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Gold MP, Ong W, Masteller AM, Ghasemi DR, Galindo JA, Park NR, Huynh NC, Donde A, Pister V, Saurez RA, Vladoiu MC, Hwang GH, Eisemann T, Donovan LK, Walker AD, Benetatos J, Dufour C, Garzia L, Segal RA, Wechsler-Reya RJ, Mesirov JP, Korshunov A, Pajtler KW, Pomeroy SL, Ayrault O, Davidson SM, Cotter JA, Taylor MD, Fraenkel E. Developmental basis of SHH medulloblastoma heterogeneity. Nat Commun 2024; 15:270. [PMID: 38191555 PMCID: PMC10774283 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44300-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Many genes that drive normal cellular development also contribute to oncogenesis. Medulloblastoma (MB) tumors likely arise from neuronal progenitors in the cerebellum, and we hypothesized that the heterogeneity observed in MBs with sonic hedgehog (SHH) activation could be due to differences in developmental pathways. To investigate this question, here we perform single-nucleus RNA sequencing on highly differentiated SHH MBs with extensively nodular histology and observed malignant cells resembling each stage of canonical granule neuron development. Through innovative computational approaches, we connect these results to published datasets and find that some established molecular subtypes of SHH MB appear arrested at different developmental stages. Additionally, using multiplexed proteomic imaging and MALDI imaging mass spectrometry, we identify distinct histological and metabolic profiles for highly differentiated tumors. Our approaches are applicable to understanding the interplay between heterogeneity and differentiation in other cancers and can provide important insights for the design of targeted therapies.
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Grants
- R35 NS122339 NINDS NIH HHS
- U01 CA253547 NCI NIH HHS
- U24 CA220341 NCI NIH HHS
- R01 NS089076 NINDS NIH HHS
- R01 CA255369 NCI NIH HHS
- P50 HD105351 NICHD NIH HHS
- R01 NS106155 NINDS NIH HHS
- R01 CA159859 NCI NIH HHS
- P30 CA014089 NCI NIH HHS
- U01 CA184898 NCI NIH HHS
- EIF | Stand Up To Cancer (SU2C)
- The Pediatric Brain Tumour Foundation, The Terry Fox Research Institute, The Canadian Institutes of Health Research, The Cure Search Foundation, Matthew Larson Foundation (IronMatt), b.r.a.i.n.child, Meagan’s Walk, SWIFTY Foundation, The Brain Tumour Charity, Genome Canada, Genome BC, Genome Quebec, the Ontario Research Fund, Worldwide Cancer Research, V-Foundation for Cancer Research, and the Ontario Institute for Cancer Research through funding provided by the Government of Ontario, Canadian Cancer Society Research Institute Impact grant, a Cancer Research UK Brain Tumour Award, and the Garron Family Chair in Childhood Cancer Research at the Hospital for Sick Children and the University of Toronto. We also thank Yoon-Jae Cho, John Michaels, Koei Chin, Joe Gray, Connie New, and Ali Abdullatif for their help with the manuscript. Additionally, we appreciate support from the USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center Translational Pathology Core (P30CA014089), the Pediatric Research Biorepository at CHLA, and the Histology Core at the Koch Institute at MIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell P Gold
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Winnie Ong
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew M Masteller
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David R Ghasemi
- Hopp-Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Neuro-oncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, and Immunology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julie Anne Galindo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles (CHLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Noel R Park
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Nhan C Huynh
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Aneesh Donde
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Veronika Pister
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Raul A Saurez
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Maria C Vladoiu
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Grace H Hwang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tanja Eisemann
- Cancer Genome and Epigenetics Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Laura K Donovan
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Adam D Walker
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles (CHLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joseph Benetatos
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Christelle Dufour
- Department of Child and Adolescent Oncology, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- INSERM U981, Molecular Predictors and New Targets in Oncology, University Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Livia Garzia
- Cancer Research Program, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- MUHC Research Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Rosalind A Segal
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert J Wechsler-Reya
- Cancer Genome and Epigenetics Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jill P Mesirov
- Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Andrey Korshunov
- Hopp-Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology (B300), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Neuropathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kristian W Pajtler
- Hopp-Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Neuro-oncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, and Immunology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Scott L Pomeroy
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Olivier Ayrault
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR, INSERM, Orsay, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 3347, INSERM U1021, Orsay, France
| | - Shawn M Davidson
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Jennifer A Cotter
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles (CHLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael D Taylor
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Hematology-Oncology Section, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pediatrics - Hematology/Oncology and Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ernest Fraenkel
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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Hippocampal F3/Contactin plays a role in chronic stress-induced depressive-like effects and the antidepressant actions of vortioxetine in mice. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 202:115097. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Bizzoca A, Caracciolo M, Corsi P, Magrone T, Jirillo E, Gennarini G. Molecular and Cellular Substrates for the Friedreich Ataxia. Significance of Contactin Expression and of Antioxidant Administration. Molecules 2020; 25:E4085. [PMID: 32906751 PMCID: PMC7570916 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the neural phenotype is explored in rodent models of the spinocerebellar disorder known as the Friedreich Ataxia (FA), which results from mutations within the gene encoding the Frataxin mitochondrial protein. For this, the M12 line, bearing a targeted mutation, which disrupts the Frataxin gene exon 4 was used, together with the M02 line, which, in addition, is hemizygous for the human Frataxin gene mutation (Pook transgene), implying the occurrence of 82-190 GAA repeats within its first intron. The mutant mice phenotype was compared to the one of wild type littermates in regions undergoing differential profiles of neurogenesis, including the cerebellar cortex and the spinal cord by using neuronal (β-tubulin) and glial (Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein) markers as well as the Contactin 1 axonal glycoprotein, involved in neurite growth control. Morphological/morphometric analyses revealed that while in Frataxin mutant mice the neuronal phenotype was significantly counteracted, a glial upregulation occurred at the same time. Furthermore, Contactin 1 downregulation suggested that changes in the underlying gene contributed to the disorder pathogenesis. Therefore, the FA phenotype implies an alteration of the developmental profile of neuronal and glial precursors. Finally, epigallocatechin gallate polyphenol administration counteracted the disorder, indicating protective effects of antioxidant administration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Gianfranco Gennarini
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, Medical School, University of Bari, Piazza Giulio Cesare, 11. I-70124 Bari, Italy; (A.B.); (M.C.); (P.C.); (T.M.); (E.J.)
