; 15:24-31. [PMID: 38371666 PMCID: PMC10869922 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdin.2023.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The elastic scattering spectroscopy (ESS) device (DermaSensor Inc., Miami, FL) is a noninvasive, painless, adjunctive tool for skin cancer detection. Objectives To investigate the performance of the ESS device in the detection of melanoma. Methods A prospective, investigator-blinded, multicenter study was conducted at 8 United States (US) and 2 Australian sites. All eligible skin lesions were clinically concerning for melanoma, examined with the ESS device, subsequently biopsied according to dermatologists' standard of care, and evaluated with histopathology. A total of 311 participants with 440 lesions were enrolled, including 44 melanomas (63.6% in situ and 36.4% invasive) and 44 severely dysplastic nevi. Results The observed sensitivity of the ESS device for melanoma detection was 95.5% (95% CI, 84.5% to 98.8%, 42 of 44 melanomas), and the observed specificity was 32.5% (95% CI, 27.2% to 38.3%). The positive and negative predictive values were 16.0% and 98.1%, respectively. Limitations The device was tested in a high-risk population with lesions selected for biopsy based on clinical and dermoscopic assessments of board-certified dermatologists. Most enrolled lesions were pigmented. Conclusion The ESS device's high sensitivity and NPV for the detection of melanoma suggest the device may be a useful adjunctive, point-of-care tool for melanoma detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca I. Hartman
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Dermatology, VA Integrated Service Network (VISN-1), Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts
| | - Nicole Trepanowski
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael S. Chang
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Christopher Gianacas
- The George Institute for Global Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- School of Population Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jennifer M. McNiff
- Departments of Dermatology and Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Maxwell Fung
- University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
| | | | - Jane M. Grant-Kels
- Department of Dermatology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
- Department of Dermatology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
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16
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Ingvar Å, Oloruntoba A, Sashindranath M, Miller R, Soyer HP, Guitera P, Caccetta T, Shumack S, Abbott L, Arnold C, Lawn C, Button-Sloan A, Janda M, Mar V. Minimum labelling requirements for dermatology artificial intelligence-based Software as Medical Device (SaMD): A consensus statement. Australas J Dermatol 2024; 65:e21-e29. [PMID: 38419186 DOI: 10.1111/ajd.14222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Artificial intelligence (AI) holds remarkable potential to improve care delivery in dermatology. End users (health professionals and general public) of AI-based Software as Medical Devices (SaMD) require relevant labelling information to ensure that these devices can be used appropriately. Currently, there are no clear minimum labelling requirements for dermatology AI-based SaMDs. METHODS Common labelling recommendations for AI-based SaMD identified in a recent literature review were evaluated by an Australian expert panel in digital health and dermatology via a modified Delphi consensus process. A nine-point Likert scale was used to indicate importance of 10 items, and voting was conducted to determine the specific characteristics to include for some items. Consensus was achieved when more than 75% of the experts agreed that inclusion of information was necessary. RESULTS There was robust consensus supporting inclusion of all proposed items as minimum labelling requirements; indication for use, intended user, training and test data sets, algorithm design, image processing techniques, clinical validation, performance metrics, limitations, updates and adverse events. Nearly all suggested characteristics of the labelling items received endorsement, except for some characteristics related to performance metrics. Moreover, there was consensus that uniform labelling criteria should apply across all AI categories and risk classes set out by the Therapeutic Goods Administration. CONCLUSIONS This study provides critical evidence for setting labelling standards by the Therapeutic Goods Administration to safeguard patients, health professionals, consumers, industry, and regulatory bodies from AI-based dermatology SaMDs that do not currently provide adequate information about how they were developed and tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Åsa Ingvar
- Victorian Melanoma Service, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Dermatology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Maithili Sashindranath
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert Miller
- Australasian College of Dermatologists, Sydney, Australia
| | - H Peter Soyer
- Australasian College of Dermatologists, Sydney, Australia
- Dermatology Research Centre, Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Pascale Guitera
- Australasian College of Dermatologists, Sydney, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Melanoma Diagnostic Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Victoria, Australia
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tony Caccetta
- Australasian College of Dermatologists, Sydney, Australia
- Perth Dermatology Clinic, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Stephen Shumack
- Australasian College of Dermatologists, Sydney, Australia
- Royal North Shore Hospital of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lisa Abbott
- Australasian College of Dermatologists, Sydney, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- The Skin Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Chris Arnold
- BioGrid Australia Ltd, Melbourne, Australia
- Hodgson Associates, Melbourne, Australia
- Australasian Society of Cosmetic Dermatologists, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Craig Lawn
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre of Excellence in Melanoma Imaging, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Monika Janda
