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Hadaegh Y, Uludag H, Dederich D, El-Bialy TH. The effect of low intensity pulsed ultrasound on mandibular condylar growth in young adult rats. Bone Rep 2021; 15:101122. [PMID: 34527791 PMCID: PMC8433121 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2021.101122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a need for more effective methods to enhance mandibular growth in young adults with mandibular deficiency. Previous studies suggest that low intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) can enhance mandibular growth in growing individuals. This study aimed to evaluate the potential growth changes of the mandible following 4-week LIPUS application in young adult rats. Nineteen ≈120-day-old female rats were allocated to experimental (n = 10) and control (n = 9) groups. The animals in the experimental group were treated with LIPUS to their temporomandibular joints (TMJs) bilaterally, 20 min each day for 28 consecutive days. Animals were then euthanized; gross morphological evaluation was performed on 2D photographs and 3D virtual models of hemi-mandibles, and microstructural assessment was done for the mandibular condyle (MC). Evaluation of mineralization and microarchitecture properties of subchondral cancellous bone was performed by micro-computed tomography (μCT) scanning. Qualitative and histomorphometric analysis was done on condylar cartilage and subchondral bone following Alcian Blue/PAS and Goldner's Trichrome staining. Vital flourochrome (calcein green) labeling was also utilized to determine the amount of endochondral bone growth. Gross morphological evaluations showed a slight statistically non-significant increase especially in the main condylar growth direction in the LIPUS group. Moreover, 3D evaluation depicted an enhanced periosteal bone apposition at the site of LIPUS application. Microstructural analysis revealed that LIPUS stimulates both chondrogenesis and osteogenesis and enhances endochondral bone formation in young adult rat MC. Furthermore, the effect of LIPUS on osteogenic cells of subchondral cancellous bone was notable. To conclude, LIPUS can enhance young adult rats' MC residual growth potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasamin Hadaegh
- School of Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Hasan Uludag
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Chiesa-Estomba CM, Aiastui A, González-Fernández I, Hernáez-Moya R, Rodiño C, Delgado A, Garces JP, Paredes-Puente J, Aldazabal J, Altuna X, Izeta A. Three-Dimensional Bioprinting Scaffolding for Nasal Cartilage Defects: A Systematic Review. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2021; 18:343-353. [PMID: 33864626 PMCID: PMC8169726 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-021-00331-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, three-dimensional (3D)-printing of tissue-engineered cartilaginous scaffolds is intended to close the surgical gap and provide bio-printed tissue designed to fit the specific geometric and functional requirements of each cartilage defect, avoiding donor site morbidity and offering a personalizing therapy. METHODS To investigate the role of 3D-bioprinting scaffolding for nasal cartilage defects repair a systematic review of the electronic databases for 3D-Bioprinting articles pertaining to nasal cartilage bio-modelling was performed. The primary focus was to investigate cellular source, type of scaffold utilization, biochemical evaluation, histological analysis, in-vitro study, in-vivo study, animal model used, length of research, and placement of experimental construct and translational investigation. RESULTS From 1011 publications, 16 studies were kept for analysis. About cellular sources described, most studies used primary chondrocyte cultures. The cartilage used for cell isolation was mostly nasal septum. The most common biomaterial used for scaffold creation was polycaprolactone alone or in combination. About mechanical evaluation, we found a high heterogeneity, making it difficult to extract any solid conclusion. Regarding biological and histological characteristics of each scaffold, we found that the expression of collagen type I, collagen Type II and other ECM components were the most common patterns evaluated through immunohistochemistry on in-vitro and in-vivo studies. Only two studies made an orthotopic placement of the scaffolds. However, in none of the studies analyzed, the scaffold was placed in a subperichondrial pocket to rigorously simulate the cartilage environment. In contrast, scaffolds were implanted in a subcutaneous plane in almost all of the studies included. CONCLUSION The role of 3D-bioprinting scaffolding for nasal cartilage defects repair is growing field. Despite the amount of information collected in the last years and the first surgical applications described recently in humans. Further investigations are needed due to the heterogeneity on mechanical evaluation parameters, the high level of heterotopic scaffold implantation and the need for quantitative histological data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos M Chiesa-Estomba
- Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck surgery Department, Osakidetza Basque Health Service, Donostia University Hospital, 20014, San Sebastian, Spain.
- Multidisciplinary 3D Printing Platform (3DPP), Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014, San Sebastian, Spain.
| | - Ana Aiastui
- Multidisciplinary 3D Printing Platform (3DPP), Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014, San Sebastian, Spain
- Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Histology Platform, 20014, San Sebastian, Spain
| | | | - Raquel Hernáez-Moya
- Multidisciplinary 3D Printing Platform (3DPP), Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Claudia Rodiño
- Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Histology Platform, 20014, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Alba Delgado
- Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Histology Platform, 20014, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Juan P Garces
- Multidisciplinary 3D Printing Platform (3DPP), Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014, San Sebastian, Spain
- Department of Pathology, Osakidetza Basque Health Service, Donostia University Hospital, 20014, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Jacobo Paredes-Puente
- Multidisciplinary 3D Printing Platform (3DPP), Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014, San Sebastian, Spain
- Tecnun-University of Navarra, Pso. Mikeletegi 48, 20009, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Javier Aldazabal
- Multidisciplinary 3D Printing Platform (3DPP), Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014, San Sebastian, Spain
- Tecnun-University of Navarra, Pso. Mikeletegi 48, 20009, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Xabier Altuna
- Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck surgery Department, Osakidetza Basque Health Service, Donostia University Hospital, 20014, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Ander Izeta
- Multidisciplinary 3D Printing Platform (3DPP), Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014, San Sebastian, Spain
- Tecnun-University of Navarra, Pso. Mikeletegi 48, 20009, San Sebastian, Spain
- Tissue Engineering Group, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014, San Sebastian, Spain
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Morrison RJ, Nasser HB, Kashlan KN, Zopf DA, Milner DJ, Flanangan CL, Wheeler MB, Green GE, Hollister SJ. Co-culture of adipose-derived stem cells and chondrocytes on three-dimensionally printed bioscaffolds for craniofacial cartilage engineering. Laryngoscope 2018; 128:E251-E257. [PMID: 29668079 PMCID: PMC6105552 DOI: 10.1002/lary.27200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Reconstruction of craniofacial cartilagenous defects are among the most challenging surgical procedures in facial plastic surgery. Bioengineered craniofacial cartilage holds immense potential to surpass current reconstructive options, but limitations to clinical translation exist. We endeavored to determine the viability of utilizing adipose-derived stem cell-chondrocyte co-culture and three-dimensional (3D) printing to produce 3D bioscaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering. We describe a feasibility study revealing a novel approach for cartilage tissue engineering with in vitro and in vivo animal data. METHODS Porcine adipose-derived stem cells and chondrocytes were isolated and co-seeded at 1:1, 2:1, 5:1, 10:1, and 0:1 experimental ratios in a hyaluronic acid/collagen hydrogel in the pores of 3D-printed polycaprolactone scaffolds to form 3D bioscaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering. Bioscaffolds were cultured in vitro without growth factors for 4 weeks and then implanted into the subcutaneous tissue of athymic rats for an additional 4 weeks before sacrifice. Bioscaffolds were subjected to histologic, immunohistochemical, and biochemical analysis. RESULTS Successful production of cartilage was achieved using a co-culture model of adipose-derived stem cells and chondrocytes without the use of exogenous growth factors. Histology demonstrated cartilage growth for all experimental ratios at the post-in vivo time point confirmed with type II collagen immunohistochemistry. There was no difference in sulfated-glycosaminoglycan production between experimental groups. CONCLUSION Tissue-engineered cartilage was successfully produced on 3D-printed bioresorbable scaffolds using an adipose-derived stem cell and chondrocyte co-culture technique. This potentiates co-culture as a solution for several key barriers to a clinically translatable cartilage tissue engineering process. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA. Laryngoscope, 128:E251-E257, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Morrison
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Hassan B. Nasser
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Khaled N. Kashlan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - David A. Zopf
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Derek J. Milner
- Carel R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Colleen L. Flanangan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Matthew B. Wheeler
- Carel R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Glenn E. Green
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Scott J. Hollister
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Wallace A. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Frisch J, Cucchiarini M. Gene- and Stem Cell-Based Approaches to Regulate Hypertrophic Differentiation in Articular Cartilage Disorders. Stem Cells Dev 2016; 25:1495-1512. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2016.0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Janina Frisch
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University and Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Magali Cucchiarini
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University and Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
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Madry H, Rey-Rico A, Venkatesan JK, Johnstone B, Cucchiarini M. Transforming growth factor Beta-releasing scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2013; 20:106-25. [PMID: 23815376 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2013.0271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The maintenance of a critical threshold concentration of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) for a given period of time is crucial for the onset and maintenance of chondrogenesis. Thus, the development of scaffolds that provide temporal and/or spatial control of TGF-β bioavailability has appeal as a mechanism to induce the chondrogenesis of stem cells in vitro and in vivo for articular cartilage repair. In the past decade, many types of scaffolds have been designed to advance this goal: hydrogels based on polysaccharides, hyaluronic acid, and alginate; protein-based hydrogels such as fibrin, gelatin, and collagens; biopolymeric gels and synthetic polymers; and solid and hybrid composite (hydrogel/solid) scaffolds. In this study, we review the progress in developing strategies to deliver TGF-β from scaffolds with the aim of enhancing chondrogenesis. In the future, such scaffolds could prove critical for tissue engineering cartilage, both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Madry
- 1 Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University , Homburg, Germany
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6
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TGF-β but not BMP signaling induces prechondrogenic condensation through ATP oscillations during chondrogenesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 424:793-800. [PMID: 22814106 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Although both TGF-β and BMP signaling enhance expression of adhesion molecules during chondrogenesis, TGF-β but not BMP signaling can initiate condensation of uncondensed mesenchymal cells. However, it remains unclear what causes the differential effects between TGF-β and BMP signaling on prechondrogenic condensation. Our previous report demonstrated that ATP oscillations play a critical role in prechondrogenic condensation. Thus, the current study examined whether ATP oscillations are associated with the differential actions of TGF-β and BMP signaling on prechondrogenic condensation. The result revealed that while both TGF-β1 and BMP2 stimulated chondrogenic differentiation, TGF-β1 but not BMP2 induced prechondrogenic condensation. It was also found that TGF-β1 but not BMP2 induced ATP oscillations and inhibition of TGF-β but not BMP signaling prevented insulin-induced ATP oscillations. Moreover, blockage of ATP oscillations inhibited TGF-β1-induced prechondrogenic condensation. In addition, TGF-β1-driven ATP oscillations and prechondrogenic condensation depended on Ca(2+) influx via voltage-dependent calcium channels. This study suggests that Ca(2+)-driven ATP oscillations mediate TGF-β-induced the initiation step of prechondrogenic condensation and determine the differential effects between TGF-β and BMP signaling on chondrogenesis.