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4
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The Interaction Between Contactin and Amyloid Precursor Protein and Its Role in Alzheimer’s Disease. Neuroscience 2020; 424:184-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Picocci S, Bizzoca A, Corsi P, Magrone T, Jirillo E, Gennarini G. Modulation of Nerve Cell Differentiation: Role of Polyphenols and of Contactin Family Components. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:119. [PMID: 31380366 PMCID: PMC6656924 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study the mechanisms are explored, which modulate expression and function of cell surface adhesive glycoproteins of the Immunoglobulin Supergene Family (IgSF), and in particular of its Contactin subset, during neuronal precursor developmental events. In this context, a specific topic concerns the significance of the expression profile of such molecules and their ability to modulate signaling pathways activated through nutraceuticals, in particular polyphenols, administration. Both in vitro and in vivo approaches are chosen. As for the former, by using as a model the human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma line, the effects of grape seed polyphenols are evaluated on proliferation and commitment/differentiation events along the neuronal lineage. In SH-SY5Y cell cultures, polyphenols were found to counteract precursor proliferation while promoting their differentiation, as deduced by studying their developmental parameters through the expression of cell cycle and neuronal commitment/differentiation markers as well as by measuring neurite growth. In such cultures, Cyclin E expression and BrdU incorporation were downregulated, indicating reduced precursor proliferation while increased neuronal differentiation was inferred from upregulation of cell cycle exit (p27–Kip) and neuronal commitment (NeuN) markers as well as by measuring neurite length through morphometric analysis. The polyphenol effects on developmental parameters were also explored in vivo, in cerebellar cortex, by using as a model the TAG/F3 transgenic line, which undergoes delayed neural development as a consequence of Contactin1 adhesive glycoprotein upregulation and premature expression under control of the Contactin2 gene (Cntn-2) promoter. In this transgenic line, a Notch pathway activation is known to occur and polyphenol treatment was found to counteract such an effect, demonstrated through downregulation of the Hes-1 transcription factor. Polyphenols also downregulated the expression of adhesive glycoproteins of the Contactin family themselves, demonstrated for both Contactin1 and Contactin2, indicating the involvement of changes in the expression of the underlying genes in the observed phenotype. These data support the hypothesis that the complex control exerted by polyphenols on neural development involves modulation of expression and function of the genes encoding cell adhesion molecules of the Contactin family and of the associated signaling pathways, indicating potential mechanisms whereby such compounds may control neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Picocci
- Laboratories of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, Medical School, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonella Bizzoca
- Laboratories of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, Medical School, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Patrizia Corsi
- Laboratories of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, Medical School, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Thea Magrone
- Laboratories of Immunology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, Medical School, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Emilio Jirillo
- Laboratories of Immunology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, Medical School, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Gennarini
- Laboratories of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, Medical School, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
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6
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Chatterjee M, Schild D, Teunissen CE. Contactins in the central nervous system: role in health and disease. Neural Regen Res 2019; 14:206-216. [PMID: 30530999 PMCID: PMC6301169 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.244776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Contactins are a group of cell adhesion molecules that are mainly expressed in the brain and play pivotal roles in the organization of axonal domains, axonal guidance, neuritogenesis, neuronal development, synapse formation and plasticity, axo-glia interactions and neural regeneration. Contactins comprise a family of six members. Their absence leads to malformed axons and impaired nerve conduction. Contactin mediated protein complex formation is critical for the organization of the axon in early central nervous system development. Mutations and differential expression of contactins have been identified in neuro-developmental or neurological disorders. Taken together, contactins are extensively studied in the context of nervous system development. This review summarizes the physiological roles of all six members of the Contactin family in neurodevelopment as well as their involvement in neurological/neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhurima Chatterjee
- Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Detlev Schild
- Institute of Neurophysiology and Cellular Biophysics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- DFG Research Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- DFG Excellence Cluster 171, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Charlotte E. Teunissen
- Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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7
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Manduca Contactin Regulates Amyloid Precursor Protein-Dependent Neuronal Migration. J Neurosci 2017; 36:8757-75. [PMID: 27535920 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0729-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Amyloid precursor protein (APP) was originally identified as the source of β-amyloid peptides that accumulate in Alzheimer's disease (AD), but it also has been implicated in the control of multiple aspects of neuronal motility. APP belongs to an evolutionarily conserved family of transmembrane proteins that can interact with a variety of adapter and signaling molecules. Recently, we showed that both APP and its insect ortholog [APPL (APP-Like)] directly bind the heterotrimeric G-protein Goα, supporting the model that APP can function as an unconventional Goα-coupled receptor. We also adapted a well characterized assay of neuronal migration in the hawkmoth, Manduca sexta, to show that APPL-Goα signaling restricts ectopic growth within the developing nervous system, analogous to the role postulated for APP family proteins in controlling migration within the mammalian cortex. Using this assay, we have now identified Manduca Contactin (MsContactin) as an endogenous ligand for APPL, consistent with previous work showing that Contactins interact with APP family proteins in other systems. Using antisense-based knockdown protocols and fusion proteins targeting both proteins, we have shown that MsContactin is selectively expressed by glial cells that ensheath the migratory neurons (expressing APPL), and that MsContactin-APPL interactions normally prevent inappropriate migration and outgrowth. These results provide new evidence that Contactins can function as authentic ligands for APP family proteins that regulate APP-dependent responses in the developing nervous system. They also support the model that misregulated Contactin-APP interactions might provoke aberrant activation of Goα and its effectors, thereby contributing to the neurodegenerative sequelae that typify AD. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Members of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) family participate in many aspects of neuronal development, but the ligands that normally activate APP signaling have remained controversial. This research provides new evidence that members of the Contactin family function as authentic ligands for APP and its orthologs, and that this evolutionarily conserved class of membrane-attached proteins regulates key aspects of APP-dependent migration and outgrowth in the embryonic nervous system. By defining the normal role of Contactin-APP signaling during development, these studies also provide the framework for investigating how the misregulation of Contactin-APP interactions might contribute to neuronal dysfunction in the context of both normal aging and neurodegenerative conditions, including Alzheimer's disease.
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Takeuchi M, Inoue C, Goshima A, Nagao Y, Shimizu K, Miyamoto H, Shimizu T, Hashimoto H, Yonemura S, Kawahara A, Hirata Y, Yoshida M, Hibi M. Medaka and zebrafishcontactin1mutants as a model for understanding neural circuits for motor coordination. Genes Cells 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miki Takeuchi
- Laboratory of Organogenesis and Organ Function; Bioscience and Biotechnology Center; Nagoya University; Furo Chikusa Nagoya Aichi 464-8601 Japan
| | - Chikako Inoue
- Laboratory of Organogenesis and Organ Function; Bioscience and Biotechnology Center; Nagoya University; Furo Chikusa Nagoya Aichi 464-8601 Japan
| | - Akiko Goshima
- Division of Biological Science; Graduate School of Science; Nagoya University; Furo Chikusa Nagoya Aichi 464-8602 Japan
| | - Yusuke Nagao
- Laboratory of Organogenesis and Organ Function; Bioscience and Biotechnology Center; Nagoya University; Furo Chikusa Nagoya Aichi 464-8601 Japan
| | - Koichi Shimizu
- Division of Biological Science; Graduate School of Science; Nagoya University; Furo Chikusa Nagoya Aichi 464-8602 Japan
| | - Hiroki Miyamoto
- Department of Computer Science; Chubu University; 1200 Matsumoto Kasugai Aichi 485-8501 Japan
| | - Takashi Shimizu
- Laboratory of Organogenesis and Organ Function; Bioscience and Biotechnology Center; Nagoya University; Furo Chikusa Nagoya Aichi 464-8601 Japan
- Division of Biological Science; Graduate School of Science; Nagoya University; Furo Chikusa Nagoya Aichi 464-8602 Japan
| | - Hisashi Hashimoto
- Laboratory of Organogenesis and Organ Function; Bioscience and Biotechnology Center; Nagoya University; Furo Chikusa Nagoya Aichi 464-8601 Japan
- Division of Biological Science; Graduate School of Science; Nagoya University; Furo Chikusa Nagoya Aichi 464-8602 Japan
| | - Shigenobu Yonemura
- Department of Cell Biology; Graduate School of Medical Science; Tokushima University; 3-18-15 Kuramoto Tokushima Tokushima 770-8503 Japan
| | - Atsuo Kawahara