- Australasian College of Dermatologists, Sydney, Australia
- Dermatology Research Centre, Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Health Services Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Victoria Mar
- Victorian Melanoma Service, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Australasian College of Dermatologists, Sydney, Australia
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17
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Shifai N, van Doorn R, Malvehy J, Sangers TE. Can ChatGPT vision diagnose melanoma? An exploratory diagnostic accuracy study. J Am Acad Dermatol 2024; 90:1057-1059. [PMID: 38244612 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2023.12.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Naweed Shifai
- Department of Dermatology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Remco van Doorn
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Josep Malvehy
- Melanoma Unit, Dermatology Department, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tobias E Sangers
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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18
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Winkler JK, Kommoss KS, Toberer F, Enk A, Maul LV, Navarini AA, Hudson J, Salerni G, Rosenberger A, Haenssle HA. Performance of an automated total body mapping algorithm to detect melanocytic lesions of clinical relevance. Eur J Cancer 2024; 202:114026. [PMID: 38547776 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2024.114026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Total body photography for skin cancer screening is a well-established tool allowing documentation and follow-up of the entire skin surface. Artificial intelligence-based systems are increasingly applied for automated lesion detection and diagnosis. DESIGN AND PATIENTS In this prospective observational international multicentre study experienced dermatologists performed skin cancer screenings and identified clinically relevant melanocytic lesions (CRML, requiring biopsy or observation). Additionally, patients received 2D automated total body mapping (ATBM) with automated lesion detection (ATBM master, Fotofinder Systems GmbH). Primary endpoint was the percentage of CRML detected by the bodyscan software. Secondary endpoints included the percentage of correctly identified "new" and "changed" lesions during follow-up examinations. RESULTS At baseline, dermatologists identified 1075 CRML in 236 patients and 999 CRML (92.9%) were also detected by the automated software. During follow-up examinations dermatologists identified 334 CRMLs in 55 patients, with 323 (96.7%) also being detected by ATBM with automated lesions detection. Moreover, all new (n = 13) or changed CRML (n = 24) during follow-up were detected by the software. Average time requirements per baseline examination was 14.1 min (95% CI [12.8-15.5]). Subgroup analysis of undetected lesions revealed either technical (e.g. covering by clothing, hair) or lesion-specific reasons (e.g. hypopigmentation, palmoplantar sites). CONCLUSIONS ATBM with lesion detection software correctly detected the vast majority of CRML and new or changed CRML during follow-up examinations in a favourable amount of time. Our prospective international study underlines that automated lesion detection in TBP images is feasible, which is of relevance for developing AI-based skin cancer screenings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia K Winkler
- Department of Dermatology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | | | - Ferdinand Toberer
- Department of Dermatology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Enk
- Department of Dermatology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lara V Maul
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Jeremy Hudson
- North Queensland Skin Centre, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gabriel Salerni
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Provincial del Centenario de Rosario- Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Albert Rosenberger
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, University Medical Center, Georg-August University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Holger A Haenssle
- Department of Dermatology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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19
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Strzelecki M, Kociołek M, Strąkowska M, Kozłowski M, Grzybowski A, Szczypiński PM. Artificial intelligence in the detection of skin cancer: State of the art. Clin Dermatol 2024; 42:280-295. [PMID: 38181888 DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2023.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
The incidence of melanoma is increasing rapidly. This cancer has a good prognosis if detected early. For this reason, various systems of skin lesion image analysis, which support imaging diagnostics of this neoplasm, are developing very dynamically. To detect and recognize neoplastic lesions, such systems use various artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms. This area of computer science applications has recently undergone dynamic development, abounding in several solutions that are effective tools supporting diagnosticians in many medical specialties. In this contribution, a number of applications of different classes of AI algorithms for the detection of this skin melanoma are presented and evaluated. Both classic systems based on the analysis of dermatoscopic images as well as total body systems, enabling the analysis of the patient's whole body to detect moles and pathologic changes, are discussed. These increasingly popular applications that allow the analysis of lesion images using smartphones are also described. The quantitative evaluation of the discussed systems with particular emphasis on the method of validation of the implemented algorithms is presented. The advantages and limitations of AI in the analysis of lesion images are also discussed, and problems requiring a solution for more effective use of AI in dermatology are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Strzelecki
- Institute of Electronics, Lodz University of Technology, Łódź, Poland.
