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Gurevich EV. Location, Location, Location: The Expression of D3 Dopamine Receptors in the Nervous System. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2022; 60:29-45. [PMID: 35505061 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2022_314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
When the rat D3 dopamine receptor (D3R) was cloned and the distribution of its mRNA examined in 1990-1991, it attracted attention due to its peculiar distribution in the brain quite different from that of its closest relative, the D2 receptor. In the rat brain, the D3R mRNA is enriched in the limbic striatum as opposed to the D2 receptor, which is highly expressed in the motor striatal areas. Later studies in the primate and human brain confirmed relative enrichment of the D3R in the limbic striatum but also demonstrated higher abundance of the D3R in the primate as compared to the rodent brain. Additionally, in the rodent brain, the D3R in the dorsal striatum appears to be co-expressed with the D1 dopamine receptor-bearing striatal neurons giving rise to the direct output striatal pathway, although the picture is less clear with respect to the nucleus accumbens. In contrast, in the primate striatum, the D3R co-localizes with the D2 receptor throughout the basal ganglia as well as in extrastriatal brain areas. The relative abundance of the D3R in the limbic striatum, its output structures, secondary targets, and some of the other connected limbic territories may underpin its role in reward, drug dependence, and impulse control. Selective expression of D3R in the brain proliferative areas may point to its important role in the neural development as well as in neurodevelopmental abnormalities associated with schizophrenia and other developmental brain disorders.
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2
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Macedo-Lima M, Remage-Healey L. Dopamine Modulation of Motor and Sensory Cortical Plasticity among Vertebrates. Integr Comp Biol 2021; 61:316-336. [PMID: 33822047 PMCID: PMC8600016 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icab019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Goal-directed learning is a key contributor to evolutionary fitness in animals. The neural mechanisms that mediate learning often involve the neuromodulator dopamine. In higher order cortical regions, most of what is known about dopamine's role is derived from brain regions involved in motivation and decision-making, while significantly less is known about dopamine's potential role in motor and/or sensory brain regions to guide performance. Research on rodents and primates represents over 95% of publications in the field, while little beyond basic anatomy is known in other vertebrate groups. This significantly limits our general understanding of how dopamine signaling systems have evolved as organisms adapt to their environments. This review takes a pan-vertebrate view of the literature on the role of dopamine in motor/sensory cortical regions, highlighting, when available, research on non-mammalian vertebrates. We provide a broad perspective on dopamine function and emphasize that dopamine-induced plasticity mechanisms are widespread across all cortical systems and associated with motor and sensory adaptations. The available evidence illustrates that there is a strong anatomical basis-dopamine fibers and receptor distributions-to hypothesize that pallial dopamine effects are widespread among vertebrates. Continued research progress in non-mammalian species will be crucial to further our understanding of how the dopamine system evolved to shape the diverse array of brain structures and behaviors among the vertebrate lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Macedo-Lima
- Neuroscience and Behavior Program, Center for Neuroendocrine Studies, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, 70040-031 Brasília, Brazil
| | - Luke Remage-Healey
- Neuroscience and Behavior Program, Center for Neuroendocrine Studies, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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3
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Neuronal Dopamine D3 Receptors: Translational Implications for Preclinical Research and CNS Disorders. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11010104. [PMID: 33466844 PMCID: PMC7830622 DOI: 10.3390/biom11010104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopamine (DA), as one of the major neurotransmitters in the central nervous system (CNS) and periphery, exerts its actions through five types of receptors which belong to two major subfamilies such as D1-like (i.e., D1 and D5 receptors) and D2-like (i.e., D2, D3 and D4) receptors. Dopamine D3 receptor (D3R) was cloned 30 years ago, and its distribution in the CNS and in the periphery, molecular structure, cellular signaling mechanisms have been largely explored. Involvement of D3Rs has been recognized in several CNS functions such as movement control, cognition, learning, reward, emotional regulation and social behavior. D3Rs have become a promising target of drug research and great efforts have been made to obtain high affinity ligands (selective agonists, partial agonists and antagonists) in order to elucidate D3R functions. There has been a strong drive behind the efforts to find drug-like compounds with high affinity and selectivity and various functionality for D3Rs in the hope that they would have potential treatment options in CNS diseases such as schizophrenia, drug abuse, Parkinson’s disease, depression, and restless leg syndrome. In this review, we provide an overview and update of the major aspects of research related to D3Rs: distribution in the CNS and periphery, signaling and molecular properties, the status of ligands available for D3R research (agonists, antagonists and partial agonists), behavioral functions of D3Rs, the role in neural networks, and we provide a summary on how the D3R-related drug research has been translated to human therapy.