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Dong W, Hinton DE, Kullman SW. TCDD disrupts hypural skeletogenesis during medaka embryonic development. Toxicol Sci 2011; 125:91-104. [PMID: 22020769 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfr284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Defective bone and cartilage development account for a large number of human birth defects annually. Normal skeletogenesis involves cartilage development in early morphogenesis through a highly coordinated and orchestrated series of events involving commitment and differentiation of mesenchymal cells to chondrocytes followed by a highly programmed process of structural maturation. Recent developmental studies with laboratory model fish demonstrate that exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) results in cartilage and skeletal abnormalities. In this study, we exposed embryonic medaka to TCDD to induce developmental modification(s) of both cartilage and bone formation. Emphasis is placed on cell-rich hyaline cartilage of the hypural plate where both chondrogenesis and osteogenesis are impaired by TCDD exposure. In this model, TCDD exposure results in a concentration-dependent impairment of mesenchymal cell recruitment, chondrocyte cell proliferation, differentiation, and progression to hypertrophy. Gene expression of ColA2, a marker of chondrocyte terminal differentiation in hypural structures, is markedly attenuated consistent with hypural dysmorphogenesis. Assessment of hypural structure using a transgenic medaka expressing mCherry under control of the osterix promoter illustrated significant attenuation in expression of the osteoblast gene marker and lack of formation of a calcified perichondral sheath surrounding hypural anlage. Overall, these studies illustrate that TCDD impacts terminal differentiation and growth of cartilage and bone in axial structures not likely derived from neural crest progenitors in medaka hypurals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Dong
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
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8
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Melville DB, Montero-Balaguer M, Levic DS, Bradley K, Smith JR, Hatzopoulos AK, Knapik EW. The feelgood mutation in zebrafish dysregulates COPII-dependent secretion of select extracellular matrix proteins in skeletal morphogenesis. Dis Model Mech 2011; 4:763-76. [PMID: 21729877 PMCID: PMC3209646 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.007625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Craniofacial and skeletal dysmorphologies account for the majority of birth defects. A number of the disease phenotypes have been attributed to abnormal synthesis, maintenance and composition of extracellular matrix (ECM), yet the molecular and cellular mechanisms causing these ECM defects remain poorly understood. The zebrafish feelgood mutant manifests a severely malformed head skeleton and shortened body length due to defects in the maturation stage of chondrocyte development. In vivo analyses reveal a backlog of type II and type IV collagens in rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) similar to those found in coat protein II complex (COPII)-deficient cells. The feelgood mutation hinders collagen deposition in the ECM, but trafficking of small cargos and other large ECM proteins such as laminin to the extracellular space is unaffected. We demonstrate that the zebrafish feelgood mutation causes a single amino acid substitution within the DNA-binding domain of transcription factor Creb3l2. We show that Creb3l2 selectively regulates the expression of genes encoding distinct COPII proteins (sec23a, sec23b and sec24d) but find no evidence for its regulation of sec24c expression. Moreover, we did not detect activation of ER stress response genes despite intracellular accumulation of collagen and prominent skeletal defects. Promoter trans-activation assays show that the Creb3l2 feelgood variant is a hypomorphic allele that retains approximately 50% of its transcriptional activity. Transgenic rescue experiments of the feelgood phenotype restore craniofacial development, illustrating that a precise level of Creb3l2 transcriptional activity is essential for skeletogenesis. Our results indicate that Creb3l2 modulates the availability of COPII machinery in a tissue- and cargo-specific manner. These findings could lead to a better understanding of the etiology of human craniofacial and skeletal birth defects as well as adult-onset diseases that are linked to dysregulated ECM deposition, such as arthritis, fibrosis or osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Melville
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Li Q, Liu T, Zhang L, Liu Y, Zhang W, Liu W, Cao Y, Zhou G. The role of bFGF in down-regulating α-SMA expression of chondrogenically induced BMSCs and preventing the shrinkage of BMSC engineered cartilage. Biomaterials 2011; 32:4773-81. [PMID: 21459437 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2011] [Accepted: 03/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) have proved to be an ideal cell source for cartilage regeneration. Our previous studies demonstrated that a three-dimensional (3D) cartilage could be constructed successfully in vitro using BMSCs and biodegradable scaffolds. However, an obvious shrinkage and deformation was observed during in vitro chondrogenic induction. According to the literatures, it can be speculated that the up-regulation of smooth muscle actin-alpha (α-SMA) caused by transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) is one of the leading reasons and that basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) could antagonize the role of TGFβ to down-regulate α-SMA expression and prevent the shrinkage of BMSC engineered cartilage. This study testified these speculations by adding bFGF to chondrogenic media. According to the current results, chondrogenic induction significantly up-regulated α-SMA expression of BMSCs at both cell and tissue levels, and the engineered tissue only retained 12.4% of original size after 6 weeks of chondrogenic induction. However, the supplement of bFGF in chondrogenic media efficiently down-regulated α-SMA expression and the engineered tissue still retained over 60% of original size after 6 weeks of culture. Moreover, bFGF showed a beneficial influence on 3D cartilage formation of BMSCs in terms of gene expression and deposition of cartilage specific matrices. All these results suggested that bFGF could repress α-SMA expression caused by chondrogenic induction, efficiently prevent shrinkage of BMSC engineered tissue, and have a positive influence on cartilage formation, which provides a clue for both shape control and quality improvement of BMSC engineered 3D cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Li
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai Stem Cell Institute, 639 Zhi Zao Ju Road, Shanghai 200011, PR China
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See EYS, Toh SL, Goh JCH. Multilineage potential of bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell cell sheets: implications for tissue engineering. Tissue Eng Part A 2010; 16:1421-31. [PMID: 19951089 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2009.0501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) are a promising source of cells for tissue engineering due to their multilineage mesenchymal differentiation potential. Their ability to proliferate and differentiate into the osteogenic, chondrogenic, and adipogenic lineage makes them an attractive cell source as compared to the terminally differentiated cells. In tissue engineering, use of cell sheet technology is gaining popularity. It is based on culturing cells until hyperconfluence, and it has resulted in the reduction of the number of cells lost when seeding onto scaffolds. Thus, formation of cell sheets with multipotent cells, such as BMSCs, would be a promising alternative to the conventional method of cell seeding, that is, single-cell suspension. However, the multilineage potential of BMSC cell sheets has yet to be verified. Therefore, the aim of this study was to characterize the formation of a hyperconfluent BMSC cell sheet as well as the effects of the hyperconfluent culture conditions on the multipotentiality of BMSCs. Our results showed that the BMSC cell sheets remained viable. The cell sheets were rich with type I collagen and were shown to have retained their multipotentiality. Hence, the use of BMSC cell sheets for tissue engineering application seems promising.
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sec24d encoding a component of COPII is essential for vertebra formation, revealed by the analysis of the medaka mutant, vbi. Dev Biol 2010; 342:85-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2010] [Revised: 03/18/2010] [Accepted: 03/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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MARA CRISTIANES, DUARTE ADRIANAS, SARTORI ANGELICA, LUZO ANGELAC, SAAD SARAT, COIMBRA IBSENB. Regulation of Chondrogenesis by Transforming Growth Factor-ß3 and Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 from Human Mesenchymal Umbilical Cord Blood Cells. J Rheumatol 2010; 37:1519-26. [DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.091169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Objective.Mature articular cartilage is vulnerable to injuries and disease processes that cause irreversible tissue damage because of its limited capacity for self-repair. Umbilical cord blood is a source of mesenchymal stem cells, which can give rise to cells of different lineages, including cartilage, bone, and fat. Cellular condensation is a required step in the initiation of mesenchymal chondrogenesis. We attempted to differentiate cells from umbilical cord blood into chondrocytes with insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and transforming growth factor-ß3 (TGF-ß3).Methods.Cells were grown in high density micromass and monolayer culture systems and then evaluated for expression of type II collagen, aggrecan, and Sox9. Umbilical cord blood from 130 patients was harvested.Results.Expression of type II collagen, aggrecan, and Sox9 was detected after 14 days in TGF-ß3- and IGF-1-stimulated cells in both types of culture (monolayer and micromass). On Day 21 in the micromass culture, expression levels were greater than they were at 14 days for all genes. TGF-ß3 was found to be more efficient at promoting chondrogenesis than IGF-1. By western blot, we also found that after 3 weeks, the expression of type II collagen was greater in micromass culture with TGF-ß3.Conclusion.TGF-ß3 used in micromass culture is the best growth factor for promoting the proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal cells from umbilical cord blood during chondrogenesis. This approach may provide an alternative to autologous grafting.