| | - Marcin Kociołek
- Institute of Electronics, Lodz University of Technology, Łódź, Poland
| | - Maria Strąkowska
- Institute of Electronics, Lodz University of Technology, Łódź, Poland
| | - Michał Kozłowski
- Department of Mechatronics and Technical and IT Education, Faculty of Technical Science, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Andrzej Grzybowski
- Institute for Research in Ophthalmology, Foundation for Ophthalmology Development, Poznan, Poland
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20
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Miller I, Rosic N, Stapelberg M, Hudson J, Coxon P, Furness J, Walsh J, Climstein M. Performance of Commercial Dermatoscopic Systems That Incorporate Artificial Intelligence for the Identification of Melanoma in General Practice: A Systematic Review. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1443. [PMID: 38611119 PMCID: PMC11011068 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16071443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous melanoma remains an increasing global public health burden, particularly in fair-skinned populations. Advancing technologies, particularly artificial intelligence (AI), may provide an additional tool for clinicians to help detect malignancies with a more accurate success rate. This systematic review aimed to report the performance metrics of commercially available convolutional neural networks (CNNs) tasked with detecting MM. METHODS A systematic literature search was performed using CINAHL, Medline, Scopus, ScienceDirect and Web of Science databases. RESULTS A total of 16 articles reporting MM were included in this review. The combined number of melanomas detected was 1160, and non-melanoma lesions were 33,010. The performance of market-approved technology and clinician performance for classifying melanoma was highly heterogeneous, with sensitivity ranging from 16.4 to 100.0%, specificity between 40.0 and 98.3% and accuracy between 44.0 and 92.0%. Less heterogeneity was observed when clinicians worked in unison with AI, with sensitivity ranging between 83.3 and 100.0%, specificity between 83.7 and 87.3%, and accuracy between 86.4 and 86.9%. CONCLUSION Instead of focusing on the performance of AI versus clinicians for classifying melanoma, more consistent performance has been obtained when clinicians' work is supported by AI, facilitating management decisions and improving health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Miller
- Aquatic Based Research, Southern Cross University, Bilinga, QLD 4225, Australia; (I.M.); (N.R.)
- Faculty of Health, Southern Cross University, Bilinga, QLD 4225, Australia (P.C.)
- Specialist Suite, John Flynn Hospital, Tugun, QLD 4224, Australia
| | - Nedeljka Rosic
- Aquatic Based Research, Southern Cross University, Bilinga, QLD 4225, Australia; (I.M.); (N.R.)
- Faculty of Health, Southern Cross University, Bilinga, QLD 4225, Australia (P.C.)
| | - Michael Stapelberg
- Aquatic Based Research, Southern Cross University, Bilinga, QLD 4225, Australia; (I.M.); (N.R.)
- Faculty of Health, Southern Cross University, Bilinga, QLD 4225, Australia (P.C.)