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Cavarec F, Krauss P, Witkowski T, Broisat A, Ghezzi C, De Gois S, Giros B, Depaulis A, Deransart C. Early reduced dopaminergic tone mediated by D3 receptor and dopamine transporter in absence epileptogenesis. Epilepsia 2019; 60:2128-2140. [DOI: 10.1111/epi.16342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Cavarec
- Grenoble Alpes University National Institute of Health and Medical Research U1216, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital Center Grenoble Institute of Neurosciences Grenoble France
| | - Philipp Krauss
- Grenoble Alpes University National Institute of Health and Medical Research U1216, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital Center Grenoble Institute of Neurosciences Grenoble France
- Department of Neurosurgery Rechts der Isar Hospital Munich Germany
| | - Tiffany Witkowski
- Grenoble Alpes University National Institute of Health and Medical Research U1216, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital Center Grenoble Institute of Neurosciences Grenoble France
- Clermont Auvergne University National Institute of Health and Medical Research U1240 Molecular Imaging and Theranostic Strategies Clermont‐Ferrand France
| | - Alexis Broisat
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research Mixed Unit of Research U1039 Bioclinical Radiopharmaceuticals Grenoble France
| | - Catherine Ghezzi
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research Mixed Unit of Research U1039 Bioclinical Radiopharmaceuticals Grenoble France
| | - Stéphanie De Gois
- Neuroscience Paris Seine National Institute of Health and Medical Research Mixed Unit of Research 1130/National Center for Scientific Research Mixed Unit of Research 8246 Sorbonne University Paris France
| | - Bruno Giros
- Neuroscience Paris Seine National Institute of Health and Medical Research Mixed Unit of Research 1130/National Center for Scientific Research Mixed Unit of Research 8246 Sorbonne University Paris France
- Department of Psychiatry Douglas Hospital McGill University Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Antoine Depaulis
- Grenoble Alpes University National Institute of Health and Medical Research U1216, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital Center Grenoble Institute of Neurosciences Grenoble France
| | - Colin Deransart
- Grenoble Alpes University National Institute of Health and Medical Research U1216, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital Center Grenoble Institute of Neurosciences Grenoble France
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5
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Dunn M, Henke A, Clark S, Kovalyova Y, Kempadoo KA, Karpowicz RJ, Kandel ER, Sulzer D, Sames D. Designing a norepinephrine optical tracer for imaging individual noradrenergic synapses and their activity in vivo. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2838. [PMID: 30026491 PMCID: PMC6053466 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05075-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Norepinephrine is a monoamine neurotransmitter with a wide repertoire of physiological roles in the peripheral and central nervous systems. There are, however, no experimental means to study functional properties of individual noradrenergic synapses in the brain. Development of new approaches for imaging synaptic neurotransmission is of fundamental importance to study specific synaptic changes that occur during learning, behavior, and pathological processes. Here, we introduce fluorescent false neurotransmitter 270 (FFN270), a fluorescent tracer of norepinephrine. As a fluorescent substrate of the norepinephrine and vesicular monoamine transporters, FFN270 labels noradrenergic neurons and their synaptic vesicles, and enables imaging synaptic vesicle content release from specific axonal sites in living rodents. Combining FFN270 imaging and optogenetic stimulation, we find heterogeneous release properties of noradrenergic synapses in the somatosensory cortex, including low and high releasing populations. Through systemic amphetamine administration, we observe rapid release of cortical noradrenergic vesicular content, providing insight into the drug’s effect. The noradrenergic system plays numerous physiological roles but tools to study it are scarce. Here the authors develop a fluorescent analogue of norepinephrine that can be used to label noradrenergic neurons and the synaptic vesicles, and use it to measure single synaptic vesicle release sites in living mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Dunn
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Adam Henke
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Samuel Clark
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | | | | | | | - Eric R Kandel
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Kavli Institute for Brain Science, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - David Sulzer
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA. .,Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Dalibor Sames