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Nayak BP, Goh JCH, Toh SL, Satpathy GR. In vitro study of stem cell communication via gap junctions for fibrocartilage regeneration at entheses. Regen Med 2010; 5:221-9. [PMID: 20210582 DOI: 10.2217/rme.09.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Entheses are fibrocartilaginous organs that bridge ligament with bone at their interface and add significant insertional strength. To replace a severely damaged ligament, a tissue-engineered graft preinstalled with interfacial fibrocartilage, which is being regenerated from stem cells, appears to be more promising than ligament-alone graft. Such a concept can be realized by a biomimetic approach of establishing a dynamic communication of stem cells with bone cells and/or ligament fibroblasts in vitro. AIM The current study has two objectives. The first objective is to demonstrate functional coculture of bone marrow-derived stem cells (BMSCs) with mature bone cells/ligament fibroblasts as evidenced by gap-junctional communication in vitro. The second objective is to investigate the role of BMSCs in the regeneration of fibrocartilage within the coculture. MATERIALS & METHODS Rabbit bone/ligament fibroblasts were dual-stained with DiI-Red and calcein (gap-junction permeable dye), and cocultured with unlabeled BMSCs at fixed ratio (1:10). The functional gap junction was demonstrated by the transfer of calcein from donor to recipient cells that was confirmed and quantified by flow cytometry. Type 2 collagen (cartilage extracellular matrix-specific protein) expressed by the mixed cell lines in the cocultures were estimated by real-time reverse transcription PCR and compared with that of the ligament-bone coculture (control). RESULTS Significant transfer of calcein into BMSCs was observed and flow cytometry analyses showed a gradual increase in the percentage of BMSCs acquiring calcein with time. Cocultures that included BMSCs expressed significantly more type 2 collagen compared with the control. CONCLUSION The current study, for the first time, reported the expression of gap-junctional communication of BMSCs with two adherent cell lines of musculoskeletal system in vitro and also confirmed that incorporation of stem cells augments fibrocartilage regeneration. The results open up a path to envisage a composite graft preinstalled with enthesial fibrocartilage using a stem cell-based coculture system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibhukalyan Prasad Nayak
- Department of Biotechnology & Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, India.
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14
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Bobick BE, Tuan RS, Chen FH. The intermediate filament vimentin regulates chondrogenesis of adult human bone marrow-derived multipotent progenitor cells. J Cell Biochem 2010; 109:265-76. [PMID: 19937731 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cytoskeletal proteins play important regulatory roles in a variety of cellular processes, including proliferation, migration, and differentiation. However, whereas actin and tubulin have established roles regulating developmental chondrogenesis, there is no evidence supporting a function for the intermediate filament vimentin in embryonic cartilage formation. We hypothesized that vimentin may regulate the chondrogenic differentiation of adult multipotent progenitor cells (MPCs), such as those involved in cartilage formation during bone fracture repair. As our model of adult progenitor cell chondrogenesis, we employed high-density pellet cultures of human bone marrow-derived MPCs. siRNA-mediated knockdown of vimentin mRNA and protein triggered a reduction in the extent of MPC cartilage formation, as evidenced by depressed accumulation of mRNAs for the cartilage-specific marker genes aggrecan and collagen type II, as well as reduced levels of Alcian blue-stainable proteoglycan and collagen II protein in the extracellular matrix. Moreover, mRNA and protein levels for the chondro-regulatory transcription factors SOX5, SOX6, and SOX9 were diminished by vimentin knockdown. Depleted cellular vimentin also induced a drastic reduction in PKA phosphorylation levels but did not affect the phosphorylation of multiple other chondro-regulatory kinases and transcription factors, including ERK1/2, p38, Smad2, and Smad1/5/8. Importantly, siRNA-mediated knockdown of PKA C-alpha mRNA and protein mimicked the reduction in chondrogenesis caused by diminished cellular vimentin. Finally, overexpression of vimentin in MPCs significantly enhanced the activity of a transfected collagen II promoter-luciferase reporter gene. In conclusion, we describe a novel role for the intermediate filament vimentin as a positive regulator of adult human bone marrow-derived MPC chondrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent E Bobick
- Cartilage Biology and Orthopaedics Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Gigout A, Buschmann MD, Jolicoeur M. Chondrocytes cultured in stirred suspension with serum-free medium containing pluronic-68 aggregate and proliferate while maintaining their differentiated phenotype. Tissue Eng Part A 2009; 15:2237-48. [PMID: 19231970 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2008.0256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of chondrocyte biology requires culture conditions that maintain cell phenotype. Phenotype is rapidly lost in monolayer but is maintained in 3-dimensional scaffolds, which however, experience limited cell proliferation and limited mass transport. In this study, we cultured chondrocytes in aggregates in stirred spinner flask suspension cultures to control aggregate size and promote mass transport. A previously optimized serum-free medium, containing the following growth factors (GFs), epidermal growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor-BB, and basic fibroblast growth factor, all at 2 ng/mL, was used as a control medium. In addition, two modified media were tested: one containing Pluronic F-68 (PF-68) and the other containing PF-68 with 10 times greater GF concentration (20 ng/mL, medium PF-68/10 x GF). Chondrocytes formed limited-size aggregates within 24 h and exhibited high viability (>95%), and cell concentration doubled in 7 days in the presence of PF-68. Low or no collagen I expression was found for any of the three media, whereas collagen II accumulated between cells, as revealed by a dense immunostaining. Integrin alpha10, a marker of differentiated chondrocytes and chondrogenic cells, was also found to be highly expressed. Aggregates resulting from spinner culture were found to be relevant in vitro models and their use for cartilage repair to be also conceivable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Gigout
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique , Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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16
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Ho STB, Yang Z, Hui HPJ, Oh KWS, Choo BHA, Lee EH. A serum free approach towards the conservation of chondrogenic phenotype during in vitro cell expansion. Growth Factors 2009; 27:321-33. [PMID: 19626506 DOI: 10.1080/08977190903137595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Functionally viable chondrocytes in sufficient quantity is crucial for the success of matrix associated autologous chondrocyte implantation. This is difficult with conventional methods as chondrocytes dedifferentiate during 2D expansion with the loss of their chondrogenic phenotype. Moreover, established protocols are dependent on the use of serum which is not without its drawbacks. This study sought to address the issue by evaluating the feasibility of serum free, growth factors supplemented chondrocyte media with extracellular matrix (ECM) coatings. DESIGN Passage 2 human chondrocytes were cultured in serum supplemented media or serum free media with collagen I or fibronectin coatings. Cell attachment and proliferation were assessed in these conditions. The cells were redifferentiated via pellet cultures for 7 and 14 days before being subjected to histological and gene expression analysis. RESULTS The serum-free, growth factor cocktail supplemented with ECM coating improved long-term chondrocyte proliferation with enhanced basal Sox 9 expression. Upon induction, the redifferentiated chondrocytes expressed aggrecan and collagen II especially so for the cells plated on collagen coated surfaces. The chondrocytic phenotype was better conserved under the serum free conditions but the loss of the hyaline cartilage characteristics was not completely halted given the expression of collagen I. These essential cartilage markers were, however, reduced or absented for cells expanded with serum. Moreover, serum cultures displayed a higher tendency of undergoing hypertrophy given the stronger collagen X gene expression. CONCLUSION The advocated technique promoted cell expansion with respect to conventional serum supplemented cultures while reducing the loss of the chondrogenic phenotype. This demonstrates the feasibility and potential of the novel concomitant use of serum free media and ECM coatings in the expansion of chondrocytes for cartilage regenerative applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saey Tuan Barnabas Ho
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medical, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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17
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Zheng L, Sun J, Chen X, Wang G, Jiang B, Fan H, Zhang X. In Vivo Cartilage Engineering with Collagen Hydrogel and Allogenous Chondrocytes After Diffusion Chamber Implantation in Immunocompetent Host. Tissue Eng Part A 2009; 15:2145-53. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2008.0268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Li Zheng
- Engineering Research Centre in Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jin Sun
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - XueNing Chen
- Engineering Research Centre in Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Engineering Research Centre in Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- Engineering Research Centre in Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - HongSong Fan
- Engineering Research Centre in Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - XingDong Zhang
- Engineering Research Centre in Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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18
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Mo XT, Guo SC, Xie HQ, Deng L, Zhi W, Xiang Z, Li XQ, Yang ZM. Variations in the ratios of co-cultured mesenchymal stem cells and chondrocytes regulate the expression of cartilaginous and osseous phenotype in alginate constructs. Bone 2009; 45:42-51. [PMID: 18708174 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2008.07.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2008] [Revised: 06/11/2008] [Accepted: 07/10/2008] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
As mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are capable of self-renewal and multilineage differentiation, the feasibility and efficacy of co-culturing human MSCs (hMSCs) with rabbit articular chondrocytes (rACs) to promote chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs for clinical osteoarthritic therapy were investigated in the present study. The two distinct cell types were encapsulated in alginate hydrogels singly or in one of three ratios (2:1, 1:1, 1:2 of hMSCs to rACs) and cultured under chondrogenic conditions for 28 days. The results demonstrated that newly synthesized cartilaginous extracellular matrix (ECM) and type II collagen (col-2) gene signal were upregulated with greater hMSC ratios and longer culture periods. However, a specific col-2 gene probe for human was found only in single hMSC group but absent in all co-culture groups, which indicate that the enhanced cartilaginous phenotype originated from the co-cultured rACs. Osseous phenotype was histologically detected only in the 2:1 group on day 28; and xenogenic osteocalcin assay showed that it originated from hMSCs. This suggests that variations in the ratios of co-cultured hMSC and rAC regulated the cartilaginous and osseous phenotype as well as the differentiation of hMSCs in alginate constructs. The study provides new insights into the role of cell-cell interactions in regulating both cell differentiation and cell function and highlights the importance of developing appropriate differentiation protocols for tissue engineering therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-tao Mo
- Division of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medicine School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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19
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Kim MH, Kino-oka M, Morinaga Y, Sawada Y, Kawase M, Yagi K, Taya M. Morphological regulation and aggregate formation of rabbit chondrocytes on dendrimer-immobilized surfaces with d-glucose display. J Biosci Bioeng 2009; 107:196-205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2008.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2008] [Accepted: 10/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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20
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Fan H, Zhang C, Li J, Bi L, Qin L, Wu H, Hu Y. Gelatin microspheres containing TGF-beta3 enhance the chondrogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells in modified pellet culture. Biomacromolecules 2008; 9:927-34. [PMID: 18269244 DOI: 10.1021/bm7013203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The study is to investigate the chondrogenesis of a kind of modified cell pellet formed using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and gelatin microspheres containing transforming growth factor beta3 (TGF-beta3). The gelatin microspheres loaded with TGF-beta3 (MS-TGF) were prepared and showed the controlled release of cytokine in a biphasic fashion. Then the mixture of MSCs and MS-TGF was centrifuged to form pellet. The pellet was cultured over 4 weeks to determine the effects of MS-TGF on cartilage matrix production by biochemical analysis, immunohistochemistry staining, and Western blot test. The transcription level of cartilage-related genes was also evaluated by real-time quantitative RT-PCR assay. After 4 weeks of culture, the MSCs were distributed uniformly in the pellet and had good viability. Cells showed faster proliferation and higher DNA content compared to MSCs in a conventional pellet. The production of collagen and glycosaminoglycan also increased significantly. The immunohistochemistry staining and alcian blue staining confirmed the synthesis of cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM). Furthermore, the differentiated MSCs located in lacunae within the metachromatic staining matrix exhibited the typical chondrocyte morphology. The chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs was proved by the expression of collagen II gene in mRNA and protein level. The results indicate that MS-TGF can induce chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs and increase cartilage ECM production, which result in a bigger cartilage pellet. In conclusion, this modified pellet culture can provide an easy and effective way to construct the tissue-engineered cartilage in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Fan
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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21
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Kappen C, Neubüser A, Balling R, Finnell R. Molecular basis for skeletal variation: insights from developmental genetic studies in mice. BIRTH DEFECTS RESEARCH. PART B, DEVELOPMENTAL AND REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY 2007; 80:425-50. [PMID: 18157899 PMCID: PMC3938168 DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.20136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal variations are common in humans, and potentially are caused by genetic as well as environmental factors. We here review molecular principles in skeletal development to develop a knowledge base of possible alterations that could explain variations in skeletal element number, shape or size. Environmental agents that induce variations, such as teratogens, likely interact with the molecular pathways that regulate skeletal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kappen
- Center for Human Molecular Genetics, Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.