- Specialist Suite, John Flynn Hospital, Tugun, QLD 4224, Australia
| | - Jeremy Hudson
- Faculty of Health, Southern Cross University, Bilinga, QLD 4225, Australia (P.C.)
- North Queensland Skin Centre, Townsville, QLD 4810, Australia
| | - Paul Coxon
- Faculty of Health, Southern Cross University, Bilinga, QLD 4225, Australia (P.C.)
- North Queensland Skin Centre, Townsville, QLD 4810, Australia
| | - James Furness
- Water Based Research Unit, Bond University, Robina, QLD 4226, Australia;
| | - Joe Walsh
- Sport Science Institute, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia;
- AI Consulting Group, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
| | - Mike Climstein
- Aquatic Based Research, Southern Cross University, Bilinga, QLD 4225, Australia; (I.M.); (N.R.)
- Faculty of Health, Southern Cross University, Bilinga, QLD 4225, Australia (P.C.)
- Physical Activity, Lifestyle, Ageing and Wellbeing Faculty Research Group, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
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21
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Wei ML, Tada M, So A, Torres R. Artificial intelligence and skin cancer. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1331895. [PMID: 38566925 PMCID: PMC10985205 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1331895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Artificial intelligence is poised to rapidly reshape many fields, including that of skin cancer screening and diagnosis, both as a disruptive and assistive technology. Together with the collection and availability of large medical data sets, artificial intelligence will become a powerful tool that can be leveraged by physicians in their diagnoses and treatment plans for patients. This comprehensive review focuses on current progress toward AI applications for patients, primary care providers, dermatologists, and dermatopathologists, explores the diverse applications of image and molecular processing for skin cancer, and highlights AI's potential for patient self-screening and improving diagnostic accuracy for non-dermatologists. We additionally delve into the challenges and barriers to clinical implementation, paths forward for implementation and areas of active research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L. Wei
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Dermatology Service, San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Mikio Tada
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Alexandra So
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Rodrigo Torres
- Dermatology Service, San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, United States
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22
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Brancaccio G, Balato A, Malvehy J, Puig S, Argenziano G, Kittler H. Artificial Intelligence in Skin Cancer Diagnosis: A Reality Check. J Invest Dermatol 2024; 144:492-499. [PMID: 37978982 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2023.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The field of skin cancer detection offers a compelling use case for the application of artificial intelligence (AI) within the realm of image-based diagnostic medicine. Through the analysis of large datasets, AI algorithms have the capacity to classify clinical or dermoscopic images with remarkable accuracy. Although these AI-based applications can operate both autonomously and under human supervision, the best results are achieved through a collaborative approach that leverages the expertise of both AI and human experts. However, it is important to note that most studies focus on assessing the diagnostic accuracy of AI in artificial settings rather than in real-world scenarios. Consequently, the practical utility of AI-assisted diagnosis in a clinical environment is still largely unknown. Furthermore, there exists a knowledge gap concerning the optimal use cases and deployment settings for these AI systems as well as the practical challenges that may arise from widespread implementation. This review explores the advantages and limitations of AI in a variety of real-world contexts, with a specific focus on its value to consumers, general practitioners, and dermatologists.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Balato
- Dermatology Unit, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Josep Malvehy
- Melanoma Unit, Dermatology Department, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas August Pi i Sunye, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Puig
- Melanoma Unit, Dermatology Department, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas August Pi i Sunye, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Harald Kittler
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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23