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
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Radnikow G, Feldmeyer D. Layer- and Cell Type-Specific Modulation of Excitatory Neuronal Activity in the Neocortex. Front Neuroanat 2018; 12:1. [PMID: 29440997 PMCID: PMC5797542 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2018.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
From an anatomical point of view the neocortex is subdivided into up to six layers depending on the cortical area. This subdivision has been described already by Meynert and Brodmann in the late 19/early 20. century and is mainly based on cytoarchitectonic features such as the size and location of the pyramidal cell bodies. Hence, cortical lamination is originally an anatomical concept based on the distribution of excitatory neuron. However, it has become apparent in recent years that apart from the layer-specific differences in morphological features, many functional properties of neurons are also dependent on cortical layer or cell type. Such functional differences include changes in neuronal excitability and synaptic activity by neuromodulatory transmitters. Many of these neuromodulators are released from axonal afferents from subcortical brain regions while others are released intrinsically. In this review we aim to describe layer- and cell-type specific differences in the effects of neuromodulator receptors in excitatory neurons in layers 2–6 of different cortical areas. We will focus on the neuromodulator systems using adenosine, acetylcholine, dopamine, and orexin/hypocretin as examples because these neuromodulator systems show important differences in receptor type and distribution, mode of release and functional mechanisms and effects. We try to summarize how layer- and cell type-specific neuromodulation may affect synaptic signaling in cortical microcircuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Radnikow
- Research Centre Jülich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, INM-10, Jülich, Germany
| | - Dirk Feldmeyer
- Research Centre Jülich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, INM-10, Jülich, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance - Translational Brain Medicine, Jülich, Germany
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7
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Money KM, Stanwood GD. Developmental origins of brain disorders: roles for dopamine. Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:260. [PMID: 24391541 PMCID: PMC3867667 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators, such as dopamine, participate in a wide range of behavioral and cognitive functions in the adult brain, including movement, cognition, and reward. Dopamine-mediated signaling plays a fundamental neurodevelopmental role in forebrain differentiation and circuit formation. These developmental effects, such as modulation of neuronal migration and dendritic growth, occur before synaptogenesis and demonstrate novel roles for dopaminergic signaling beyond neuromodulation at the synapse. Pharmacologic and genetic disruptions demonstrate that these effects are brain region- and receptor subtype-specific. For example, the striatum and frontal cortex exhibit abnormal neuronal structure and function following prenatal disruption of dopamine receptor signaling. Alterations in these processes are implicated in the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders, and emerging studies of neurodevelopmental disruptions may shed light on the pathophysiology of abnormal neuronal circuitry in neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelli M Money
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Vanderbilt University Nashville, TN, USA ; Vanderbilt Medical Scientist Training Program, Vanderbilt University Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Gregg D Stanwood
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Nashville, TN, USA ; Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University Nashville, TN, USA
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8
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Lee YA, Goto Y. Habenula and ADHD: Convergence on time. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:1801-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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9
