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Gorrilla AA, Kaye JT, Pavlik J, Bonniot C, Vijayaraghavan M, Conner KL, Morris CD. A Call for Health Equity in Tobacco Control and Treatment for the Justice-Involved Population. Am J Prev Med 2024; 67:631-636. [PMID: 38838793 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2024.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Allison A Gorrilla
- Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI.
| | - Jesse T Kaye
- Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Jim Pavlik
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Catherine Bonniot
- Smoking Cessation Leadership Center, Division of General Internal Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CL
| | - Maya Vijayaraghavan
- Smoking Cessation Leadership Center, Division of General Internal Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CL
| | - Karen L Conner
- Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Chad D Morris
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
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Aminawung JA, Puglisi LB, Roy B, Horton N, Elumn JE, Lin HJ, Bibbins-Domingo K, Krumholz H, Wang EA. Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor Control Following Release From Carceral Facilities: A Cross-Sectional Study. J Am Heart Assoc 2024; 13:eJAHA2024035683T. [PMID: 39248257 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.124.035683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Incarceration is a social determinant of cardiovascular health but is rarely addressed in clinical settings or public health prevention efforts. People who have been incarcerated are more likely to develop cardiovascular disease (CVD) at younger ages and have worse cardiovascular outcomes compared with the general population, even after controlling for traditional risk factors. This study aims to identify incarceration-specific factors that are associated with uncontrolled CVD risk factors to identify potential targets for prevention. METHODS AND RESULTS Using data from JUSTICE (Justice-Involved Individuals Cardiovascular Disease Epidemiology), a prospective cohort study of individuals released from incarceration with CVD risk factors, we examine the unique association between incarceration-specific factors and CVD risk factor control. Participants (N=471), with a mean age of 45.0±10.8 (SD) years, were disproportionately from racially minoritized groups (79%), and poor (91%). Over half (54%) had at least 1 uncontrolled CVD risk factor at baseline. People released from jail, compared with prison, had lower Life's Essential 8 scores for blood pressure and smoking. Release from jail, as compared with prison, was associated with an increased odds of having an uncontrolled CVD risk factor, even after adjusting for age, race and ethnicity, gender, perceived stress, and life adversity score (adjusted odds ratio 1.62 [95% CI, 1.02-2.57]). DISCUSSION Release from jail is associated with poor CVD risk factor control and requires tailored intervention, which is informative as states design and implement the Centers of Medicare & Medicaid Services Reentry 1115 waiver, which allows Medicaid to cover services before release from correctional facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenerius A Aminawung
- SEICHE Center for Health and Justice, Department of Internal Medicine Yale University School of Medicine New Haven Connecticut
| | - Lisa B Puglisi
- SEICHE Center for Health and Justice, Department of Internal Medicine Yale University School of Medicine New Haven Connecticut
| | - Brita Roy
- Department of Population Health New York University New York New York
| | - Nadine Horton
- SEICHE Center for Health and Justice, Department of Internal Medicine Yale University School of Medicine New Haven Connecticut
| | - Johanna E Elumn
- SEICHE Center for Health and Justice, Department of Internal Medicine Yale University School of Medicine New Haven Connecticut
| | - Hsiu-Ju Lin
- School of Social Work, University of Connecticut Storrs Connecticut
| | - Kirsten Bibbins-Domingo
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics University of California San Francisco California
| | - Harlan Krumholz
- Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation Yale New Haven Hospital New Haven Connecticut
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine Yale School of Medicine New Haven Connecticut
| | - Emily A Wang
- SEICHE Center for Health and Justice, Department of Internal Medicine Yale University School of Medicine New Haven Connecticut