- Laboratory for Developmental Biology; Center for Medical Education and Sciences; Graduate School of Medical Science; University of Yamanashi; 1110 Shimokato, Chuo; Yamanashi 409-3898 Japan
| | - Yutaka Hirata
- Department of Computer Science; Chubu University; 1200 Matsumoto Kasugai Aichi 485-8501 Japan
| | - Masayuki Yoshida
- Graduate School of Biosphere Sciences; Hiroshima University; 1-4-4 Kagamiyama Higashihiroshima Hiroshima 739-8528 Japan
| | - Masahiko Hibi
- Laboratory of Organogenesis and Organ Function; Bioscience and Biotechnology Center; Nagoya University; Furo Chikusa Nagoya Aichi 464-8601 Japan
- Division of Biological Science; Graduate School of Science; Nagoya University; Furo Chikusa Nagoya Aichi 464-8602 Japan
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Gulisano W, Bizzoca A, Gennarini G, Palmeri A, Puzzo D. Role of the adhesion molecule F3/Contactin in synaptic plasticity and memory. Mol Cell Neurosci 2016; 81:64-71. [PMID: 28038945 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) have a pivotal role in building and maintaining synaptic structures during brain development participating in axonal elongation and pathfinding, glial guidance of neuronal migration, as well as myelination. CAMs expression persists in the adult brain particularly in structures undergoing postnatal neurogenesis and involved in synaptic plasticity and memory as the hippocampus. Among the neural CAMs, we have recently focused on F3/Contactin, a glycosylphosphatidyl inositol-anchored glycoprotein belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily, involved in neuronal development, synaptic maintenance and organization of neuronal networks. Here, we discuss our recent data suggesting that F3/Contactin exerts a role in hippocampal synaptic plasticity and memory in adult and aged mice. In particular, we have studied long-term potentiation (LTP), spatial and object recognition memory, and phosphorylation of the transcription factor cAMP-Responsive-Element Binding protein (CREB) in a transgenic mouse model of F3/Contactin overexpression. We also investigated whether F3/Contactin might influence neuronal apoptosis and the production of amyloid-beta peptide (Aβ), known to be one of the main pathogenetic hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In conclusion, a further understanding of F3/Contactin role in synaptic plasticity and memory might have interesting clinical outcomes in cognitive disorders, such as aging and AD, offering innovative therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Gulisano
- Section of Physiology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Antonella Bizzoca
- Section of Physiology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Gennarini
- Section of Physiology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Agostino Palmeri
- Section of Physiology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
| | - Daniela Puzzo
- Section of Physiology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
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10
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Gennarini G, Bizzoca A, Picocci S, Puzzo D, Corsi P, Furley AJW. The role of Gpi-anchored axonal glycoproteins in neural development and neurological disorders. Mol Cell Neurosci 2016; 81:49-63. [PMID: 27871938 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This review article focuses on the Contactin (CNTN) subset of the Immunoglobulin supergene family (IgC2/FNIII molecules), whose components share structural properties (the association of Immunoglobulin type C2 with Fibronectin type III domains), as well as a general role in cell contact formation and axonal growth control. IgC2/FNIII molecules include 6 highly related components (CNTN 1-6), associated with the cell membrane via a Glycosyl Phosphatidyl Inositol (GPI)-containing lipid tail. Contactin 1 and Contactin 2 share ~50 (49.38)% identity at the aminoacid level. They are components of the cell surface, from which they may be released in soluble forms. They bind heterophilically to multiple partners in cis and in trans, including members of the related L1CAM family and of the Neurexin family Contactin-associated proteins (CNTNAPs or Casprs). Such interactions are important for organising the neuronal membrane, as well as for modulating the growth and pathfinding of axon tracts. In addition, they also mediate the functional maturation of axons by promoting their interactions with myelinating cells at the nodal, paranodal and juxtaparanodal regions. Such interactions also mediate differential ionic channels (both Na+ and K+) distribution, which is of critical relevance in the generation of the peak-shaped action potential. Indeed, thanks to their interactions with Ankyrin G, Na+ channels map within the nodal regions, where they drive axonal depolarization. However, no ionic channels are found in the flanking Contactin1-containing paranodal regions, where CNTN1 interactions with Caspr1 and with the Ig superfamily component Neurofascin 155 in cis and in trans, respectively, build a molecular barrier between the node and the juxtaparanode. In this region K+ channels are clustered, depending upon molecular interactions with Contactin 2 and with Caspr2. In addition to these functions, the Contactins appear to have also a role in degenerative and inflammatory disorders: indeed Contactin 2 is involved in neurodegenerative disorders with a special reference to the Alzheimer disease, given its ability to work as a ligand of the Alzheimer Precursor Protein (APP), which results in increased Alzheimer Intracellular Domain (AICD) release in a γ-secretase-dependent manner. On the other hand Contactin 1 drives Notch signalling activation via the Hes pathway, which could be consistent with its ability to modulate neuroinflammation events, and with the possibility that Contactin 1-dependent interactions may participate to the pathogenesis of the Multiple Sclerosis and of other inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianfranco Gennarini
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, Medical School, University of Bari Policlinico. Piazza Giulio Cesare. I-70124 Bari, Italy.
| | - Antonella Bizzoca
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, Medical School, University of Bari Policlinico. Piazza Giulio Cesare. I-70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Sabrina Picocci
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, Medical School, University of Bari Policlinico. Piazza Giulio Cesare. I-70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Daniela Puzzo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Patrizia Corsi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, Medical School, University of Bari Policlinico. Piazza Giulio Cesare. I-70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Andrew J W Furley
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2NT, UK
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Bizzoca A, Picocci S, Corsi P, Arbia S, Croci L, Consalez GG, Gennarini G. The gene encoding the mouse contactin-1 axonal glycoprotein is regulated by the collier/Olf1/EBF family early B-Cell factor 2 transcription factor. Dev Neurobiol 2015; 75:1420-40. [DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Bizzoca
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs; Medical School, University of Bari; Policlinico Bari I-70124 Italy
| | - Sabrina Picocci
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs; Medical School, University of Bari; Policlinico Bari I-70124 Italy
| | - Patrizia Corsi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs; Medical School, University of Bari; Policlinico Bari I-70124 Italy
| | - Stefania Arbia
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs; Medical School, University of Bari; Policlinico Bari I-70124 Italy
| | - Laura Croci
- Division of Neuroscience; San Raffaele Scientific Institute; Milano I-20132 Italy
| | - G. Giacomo Consalez
- Division of Neuroscience; San Raffaele Scientific Institute; Milano I-20132 Italy
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele; Milano I-20132 Italy
| | - Gianfranco Gennarini
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs; Medical School, University of Bari; Policlinico Bari I-70124 Italy
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12
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Puzzo D, Bizzoca A, Loreto C, Guida CA, Gulisano W, Frasca G, Bellomo M, Castorina S, Gennarini G, Palmeri A. Role of F3/contactin expression profile in synaptic plasticity and memory in aged mice. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:1702-1715. [PMID: 25659859 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We have recently shown that overexpression of the F3/contactin adhesive glycoprotein (also known as Contactin-1) promotes neurogenesis in adult hippocampus, which correlates with improved synaptic plasticity and memory. Because F3/contactin levels physiologically decrease with age, here, we aim at investigating whether its overexpression might counteract the cognitive decline in aged animals. For this we use 20- to 24-month-old TAG/F3 transgenic mice in which F3/contactin overexpression is driven by regulatory sequences from the gene encoding the transient axonal glycoprotein TAG-1 throughout development. We show that aged TAG/F3 mice display improved hippocampal long-term potentiation and memory compared with wild-type littermates. The same mice undergo a decrease of neuronal apoptosis at the hippocampal level, which correlated to a decrease of active caspase-3; by contrast, procaspase-3 and Bax as well as the anti-apoptotic and plasticity-related pathway BDNF/CREB/Bcl-2 were rather increased. Interestingly, amyloid-precursor protein processing was shifted toward sAPPα generation, with a decrease of sAPPβ and amyloid-beta levels. Our data confirm that F3/contactin plays a role in hippocampal synaptic plasticity and memory also in aged mice, suggesting that it acts on molecular pathways related to apoptosis and amyloid-beta production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Puzzo
- Section of Physiology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Antonella Bizzoca
- Section of Physiology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Carla Loreto
- Section of Anatomy, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Chiara A Guida
- Section of Physiology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Walter Gulisano
- Section of Physiology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Frasca
- Section of Physiology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Bellomo
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University "Kore", Enna, Italy
| | - Sergio Castorina
- Section of Anatomy, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Gennarini
- Section of Physiology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.