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Lee YA, Goto Y. Neurodevelopmental disruption of cortico-striatal function caused by degeneration of habenula neurons. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19450. [PMID: 21559387 PMCID: PMC3084869 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The habenula plays an important role on cognitive and affective functions by regulating monoamines transmission such as the dopamine and serotonin, such that its dysfunction is thought to underlie a number of psychiatric conditions. Given that the monoamine systems are highly vulnerable to neurodevelopmental insults, damages in the habenula during early neurodevelopment may cause devastating effects on the wide-spread brain areas targeted by monoamine innervations. Methodology/Principal Findings Using a battery of behavioral, anatomical, and biochemical assays, we examined the impacts of neonatal damage in the habenula on neurodevelopmental sequelae of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and nucleus accumbens (NAcc) and associated behavioral deficits in rodents. Neonatal lesion of the medial and lateral habenula by ibotenic acid produced an assortment of behavioral manifestations consisting of hyper-locomotion, impulsivity, and attention deficit, with hyper-locomotion and impulsivity being observed only in the juvenile period, whereas attention deficit was sustained up until adulthood. Moreover, these behavioral alterations were also improved by amphetamine. Our study further revealed that impulsivity and attention deficit were associated with disruption of PFC volume and dopamine (DA) receptor expression, respectively. In contrast, hyper-locomotion was associated with decreased DA transporter expression in the NAcc. We also found that neonatal administration of nicotine into the habenula of neonatal brains produced selective lesion of the medial habenula. Behavioral deficits with neonatal nicotine administration were similar to those caused by ibotenic acid lesion of both medial and lateral habenula during the juvenile period, whereas they were different in adulthood. Conclusions/Significance Because of similarity between behavioral and brain alterations caused by neonatal insults in the habenula and the symptoms and suggested neuropathology in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), these results suggest that neurodevelopmental deficits in the habenula and the consequent cortico-striatal dysfunctions may be involved in the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-A Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yukiori Goto
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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10
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Choi JK, Mandeville JB, Chen YI, Grundt P, Sarkar SK, Newman AH, Jenkins BG. Imaging brain regional and cortical laminar effects of selective D3 agonists and antagonists. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2010; 212:59-72. [PMID: 20628733 PMCID: PMC3822611 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-010-1924-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2010] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Dopamine D3 receptors (D3R) may be important therapeutic targets for both drug abuse and dyskinesias in Parkinson's disease; however, little is known about their functional circuitry. OBJECTIVES We wished to determine if D3R antagonists SB-277011 and PG-01037 and D3R-preferring agonist 7-OH-DPAT are D3R selective in vivo. We further wished to characterize the response to D3R drugs using whole brain imaging to identify novel D3R circuitry. METHODS We investigated D3R circuitry in rats using pharmacologic MRI and challenge with selective D3R antagonists and agonist at various doses to examine regional changes in cerebral blood volume (CBV). We compared regional activation patterns with D2R/D3R agonists, as well as with prior studies of mRNA expression and autoradiography. RESULTS D3R antagonists induced positive CBV changes and D3R agonist negative CBV changes in brain regions including nucleus accumbens, infralimbic cortex, thalamus, interpeduncular region, hypothalamus, and hippocampus (strongest in subiculum). All D3R-preferring drugs showed markedly greater responses in nucleus accumbens than in caudate/putamen consistent with D3R selectivity and contrary to what was observed with D2R agonists. At high doses of D3R agonist, functional changes were differentiated across cortical laminae, with layer V-VI yielding positive CBV changes and layer IV yielding negative CBV changes. These results are not inconsistent with differential D1R and D3R innervation in these layers respectively showed previously using post-mortem techniques. CONCLUSIONS MRI provides a new tool for testing the in vivo selectivity of novel D3R dopaminergic ligands where radiolabels may not be available. Further, the functional D3R circuitry strongly involves hypothalamus and subiculum as well as the limbic striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Kyung Choi
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, 02129, USA
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11