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Kim J, Lee C, Choi S, Sung DI, Seo J, Na Lee Y, Hee Lee J, Jin Han E, Young Kim A, Suk Park H, Jeong Jung H, Hoon Kim J, Hee Lee J. Augmented Decision-Making in wound Care: Evaluating the clinical utility of a Deep-Learning model for pressure injury staging. Int J Med Inform 2023; 180:105266. [PMID: 37866277 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2023.105266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Precise categorization of pressure injury (PI) stages is critical in determining the appropriate treatment for wound care. However, the expertise necessary for PI staging is frequently unavailable in residential care settings. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to develop a convolutional neural network (CNN) model for classifying PIs and investigate whether its implementation can allow physicians to make better decisions for PI staging. METHODS Using 3,098 clinical images (2,614 and 484 from internal and external datasets, respectively), a CNN was trained and validated to classify PIs and other related dermatoses. A two-part survey was conducted with 24 dermatology residents, ward nurses, and medical students to determine whether the implementation of the CNN improved initial PI classification decisions. RESULTS The top-1 accuracy of the model was 0.793 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.778-0.808) and 0.717 (95% CI, 0.676-0.758) over the internal and external testing sets, respectively. The accuracy of PI staging among participants was 0.501 (95% CI, 0.487-0.515) in Part I, improving by 17.1% to 0.672 (95% CI, 0.660-0.684) in Part II. Furthermore, the concordance between participants increased significantly with the use of the CNN model, with Fleiss' κ of 0.414 (95% CI, 0.410-0.417) and 0.641 (95% CI, 0.638-0.644) in Parts I and II, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The proposed CNN model can help classify PIs and relevant dermatoses. In addition, augmented decision-making can improve consultation accuracy while ensuring concordance between the clinical decisions made by a diverse group of health professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jemin Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Changyoon Lee
- Department of Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungchul Choi
- Department of Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-In Sung
- Department of Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonga Seo
- Department of Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Na Lee
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Hee Lee
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jin Han
- Department of Nursing, Severance Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ah Young Kim
- Department of Nursing, Severance Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Suk Park
- Department of Nursing, Severance Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jeong Jung
- Department of Nursing, Severance Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hoon Kim
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hee Lee
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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24
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Cerminara SE, Cheng P, Kostner L, Huber S, Kunz M, Maul JT, Böhm JS, Dettwiler CF, Geser A, Jakopović C, Stoffel LM, Peter JK, Levesque M, Navarini AA, Maul LV. Diagnostic performance of augmented intelligence with 2D and 3D total body photography and convolutional neural networks in a high-risk population for melanoma under real-world conditions: A new era of skin cancer screening? Eur J Cancer 2023; 190:112954. [PMID: 37453242 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2023.112954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have outperformed dermatologists in classifying pigmented skin lesions under artificial conditions. We investigated, for the first time, the performance of three-dimensional (3D) and two-dimensional (2D) CNNs and dermatologists in the early detection of melanoma in a real-world setting. METHODS In this prospective study, 1690 melanocytic lesions in 143 patients with high-risk criteria for melanoma were evaluated by dermatologists, 2D-FotoFinder-ATBM and 3D-Vectra WB360 total body photography (TBP). Excision was based on the dermatologists' dichotomous decision, an elevated CNN risk score (study-specific malignancy cut-off: FotoFinder >0.5, Vectra >5.0) and/or the second dermatologist's assessment with CNN support. The diagnostic accuracy of the 2D and 3D CNN classification was compared with that of the dermatologists and the augmented intelligence based on histopathology and dermatologists' assessment. Secondary end-points included reproducibility of risk scores and naevus counts per patient by medical staff (gold standard) compared to automated 3D and 2D TBP CNN counts. RESULTS The sensitivity, specificity, and receiver operating characteristics area under the curve (ROC-AUC) for risk-score-assessments compared to histopathology of 3D-CNN with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were 90.0%, 64.6% and 0.92 (CI 0.85-1.00), respectively. While dermatologists and augmented intelligence achieved the same sensitivity (90%) and comparable classification ROC-AUC (0.91 [CI 0.80-1.00], 0.88 [CI 0.77-1.00]) with 3D-CNN, their specificity was superior (92.3% and 86.2%, respectively). The 2D-CNN (sensitivity: 70%, specificity: 40%, ROC-AUC: 0.68 [CI 0.46-0.90]) was outperformed by 3D CNN and dermatologists. The 3D-CNN showed a higher correlation coefficient for repeated measurements of 246 lesions (R = 0.89) than the 2D-CNN (R = 0.79). The mean naevus count per patient varied significantly (gold standard: 210 lesions; 3D-CNN: 469; 2D-CNN: 1324; p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Our study emphasises the importance of validating the classification of CNNs in real life. The novel 3D-CNN device outperformed the 2D-CNN and achieved comparable sensitivity with dermatologists. The low specificity of CNNs and the lack of automated counting of TBP nevi currently limit the use of augmented intelligence in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E Cerminara