| | - Agostino Palmeri
- Section of Physiology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
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13
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Puzzo D, Bizzoca A, Privitera L, Furnari D, Giunta S, Girolamo F, Pinto M, Gennarini G, Palmeri A. F3/Contactin promotes hippocampal neurogenesis, synaptic plasticity, and memory in adult mice. Hippocampus 2013; 23:1367-82. [PMID: 23939883 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
F3/contactin, a cell-adhesion molecule belonging to the immunoglobulin supergene family, is involved in several aspects of neural development including synapse building, maintenance and functioning. Here, we examine F3/contactin function in adult hippocampal neurogenesis, synaptic plasticity, and memory, using as a model TAG/F3 transgenic mice, where F3/contactin overexpression was induced under control of regulatory sequences from the human TAG-1 (TAX-1) gene. Transgenic mice aged 5 (M5) and 12 (M12) months exhibited an increase in hippocampal size, which correlated with positive effects on precursor proliferation and NeuN expression, these data suggesting a possible role for F3/contactin in promoting adult hippocampal neurogenesis. On the functional level, TAG/F3 mice exhibited increased CA1 long-term potentiation and improved spatial and object recognition memory, notably at 12 months of age. Interestingly, these mice showed an increased expression of the phosphorylated transcription factor CREB, which may represent the main molecular correlate of the observed morphological and functional effects. Altogether, these findings indicate for the first time that F3/contactin plays a role in promoting adult hippocampal neurogenesis and that this effect correlates with improved synaptic function and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Puzzo
- Section of Physiology, Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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14
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Massaro A, Bizzoca A, Corsi P, Pinto MF, Carratù MR, Gennarini G. Significance of F3/Contactin gene expression in cerebral cortex and nigrostriatal development. Mol Cell Neurosci 2012; 50:221-37. [PMID: 22579730 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2012.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
F3/Contactin is a neuronal surface glycoprotein, which plays a general role in neural development and, in particular, in neuronal and oligodendrocyte differentiation. In a previous study using the F3/EGFP transgenic mice, which express an EGFP reporter under control of the regulatory region from the mouse F3/Contactin gene, the activation of the F3/Contactin promoter was found to correlate with granule and Purkinje neuron differentiation in developing cerebellar cortex. Here we report that in developing cerebral cortex and basal ganglia the F3/Contactin gene is mostly activated during early commitment of neuronal precursors, thus indicating a region-specific profile of its developmental activation. We also report that, in the same structures of F3/EGFP mice, a downregulation of the endogenous F3/Contactin gene occurs, which correlates with upregulation of the dopaminergic phenotype and with locomotor pattern abnormalities. Therefore, F3/EGFP transgenic mice exhibit morphological and functional phenotypes recapitulating those arising from imbalance of the striatal dopaminergic pathway. As for the underlying mechanisms, we postulate that in F3/EGFP mice F3/Contactin downregulation results from the ability of transgene promoter sequences to interfere with the activation of the endogenous gene, thus realizing an F3/Contactin knockdown model, while dopaminergic upregulation is consistent with a general F3/Contactin inhibitory effect on the neuronal phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Massaro
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical School, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
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15
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F3/Contactin acts as a modulator of neurogenesis during cerebral cortex development. Dev Biol 2012; 365:133-51. [PMID: 22360968 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Revised: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The expression of the cell recognition molecule F3/Contactin (CNTN1) is generally associated with the functions of post-mitotic neurons. In the embryonic cortex, however, we find it expressed by proliferating ventricular zone (VZ) precursors. In contrast to previous findings in the developing cerebellum, F3/Contactin transgenic overexpression in the early cortical VZ promotes proliferation and expands the precursor pool at the expense of neurogenesis. At later stages, when F3/Contactin levels subside, however, neurogenesis resumes, suggesting that F3/Contactin expression in the VZ is inversely related to neurogenesis and plays a role in a feedback control mechanism, regulating the orderly progression of cortical development. The modified F3/Contactin profile therefore results in delayed corticogenesis, as judged by downregulation in upper and lower layer marker expression and by BrdU birth dating, indicating that, in this transgenic model, increased F3/Contactin levels counteract neuronal precursor commitment. These effects also occur in primary cultures and are reproduced by addition of an F3/Fc fusion protein to wild type cultures. Together, these data indicate a completely novel function for F3/Contactin. Parallel changes in the generation of the Notch Intracellular Domain and in the expression of the Hes-1 transcription factor indicate that activation of the Notch pathway plays a role in this phenotype, consistent with previous in vitro reports that F3/Contactin is a Notch1 ligand.
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16
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El Ayachi I, Fernandez C, Baeza N, De Paula AM, Pesheva P, Figarella-Branger D. Spatiotemporal distribution of tenascin-R in the developing human cerebral cortex parallels neuronal migration. J Comp Neurol 2011; 519:2379-89. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.22632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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17
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Xenaki D, Martin IB, Yoshida L, Ohyama K, Gennarini G, Grumet M, Sakurai T, Furley AJW. F3/contactin and TAG1 play antagonistic roles in the regulation of sonic hedgehog-induced cerebellar granule neuron progenitor proliferation. Development 2011; 138:519-29. [PMID: 21205796 DOI: 10.1242/dev.051912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Modulation of the sonic hedgehog (SHH) pathway is a crucial factor in cerebellar morphogenesis. Stimulation of granule neuron progenitor (GNP) proliferation is a central function of SHH signalling, but how this is controlled locally is not understood. We show that two sequentially expressed members of the contactin (CNTN) family of adhesion molecules, TAG1 and F3, act antagonistically to control SHH-induced proliferation: F3 suppresses SHH-induced GNP proliferation and induces differentiation, whereas TAG1 antagonises F3. Production of GNPs in TAG1-null mice is delayed and reduced. F3 and TAG1 colocalise on GNPs with the related L1-like adhesion molecule NrCAM, and F3 fails to suppress the SHH-induced proliferation of NrCAM-deficient GNPs. We show that F3 and SHH both primarily affect a group of intermediate GNPs (IPs), which, though actively dividing, also express molecules associated with differentiation, including β-tubulin III (TuJ1) and TAG1. In vivo, intermediate progenitors form a discrete layer in the middle of the external germinal layer (mEGL), while F3 becomes expressed on the axons of postmitotic granule neurons as they leave the inner EGL (iEGL). We propose, therefore, that F3 acts as a localised signal in the iEGL that induces SHH-stimulated cells in the overlying mEGL to exit cell cycle and differentiate. By contrast, expression of TAG1 on GNPs antagonises this signal in the mEGL, preventing premature differentiation and sustaining GNP expansion in a paracrine fashion. Together, these findings indicate that CNTN and L1-like proteins play a significant role in modulating SHH-induced neuronal precursor proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dia Xenaki
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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18
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Wang W, Shin Y, Shi M, Kilpatrick DL. Temporal control of a dendritogenesis-linked gene via REST-dependent regulation of nuclear factor I occupancy. Mol Biol Cell 2011; 22:868-79. [PMID: 21270437 PMCID: PMC3057710 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e10-10-0817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
How the timing of gene expression is controlled during neuronal development is largely unknown. Here we describe a temporal mechanism of gene regulation in differentiating postmitotic neurons involving delayed promoter site occupancy by nuclear factor I and the control of its initial onset by the trans-repressor REST. Developing neurons undergo a series of maturational stages, and the timing of these events is critical for formation of synaptic circuitry. Here we addressed temporal regulation of the Gabra6 gene, which is expressed in a delayed manner during dendritogenesis in maturing cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs). Developmental up-regulation of Gabra6 transcription required a binding site for nuclear factor I (NFI) proteins. The amounts and DNA binding activities of NFI proteins were similar in immature and mature CGNs; however, NFI occupancy of the Gabra6 promoter in native chromatin was temporally delayed in parallel with Gabra6 gene expression, both in vivo and in culture. The trans-repressor RE1 silencing transcription factor (REST) occupied the Gabra6 proximal promoter in CGN progenitors and early postmitotic CGNs, and its departure mirrored the initial onset of NFI binding as CGNs differentiated. Furthermore constitutive REST expression blocked both Gabra6 expression and NFI occupancy in mature CGNs, whereas REST knockdown in immature CGNs accelerated the initiation of both events. These studies identify a novel mechanism for controlling the timing of dendritogenesis-associated gene expression in maturing neurons through delayed binding of NFI proteins to chromatin. They also establish a temporal function for REST in preventing premature promoter occupancy by NFI proteins in early-stage postmitotic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems and Program in Neuroscience, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
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19
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Decreased Lin7b expression in layer 5 pyramidal neurons may contribute to impaired corticostriatal connectivity in huntington disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2010; 69:880-95. [PMID: 20720508 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e3181ed7a41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor dysfunction, cognitive impairment, and regional cortical atrophy indicate cerebral cortical involvement in Huntington disease (HD). To address the hypothesis that abnormal corticostriatal connectivity arises from polyglutamine-related alterations in cortical gene expression, we isolated layer 5 cortical neurons by laser-capture microdissection and analyzed transcriptome-wide mRNA changes in them. Enrichment of transcription factor mRNAs including foxp2, tbr1, and neuroD6, and neurotransmission- and plasticity-related RNAs including sema5A, pclo, ntrk2, cntn1, and Lin7b were observed. Layer 5 motor cortex neurons of transgenic R6/2 HD mice also demonstrated numerous transcriptomic changes, including decreased expression of mRNAs encoding the Lin7 homolog b ([Lin7b] also known as veli-2 and mals2). Decreases in LIN7B and CNTN1 RNAs were also detected in human HD layer 5 motor cortex neurons. Lin7 homolog b, a scaffold protein implicated in synaptic plasticity, neurite outgrowth, and cellular polarity, was decreased at the protein level in layer 5 cortical neurons in R6/2 mice and human HD brains. Decreases in Lin7b and Lin7a mRNAs were detected in R6/2 cortex as early as 6 weeks of age, suggesting that this is an early pathogenetic event. Thus, decreased cortical LIN7 expression may contribute to abnormal corticostriatal connectivity in HD.