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Bhide PG. Dopamine, cocaine and the development of cerebral cortical cytoarchitecture: a review of current concepts. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2009; 20:395-402. [PMID: 19560044 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2009.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2008] [Revised: 01/09/2009] [Accepted: 01/13/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Exposure of the developing fetus to cocaine produces lasting adverse effects on brain structure and function. Animal models show that cocaine exerts its effects by interfering with monoamine neurotransmitter function and that dopamine is cocaine's principal monoamine target in the fetal brain. This review will examine the role of dopamine receptor signaling in the regulation of normal development of the cerebral cortex, the seat of higher cognitive functions, and discuss whether dopamine receptor signaling mechanisms are the principal mediators of cocaine's deleterious effects on the ontogeny of cerebral cortical cytoarchitecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep G Bhide
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
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12
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Bychkov E, Ahmed MR, Dalby KN, Gurevich EV. Dopamine depletion and subsequent treatment with L-DOPA, but not the long-lived dopamine agonist pergolide, enhances activity of the Akt pathway in the rat striatum. J Neurochem 2007; 102:699-711. [PMID: 17630981 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04586.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulation of signaling pathways is believed to contribute to Parkinson's disease pathology and l-DOPA-induced motor complications. Long-lived dopamine (DA) agonists are less likely to cause motor complications by virtue of continuous stimulation of DA receptors. In this study, we compared the effects of the unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesion and subsequent treatment with l-DOPA and DA agonist pergolide on signaling pathways in rats. Pergolide caused less pronounced behavioral sensitization than l-DOPA (25 mg/kg, i.p., 10 days), particularly at lower dose (0.5 and 0.25 mg/kg, i.p.). Pergolide, but not l-DOPA, reversed lesion-induced up-regulation of preproenkephalin and did not up-regulate preprodynorphine or DA D3 receptor in the lesioned hemisphere. Pergolide was as effective as l-DOPA in reversing the lesion-induced elevation of ERK2 phosphorylation in response to acute apomorphine administration (0.05 mg/kg, s.c.). Chronic l-DOPA significantly elevated the level of Akt phosphorylation at both Thr(308) and Ser(473) and concentration of phosphorylated GSK3alpha, whereas pergolide suppressed the lesion- and/or challenge-induced supersensitive Akt responses. The data indicate that l-DOPA, unlike pergolide, exacerbates imbalances in the Akt pathway caused by the loss of DA. The results support the hypothesis that the Akt pathway is involved in long-term actions of l-DOPA and may be linked to l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny Bychkov
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
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13
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Araki KY, Sims JR, Bhide PG. Dopamine receptor mRNA and protein expression in the mouse corpus striatum and cerebral cortex during pre- and postnatal development. Brain Res 2007; 1156:31-45. [PMID: 17509542 PMCID: PMC1994791 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2007] [Revised: 04/16/2007] [Accepted: 04/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The outcome of dopaminergic signaling and effectiveness of dopaminergic drugs depend on the relative preponderance of each of the five dopamine receptors in a given brain region. The separate contribution of each receptor to overall dopaminergic tone is difficult to establish at a functional level due to lack of receptor subtype specific pharmacological agents. A surrogate for receptor function is receptor protein or mRNA expression. We examined dopamine receptor mRNA expression by quantitative reverse transcription real-time PCR in the striatum, globus pallidus, frontal cortex and cingulate cortex of embryonic and postnatal mice. Samples of each region were collected by laser capture microdissection. D1- and D2-receptor mRNAs were the most abundant in all the regions of the mature brain. The D1-receptor was predominant over the D2-receptor in the frontal and cingulate cortices whereas the situation was reversed in the striatum and globus pallidus. In the proliferative domains of the embryonic forebrain, D3-, D4- and D5-receptors were predominant. In the corpus striatum and cerebral cortex, the D3- and D4-receptors were the only receptors that showed marked developmental regulation. By analyzing D1 receptor protein expression, we show that developmental changes in mRNA expression reliably translate into changes in protein levels, at least for the D1-receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyomi Y. Araki
- Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02129
| | - John R. Sims
- Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02129
- Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02129
| | - Pradeep G. Bhide
- Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02129
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14