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22
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Liang H, Tuan RS, Norton PA. Overexpression of SR proteins and splice variants modulates chondrogenesis. Exp Cell Res 2007; 313:1509-17. [PMID: 16140295 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2005.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2005] [Revised: 07/26/2005] [Accepted: 07/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fibronectin alternative exon EIIIA is largely included in undifferentiated mesenchymal cells of the developing limb bud, whereas the exon is excluded in differentiated chondrocytes. Inclusion of exon EIIIA in chondrocytic cells is increased by overexpression of SRp40, and, to a lesser extent, SRp75, but not SRp55. RT-PCR analysis using real-time PCR revealed that the levels of the mRNAs for these three proteins did not vary significantly in chick chondrocytes versus mesenchymal cells of the developing limb bud. However, a variant spliced form of SRp40, termed, SRp40LF, is detected preferentially in chondrocytes and in chondrifying mesenchymal cells. Forced overexpression of SRp40 or SRp75, but not SRp55, enhanced chondrogenic differentiation of chick limb mesenchymal cells in a high-density micromass assay. Overexpression of SRp40LF, which produces a truncated form of SRp40, also was strongly pro-chondrogenic. In a HeLa cell-based assay, SRp40LF fails to substitute for SRp40 in mediating an increase in exon EIIIA inclusion, suggesting that the latter event is not essential for the pro-chondrogenic effect. These results demonstrate the ability of these highly conserved splicing factors to modulate chondrogenesis and are consistent with earlier results that implicated exon EIIIA-containing isoforms of fibronectin in formation of chondrogenic condensations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Liang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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23
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Mello MA, Tuan RS. Effects of TGF-beta1 and triiodothyronine on cartilage maturation: in vitro analysis using long-term high-density micromass cultures of chick embryonic limb mesenchymal cells. J Orthop Res 2006; 24:2095-105. [PMID: 16955422 DOI: 10.1002/jor.20233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Endochondral ossification is initiated by differentiation of mesenchymal cells into chondrocytes, which produce a cartilaginous matrix, proliferate, mature, and undergo hypertrophy, followed by matrix calcification, and substitution of cartilage by bone. A number of hormones and growth factors have been implicated in this process. Using in vitro, long-term, high-density, micromass cultures of chick embryonic mesenchyme, that recapitulate the process of chondrogenesis, chondrocyte maturation, and hypertrophy, we have investigated the importance of a balance between proliferation and apoptosis in cartilage maturation, focusing specifically on the effects of transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) and the thyroid hormone, triiodothyronine (T3). Our results showed that TGF-beta1 stimulates proliferation, by week 2 of culture, and T3 inhibits proliferation by week 3. Cell size increases in cultures treated with T3. Collagen type X is expressed in all culture, and delay in matrix deposition is seen only in the cultures treated with TGF-beta1. T3 stimulates alkaline phosphatase activity, but not calcification. T3 enhances apoptosis, as seen by TUNEL staining, and internucleosomal DNA fragmentation. The results support the roles of T3 and TGF-beta in cartilage maturation, i.e., TGF-beta stimulates proliferation and suppresses hypertrophy, while T3 stimulates hypertrophy and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Mello
- Cartilage Biology and Orthopaedics Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Building 50, Room 1523, MSC 8022, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-8022, USA
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24
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Guilak F, Lott KE, Awad HA, Cao Q, Hicok KC, Fermor B, Gimble JM. Clonal analysis of the differentiation potential of human adipose-derived adult stem cells. J Cell Physiol 2006; 206:229-37. [PMID: 16021633 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 374] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Pools of human adipose-derived adult stem (hADAS) cells can exhibit multiple differentiated phenotypes under appropriate in vitro culture conditions. Because adipose tissue is abundant and easily accessible, hADAS cells offer a promising source of cells for tissue engineering and other cell-based therapies. However, it is unclear whether individual hADAS cells can give rise to multiple differentiated phenotypes or whether each phenotype arises from a subset of committed progenitor cells that exists within a heterogeneous population. The goal of this study was to test the hypothesis that single hADAS are multipotent at a clonal level. hADAS cells were isolated from liposuction waste, and ring cloning was performed to select cells derived from a single progenitor cell. Forty-five clones were expanded through four passages and then induced for adipogenesis, osteogenesis, chondrogenesis, and neurogenesis using lineage-specific differentiation media. Quantitative differentiation criteria for each lineage were determined using histological and biochemical analyses. Eighty one percent of the hADAS cell clones differentiated into at least one of the lineages. In addition, 52% of the hADAS cell clones differentiated into two or more of the lineages. More clones expressed phenotypes of osteoblasts (48%), chondrocytes (43%), and neuron-like cells (52%) than of adipocytes (12%), possibly due to the loss of adipogenic ability after repeated subcultures. The findings are consistent with the hypothesis that hADAS cells are a type of multipotent adult stem cell and not solely a mixed population of unipotent progenitor cells. However, it is important to exercise caution in interpreting these results until they are validated using functional in vivo assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farshid Guilak
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
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25
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Han F, Adams CS, Tao Z, Williams CJ, Zaka R, Tuan RS, Norton PA, Hickok NJ. Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) regulates ATDC5 chondrogenic differentiation and fibronectin isoform expression. J Cell Biochem 2005; 95:750-62. [PMID: 15832361 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Regulated splicing of fibronectin (FN) occurs during the mesenchymal to chondrocyte transition and ultimately results in the relative enrichment of an extra domain B (EDB) exon-containing FN isoform with the suggestion that FN isoforms may play a functional role in chondrogenesis. Promotion of chondrogenesis can also be achieved by treatment with transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), which also regulates FN isoform expression. We have examined the effects of TGF-beta treatment on the assumption of the chondrogenic phenotype in the teratoma-derived cell line ATDC5 and tested whether these effects on chondrogenesis are paralleled by appropriate changes in FN isoform expression. ATDC5 cells were maintained in a pre-chondrogenic state and, in this state, treated with 10 ng/ml TGF-beta. The cells started to elaborate a matrix rich in sulfated proteoglycans, such that within the first 12 days of culture, TGF-beta1 treatment appeared to slightly accelerate early acquisition of an Alcian blue-stained matrix, and caused a dose- and time-dependent decrease in collagen type I expression; changes in collagen type II expression were variable. At later times, cells treated with TGF-beta became indistinguishable from those of the controls. Interestingly, TGF-beta treatment caused a significant dose- and time-dependent decrease in the proportion of FN containing the extra domain A (EDA) and the EDB exons. These data suggest that TGF-beta induces the early stages of chondrogenic maturation in this pre-chondrogenic line and that TGF-beta treatment increases expression of FN isoforms that lack the EDA and EDB exons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Han
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
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26
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Zhang Z, McCaffery JM, Spencer RGS, Francomano CA. Hyaline cartilage engineered by chondrocytes in pellet culture: histological, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural analysis in comparison with cartilage explants. J Anat 2004; 205:229-37. [PMID: 15379928 PMCID: PMC1571343 DOI: 10.1111/j.0021-8782.2004.00327.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Cartilage engineering is a strategic experimental goal for the treatment of multiple joint diseases. Based on the process of embryonic chondrogenesis, we hypothesized that cartilage could be engineered by condensing chondrocytes in pellet culture and, in the present study, examined the quality of regenerated cartilage in direct comparison with native cartilage. Chondrocytes isolated from the sterna of chick embryos were cultured in pellets (4 x 10(6) cells per pellet) for 2 weeks. Cartilage explants from the same source were cultured as controls. After 2 weeks, the regenerated cartilage from pellet culture had a disc shape and was on average 9 mm at the longest diameter. The chondrocyte phenotype was stabilized in pellet culture as shown by the synthesis of type II collagen and aggrecan, which was the same intensity as in the explant after 7 days in culture. During culture, chondrocytes also continuously synthesized type IX collagen. Type X collagen was negatively stained in both pellets and explants. Except for fibril orientation, collagen fibril diameter and density in the engineered cartilage were comparable with the native cartilage. In conclusion, hyaline cartilage engineered by chondrocytes in pellet culture, without the transformation of cell phenotypes and scaffold materials, shares similarities with native cartilage in cellular distribution, matrix composition and density, and ultrastructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijun Zhang
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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27
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Vlaskalin T, Wong CJ, Tsilfidis C. Growth and apoptosis during larval forelimb development and adult forelimb regeneration in the newt ( Notophthalmus viridescens). Dev Genes Evol 2004; 214:423-31. [PMID: 15322877 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-004-0417-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2004] [Accepted: 05/13/2004] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Many of the genes involved in the initial development of the limb in higher vertebrates are also expressed during regeneration of the limb in urodeles such as Notophthalmus viridescens. These similarities have led researchers to conclude that the regeneration process is a recapitulation of development, and that patterning of the regenerate mimics pattern formation in development. However, the developing limb and the regenerating limb do not look similar. In developing urodele forelimbs, digits appear sequentially as outgrowths from the limb palette. In regeneration, all the digits appear at once. In this work, we address the issue of whether regeneration and development are similar by examining growth and apoptosis patterns. In contrast to higher vertebrates, forelimb development in the newt, N. viridescens, does not use interdigital apoptosis as the method of digit separation. During adult forelimb regeneration, apoptosis seems to play an important role in wound healing and again during cartilage to bone turnover in the advanced digits and radius/ulna. However, similar to forelimb development, demarcation of the digits in adult forelimb regeneration does not involve interdigital apoptosis. Outgrowth, rather than regression of the interdigital mesenchyme, leads to the individualization of forelimb digits in both newt development and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Vlaskalin