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20
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Shimoda Y, Watanabe K. Contactins: emerging key roles in the development and function of the nervous system. Cell Adh Migr 2009; 3:64-70. [PMID: 19262165 DOI: 10.4161/cam.3.1.7764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Contactins are a subgroup of molecules belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily that are expressed exclusively in the nervous system. The subgroup consists of six members: contactin, TAG-1, BIG-1, BIG-2, NB-2 and NB-3. Since their identification in the late 1980s, contactin and TAG-1 have been studied extensively. Axonal expression and the neurite extension activity of contactin and TAG-1 attracted researchers to study the function of these molecules in axon guidance during development. After the exciting discovery of the molecular function of contactin and TAG-1 in myelination earlier this decade, these two molecules have come to be known as the principal molecules in the function and maintenance of myelinated neurons. In contrast, the function of the other four members of this subgroup remained unknown until recently. Here, we will give an overview of contactin function, including recent progress on BIG-2, NB-2 and NB-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Shimoda
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan
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21
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Bizzoca A, Corsi P, Gennarini G. The mouse F3/contactin glycoprotein: structural features, functional properties and developmental significance of its regulated expression. Cell Adh Migr 2009; 3:53-63. [PMID: 19372728 PMCID: PMC2675150 DOI: 10.4161/cam.3.1.7462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2008] [Accepted: 11/19/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
F3/Contactin is an immunoglobulin superfamily component expressed in the nervous tissue of several species. Here we focus on the structural and functional properties of its mouse relative, on the mechanisms driving its regulated expression and on its developmental role. F3/Contactin is differentially expressed in distinct populations of central and peripheral neurons and in some non-neuronal cells. Accordingly, the regulatory region of the underlying gene includes promoter elements undergoing differential activation, associated with an intricate splicing profile, indicating that transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms contribute to its expression. Transgenic models allowed to follow F3/Contactin promoter activation in vivo and to modify F3/Contactin gene expression under a heterologous promoter, which resulted in morphological and functional phenotypes. Besides axonal growth and pathfinding, these concerned earlier events, including precursor proliferation and commitment. This wide role in neural ontogenesis is consistent with the recognized interaction of F3/Contactin with developmental control genes belonging to the Notch pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Bizzoca
- Department of Pharmacology and Human Physiology, Medical School, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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22
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Milanese C, Fiumara F, Bizzoca A, Giachello C, Leitinger G, Gennarini G, Montarolo PG, Ghirardi M. F3/contactin-related proteins in Helix pomatia nervous tissue (HCRPs): distribution and function in neurite growth and neurotransmitter release. J Neurosci Res 2008; 86:821-31. [PMID: 17941055 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
By using antibodies against mouse F3/contactin, we found immunologically related glycoproteins expressed in the nervous tissue of the snail Helix pomatia. Helix contactin-related proteins (HCRPs) include different molecules ranging in size from 90 to 240 kD. Clones isolated from a cDNA expression library allowed us to demonstrate that these proteins are translated from a unique 6.3-kb mRNA, suggesting that their heterogeneity depends on posttranslational processing. This is supported by the results of endoglycosidase F treatment, which indicate that the high-molecular-weight components are glycosylation variants of the 90-kD chain. In vivo and in cultures, HCRPs antibodies label neuronal soma and neurite extensions, giving the appearance of both cytoplasmic and cell surface immunostaining. On the other hand, no expression is found on nonneural tissues. Functionally, HCRPs are involved in neurite growth control and appear to modulate neurotransmitter release, as indicated by the inhibiting effects of specific antibodies on both functions. These data allow the definition of HCRPs glycoproteins as growth-promoting molecules, suggesting that they play a role in neurite development and presynaptic terminal maturation in the invertebrate nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Milanese
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.
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23
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Schweitzer J, Gimnopoulos D, Lieberoth BC, Pogoda HM, Feldner J, Ebert A, Schachner M, Becker T, Becker CG. Contactin1a expression is associated with oligodendrocyte differentiation and axonal regeneration in the central nervous system of zebrafish. Mol Cell Neurosci 2007; 35:194-207. [PMID: 17425960 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2007.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2006] [Revised: 02/10/2007] [Accepted: 02/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Contactin1a (Cntn1a) is a zebrafish homolog of contactin1 (F3/F11/contactin) in mammals, an immunoglobulin superfamily recognition molecule of neurons and oligodendrocytes. We describe conspicuous Cntn1a mRNA expression in oligodendrocytes in the developing optic pathway of zebrafish. In adults, this expression is only retained in glial cells in the intraretinal optic fiber layer, which contains 'loose' myelin. After optic nerve lesion, oligodendrocytes re-express Cntn1a mRNA independently of the presence of regenerating axons and retinal ganglion cells upregulate Cntn1a expression to levels that are significantly higher than those during development. After spinal cord lesion, expression of Cntn1a mRNA is similarly increased in axotomized brainstem neurons and white matter glial cells in the spinal cord. In addition, reduced mRNA expression in the trigeminal/anterior lateral line ganglion in erbb3-deficient mutant larvae implies Cntn1a in Schwann cell differentiation. These complex regulation patterns suggest roles for Cntn1a in myelinating cells and neurons particularly in successful CNS regeneration.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Genetically Modified
- Animals, Newborn
- Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/genetics
- Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation/physiology
- Central Nervous System/pathology
- Central Nervous System/physiopathology
- Contactin 1
- Contactins
- Embryo, Nonmammalian
- Eye Enucleation/methods
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/physiology
- In Situ Hybridization/methods
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission/methods
- Myelin P0 Protein/metabolism
- Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein/metabolism
- Nerve Regeneration/physiology
- Neurons/physiology
- Neurons/ultrastructure
- Oligodendroglia/physiology
- Oligodendroglia/ultrastructure
- Optic Nerve Injuries/pathology
- Optic Nerve Injuries/physiopathology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptor, ErbB-3/genetics
- Spinal Cord Injuries/pathology
- Spinal Cord Injuries/physiopathology
- Zebrafish
- Zebrafish Proteins
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörn Schweitzer
- Institut für die Biosynthese Neuraler Strukturen, Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, University of Hamburg, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
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24
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Collin L, Doretto S, Malerba M, Ruat M, Borrelli E. Oligodendrocyte ablation affects the coordinated interaction between granule and Purkinje neurons during cerebellum development. Exp Cell Res 2007; 313:2946-57. [PMID: 17544395 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2007.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2007] [Revised: 05/01/2007] [Accepted: 05/02/2007] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes (OLs) are the glial cells of the central nervous system (CNS) classically known to be devoted to the formation of myelin sheaths around most axons of the vertebrate brain. We have addressed the role of these cells during cerebellar development, by ablating OLs in vivo. Previous analyses had indicated that OL ablation during the first six postnatal days results into a striking cerebellar phenotype, whose major features are a strong reduction of granule neurons and aberrant Purkinje cells development. These two cell types are highly interconnected during cerebellar development through the production of molecules that help their proliferation, differentiation and maintenance. In this article, we present data showing that OL ablation has major effects on the physiology of Purkinje (PC) and granule cells (GC). In particular, OL ablation results into a reduction of sonic hedgehog (Shh), Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF), and Reelin (Rln) expression. These results indicate that absence of OLs profoundly alters the normal cerebellar developmental program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Collin
- Institut de Genetique et de Biologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire, 1 rue L Fries 67404, Illkirch, France
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25
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Johansen JE, Fetissov SO, Bergström U, Nilsson I, Faÿ C, Ranscht B, Hökfelt T, Schalling M. Evidence for hypothalamic dysregulation in mouse models of anorexia as well as in humans. Physiol Behav 2007; 92:278-82. [PMID: 17560618 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Eating disorders constitute major medical health problems in the western world. Even though little is known about the molecular mechanisms behind abnormal eating behavior, it has become clear that the central nervous system (CNS), particularly the hypothalamus, plays a significant role. The anorexic anx/anx mouse is a unique model for studying food intake and energy expenditure. The anx mutation is linked to marked alterations in hypothalamic distributions of signal substances known to have potent regulatory roles in the control of food intake. Another mouse model that displays an anorectic phenotype similar to the anx/anx mouse is the Contactin KO mouse. This model displays very similar hypothalamic alterations as seen in the anx/anx mouse, arguing for a role of these specific hypothalamic changes in an anorectic phenotype. In human eating disorders, hypothalamic systems corresponding to those defective in mouse models could be compromised since autoantibodies against melanocortin peptides have been detected in anorectic and bulimic patients. These findings represent research avenues that may lead to a better understanding of eating disorders and development of targeted therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette E Johansen