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Simpson KL, Waterhouse BD, Lin RCS. Characterization of neurochemically specific projections from the locus coeruleus with respect to somatosensory-related barrels. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 288:166-73. [PMID: 16419103 PMCID: PMC2921854 DOI: 10.1002/ar.a.20287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tactile information from the rodent mystacial vibrissae is relayed through the ascending trigeminal somatosensory system. At each level of this pathway, the whiskers are represented by a unique pattern of dense cell aggregates, which in layer IV of cortex are known as "barrels." Afferent inputs from the dorsal thalamus have been demonstrated repeatedly to correspond rather precisely with this modular organization. However, axonal innervation patterns from other brain regions such as the noradrenergic locus coeruleus are less clear. A previous report has suggested that norepinephrine-containing fibers are concentrated in the center/hollow of the barrel, while other studies have emphasized a more random distribution of monoaminergic projections. To address this issue more directly, individual tissue sections were histochemically processed for cytochrome oxidase in combination with dopamine-beta-hydroxylase, the synthesizing enzyme for norepinephrine, or the neuropeptide galanin. These two neuroactive agents were of particular interest because they colocalize in a majority of locus coeruleus neurons and terminals. Our data indicate that discrete concentrations or local arrays of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase- or galanin-immunoreactive fibers are not apparent within the cores of individual barrels. As such, the data suggest that cortical inputs from the locus coeruleus are not patterned according to cytoarchitectural landmarks or the neurochemical identity of coeruleocortical efferents. While transmitter-specific actions of norepinephrine and/or galanin may not be derived from the laminar/spatial connections of locus coeruleus axons, the possibility remains that the release of these substances may mediate distinctive events through the localization of different receptor subclasses, or the contact of their terminals onto cells with certain morphological characteristics or ultrastructural components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly L Simpson
- Department of Anatomy, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216, USA.
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15
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Alvarez C, Vitalis T, Fon EA, Hanoun N, Hamon M, Seif I, Edwards R, Gaspar P, Cases O. Effects of genetic depletion of monoamines on somatosensory cortical development. Neuroscience 2003; 115:753-64. [PMID: 12435414 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(02)00484-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Raised levels of serotonin cause alterations in the development of the barrelfield of the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) in rodents. We examined the development of S1 in genetic mouse models in which the levels of serotonin and/or dopamine and noradrenaline are drastically reduced. Mice lacking the vesicular monoamine transporter type 2 (VMAT2 KO) are hypomorphic with rare pups surviving until postnatal day (P) 6. Serotonin, dopamine and noradrenaline are almost undetectable in the brain. In S1 we find that the segregation of thalamocortical axons into whisker patterns is delayed by 1 day and that layer IV granular neurons fail to form normal barrels. Moreover, the growth of cortical layers II-IV is reduced. Despite severe malnutrition, we show that these alterations are not caused by increased cell death in the thalamus or S1. Moreover, the maturation of cortical neurons is not altered as reflected by calcium-binding protein immunolabeling. Mice lacking both VMAT2 and monoamine oxidase type A (MAOA) were generated. VMAT2-MAOA DKO mice are hypomorphic but survive until P13. Increased levels of serotonin but profoundly reduced dopamine and noradrenaline levels are found in the brains. In S1, alterations are similar to those observed in MAOA KO mice: thalamocortical axons and granular neurons failed to form barrels. In addition there is a severe reduction in the thickness of the upper cortical layers as in the VMAT2 KO mice. These results show that monoamines have no instructive effect per se on the formation of thalamocortical patterning in S1. However, monoamines appear to be essential for the normal cytoarchitectonic maturation of the granular (IV) and supragranular cortical layers (II-III). Since developmental cell death and chemoarchitectonic differentiation of these neurons are not modified, it is possible that these alterations result from migration defects and/or from altered synaptic maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Alvarez
- INSERM U106, IFR des Neurosciences, Bâtiment de Pédiatrie, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75651 Paris Cedex 13, France
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16