- Ottawa Health Research Institute, University of Ottawa Eye Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1A 8L6, Canada
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28
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Awad HA, Halvorsen YDC, Gimble JM, Guilak F. Effects of transforming growth factor beta1 and dexamethasone on the growth and chondrogenic differentiation of adipose-derived stromal cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 9:1301-12. [PMID: 14670117 DOI: 10.1089/10763270360728215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The effects of soluble mediators and medium supplements commonly used to induce chondrogenic differentiation in different cell culture systems were investigated to define their dose-response profiles and potentially synergistic effects on the chondrogenic differentiation of adipose-derived adult stromal (ADAS) cells. Human ADAS cells were suspended within alginate beads and cultured in basal medium with insulin, transferrin, and selenious acid (ITS+) or fetal bovine serum (FBS) and treated with different doses and combinations of TGF-beta1 (0, 1, and 10 ng/mL) and dexamethasone (0, 10, and 100 nM). Cell growth and chondrogenic differentiation were assessed by measuring DNA content, protein and proteoglycan synthesis rates, and proteoglycan accumulation. The combination of ITS+ and TGF-beta1 significantly increased cell proliferation. Protein synthesis rates were increased by TGF-beta1 and dexamethasone in the presence of ITS+ or FBS. While TGF-beta1 significantly increased proteoglycan synthesis and accumulation by 1.5- to 2-fold in the presence of FBS, such effects were suppressed by dexamethasone. In summary, the combination of TGF-beta1 and ITS+ stimulated cell growth and synthesis of proteins and proteoglycans by human ADAS cells. The addition of dexamethasone appeared to amplify protein synthesis but had suppressive effects on proteoglycan synthesis and accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani A Awad
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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29
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Abstract
Gene transfer technology has opened novel treatment avenues toward the treatment of damaged musculoskeletal tissues, and may be particularly beneficial to articular cartilage. There is no natural repair mechanism to heal damaged or diseased cartilage. Existing pharmacologic, surgical and cell based treatments may offer temporary relief but are incapable of restoring damaged cartilage to its normal phenotype. Gene transfer provides the capability to achieve sustained, localized presentation of bioactive proteins or gene products to sites of tissue damage. A variety of cDNAs have been cloned which may be used to stimulate biological processes that could improve cartilage healing by (1) inducing mitosis and the synthesis and deposition of cartilage extracellular matrix components by chondrocytes, (2) induction of chondrogenesis by mesenchymal progenitor cells, or (3) inhibiting cellular responses to inflammatory stimuli. The challenge is to adapt this technology into a useful clinical treatment modality. Using different marker genes, the principle of gene delivery to synovium, chondrocytes and mesenchymal progenitor cells has been convincingly demonstrated. Following this, research efforts have begun to move to functional studies. This involves the identification of appropriate gene or gene combinations, incorporation of these cDNAs into appropriate vectors and delivery to specific target cells within the proper biological context to achieve a meaningful therapeutic response. Methods currently being explored range from those as simple as direct delivery of a vector to a cartilage defect, to synthesis of cartilaginous implants through gene-enhanced tissue engineering. Data from recent efficacy studies provide optimism that gene delivery can be harnessed to guide biological processes toward both accelerated and improved articular cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Trippel
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Indiana Medical School, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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30
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Fujita T, Fukuyama R, Enomoto H, Komori T. Dexamethasone inhibits insulin-induced chondrogenesis of ATDC5 cells by preventing PI3K-Akt signaling and DNA binding of Runx2. J Cell Biochem 2004; 93:374-83. [PMID: 15368363 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids play important roles in cell growth and differentiation. In this study, we investigated the effect of application of dexamethasone (DEX) at the early stage of chondrogenesis using the prechondrogenic cell line, ATDC5, which differentiates into chondrocytes in the presence of insulin. When ATDC5 cells were cultured in the presence of DEX and insulin, DEX inhibited insulin-induced cellular condensation and subsequent cartilaginous nodule formation, and reduced proteoglycan synthesis and type II collagen expression dose-dependently. Pretreatment with 10(-8) M DEX for 1 day inhibited insulin-induced Akt phosphorylation, but not ERK1/2 phosphorylation, in ATDC5 cells. Treatment of ATDC5 cells with insulin for more than 2 days upregulated the levels of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) subunit proteins, p85 and p110, and Akt, whereas the upregulation was inhibited in the presence of 10(-8) M DEX. In electrophoresis mobility shift assays (EMSAs), treatment with 10(-8) M DEX inhibited DNA binding of Runx2 during culture of ATDC5 cells with insulin. Reporter assays using osteocalcin promoter showed that DEX inhibited Runx2-dependent transcription dose-dependently. Adenoviral introduction of dominant-negative (dn)-Akt or dn-Runx2 into ATDC5 cells inhibited cellular condensation and reduced proteoglycan synthesis upon incubation with insulin, whereas adenoviral introduction of Akt or Runx2 prevented the inhibition of chondrogenesis by DEX. These findings indicate that DEX inhibits chondrogenesis of ATDC5 cells at the early stage by downregulating Akt phosphorylation as well as the protein levels of PI3K subunits and Akt, thereby suppressing PI3K-Akt signaling, and by inhibiting DNA binding of Runx2 and Runx2-dependent transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Fujita
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Hirakata, 573-0101, Japan
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31
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Sui Y, Clarke T, Khillan JS. Limb bud progenitor cells induce differentiation of pluripotent embryonic stem cells into chondrogenic lineage. Differentiation 2003; 71:578-85. [PMID: 14686955 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-0436.2003.07109001.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Pluripotent embryonic stem (ES) cells are the most versatile cells, with the potential to differentiate into all types of cells. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for their differentiation into specific lineages have not been elucidated. Recent studies in human ES cells have challenged the scientific community to focus research on the basic mechanisms of stem cell differentiation for their potential applications in regenerative medicine and cell-based therapies. The majority of studies thus far have focused on cells that are already committed to specific lineages. The current studies were designed to establish a system for investigating the mechanisms of cell fate determination starting from undifferentiated ES cells, to gain insight into events during the normally inaccessible period of development. Here we demonstrate that pluripotent ES cells can be programmed to differentiate into chondrocytes, the cartilage-producing cells, by co-culture with progenitor cells from the limb buds of the developing embryo. Almost 60%-80% of the cells exhibited phenotypic characteristics of mature chondrocytes and expressed genes such as sox9, collagen type II, and proteoglycans, which was accompanied by a decrease in ES cell-specific transcription factor Oct-4. Collagen type II, which is expressed in two different forms during chondrogenic differentiation due to the alternate splicing of mRNA, was also properly regulated. The studies presented here suggest that the signals produced by progenitor cells from the developing embryo can induce lineage-specific differentiation. The system described here may serve as an in vitro model to study the mechanisms of cell fate determination by stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Sui
- The Wistar Institute 3601 Spruce Street Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Steinert A, Weber M, Dimmler A, Julius C, Schütze N, Nöth U, Cramer H, Eulert J, Zimmermann U, Hendrich C. Chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal progenitor cells encapsulated in ultrahigh-viscosity alginate. J Orthop Res 2003; 21:1090-7. [PMID: 14554223 DOI: 10.1016/s0736-0266(03)00100-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
One major problem of current cartilage repair techniques is that three-dimensional encapsulated mesenchymal progenitor cells frequently differentiate into hypertrophic cells that express type X collagen and osteogenic marker genes. Studies on wild-type cells of murine mesenchymal C3H10T1/2 progenitor cells as well as on cells transfected with cDNA encoding for bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2 or -4 in alginate revealed that the formation of markers for osteogenesis and chondrogenic hypertrophy apparently depended on the BMP-transfection. Cells were encapsulated in ultrahigh-viscosity, clinical grade alginate and differentiation was studied over a period of 17 days. Consistent with results published previously staining with haematoxylin-eosin or Alcian blue, immunohistochemical analysis, and quantitative RT-PCR confirmed the expression of chondrogenic markers (chondroitin-4- and -6-sulfate as well as type II collagen). Production of chondrogenic markers was particularly high in BMP-4 transfected cells. Hypertrophic chondrogenesis did not occur in BMP-4 transfected cells, as revealed by measurement of type X collagen, but could be demonstrated for wild-type cells and to some extent for BMP-2 transfected cells. The osteogenic markers, type I collagen, alkaline phosphatase, and Cbfa1 were upregulated in all cell lines even though the levels and the time of upregulation differed significantly. In any case, the markers were less and only very shortly expressed in BMP-4 transfected cells as revealed quantitatively by real time RT-PCR. Thus, the in vitro results suggested that BMP-4 is a very promising candidate for suppressing chondrogenic hypertrophy, while simultaneously enhancing the production of chondrogenic components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Steinert
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, König-Ludwig-Haus, Julius Maximilian University, Brettreichstrasse 11, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