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, L8:00, Karolinska University Hospital, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
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26
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De Benedictis L, Bizzoca A, Corsi P, Albieri I, Consalez GG, Gennarini G. Activation profile of the F3/Contactin gene in the developing mouse cerebellum. Mol Cell Neurosci 2006; 32:403-18. [PMID: 16857383 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2006.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2006] [Revised: 05/04/2006] [Accepted: 06/09/2006] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we address the activation profile of the gene encoding the mouse axonal glycoprotein F3/Contactin. Promoter sequences previously characterized in vitro are used to drive an Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein reporter in transgenic mice. In developing cerebellum, differential transgene expression occurs within distinct cell populations. At P0 the transgene is activated in postmitotic granule neurons undergoing radial migration, a sharp upregulation occurring at P6-P8, with a gradual decline from this stage onward. In Purkinje cells, promoter activation, first detected at P3, peaks at around P6 and is fully downregulated by P16. The transgene is also expressed in Ng2- and O4-positive cells, mostly at the end of the first postnatal week, suggesting correlation with early oligodendrocyte differentiation. These data indicate that the complex organization of the regulatory region of the F3/Contactin gene is necessary for directing its articulated expression in different neural cells types and for its developmental function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonarda De Benedictis
- Department of Pharmacology and Human Physiology, Medical School, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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27
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Fusaoka E, Inoue T, Mineta K, Agata K, Takeuchi K. Structure and function of primitive immunoglobulin superfamily neural cell adhesion molecules: a lesson from studies on planarian. Genes Cells 2006; 11:541-55. [PMID: 16629906 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2443.2006.00962.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Precise wiring and proper remodeling of the neural network are essential for its normal function. The freshwater planarian is an attractive animal in which to study the formation and maintenance of the neural network due to its high regenerative capability and developmental plasticity. Although a recent study revealed that homologs of netrin and its receptors are required for regeneration and maintenance of the planarian central nervous system (CNS), the roles of cell adhesion in the formation and maintenance of the planarian neural network remain poorly understood. In the present study, we found primitive immunoglobulin superfamily cell adhesion molecules (IgCAMs) in a planarian that are homologous to vertebrate neural IgCAMs. We identified planarian orthologs of NCAM, L1CAM, contactin and DSCAM, and designated them DjCAM, DjLCAM, DjCTCAM and DjDSCAM, respectively. We further confirmed that they function as cell adhesion molecules using cell aggregation assays. DjCAM and DjDSCAM were found to be differentially expressed in the CNS. Functional analyses using RNA interference revealed that DjCAM is partly involved in axon formation, and that DjDSCAM plays crucial roles in neuronal cell migration, axon outgrowth, fasciculation and projection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Fusaoka
- Department of Biological Science, Nagoya University Graduate School of Science, Furocho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
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28
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Hu QD, Ma QH, Gennarini G, Xiao ZC. Cross-talk between F3/contactin and Notch at axoglial interface: a role in oligodendrocyte development. Dev Neurosci 2006; 28:25-33. [PMID: 16508301 DOI: 10.1159/000090750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2005] [Accepted: 07/20/2005] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence has shown that the Notch signalling pathway regulates oligodendrogliogenesis. Upon binding to classical Delta/Serrate/Lag-2 ligands, Notch signalling promotes generation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells while inhibiting their further differentiation into myelinating oligodendrocytes. In our recent studies, we have found that two neural cell adhesion molecules, F3/contactin and NB-3 interact with Notch receptors and promote oligodendrocyte development. Remarkably, all these F3 and NB-3/Notch cascade-related events required Deltex1 as the intermediate element. Experiments using several animal models further imply the function of F3/Notch signalling in vivo, which designates Notch signalling as a ligand-dependent, multipotential cascade involved in oligodendrocyte development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Dong Hu
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore, and Department of Pharmacology and Human Physiology, University of Bari, Italy
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29
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Chehrehasa F, St John J, Key B. The sorting behaviour of olfactory and vomeronasal axons during regeneration. J Mol Histol 2006; 36:427-36. [PMID: 16514486 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-006-9015-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2006] [Accepted: 01/11/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In order to begin to understand how primary olfactory and vomeronasal organ (VNO) axons target specific regions of the olfactory bulb, we examined the sorting behaviour of these axons following neonatal unilateral olfactory bulbectomy. Bulbectomy induced widespread ipsilateral death of the primary olfactory and VNO neurons. After 4 weeks, many new sensory axons had re-grown into the cranial cavity and established a prominent plexus with evidence of dense tufts that were similar in gross appearance to glomeruli. Axons expressing the cell adhesion molecule OCAM, which normally innervate the ventrolateral and rostral halves of the main and accessory olfactory bulbs, respectively, sorted out and segregated from those axons not expressing this molecule within the plexus. In addition, VNO axons formed large discrete bundles that segregated from main olfactory axons within the plexus. Thus, VNO and primary olfactory axons as well as discrete subpopulations of both are able to sort out and remain segregated in the absence of the olfactory bulb. Sorting and convergence of axons therefore occur independently of the olfactory bulb and are probably attributable either to inherent properties of the axons themselves or to interactions between the axons and accompanying glial ensheathing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Chehrehasa
- Brain Growth and Regeneration Lab, Discipline of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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30
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Eckerich C, Zapf S, Ulbricht U, Müller S, Fillbrandt R, Westphal M, Lamszus K. Contactin is expressed in human astrocytic gliomas and mediates repulsive effects. Glia 2006; 53:1-12. [PMID: 16078236 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Contactin is a cell surface adhesion molecule that is normally expressed by neurons and oligodendrocytes. Particularly high levels of contactin are present during brain development. Using subtractive cloning, we identified contactin transcripts as overexpressed in glioblastomas compared with normal brain. We confirmed contactin overexpression in glioblastomas at the protein level, and localized contactin to the surface of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-expressing glioblastoma cells. In contrast, normal astrocytes did not express contactin. Analyzing different types of astrocytic tumors, we detected an association between increasing malignancy grade and contactin expression. Functionally, contactin had repellent effects on glioma cells in vitro, as demonstrated by adhesion and migration assays. Overexpression of contactin by transfection into glioblastoma cells did not alter the proliferation rate or adhesion to various extracellular matrix proteins as well as adhesion to cells expressing the specific contactin ligand the protein tyrosine phosphatase zeta (PTPzeta). Our findings suggest that contactin has repellent effects on glioma cells to which it is presented as a ligand, but it does not alter the proliferative or adhesive capacities of cells that overexpress the molecule. The repulsive properties of contactin may be a key factor in glioma disaggregation, and may contribute to the diffuse infiltration pattern characteristic of glioma cells in human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Eckerich
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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31
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Haenisch C, Diekmann H, Klinger M, Gennarini G, Kuwada JY, Stuermer CAO. The neuronal growth and regeneration associated Cntn1 (F3/F11/Contactin) gene is duplicated in fish: expression during development and retinal axon regeneration. Mol Cell Neurosci 2005; 28:361-74. [PMID: 15691716 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2004.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2004] [Revised: 04/05/2004] [Accepted: 04/08/2004] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Cntn1 (Contactin/F3/F11) cell adhesion molecule is involved in axon growth and guidance, fasciculation, synapse formation, and myelination in birds and mammals. We identified Cntn1 genes in goldfish, zebrafish, and fugu, and provide evidence for a fish-specific duplication leading to Cntn1a and Cntn1b. Our analyses suggest a subfunctionalization for the Cntn1 paralogs in zebrafish compared to other vertebrates which have a single Cntn1 gene. Similar to Cntn1a, Cntn1b transcripts are found in subsets of sensory and motor neurons. However, Cntn1b is detected later and more restricted than Cntn1a. This spatio-temporal expression pattern of the two zebrafish Cntn1 paralogs suggests functions related to those of mammalian Cntn1. In adult goldfish, Cntn1b is expressed in oligodendrocytes and is upregulated in retinal ganglion cells after optic nerve transection, which is consistent with an additional role during regeneration.