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Sokoloff P, Guillin O, Diaz J, Carroll P, Griffon N. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor controls dopamine D3 receptor expression: implications for neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders. Neurotox Res 2002; 4:671-678. [PMID: 12709305 DOI: 10.1080/1029842021000045499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) belongs to a family of proteins related to nerve growth factor, which are responsible for neuron proliferation, survival and differentiation. A more diverse role for BDNF as a neuronal extracellular transmitter has, nevertheless, been proposed. The dopamine D(3) receptor has been implicated in neuropsychiatric disorders including schizophrenia, drug addiction, depression and Parkinson's disease. Its expression during development and in adulthood is highly dependent on dopaminergic innervation. Here we show that BDNF synthesized by dopamine neurons is responsible for the appearance of the D(3) receptor during development and maintains D(3) receptor expression in adults. Moreover, BDNF triggers D(3) receptor overexpression and behavioral sensitization to levodopa in denervated animals. These results suggest that BDNF, by controlling the expression of specific genes such as the D(3) receptor gene, may be an important factor in neurodevelopmental psychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Sokoloff
- Unite de Neurobiologie et Pharmacologie Moleculaire, INSERM U 573, Centre Paul Broca, 2ter rue d' Alesia, 75014 Paris, France
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Le Foll B, Francès H, Diaz J, Schwartz JC, Sokoloff P. Role of the dopamine D3 receptor in reactivity to cocaine-associated cues in mice. Eur J Neurosci 2002; 15:2016-26. [PMID: 12099907 DOI: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2002.02049.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Environmental stimuli previously associated with drug effects can acquire secondary reinforcing properties, able to maintain drug-seeking behaviour or induce relapse. We have used a classical Pavlovian conditioning procedure to assess the role of the dopamine D3 receptor (D3R) in the expression of drug-conditioned responses. Mice repeatedly receiving cocaine in a particular environment distinct from home-cages displayed hyperlocomotion after subsequent exposure to the drug-paired environment. Cocaine-conditioned hyperactivity was inhibited by BP 897 or SB-277011-A, D3R-selective partial agonist and antagonist, respectively. D3R gene-targeted mice showed a trend towards an increase in cocaine cue-conditioned hyperactivity. BP 897 had no effect on reactivity to neutral or aversive cues. Cocaine-conditioned mice had increased levels of D3R mRNA and binding in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), and transcripts of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a factor controlling D3R expression, in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). Cocaine had no effects on D3R or BDNF genes when administered in home-cages. Cocaine cue-conditioned c-fos expression was found in cortical areas, notably in the somatosensory cortex, where it was inhibited by BP 897, and in several regions belonging or linked to the limbic system. In conditioned mice, BP 897 inhibited c-fos expression in VTA and activated it in amygdala. These results demonstrate a modulation of reactivity to cocaine cues by the D3R, the expression of which is elevated in the NAc by the repeated association of drug effects with a particular context, through a BDNF-dependent mechanism. D3R-selective partial agonist or antagonist inhibit cocaine cue-conditioned activity possibly by normalizing exacerbated D3R function in the NAc, but our results also point to a possible participation of a pathway involving the VTA, amygdala and somatosensory cortex.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Brain/drug effects
- Brain/metabolism
- Brain/physiopathology
- Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/genetics
- Cocaine/pharmacology
- Cocaine-Related Disorders/metabolism
- Cocaine-Related Disorders/physiopathology
- Conditioning, Psychological/drug effects
- Conditioning, Psychological/physiology
- Cues
- Dopamine Agonists/pharmacology
- Dopamine Antagonists/pharmacology
- Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Gene Expression/physiology
- Genotype
- Hyperkinesis/chemically induced
- Hyperkinesis/genetics
- Hyperkinesis/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Piperazines/pharmacology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/drug effects
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/deficiency
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/drug effects
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/genetics
- Receptors, Dopamine D3
- Reinforcement, Psychology
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
- Up-Regulation/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Le Foll
- Unité de Neurobiologie et Pharmacologie Moléculaire (INSERM U 573), Centre Paul Broca, 75014 Paris, France
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