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White DG, Hershey HP, Moss JJ, Daniels H, Tuan RS, Bennett VD. Functional analysis of fibronectin isoforms in chondrogenesis: Full-length recombinant mesenchymal fibronectin reduces spreading and promotes condensation and chondrogenesis of limb mesenchymal cells. Differentiation 2003; 71:251-61. [PMID: 12823226 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-0436.2003.7104502.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Fibronectin (FN), a large dimeric glycoprotein, functions primarily as a connecting molecule in the extracellular matrices of tissues by mediating both cell-matrix and matrix-matrix interactions. All members of the FN family are products of a single FN gene; heterogeneity arises from the alternative splicing of at least three regions (IIIB, IIIA, and V) during processing of a common primary transcript. During chick embryonic limb chondrogenesis, FN structure changes from B+A+ in precartilage mesenchyme to B+A- in differentiated cartilage, and exon IIIA has been shown to be necessary for the process of mesenchymal cellular condensation, a requisite event that precedes overt expression of chondrocyte phenotype. This study aims to investigate the mechanistic action of the FN isoforms in mesenchymal chondrogenesis and, in particular, to identify the specific cellular function in mesenchymal condensation mediated by the mesenchymal (B+A+) FN isoform. Full-length cDNAs corresponding to four splice variants (B+A+, B+A-, B-A+, B-A-) of FN were constructed, and expressed the corresponding proteins using a baculovirus expression vector system. Cell adhesion assays with purified proteins showed that, although the relative levels of cell attachment were approximately the same, chick limb-bud mesenchymal cells spread up to 40 % less on mesenchymal (B+A+) FN than on cartilage (B+A-) FN, (B-A+) FN, or plasma (B-A-) FN. Cellular condensation and chondrogenic differentiation were also promoted in high-density micromass cultures of limb mesenchymal cells plated onto B+A+ FN. These observations suggest that the process of mesenchymal condensation is mediated at least in part by the enhanced ability of chondrogenic mesenchymal cells to migrate and aggregate as a consequence of residing in and interacting with mesenchymal FN. Our findings are consistent with and provide a mechanistic basis for previous observations that rounding of limb mesenchymal cells precedes the onset of chondrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise G White
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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Cormier SA, Mello MA, Kappen C. Normal proliferation and differentiation of Hoxc-8 transgenic chondrocytes in vitro. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2003; 3:4. [PMID: 12713673 PMCID: PMC156609 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-3-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2002] [Accepted: 04/24/2003] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hox genes encode transcription factors that are involved in pattern formation in the skeleton, and recent evidence suggests that they also play a role in the regulation of endochondral ossification. To analyze the role of Hoxc-8 in this process in more detail, we applied in vitro culture systems, using high density cultures of primary chondrocytes from neonatal mouse ribs. RESULTS Cultured cells were characterized on the basis of morphology (light microscopy) and production of cartilage-specific extracellular matrix (sulfated proteoglycans and type II Collagen). Hypertrophy was demonstrated by increase in cell size, alkaline phosphatase activity and type X Collagen immunohistochemistry. Proliferation was assessed by BrdU uptake and flow cytometry. Unexpectedly, chondrocytes from Hoxc-8 transgenic mice, which exhibit delayed cartilage maturation in vivo 1, were able to proliferate and differentiate normally in our culture systems. This was the case even though freshly isolated Hoxc-8 transgenic chondrocytes exhibited significant molecular differences as measured by real-time quantitative PCR. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate that primary rib chondrocytes behave similar to published reports for chondrocytes from other sources, validating in vitro approaches for studies of Hox genes in the regulation of endochondral ossification. Our analysis of cartilage-producing cells from Hoxc-8 transgenic mice provides evidence that the cellular phenotype induced by Hoxc-8 overexpression in vivo is reversible in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephania A Cormier
- Samuel C. Johnson Medical Research Center, Mayo Clinic Scottsdale, Scottdale, AZ 85259, USA
| | - Maria Alice Mello
- Center for Human Molecular Genetics, Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Current address: NIAMS/NIH, Cartilage Biology and Orthopedics Branch, Bethesda, MD 20892-8022, USA
| | - Claudia Kappen
- Samuel C. Johnson Medical Research Center, Mayo Clinic Scottsdale, Scottdale, AZ 85259, USA
- Center for Human Molecular Genetics, Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical School, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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Delise AM, Tuan RS. Analysis of N-cadherin function in limb mesenchymal chondrogenesis in vitro. Dev Dyn 2003; 225:195-204. [PMID: 12242719 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.10151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During embryonic limb development, cartilage formation is presaged by a crucial mesenchymal cell condensation phase. N-Cadherin, a Ca2+ -dependent cell-cell adhesion molecule, is expressed in embryonic chick limb buds in a spatiotemporal pattern suggestive of its involvement during cellular condensation; functional blocking of N-cadherin homotypic binding, by using a neutralizing monoclonal antibody, results in perturbed chondrogenesis in vitro and in vivo. In high-density micromass cultures of embryonic limb mesenchymal cells, N-cadherin expression level is high during days 1 and 2, coincident with active cellular condensation, and decreases upon overt chondrogenic differentiation from day 3 on. In this study, we have used a transfection approach to evaluate the effects of gain- and loss-of-function expression of N-cadherin constructs on mesenchymal condensation and chondrogenesis in vitro. Chick limb mesenchymal cells were transfected by electroporation with recombinant expression plasmids encoding wild-type or two mutant extracellular/cytoplasmic deletion forms of N-cadherin. Expression of the transfected N-cadherin forms showed a transient profile, being high on days 1-2 of culture, and decreasing by day 3, fortuitously coincident with the temporal profile of endogenous N-cadherin gene expression. Examined by means of peanut agglutinin (PNA) staining for condensing precartilage mesenchymal cells, cultures overexpressing wild-type N-cadherin showed enhanced cellular condensation on culture days 2 and 3, whereas expression of the deletion mutant forms (extracellular/cytoplasmic) of N-cadherin resulted in a decrease in PNA staining, suggesting that a complete N-cadherin protein is required for normal cellular condensation to occur. Subsequent chondrogenesis was also affected. Cultures overexpressing the wild-type N-cadherin protein showed enhanced chondrogenesis, indicated by increased production of cartilage matrix (sulfated proteoglycans, collagen type II, and cartilage proteoglycan link protein), as well as increased cartilage nodule number and size of individual nodules, compared with control cultures and cultures transfected with either of the two mutant N-cadherin constructs. These results demonstrate that complete N-cadherin function, at the levels of both extracellular homotypic binding and cytoplasmic linkage to the cytoskeleton by means of the catenin complex, is required for chondrogenesis by mediating functional mesenchymal cell condensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony M Delise
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Wang W, Xu J, Kirsch T. Annexin-mediated Ca2+ influx regulates growth plate chondrocyte maturation and apoptosis. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:3762-9. [PMID: 12446691 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m208868200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Maturation of epiphyseal growth plate chondrocytes plays an important role in endochondral bone formation. Previously, we demonstrated that retinoic acid (RA) treatment stimulated annexin-mediated Ca(2+) influx into growth plate chondrocytes leading to a significant increase in cytosolic Ca(2+), whereas K-201, a specific annexin Ca(2+) channel blocker, inhibited this increase markedly. The present study addressed the hypothesis that annexin-mediated Ca(2+) influx into growth plate chondrocytes is a major regulator of terminal differentiation, mineralization, and apoptosis of these cells. We found that K-201 significantly reduced up-regulation of expression of terminal differentiation marker genes, such as cbfa1, alkaline phosphatase (APase), osteocalcin, and type I collagen in RA-treated cultures. Furthermore, K-201 inhibited up-regulation of annexin II, V, and VI gene expression in these cells. RA-treated chondrocytes released mineralization-competent matrix vesicles, which contained significantly higher amounts of annexins II, V, and VI as well as APase activity than vesicles isolated from untreated or RA/K-201-treated cultures. Consistently, only RA-treated cultures showed significant mineralization. RA treatment stimulated the whole sequence of terminal differentiation events, including apoptosis as the final event. After a 6-day treatment gene expression of bcl-2, an anti-apoptotic protein, was down-regulated, whereas caspase-3 activity and the percentage of TUNEL-positive cells were significantly increased in RA-treated cultures compared with untreated cultures. Interestingly, the cytosolic calcium chelator BAPTA-AM and K-201 protected RA-treated chondrocytes from undergoing apoptotic changes, as indicated by higher bcl-2 gene expression, reduced caspase-3 activity, and the percentage of TUNEL-positive cells. In conclusion, annexin-mediated Ca(2+) influx into growth plate chondrocytes is a positive regulator of terminal differentiation, mineralization, and apoptosis events in growth plate chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore 21201, USA
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Okazaki M, Higuchi Y, Kitamura H. AG-041R stimulates cartilage matrix synthesis without promoting terminal differentiation in rat articular chondrocytes. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2003; 11:122-32. [PMID: 12554128 DOI: 10.1053/joca.2002.0868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AG-041R, a novel indolin-2-one derivative, has recently been demonstrated to induce systemic hyaline cartilage hyperplasia in rats. The aim of this study was to characterize its anabolic actions on chondrocytes. DESIGN Chondrocytes were isolated from knee joints of 5-week-old SD rats. Effects of AG-041R on cartilage matrix synthesis were examined by measuring [(35)S]sulfate incorporation into proteoglycans, Alcian blue staining, and Northern blotting of cartilage matrix genes. ALP activity, mineral deposition and the expression of markers for hypertrophic chondrocytes, were assessed for terminal differentiation of chondrocytes. Roles of endogenous TGF-beta/BMPs and MEK1/Erk signaling in the action of AG-041R were investigated using the neutralizing soluble receptors and the MEK1 inhibitor. RESULTS AG-041R accelerated proteoglycan synthesis assessed by both [(35)S]sulfate incorporation and Alcian blue stainable extracellular matrix accumulation. It also up-regulated the gene expression of type II collagen and aggrecan, as well as tenascin, a marker for articular cartilage. In contrast, AG-041R suppressed ALP activity, mineralization, and the gene expression of type X collagen and Cbfa1, indicating that AG-041R prevents chondrocyte terminal differentiation. AG-041R increased in BMP-2 mRNA, and the neutralizing soluble receptor for BMPs reversed the stimulatory effects of AG-041R on cartilage matrix synthesis. Moreover, AG-041R activated MEK1/Erk pathway, which was revealed to prevent chondrocyte terminal differentiation. CONCLUSION AG-041R stimulates cartilage matrix synthesis without promoting terminal differentiation in rat articular chondrocytes, which is mediated at least in part by endogenous BMPs and Erk. The data demonstrates that AG-041R has a potential to be a useful therapeutic agent for articular cartilage disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Okazaki
- Fuji Gotemba Research Laboratories, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan.
