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Vicente-Querol MA, Fernandez-Caballero A, Molina JP, Gonzalez-Gualda LM, Fernandez-Sotos P, Garcia AS. Facial Affect Recognition in Immersive Virtual Reality: Where Is the Participant Looking? Int J Neural Syst 2022; 32:2250029. [DOI: 10.1142/s0129065722500290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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2
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Lui M, Li X, Sommer W, Hildebrandt A, Lau GKB, Zhou C. Sex differences in behavioral and brain responses to incongruity in emotional speech controlling for autistic traits. Biol Psychol 2020; 157:107973. [PMID: 33091451 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2020.107973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Accurate interpretation of speech requires the integration of verbal and nonverbal signals. This study investigated sex differences in behavior and neural activities associated with the integration of semantic content and emotional speech prosody, while the level of autistic traits was controlled for. Adults listened to Cantonese words spoken with happy and sad prosody, and made judgments on semantic valence while event-related potentials (ERP) were recorded. Behaviorally, men were slower than women in making semantic valence judgments. At the neural level, men had a greater congruity effect in the N400 component, whereas women had a greater congruity effect in the 1150-1300 ms time window for happy prosodies. There was no effect of sex in case of sad prosodies. Our study reveals novel findings on sex differences in the timing of the integration between verbal and non-verbal signals that cannot be explained by differences in autistic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Lui
- Department of Education Studies, Centre for Learning Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Xiaojing Li
- Department of Physics, Centre for Nonlinear Studies and Beijing-Hong Kong-Singapore Joint Centre for Nonlinear and Complex Systems (Hong Kong), Institute of Computational and Theoretical Studies, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; Department of Psychology, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Germany; Chinese Academy of Disability Data Sciences, Nanjing Normal University of Special Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Werner Sommer
- Institut für Psychologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea Hildebrandt
- Department of Psychology, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Germany; Research Center Neurosensory Science, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Gilbert Ka-Bo Lau
- Department of Education Studies, Centre for Learning Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Changsong Zhou
- Department of Physics, Centre for Nonlinear Studies and Beijing-Hong Kong-Singapore Joint Centre for Nonlinear and Complex Systems (Hong Kong), Institute of Computational and Theoretical Studies, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
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Sinha SK, Das B, Munda SK, Umesh S, Goyal N. Cortical source localization during facial emotion recognition in bipolar mania: An ERP study. Asian J Psychiatr 2020; 52:102170. [PMID: 32464518 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Facial emotion recognition has enormous value for humans in social cognition and thereby day to day functioning. Disturbances in the processing of emotional cues are seen in all the three phases of bipolar disorder and have been proposed as an etiology in the development of bipolar disorder. 30 consented patients with bipolar mania with psychotic symptoms and 30 age and sex matched healthy controls were taken for the study. Facial emotion ecognition task containing four basic emotions namely happy, sad, anger and fear were used. Sixty four (64) channel ERP recordings were done for all the subjects. Source localization was done using sLORETA selecting the window for late positive potentials (LPP). Statistically significant and reduced cortical sources were noted in the right insula (p = 0.004) at the peak of LPP during response to anger facial emotions in bipolar mania patients. Hypoactivation of right insular cortex during response to anger emotion may be due to the aberrant activation and possible failure of interoceptive prediction system during acute manic phase are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudip Kumar Sinha
- K.S. Mani Centre for Cognitive Neurosciences, Department of Psychiatry, Central Institute of Psychiatry, Ranchi, 834006 Jharkhand, India.
| | - Basudeb Das
- K.S. Mani Centre for Cognitive Neurosciences, Department of Psychiatry, Central Institute of Psychiatry, Ranchi, 834006 Jharkhand, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar Munda
- K.S. Mani Centre for Cognitive Neurosciences, Department of Psychiatry, Central Institute of Psychiatry, Ranchi, 834006 Jharkhand, India
| | - Shreekantiah Umesh
- K.S. Mani Centre for Cognitive Neurosciences, Department of Psychiatry, Central Institute of Psychiatry, Ranchi, 834006 Jharkhand, India
| | - Nishant Goyal
- K.S. Mani Centre for Cognitive Neurosciences, Department of Psychiatry, Central Institute of Psychiatry, Ranchi, 834006 Jharkhand, India
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4
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Sex differences in the neural correlates of aggression. Brain Struct Funct 2018; 223:4115-4124. [PMID: 30167865 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-018-1739-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Although sex differences in aggression have been investigated for decades, little is known about the underlying neurobiology of this phenomenon. To address this gap, the present study implemented a social reactive aggression paradigm in 20 women and 22 men, employing a modified Taylor Aggression Task (mTAT) to provoke aggressive behavior in an fMRI setting. Subjects were provoked by money subtraction from a fake opponent and given the opportunity to retaliate likewise. In the absence of behavioral differences, male and female subjects showed differential brain activation patterns in response to provocation. Men had higher left amygdala activation during high provocation. This amygdala activation correlated with trait anger scores in men, but not in women. Also, men showed a positive association between orbitofrontal cortex, rectal gyrus and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) activity in the provocation contrast and their tendency to respond aggressively, whereas women displayed a negative association. As the rectal gyrus and OFC have been attributed a crucial role in automatic emotion regulation, this finding points toward the assumption that highly aggressive men use automatic emotion regulation to a greater extent in response to provocation compared to highly aggressive women.