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Phil Cheng
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lisa Kostner
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie Huber
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Kunz
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Julia-Tatjana Maul
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jette S Böhm
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Chiara F Dettwiler
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anna Geser
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cécile Jakopović
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Livia M Stoffel
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jelissa K Peter
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mitchell Levesque
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Lara Valeska Maul
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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25
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Liutkus J, Kriukas A, Stragyte D, Mazeika E, Raudonis V, Galetzka W, Stang A, Valiukeviciene S. Accuracy of a Smartphone-Based Artificial Intelligence Application for Classification of Melanomas, Melanocytic Nevi, and Seborrheic Keratoses. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:2139. [PMID: 37443533 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13132139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Current artificial intelligence algorithms can classify melanomas at a level equivalent to that of experienced dermatologists. The objective of this study was to assess the accuracy of a smartphone-based "You Only Look Once" neural network model for the classification of melanomas, melanocytic nevi, and seborrheic keratoses. The algorithm was trained using 59,090 dermatoscopic images. Testing was performed on histologically confirmed lesions: 32 melanomas, 35 melanocytic nevi, and 33 seborrheic keratoses. The results of the algorithm's decisions were compared with those of two skilled dermatologists and five beginners in dermatoscopy. The algorithm's sensitivity and specificity for melanomas were 0.88 (0.71-0.96) and 0.87 (0.76-0.94), respectively. The algorithm surpassed the beginner dermatologists, who achieved a sensitivity of 0.83 (0.77-0.87). For melanocytic nevi, the algorithm outclassed each group of dermatologists, attaining a sensitivity of 0.77 (0.60-0.90). The algorithm's sensitivity for seborrheic keratoses was 0.52 (0.34-0.69). The smartphone-based "You Only Look Once" neural network model achieved a high sensitivity and specificity in the classification of melanomas and melanocytic nevi with an accuracy similar to that of skilled dermatologists. However, a bigger dataset is required in order to increase the algorithm's sensitivity for seborrheic keratoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jokubas Liutkus
- Department of Skin and Venereal Diseases, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 44307 Kaunas, Lithuania
- Department of Skin and Venereal Diseases, Hospital of Lithuanian University of Health Sciences Kauno Klinikos, 50161 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Arturas Kriukas
- Department of Skin and Venereal Diseases, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 44307 Kaunas, Lithuania
- Department of Skin and Venereal Diseases, Hospital of Lithuanian University of Health Sciences Kauno Klinikos, 50161 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Dominyka Stragyte
- Department of Skin and Venereal Diseases, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 44307 Kaunas, Lithuania
- Department of Skin and Venereal Diseases, Hospital of Lithuanian University of Health Sciences Kauno Klinikos, 50161 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Erikas Mazeika
- Department of Skin and Venereal Diseases, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 44307 Kaunas, Lithuania
- Department of Skin and Venereal Diseases, Hospital of Lithuanian University of Health Sciences Kauno Klinikos, 50161 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Vidas Raudonis
- Artificial Intelligence Center, Kaunas University of Technology, 51423 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Wolfgang Galetzka
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometrics and Epidemiology, University Hospital Essen, 45130 Essen, Germany
| | - Andreas Stang
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometrics and Epidemiology, University Hospital Essen, 45130 Essen, Germany
| | - Skaidra Valiukeviciene
- Department of Skin and Venereal Diseases, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 44307 Kaunas, Lithuania
- Department of Skin and Venereal Diseases, Hospital of Lithuanian University of Health Sciences Kauno Klinikos, 50161 Kaunas, Lithuania
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