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38
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Zhang ZIJ, Huckle J, Francomano CA, Spencer RGS. The influence of pulsed low-intensity ultrasound on matrix production of chondrocytes at different stages of differentiation: an explant study. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2002; 28:1547-1553. [PMID: 12498950 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-5629(02)00659-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The proximal and distal parts of sterna of chick embryos represent cartilage undergoing endochondral ossification and hyaline cartilage, respectively. Cartilage explants from both regions were exposed for 20 min to pulsed low-intensity ultrasound (PLIUS) with an intensity of 30 mW. cm(-2) (spatial average-temporal average) at a frequency of 1.5 MHz, with a pulse burst frequency of 1 kHz and burst duration of 200 micros. Histological and immunohistochemical analysis was performed on days 1, 3, 5 and 7 after treatment. An anabolic effect of PLIUS on matrix production was shown by an increase of up to 10% to 20% in quantitative immunohistochemical staining for type II collagen and aggrecan in the two parts of the sternum. PLIUS also increased type X collagen staining by up to 10% in certain regions of the proximal part of the sternum. Staining for type X collagen was negative in the distal part of the sternum in both PLIUS and control groups. These results suggest that PLIUS may stimulate bone formation by increasing hypertrophy of chondrocytes directed to terminal differentiation. However, PLIUS did not induce hypertrophy in hyaline cartilage; moreover, increased matrix synthesis indicates a potential role in cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z i-Jun Zhang
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
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39
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Nöth U, Osyczka AM, Tuli R, Hickok NJ, Danielson KG, Tuan RS. Multilineage mesenchymal differentiation potential of human trabecular bone-derived cells. J Orthop Res 2002; 20:1060-9. [PMID: 12382974 DOI: 10.1016/s0736-0266(02)00018-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 348] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Explant cultures of adult human trabecular bone fragments give rise to osteoblastic cells, that are known to express osteoblast-related genes and mineralize extracellular matrix. These osteoblastic cells have also been shown to undergo adipogenesis in vitro and chondrogenesis in vivo. Here we report the in vitro developmental potential of adult human osteoblastic cells (hOB) derived from explant cultures of collagenase-pretreated trabecular bone fragments. In addition to osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation, these cells are capable of chondrogenic differentiation in vitro in a manner similar to adult human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal progenitor cells. High-density pellet cultures of hOB maintained in chemically defined serum-free medium, supplemented with transforming growth factor-beta1, were composed of morphologically distinct, chondrocyte-like cells expressing mRNA transcripts of collagen types II, IX and X, and aggrecan. The cells within the high-density pellet cultures were surrounded by a sulfated proteoglycan-rich extracellular matrix that immunostained for collagen type II and proteoglycan link protein. Osteogenic differentiation of hOB was verified by an increased number of alkaline phosphatase-positive cells, that expressed osteoblast-related transcripts such as alkaline phosphatase, collagen type I, osteopontin and osteocalcin, and formed mineralized matrix in monolayer cultures treated with ascorbate, beta-glycerophosphate, and bone morphogenetic protein-2. Adipogenic differentiation of hOB was determined by the appearance of intracellular lipid droplets, and expression of adipocyte-specific genes, such as lipoprotein lipase and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma2, in monolayer cultures treated with dexamethasone, indomethacin, insulin and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine. Taken together, these results show that cells derived from collagenase-treated adult human trabecular bone fragments have the potential to differentiate into multiple mesenchymal lineages in vitro, indicating their developmental plasticity and suggesting their mesenchymal progenitor nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Nöth
- Departmnent of Orthopaedic Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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40
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Tufan AC, Daumer KM, Tuan RS. Frizzled-7 and limb mesenchymal chondrogenesis: effect of misexpression and involvement of N-cadherin. Dev Dyn 2002; 223:241-53. [PMID: 11836788 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.10046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Products of the Frizzled family of tissue polarity genes have been identified as putative receptors for the Wnt family of signaling molecules. Wnt-signaling is implicated in the regulation of limb mesenchymal chondrogenesis, and our recent study indicates that N-cadherin and related activities are functionally involved in Wnt-7a-mediated inhibition of chondrogenesis. By using an in vitro high-density micromass culture system of chick limb mesenchymal cells, we have analyzed the spatiotemporal expression patterns and the effects on chondrogenesis of RCAS retroviral-mediated misexpression of Chfz-1 and Chfz-7, two Frizzled genes implicated in chondrogenic regulation. Chfz-1 expression was localized at areas surrounding the cartilaginous nodules at all time points examined, whereas Chfz-7 expression was limited to cellular aggregates during initial mesenchymal condensation, and subsequently was down-regulated from the centers toward the periphery of cartilage nodules at the time of chondrogenic differentiation, resembling the pattern of N-cadherin expression. Chondrogenesis in vitro was inhibited and limited to a smaller area of the culture upon misexpression of Chfz-7, but not affected by Chfz-1 misexpression. Analyses of cellular condensation and chondrogenic differentiation showed that the inhibitory action of Chfz-7 is unlikely to be at the chondrogenic differentiation step, but instead affects the earlier precartilage aggregate formation event. At 24 hr, expression of N-cadherin, a key component of the cellular condensation phase of chondrogenesis, was delayed/suppressed in Chfz-7 misexpressing cultures, and was limited to a significantly smaller cellular condensation area within the entire culture at 48 hr, when compared with control cultures. Chfz-1 misexpressing cultures appeared similar to control cultures at all time points. However, neither Chfz-1 nor Chfz-7 misexpression affected mesenchymal cell proliferation in vitro. These results suggest that Chfz-7 is active in regulating N-cadherin expression during the process of limb mesenchymal chondrogenesis and that Chfz-1 and Chfz-7 are involved in different Wnt-signaling pathways.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Avian Proteins
- Cadherins/biosynthesis
- Cadherins/genetics
- Cadherins/physiology
- Cell Division
- Cells, Cultured/metabolism
- Chick Embryo
- Chondrocytes/cytology
- Chondrocytes/metabolism
- Chondrogenesis/genetics
- Chondrogenesis/physiology
- Collagen Type II/biosynthesis
- Extremities/embryology
- Frizzled Receptors
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Mesoderm/metabolism
- Organ Culture Techniques
- Proteins/physiology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Cell Surface/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/physiology
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled
- Receptors, Neurotransmitter/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Neurotransmitter/genetics
- Receptors, Neurotransmitter/physiology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/physiology
- Transfection
- Wnt Proteins
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cevik Tufan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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41
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Dangelo M, Sarment DP, Billings PC, Pacifici M. Activation of transforming growth factor beta in chondrocytes undergoing endochondral ossification. J Bone Miner Res 2001; 16:2339-47. [PMID: 11760850 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.2001.16.12.2339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) has well-documented roles in chondrocyte maturation and endochondral ossification, but the mechanisms of TGF-beta activation during these processes remain unclear. In this study, we analyzed TGF-beta activation in chick embryo resting, proliferating, and hypertrophic chondrocytes in culture. We found that both levels and activation of TGF-beta increased substantially with maturation. The majority of TGF-beta produced by resting cells over culture time remained latent, but a larger portion produced by proliferating and hypertrophic cells was activated with increasing maturation. Zymography of gelatin gels revealed that matrix metalloprotease 2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9 were expressed by each population and that MMP-13 characterized hypertrophic chondrocytes and to a lesser extent proliferating chondrocytes in late cultures. Treatment with pharmacologic agents revealed that both MMPs and serine proteases are involved in activation. However, because inhibition of MMPs almost completely prevented TGF-beta activation, MMPs appear crucial for activation. During culture, inclusion of the tetracycline-derived, collagenase/gelatinase inhibitor chemically modified nonantimicrobial tetracycline (CMT-8) at concentrations specific for MMP-13 inhibition resulted in complete inhibition of TGF-beta activation by proliferating and hypertrophic chondrocytes. These results show that TGF-beta production, release, and activation are regulated developmentally in chondrocytes. Our findings point to a strict mode of regulation of this potent factor to elicit diverse and highly specific effects during chondrocyte maturation and ossification.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dangelo
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
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42
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Bailón-Plaza A, van der Meulen MC. A mathematical framework to study the effects of growth factor influences on fracture healing. J Theor Biol 2001; 212:191-209. [PMID: 11531385 DOI: 10.1006/jtbi.2001.2372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
During fracture healing, multipotential stem cells differentiate into specialized cells responsible for producing the different tissues involved in the bone regeneration process. This cell differentiation has been shown to be regulated by locally expressed growth factors. The details of their regulatory mechanisms need to be understood. In this work, we present a two-dimensional mathematical model of the bone healing process for moderate fracture gap sizes and fracture stability. The inflammatory and tissue regeneration stages of healing are simulated by modeling mesenchymal cell migration; mesenchymal cell, chondrocyte and osteoblast proliferation and differentiation, and extracellular matrix synthesis and degradation over time. The effects of two generic growth factors on cell differentiation are based on the experimentally studied chondrogenic and osteogenic effects of bone morphogenetic proteins-2 and 4 and transforming growth factor-beta-1, respectively. The model successfully simulates the progression of healing and predicts that the rate of osteogenic growth factor production by osteoblasts and the duration of the initial release of growth factors upon injury are particularly important parameters for complete ossification and successful healing. This temporo-spatial model of fracture healing is the first model to consider the effects of growth factors. It will help us understand the regulatory mechanisms involved in bone regeneration and provides a mathematical framework with which to design experiments and understand pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bailón-Plaza
- Sibley School of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA.