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Bontemps AP, Piper ME, Cropsey KL. Psychometric Properties of the FTCD and Brief WISDM: Support for Validity in a Legal-System-Involved Sample. Nicotine Tob Res 2024; 26:976-983. [PMID: 38267236 PMCID: PMC11260893 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntae013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Fagerström test for cigarette dependence (FTCD) and Brief Wisconsin index of smoking dependence motives (WISDM) are widely used measures of smoking dependence. The FTCD was previously found to have 1-factor and 2-factor structures and Brief WISDM has been found to have an 11-factor and 11-factor hierarchical structure. As such, the current study sought to further investigate the psychometric properties of the FTCD and Brief WISDM with a novel criminal-legal system-involved sample using both a factor-analytic and an item response theory (IRT) approach. AIMS AND METHODS Data from 517 criminal-legal system-involved adults (ie, 18 years of age or older) who smoke from Alabama, USA were analyzed. Confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) were conducted on 1-factor and 2-factor structures of the FTCD and 1-factor, 11-factor, and 11-factor hierarchical structures of the Brief WISDM. IRT analyses investigating item discrimination and threshold parameters were also conducted on the brief WISDM. RESULTS The CFA showed poor fit for a single-factor structure and mixed results for two 2-factor results for the FTCD. CFA also showed poor fit for a single-factor and mixed results for the 11-factor model. Initial IRT investigations using the 11-factor model showed strong item discrimination, but non-ordered threshold parameters. CONCLUSIONS Two-factor structures for the FTCD and the 11-factor model for the Brief WISDM were partially supported in a criminal-legal population, suggesting continued support for the multidimensional structure of the measures. Additionally, exploratory IRT analyses suggested good discrimination across the use spectrum for the Brief WISDM. IMPLICATIONS The Fagerström Test of Cigarette Dependence (FTCD) and Brief Wisconsin index of smoking dependence motives (WISDM) are two widely used measures of nicotine dependence, though previous research has shown mixed results for their internal consistency and factor structure. The current study used a unique sample of criminal-legal-involved participants who generally have moderate to high levels of nicotine dependence. The current study found that the FTCD displayed poor internal consistency, a poor fit for a single-factor model, but mixed support for two two-factor models. The Brief-WISDM was found to have strong internal consistency, a poor fit for a single-factor model, but mixed fit for an 11-factor model and good item discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Bontemps
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Megan E Piper
- Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin––Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Karen L Cropsey
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Bonato PDPQ, Ventura CAA, Maulide Cane R, Craveiro I. Health Education Initiatives for People Who Have Experienced Prison: A Narrative Review. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:274. [PMID: 38275554 PMCID: PMC10815199 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12020274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Due to the selectiveness of criminal systems and the context of social vulnerability, there is a high prevalence of health problems among individuals with a history of incarceration. When there is an insufficient level of health care, prior clinical conditions can worsen, and health education can be a response to this problem. Health education is a process of building health knowledge that is intended to facilitate thematic appropriation by the population that enables people to access, understand, and use health-related information for health improvement. In the context of criminal justice, health education can contribute to the successful transition of people who have experienced prison from their custody to the community setting. This study aimed to identify, synthesize, and critically evaluate peer-reviewed evidence concerning health education initiatives developed during or after incarceration aimed at people released from prison. A narrative review methodology was used to analyze 19 studies about health education interventions for prisoners or people who were arrested. Initiatives were identified in five countries, which showed differences in approaches, with motivational interviewing and group sessions standing out in the studies. All of them were grouped into the following themes: HIV and other sexually transmitted infections, alcohol, opioids and other substances, tuberculosis, and women's health. We have not performed a quality assessment of the studies included (using checklists such as PRISMA, AMSTAR, or SANRA) as this study is a narrative review and was not intended to be a systematic review or meta-analysis. This review has the potential impact of informing future health education initiatives and policies for individuals transitioning from prison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia de Paula Queiroz Bonato
- Unidade de Ensino e Investigação de Saúde Pública Global, Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Associate Laboratory in Translation and Innovation Towards Global Health (LA-REAL), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL), Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal; (P.d.P.Q.B.); (R.M.C.)
- Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing, University of São Paulo (USP), Rua Prof. Hélio Lourenço 3900, Ribeirão Preto 14040-902, Brazil;
| | - Carla Aparecida Arena Ventura
- Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing, University of São Paulo (USP), Rua Prof. Hélio Lourenço 3900, Ribeirão Preto 14040-902, Brazil;
| | - Réka Maulide Cane
- Unidade de Ensino e Investigação de Saúde Pública Global, Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Associate Laboratory in Translation and Innovation Towards Global Health (LA-REAL), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL), Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal; (P.d.P.Q.B.); (R.M.C.)
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde (INS), Ministério da Saúde (MISAU), Estrada Nacional EN1, Bairro da Vila—Parcela no 3943, Distrito de Marracuene, Marracuene 264, Província de Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Isabel Craveiro
- Unidade de Ensino e Investigação de Saúde Pública Global, Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Associate Laboratory in Translation and Innovation Towards Global Health (LA-REAL), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL), Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal; (P.d.P.Q.B.); (R.M.C.)
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Mambro A, Afshar A, Leone F, Dussault C, Stoové M, Savulescu J, Rich JD, Rowan DH, Sheehan J, Kronfli N. Reimbursing incarcerated individuals for participation in research: A scoping review. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2024; 123:104283. [PMID: 38109837 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2023.104283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about global practices regarding the provision of reimbursement for the participation of people who are incarcerated in research. To determine current practices related to the reimbursement of incarcerated populations for research, we aimed to describe international variations in practice across countries and carceral environments to help inform the development of more consistent and equitable practices. METHODS We conducted a scoping review by searching PubMed, Cochrane library, Medline, and Embase, and conducted a grey literature search for English- and French-language articles published until September 30, 2022. All studies evaluating any carceral-based research were included if recruitment of incarcerated participants occurred inside any non-juvenile carceral setting; we excluded studies if recruitment occurred exclusively following release. Where studies failed to indicate the presence or absence of reimbursement, we assumed none was provided. RESULTS A total of 4,328 unique articles were identified, 2,765 were eligible for full text review, and 426 were included. Of these, 295 (69%) did not offer reimbursement to incarcerated individuals. A minority (n = 13; 4%) included reasons explaining the absence of reimbursement, primarily government-level policies (n = 7). Among the 131 (31%) studies that provided reimbursement, the most common form was monetary compensation (n = 122; 93%); five studies (4%) offered possible reduced sentencing. Reimbursement ranged between $3-610 USD in total and 14 studies (11%) explained the reason behind the reimbursements, primarily researchers' discretion (n = 9). CONCLUSIONS The majority of research conducted to date in carceral settings globally has not reimbursed incarcerated participants. Increased transparency regarding reimbursement (or lack thereof) is needed as part of all carceral research and advocacy efforts are required to change policies prohibiting reimbursement of incarcerated individuals. Future work is needed to co-create international standards for the equitable reimbursement of incarcerated populations in research, incorporating the voices of people with lived and living experience of incarceration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mambro
- Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Avideh Afshar
- Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Frederic Leone
- Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Camille Dussault
- Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mark Stoové
- Burnet Institute, School of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Julian Savulescu
- Oxford Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Josiah D Rich
- Center for Health and Justice Transformation, The Miriam and Rhode Island Hospitals, Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Daniel H Rowan
- Division of Infectious Disease, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | | | - Nadine Kronfli
- Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease and Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Garver-Apgar CE, Morris CM, Pavlik J, Lenartz T, Hamm M. Peer-Facilitated Tobacco Cessation in a Prison Setting: A Proof of Concept Study. Tob Use Insights 2023; 16:1179173X231168511. [PMID: 37051590 PMCID: PMC10084529 DOI: 10.1177/1179173x231168511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the vast human and economic costs associated with tobacco use among U.S. inmates, smoking remains a largely ignored public health epidemic. Incarcerated individuals smoke at 3 to 4 times the rate of the general population and face tobacco-related health disparities. Purpose This paper reports results from a single arm, pre/post pilot study designed to test the feasibility and initial effectiveness of an inmate-administered group tobacco cessation intervention within a men’s pre-release program run by the Arizona Department