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32
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Heck N, Garwood J, Loeffler JP, Larmet Y, Faissner A. Differential upregulation of extracellular matrix molecules associated with the appearance of granule cell dispersion and mossy fiber sprouting during epileptogenesis in a murine model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Neuroscience 2005; 129:309-24. [PMID: 15501589 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.06.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2004] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated changes in the extracellular matrix of the hippocampus associated with the early progression of epileptogenesis in a murine model of temporal lobe epilepsy using immunohistochemistry. In the first week following intrahippocampal injection of the glutamate agonist, domoate, there is a latent period at the end of which begins a sequential upregulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules in the granule cell layer of the dentate gyrus, beginning with neurocan and tenascin-C. This expression precedes the characteristic dispersion of the granule cell layer which is evident at 14 days post-injection when the first recurrent seizures can be recorded. At this stage, an upregulation of the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, phosphacan, the DSD-1 chondroitin sulfate motif, and the HNK-1 oligosaccharide are also observed. The expression of these molecules is localized differentially in the epileptogenic dentate gyrus, especially in the sprouting molecular layer, where a strong upregulation of phosphacan, tenascin-C, and HNK-1 is observed but there is no expression of the proteoglycan, neurocan, nor of the DSD-1 chondroitin sulfate motif. Hence, it appears that granule cell layer dispersion is accompanied by a general increase in the ECM, while mossy fiber sprouting in the molecular layer is associated with a more restricted repertoire. In contrast to these changes, the expression of the ECM glycoproteins, laminin and fibronectin, both of which are frequently implicated in tissue remodelling events, showed no changes associated with either granule cell dispersion or mossy fiber sprouting, indicating that the epileptogenic plasticity of the hippocampus is accompanied by ECM interactions that are characteristic of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Heck
- LNDR, Centre de Neurochimie du CNRS, 5, rue Blaise Pascal, 67084 Strasbourg, France
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33
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Coluccia A, Tattoli M, Bizzoca A, Arbia S, Lorusso L, De Benedictis L, Buttiglione M, Cuomo V, Furley A, Gennarini G, Cagiano R. Transgenic mice expressing F3/contactin from the transient axonal glycoprotein promoter undergo developmentally regulated deficits of the cerebellar function. Neuroscience 2004; 123:155-66. [PMID: 14667450 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2003.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We have shown that transgenic transient axonal glycoprotein (TAG)/F3 mice, in which the mouse axonal glycoprotein F3/contactin was misexpressed from a regulatory region of the gene encoding the transient axonal glycoprotein TAG-1, exhibit a transient disruption of cerebellar granule and Purkinje cell development [Development 130 (2003) 29]. In the present study we explore the neurobehavioural consequences of this mutation. We report on assays of reproductive parameters (gestation length, litter size and offspring viability) and on somatic and neurobehavioural end-points (sensorimotor development, homing performance, motor activity, motor coordination and motor learning). Compared with wild-type littermates, TAG/F3 mice display delayed sensorimotor development, reduced exploratory activity and impaired motor activity, motor coordination and motor learning. The latter parameters, in particular, were affected also in adult mice, despite the apparent recovery of cerebellar morphology, suggesting that subtle changes of neuronal circuitry persist in these animals after development is complete. These behavioural deficits indicate that the finely coordinated expression of immunoglobulin-like cell adhesion molecules such as TAG-1 and F3/contactin is of key relevance to the functional, as well as morphological maturation of the cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Coluccia
- Department of Pharmacology and Human Physiology, Medical School, University of Bari, Policlinico, Piazza Giulio Cesare, I-70124, Bari, Italy
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Robles Y, Vivas-Mejía PE, Ortiz-Zuazaga HG, Félix J, Ramos X, Peña de Ortiz S. Hippocampal gene expression profiling in spatial discrimination learning. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2003; 80:80-95. [PMID: 12737936 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7427(03)00025-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Learning and long-term memory are thought to involve temporally defined changes in gene expression that lead to the strengthening of synaptic connections in selected brain regions. We used cDNA microarrays to study hippocampal gene expression in animals trained in a spatial discrimination-learning paradigm. Our analysis identified 19 genes that showed statistically significant changes in expression when comparing Nai;ve versus Trained animals. We confirmed the changes in expression for the genes encoding the nuclear protein prothymosin(alpha) and the delta-1 opioid receptor (DOR1) by Northern blotting or in situ hybridization. In additional studies, laser-capture microdissection (LCM) allowed us to obtain enriched neuronal populations from the dentate gyrus, CA1, and CA3 subregions of the hippocampus from Nai;ve, Pseudotrained, and spatially Trained animals. Real-time PCR examined the spatial learning specificity of hippocampal modulation of the genes encoding protein kinase B (PKB, also known as Akt), protein kinase C(delta) (PKC(delta)), cell adhesion kinase(beta) (CAK(beta), also known as Pyk2), and receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase(zeta/beta) (RPTP(zeta/beta)). These studies showed subregion specificity of spatial learning-induced changes in gene expression within the hippocampus, a feature that was particular to each gene studied. We suggest that statistically valid gene expression profiles generated with cDNA microarrays may provide important insights as to the cellular and molecular events subserving learning and memory processes in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Robles
- Department of Biology, Río Piedras Campus, University of Puerto Rico, P.O. Box 23360, San Juan, PR 00931-3360, USA
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35
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Getchell TV, Peng X, Stromberg AJ, Chen KC, Paul Green C, Subhedar NK, Shah DS, Mattson MP, Getchell ML. Age-related trends in gene expression in the chemosensory-nasal mucosae of senescence-accelerated mice. Ageing Res Rev 2003; 2:211-43. [PMID: 12605961 DOI: 10.1016/s1568-1637(02)00066-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We have utilized high-density GeneChip oligonucleotide arrays to investigate the use of the senescence-accelerated mouse (SAM) as a biogerontological resource to identify patterns of gene expression in the chemosensory-nasal mucosa. Gene profiling in chronologically young and old mice of the senescence-resistant (SAMR) and senescence-prone (SAMP) strains revealed 133 known genes that were modulated by a three-fold or greater change either in one strain or the other or in both strains during aging. We also identified known genes in our study which based on their encoded proteins were identified as aging-related genes in the aging neocortex and cerebellum of mice as reported by Lee et al. (2000) [Nat. Genet. 25 (2000) 294]. Changes in gene profiles for chemosensory-related genes including olfactory and vomeronasal receptors, sensory transduction-associated proteins, and odor and pheromone transport molecules in the young SAMR and SAMP were compared with age-matched C57BL/6J mice. An analysis of known gene expression profiles suggests that changes in the expression of immune factor genes and genes associated with cell cycle progression and cell death were particularly prominent in the old SAM strains. A preliminary cellular validation study supported the dysregulation of cell cycle-related genes in the old SAM strains. The results of our initial study indicated that the use of the SAM models of aging could provide substantive information leading to a more fundamental understanding of the aging process in the chemosensory-nasal mucosa at the genomic, molecular, and cellular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas V Getchell
- Department of Physiology, 309 Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, 800 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536-0230, USA.