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43
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Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) induces apoptosis in a number of cell types and plays an essential role in bone remodeling, both stimulating the proliferation of osteoblasts and activating osteoclasts. During endochondral ossification, apoptosis of chondrocytes occurs concurrently with new bone formation and the resorption and replacement of mineralized cartilage with woven bone. In the present study, the role of TNF-alpha in promoting chondrocyte apoptosis was examined. Chondrocyte cell populations, enriched in either hypertrophic or non-hypertrophic cells, were isolated from the cephalic and caudal portions of 17-day chick embryo sterna, respectively, and treated in vitro with 0.1-10 nM recombinant human TNF-alpha. As a positive control, apoptosis was also induced by Fas receptor antibody binding. Dye exclusion assays of the live/dead ratios of cells showed that TNF-alpha caused a dose-dependent 1.5- and 2.0-fold increase in the number of dead cells in both hypertrophic and non-hypertrophic chondrocytes. Induction of apoptosis was independently assayed by measurement of interleukin-1beta-converting enzyme (ICE) activity, and analyzed by a semi-quantitative determination of DNA fragmentation. When compared to untreated cells, these analyses also showed dose-dependent increases in TNF-alpha induced apoptosis in both chondrocyte populations, with increases in the levels of ICE activity for all doses of TNF-alpha (from approximately 5 to approximately 20 fold). Osteoblasts, however, were not affected by treatment with TNF-alpha or by Fas antibody/protein G induction. Immunostaining of chondrocytes for Fas receptor and caspase-2 protein expression showed that most of the chondrocytes expressed these two markers of apoptosis after treatment with TNF-alpha. Although cell killing and ICE induction were higher in the more hypertrophic cells, TNF-alpha induced apoptosis in both hypertrophic and non-hypertrophic chondrocyte populations. These results demonstrate that apoptosis may be induced in both hypertrophic and non-hypertrophic chondrocytes through both Fas and TNF-alpha receptor mediated signaling, and suggest that chondrocytes are more sensitive to apoptotic effects of TNF-alpha within the skeletal lineage than are osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Aizawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, MA 02118-2526, USA
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44
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Carlberg AL, Pucci B, Rallapalli R, Tuan RS, Hall DJ. Efficient chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal cells in micromass culture by retroviral gene transfer of BMP-2. Differentiation 2001; 67:128-38. [PMID: 11683496 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-0436.2001.670405.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The multipotential murine embryonic C3H10T1/2 mesenchymal cell line is able to undergo chondrogenesis in vitro, in a high density micromass environment, following treatment with soluble human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2). To enhance this process, the human BMP-2 cDNA was cloned into a retroviral expression vector and a high titer, infectious retrovirus (replication defective) was generated. Infection of C3HIOT1/2 cells with this retroviral construct resulted in an infection efficiency of 90-95% and was highly effective in converting cells in micromass culture to a chondrocyte phenotype, as assessed by positive Alcian blue staining for extracellular matrix proteoglycans, increased sulfate incorporation, increased expression of the cartilage marker genes collagen type II and aggrecan, and decreased expression of collagen type I. Interestingly, BMP-2 expression in the micromass cultures also induced the expression of the cell cycle inhibitory protein/differentiation factor p21/WAF1, suggesting its functional involvement in chondrogenesis. The chondrogenic effect of retrovirally expressed BMP-2 in these high-density cultures was limited to the infected cells, since uninfected cells did not chondrify when co-cultured as a nonoverlapping micromass adjacent to BMP-2 expressing cells. These data indicate that retrovirally expressed BMP-2 is highly effective at inducing a chondrocyte phenotype in a multipotential mesenchymal cell line in vitro, and its action is restricted to the infected cell population. These findings should provide a framework for the optimization of chondrogenesis in culture using mesenchymal stem cells and retroviral gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Carlberg
- Dept. of Orthopaedic Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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45
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Tufan AC, Tuan RS. Wnt regulation of limb mesenchymal chondrogenesis is accompanied by altered N-cadherin-related functions. FASEB J 2001; 15:1436-8. [PMID: 11387249 DOI: 10.1096/fj.00-0784fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A C Tufan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
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46
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE We have previously shown (Hunziker and Rosenberg, J Bone Joint Surg 1996;78A:721-33) that synovial cells can be induced to migrate into partial-thickness articular cartilage defects, therein to proliferate and subsequently to deposit a scar-like tissue. We now wished to ascertain whether these synovial cells could be stimulated to transform into chondrocytes, and thus to lay down cartilage tissue, by the timely introduction of a differentiation factor. DESIGN Partial-thickness defects were created in the knee-joint cartilage of adult miniature pigs. These were then filled with a fibrin matrix containing a free chemotactic/mitogenic factor and a liposome-encapsulated chondrogenic differentiation one. Tissue was analyzed (immuno)histochemically at 2, 6 and 12 months. RESULTS Defects became filled with cartilage-like tissue which registered positive for all major cartilage-matrix components; it remained compositionally stable throughout the entire follow-up period. CONCLUSION Although still requiring considerable refinement, our one-step, growth-factor-based treatment strategy has the basic potential to promote intrinsic healing of partial-thickness articular cartilage defects, thus obviating the need for transplanting cells or tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- E B Hunziker
- M. E. Müller Institute for Biomechanics, University of Bern, Switzerland.
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47
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Abstract
The long bones of the developing skeleton, such as those of the limb, arise from the process of endochondral ossification, where cartilage serves as the initial anlage element and is later replaced by bone. One of the earliest events of embryonic limb development is cellular condensation, whereby pre-cartilage mesenchymal cells aggregate as a result of specific cell-cell interactions, a requisite step in the chondrogenic pathway. In this review an extensive examination of historical and recent literature pertaining to limb development and mesenchymal condensation has been undertaken. Topics reviewed include limb initiation and axial induction, mesenchymal condensation and its regulation by various adhesion molecules, and regulation of chondrocyte differentiation and limb patterning. The complexity of limb development is exemplified by the involvement of multiple growth factors and morphogens such as Wnts, transforming growth factor-beta and fibroblast growth factors, as well as condensation events mediated by both cell-cell (neural cadherin and neural cell adhesion molecule) and cell-matrix adhesion (fibronectin, proteoglycans and collagens), as well as numerous intracellular signaling pathways transduced by integrins, mitogen activated protein kinases, protein kinase C, lipid metabolites and cyclic adenosine monophosphate. Furthermore, information pertaining to limb patterning and the functional importance of Hox genes and various other signaling molecules such as radical fringe, engrailed, Sox-9, and the Hedgehog family is reviewed. The exquisite three-dimensional structure of the vertebrate limb represents the culmination of these highly orchestrated and strictly regulated events. Understanding the development of cartilage should provide insights into mechanisms underlying the biology of both normal and pathologic (e.g. osteoarthritis) adult cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M DeLise
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
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48
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Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Valproic acid (2-n-propylpentanoic acid, VPA), an anticonvulsant drug, was studied for its effects on cartilage matrix gene expression using dot blot hybridization with cDNA probes during early chondrogenesis in the developing lumbar spine. OBJECTIVES To determine the noncytotoxic effects of VPA on vertebral chondrocytes at various stages of embryonic chick spine development. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Clinical and epidemiologic studies have indicated that maternal use of valproic acid during early pregnancy causes an increased risk for spina bifida. METHODS The sequence of chondrogenesis in the chick lumbar region was determined for stages HH23-32 and stage-correlated with matrix gene expression by dot blot hybridization analysis using cDNA probes for type II collagen, type IX collagen, and cartilage-specific aggrecan core protein. RESULTS The mesenchymal stage of lumbar chondrogenesis in the chick spine occurs from HH23-26, the prechondrogenic stage between HH27-28, and the chondrogenic period from HH29-32. Stabilization of the cartilage phenotype in the lumbar region is evident at HH-29. Type IX collagen and aggrecan core protein mRNA levels were significantly reduced (P < 0.01) after 48 hours of incubation of the lumbar spines from HH29-31 in the presence of 200 microg/mL and 300 microg/mL valproic acid. Lumbar spines cultured for an additional 24 hours after removal of valproic acid showed only an isolated instance of escape from the inhibitory action of 200 microg/mL valproic acid for type IX collagen at HH31. CONCLUSIONS Valproic acid significantly alters cartilage matrix gene expression during embryonic lumbar vertebral chondrogenesis. The alteration in gene expression for critical matrix proteins during vertebral chondrogenesis may be related to mechanisms underlying the failure of neural arch development in lumbar spina bifida.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Basu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, Loyola University Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois, USA
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49
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Freyria AM, Ronzière MC, Roche S, Rousseau CF, Herbage D. Regulation of growth, protein synthesis, and maturation of fetal bovine epiphyseal chondrocytes grown in high-density culture in the presence of ascorbic acid, retinoic acid, and dihydrocytochalasin B. J Cell Biochem 1999; 76:84-98. [PMID: 10581003 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4644(20000101)76:1<84::aid-jcb9>3.0.co;2-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Phenotypic expression of chondrocytes can be modulated in vitro by changing the culture technique and by agents such vitamins and growth factors. We studied the effects of ascorbic acid, retinoic acid (0.5 and 10 microM), and dihydrocytochalasin B (3, 10, 20 microM DHCB), separately or in combination (ascorbic acid + retinoic acid or ascorbic acid + DHCB), on the induction of maturation of fetal bovine epiphyseal chondrocytes grown for up to 4 weeks at high density in medium containing 10% fetal calf serum and the various agents. In the absence of any agent or with retinoic acid or DHCB alone, the metabolic activity of the cells remained very low after day 6, with no induction of type I or X collagen synthesis nor increase in alkaline phosphatase activity. Chondrocytes treated with fresh ascorbic acid showed active protein synthesis associated with expression of types I and X after 6 and 13 days, respectively. This maturation was not accompanied by obvious hypertrophy of the cells or high alkaline phosphatase activity. Addition of retinoic acid to the ascorbic acid-treated cultures decreased the level of type II collagen synthesis and delayed the induction of types I and X collagen, which were present only after 30 days. A striking increase in alkaline phosphatase activity (15-20-fold) was observed in the presence of both ascorbic acid and the highest dose of retinoic acid (10 microM). DHCB was also a potent inhibitor of the maturation induced by treatment with ascorbic acid, as the chondrocytes maintained their rounded shape and synthesized type II collagen without induction of type I or X collagen. The pattern of protein secretion was compared under all culture conditions by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The different regulations of chondrocyte differentiation by ascorbic acid, retinoic acid, and DHCB were confirmed by the important qualitative and quantitative changes in the pattern of secreted proteins observed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis along the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Freyria
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, CNRS-UPR, 69367 Lyon Cedex 07, France
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