of Corrections. Methods Corrections staff and inmate peer mentors were trained in the DIMENSIONS: Tobacco Free Program, a manualized 6-session tobacco cessation group curriculum. Group sessions used evidence-based interventions for assisting inmates develop skills to live tobacco and nicotine free. In 2019-2020, 39 men who reported tobacco use voluntarily participated in one of three cessation groups. Wilcoxen signed-rank tests evaluated changes across group sessions in frequency of tobacco use and attitudes about nicotine-free living post release. Results Most participants attended all six group sessions (79%) and made one or more quit attempts (78%). Overall, 24% of the sample reported quitting tobacco, and significant reductions in tobacco use were reported after only two sessions. Participants further reported significant positive changes in knowledge, plans, support, and confidence to live tobacco-free lives post-release. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate that, with minimal investment, implementation of an evidence-based, peer-led tobacco free program is feasible and effective within an incarcerated population uniquely vulnerable to the burden of tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chad M. Morris
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jim Pavlik
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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Saloner B, Li W, Flores M, Progovac AM, Lê Cook B. A Widening Divide: Cigarette Smoking Trends Among People With Substance Use Disorder And Criminal Legal Involvement. Health Aff (Millwood) 2023; 42:187-196. [PMID: 36745833 PMCID: PMC10157835 DOI: 10.1377/hlthaff.2022.00901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
People with substance use disorder (SUD) smoke cigarettes at a rate more than twice that of the general population. Policies and programs have focused on promoting smoking cessation among people with SUD, yet it is unclear whether interventions have adequately reached the subgroup involved in the criminal legal system, who have among the highest smoking rates. Drawing on repeated cross-sections of the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, we found that smoking rates declined by 9.4 percentage points overall among people with SUD from 2010 to 2019, but rates remained virtually unchanged among the subgroup with criminal legal involvement. In regression analyses focused on people with SUD, three-quarters of the excess smoking burden for those with criminal legal involvement at baseline (2010-13) was accounted for by controlling for sociodemographics, substance use type, health insurance, and recent SUD treatment. However, even after we controlled for these same factors, the disparity in smoking prevalence among people with SUD between those with and without criminal legal involvement remained constant over time. These findings underscore the need for smoking cessation interventions focused on the criminal legal system, including correctional facilities and SUD treatment programs that serve people in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Saloner
- Brendan Saloner , Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Wenshu Li
- Wenshu Li, Foundation Medicine, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Michael Flores
- Michael Flores, Cambridge Health Alliance and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Ana M Progovac
- Ana M. Progovac, Cambridge Health Alliance and Harvard University
| | - Benjamin Lê Cook
- Benjamin Lê Cook, Cambridge Health Alliance and Harvard University
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Ives K, Christiansen B, Nolan M, Kaye JT, Fiore MC. Nine years of smoking data from incarcerated men: A call to action for tobacco dependence interventions. Prev Med Rep 2022; 29:101921. [PMID: 35911575 PMCID: PMC9326308 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2022.101921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
People who are incarcerated use tobacco in high numbers before incarceration and the vast majority resume tobacco use soon after release despite institutional smoking bans. Nine years of surveys collected at a correctional facility in the Midwest, U.S., were analyzed to identify the needs of this high-risk population and suggest future directions for research and intervention development. For the most part, survey respondents considered themselves no longer addicted to tobacco and intended to remain tobacco free after release. They increasingly expected support to remain tobacco free from their home environment despite no change in home tobacco use. Over this nine-year period, significantly fewer respondents wanted materials and help to remain tobacco free, suggesting they have become more challenging to assist. Implications for intervention development and future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari Ives
- Wisconsin Department of Corrections, 3099 East Washington Ave, Madison, WI 53704, USA
| | - Bruce Christiansen
- Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1930 Monroe St Suite 200, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Margaret Nolan
- Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1930 Monroe St Suite 200, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Jesse T. Kaye
- Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1930 Monroe St Suite 200, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Michael C. Fiore
- Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1930 Monroe St Suite 200, Madison, WI 53711, USA
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