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36
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Bizzoca A, Virgintino D, Lorusso L, Buttiglione M, Yoshida L, Polizzi A, Tattoli M, Cagiano R, Rossi F, Kozlov S, Furley A, Gennarini G. Transgenic mice expressing F3/contactin from the TAG-1 promoter exhibit developmentally regulated changes in the differentiation of cerebellar neurons. Development 2003; 130:29-43. [PMID: 12441289 DOI: 10.1242/dev.00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
F3/contactin (CNTN1) and TAG-1 (CNTN2) are closely related axonal glycoproteins that are differentially regulated during development. In the cerebellar cortex TAG-1 is expressed first as granule cell progenitors differentiate in the premigratory zone of the external germinal layer. However, as these cells begin radial migration, TAG-1 is replaced by F3/contactin. To address the significance of this differential regulation, we have generated transgenic mice in which F3/contactin expression is driven by TAG-1 gene regulatory sequences, which results in premature expression of F3/contactin in granule cells. These animals (TAG/F3 mice) display a developmentally regulated cerebellar phenotype in which the size of the cerebellum is markedly reduced during the first two postnatal weeks but subsequently recovers. This is due in part to a reduction in the number of granule cells, most evident in the external germinal layer at postnatal day 3 and in the inner granular layer between postnatal days 8 and 11. The reduction in granule cell number is accompanied by a decrease in precursor granule cell proliferation at postnatal day 3, followed by an increase in the number of cycling cells at postnatal day 8. In the same developmental window the size of the molecular layer is markedly reduced and Purkinje cell dendrites fail to elaborate normally. These data are consistent with a model in which deployment of F3/contactin on granule cells affects proliferation and differentiation of these neurons as well as the differentiation of their synaptic partners, the Purkinje cells. Together, these findings indicate that precise spatio-temporal regulation of TAG-1 and F3/contactin expression is critical for normal cerebellar morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Bizzoca
- Dipartimento di Farmacologia e Fisiologia Umana, Università di Torino, Italy
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37
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Kyriakopoulou K, de Diego I, Wassef M, Karagogeos D. A combination of chain and neurophilic migration involving the adhesion molecule TAG-1 in the caudal medulla. Development 2002; 129:287-96. [PMID: 11807022 DOI: 10.1242/dev.129.2.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal populations destined to form several precerebellar nuclei are generated by the rhombic lip in the caudal hindbrain. These immature neurons gather into the olivary and the superficial migratory streams and migrate tangentially around the hindbrain to reach their final position. We focus on the cells of the superficial stream that migrate ventrally, cross the midline and form the lateral reticular (LRN) and external cuneate (ECN) nuclei. The cells of the superficial steam are preceded by long leading processes; in the dorsal neural tube, they migrate in close apposition to each other and form distinct chains, whereas they disperse and follow Tuj-1 immunoreactive axons on reaching the ventral hindbrain. This suggests that, in the superficial stream, neuronal migration combines both homotypic and heterotypic mechanisms. We also show that the adhesion molecule TAG-1 is expressed by the migrating cells. Blocking TAG-1 function results in alterations in the superficial migration, indicating that TAG-1 is involved in the superficial migration. Other members of the immunoglobulin superfamily and known ligands of TAG-1 are also expressed in the region of the migration but are not involved in the migration. These findings provide evidence that the TAG-1 protein is involved as a contact-dependent signal guiding not only axonal outgrowth but also cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Kyriakopoulou
- Department of Basic Science, Medical School, University of Crete and Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, PO Box 1527, 711 10 Heraklion, Greece
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38
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De Benedictis L, Polizzi A, Cangiano G, Buttiglione M, Arbia S, Storlazzi CT, Rocchi M, Gennarini G. Alternative promoters drive the expression of the gene encoding the mouse axonal glycoprotein F3/contactin. BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 2001; 95:55-74. [PMID: 11687277 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-328x(01)00243-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
F3/Contactin is a neuronal glycoprotein which mediates axonal growth control via complex interactions with a number of cell surface or matrix components. As part of this developmental role, its expression undergoes differential regulation during the maturation of definite neuronal populations within the central and peripheral nervous tissue. To elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms we study here the organization of the regulatory region of the mouse F3/Contactin gene. We show that this region displays peculiar features in that it spans more than 80 kb, bears very large introns and includes four untranslated exons which undergo complex splicing events leading to 11 potential arrangements of the F3/Contactin mRNA 5' end. Within this region we identify three alternative neurospecific promoters which, as deduced from the developmental profile of the associated 5' exons (A1,C1,0), drive two different patterns of F3/Contactin gene expression. The activity of the A1 exon-associated promoter displays only minor developmental changes and is likely to contribute to the basal level of the F3/Contactin gene expression; by contrast, the activities of the exon C1- and exon 0-associated promoters are significantly upregulated at the end of the first postnatal week. The data indicate that differential regulation of the F3/Contactin expression during development may depend upon alternative utilization of distinct promoter elements and may involve complex splicing events of the 5' untranslated exons. Several consensuses for homeogene transcription factors are scattered within the identified regulatory region, in agreement with the general assumption of homeotic gene regulation of neural morphoregulatory molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- L De Benedictis
- Dipartimento di Farmacologia e Fisiologia Umana, Policlinico, Piazza Giulio Cesare, I-70124, Bari, Italy
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39
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Abstract
Sleep and waking differ significantly in terms of behavior, metabolism, and neuronal activity. Recent evidence indicates that sleep and waking also differ with respect to the expression of certain genes. To systematically investigate such changes, we used mRNA differential display and cDNA microarrays to screen approximately 10000 transcripts expressed in the cerebral cortex of rats after 8 h of sleep, spontaneous waking, or sleep deprivation. We found that 44 genes had higher mRNA levels after waking and/or sleep deprivation relative to sleep, while 10 were upregulated after sleep. Known genes that were upregulated in waking and sleep deprivation can be grouped into the following categories: immediate early genes/transcription factors (Arc, CHOP, IER5, NGFI-A, NGFI-B, N-Ras, Stat3), genes related to energy metabolism (glucose type I transporter Glut1, Vgf), growth factors/adhesion molecules (BDNF, TrkB, F3 adhesion molecule), chaperones/heat shock proteins (BiP, ERP72, GRP75, HSP60, HSP70), vesicle- and synapse-related genes (chromogranin C, synaptotagmin IV), neurotransmitter/hormone receptors (adrenergic receptor alpha(1A) and beta(2), GABA(A) receptor beta(3), glutamate NMDA receptor 2A, glutamate AMPA receptor GluR2 and GluR3, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor beta(2), thyroid hormone receptor TRbeta), neurotransmitter transporters (glutamate/aspartate transporter GLAST, Na(+)/Cl(-) transporter NTT4/Rxt1), enzymes (aryl sulfotransferase, c-jun N-terminal kinase 1, serum/glucocorticoid-induced serine/threonine kinase), and a miscellaneous group (calmodulin, cyclin D2, LMO-4, metallothionein 3). Several other genes that were upregulated in waking and all the genes upregulated in sleep, with the exception of the one coding for membrane protein E25, did not match any known sequence. Thus, significant changes in gene expression occur across behavioral states, which are likely to affect basic cellular functions such as RNA and protein synthesis, neural plasticity, neurotransmission, and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Cirelli
- The Neurosciences Institute, 10640 John J. Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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