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5
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Liu T, Li J, Huang S, Li C, Zhao Z, Wen G, Chen F. Altered resting-state functional activity in isolated pontine infarction patients with pathological laughing and crying. Oncotarget 2017; 8:84529-84539. [PMID: 29137445 PMCID: PMC5663617 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We used resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate the global spontaneous neural activity involved in pathological laughing and crying after stroke. Twelve pathological laughing and crying patients with isolated pontine infarction were included, along with 12 age- and gender-matched acute isolated pontine infarction patients without pathological laughing and crying, and 12 age- and gender-matched healthy controls. We examined both the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation and the regional homogeneity in order to comprehensively evaluate the intrinsic activity in patients with post-stroke pathological laughing and crying. In the post-stroke pathological laughing and crying group, changes in these measures were observed mainly in components of the default mode network (medial prefrontal cortex/anterior cingulate cortex, middle temporal gyrus, inferior temporal gyrus, superior frontal gyrus, middle frontal gyrus and inferior parietal lobule), sensorimotor network (supplementary motor area, precentral gyrus and paracentral lobule), affective network (medial prefrontal cortex/anterior cingulate cortex, parahippocampal gyrus, middle temporal gyrus and inferior temporal gyrus) and cerebellar lobes (cerebellum posterior lobe). We therefore speculate that when disinhibition of the volitional system is lost, increased activation of the emotional system causes pathological laughing and crying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- Department of Neurology, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou 570311, China
| | - Jianjun Li
- Department of Radiology, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou 570311, China
| | - Shixiong Huang
- Department of Neurology, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou 570311, China
| | - Changqinq Li
- Department of Radiology, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou 570311, China
| | - Zhongyan Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou 570311, China
| | - Guoqiang Wen
- Department of Neurology, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou 570311, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Radiology, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou 570311, China
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Fortenbaugh FC, Corbo V, Poole V, McGlinchey R, Milberg W, Salat D, DeGutis J, Esterman M. Interpersonal early-life trauma alters amygdala connectivity and sustained attention performance. Brain Behav 2017; 7:e00684. [PMID: 28523226 PMCID: PMC5434189 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Interpersonal early life trauma (I-ELT) is associated with a myriad of functional impairments in adulthood, increased risk of drug addiction, and neuropsychiatric disorders. While deficits in emotional regulation and amygdala functioning are well characterized, deficits in general cognitive functioning have also been documented. However, the neural underpinnings of cognitive dysfunction in adults with a history of I-ELT and the potential relationship between amygdala-based functional connectivity and behavioral performance are currently poorly understood. This study examined how I-ELT affects the cognitive and neural mechanisms supporting sustained attention. METHODS A total of 66 Veterans (18 with and 48 without a history of I-ELT) completed a nonemotional sustained attention task during functional MRI. RESULTS The individuals with I-ELT showed significant impairments in sustained attention (i.e., higher error rates, greater response variability). This cohort exhibited increased amygdala functional connectivity with the prefrontal cortex and decreased functional connectivity with the parahippocampal gyrus when compared to those without I-ELT. These connections were significantly correlated with individual differences in sustained attention performance. Notably, classification analyses revealed that the pattern of amygdala connectivity across the whole brain was able to classify I-ELT status with 70% accuracy. CONCLUSION These results provide evidence of a lasting negative impact for those with a history of I-ELT on sustained attention ability. They also highlight a critical role for amygdala functioning in cognitive control and sustained attention for those with a history of I-ELT, which may underlie the observed attention deficits in clinical assessments and cognitive tests involving both emotional and nonemotional stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca C Fortenbaugh
- Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress Disorders (TRACTS) and Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC) VA Boston Healthcare System Boston MA USA.,Neuroimaging Research for Veterans (NeRVe) Center VA Boston Healthcare System Boston MA USA.,Department of Psychiatry Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA
| | - Vincent Corbo
- Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress Disorders (TRACTS) and Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC) VA Boston Healthcare System Boston MA USA.,Neuroimaging Research for Veterans (NeRVe) Center VA Boston Healthcare System Boston MA USA.,Department of Psychology School of Arts and Science Southern New Hampshire University Manchester NH USA
| | - Victoria Poole
- Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress Disorders (TRACTS) and Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC) VA Boston Healthcare System Boston MA USA.,Neuroimaging Research for Veterans (NeRVe) Center VA Boston Healthcare System Boston MA USA.,Institute of Aging Research Hebrew SeniorLife Boston MA USA
| | - Regina McGlinchey
- Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress Disorders (TRACTS) and Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC) VA Boston Healthcare System Boston MA USA.,Neuroimaging Research for Veterans (NeRVe) Center VA Boston Healthcare System Boston MA USA.,Department of Psychiatry Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA
| | - William Milberg
- Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress Disorders (TRACTS) and Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC) VA Boston Healthcare System Boston MA USA.,Neuroimaging Research for Veterans (NeRVe) Center VA Boston Healthcare System Boston MA USA.,Department of Psychiatry Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA
| | - David Salat
- Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress Disorders (TRACTS) and Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC) VA Boston Healthcare System Boston MA USA.,Neuroimaging Research for Veterans (NeRVe) Center VA Boston Healthcare System Boston MA USA.,Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging Charlestown MA USA
| | - Joseph DeGutis
- Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress Disorders (TRACTS) and Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC) VA Boston Healthcare System Boston MA USA.,Department of Medicine Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA
| | - Michael Esterman
- Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress Disorders (TRACTS) and Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC) VA Boston Healthcare System Boston MA USA.,Neuroimaging Research for Veterans (NeRVe) Center VA Boston Healthcare System Boston MA USA.,Department of Psychiatry Boston University School of Medicine Boston MA USA
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7
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Riegel M, Moslehi A, Michałowski JM, Żurawski Ł, Horvat M, Wypych M, Jednoróg K, Marchewka A. Nencki Affective Picture System: Cross-Cultural Study in Europe and Iran. Front Psychol 2017; 8:274. [PMID: 28316576 PMCID: PMC5334317 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Although emotions have been assumed conventionally to be universal, recent studies have suggested that various aspects of emotions may be mediated by cultural background. The purpose of our research was to test these contradictory views, in the case of the subjective evaluation of visual affective stimuli. We also sought to validate the recently introduced Nencki Affective Picture System (NAPS) database on a different cultural group. Since there has been, to date, no attempt to compare the emotions of a culturally distinct sample of Iranians with those of Europeans, subjective ratings were collected from 40 Iranians and 39 Europeans. Each cultural group was asked separately to provide normative affective ratings and classify pictures according to discrete emotions. The results were analyzed to identify cultural differences in the ratings of individual images. One hundred and seventy NAPS pictures were rated with regard to the intensity of the basic emotions (happiness, sadness, fear, surprise, anger, and disgust) they elicited, as well as in terms of affective dimensions (valence and arousal). Contrary to previous studies using the International Affective Picture System, our results for Europeans and Iranians show that neither the ratings for affective dimensions nor for basic emotions differed across cultural groups. In both cultural groups, the relationship between valence and arousal ratings could be best described by a classical boomerang-shaped function. However, the content of the pictures (animals, faces, landscapes, objects, or people) had a significant effect on the ratings for valence and arousal. These findings indicate that further studies in cross-cultural affective research should control for the content of stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Riegel
- Laboratory of Brain Imaging, Neurobiology Centre, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences Warsaw, Poland
| | - Abnoos Moslehi
- Laboratory of Brain Imaging, Neurobiology Centre, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of SciencesWarsaw, Poland; Faculty of Psychology, University of WarsawWarsaw, Poland
| | - Jarosław M Michałowski
- Faculty of Psychology, University of WarsawWarsaw, Poland; Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences and Design in Poznan, SWPS University of Social Sciences and HumanitiesPoznan, Poland
| | - Łukasz Żurawski
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology, Department of Neurophysiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marko Horvat
- Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of Applied Sciences Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marek Wypych
- Laboratory of Brain Imaging, Neurobiology Centre, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Jednoróg
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology, Department of Neurophysiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences Warsaw, Poland
| | - Artur Marchewka
- Laboratory of Brain Imaging, Neurobiology Centre, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences Warsaw, Poland
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8
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Maffei A, Vencato V, Angrilli A. Sex Differences in Emotional Evaluation of Film Clips: Interaction with Five High Arousal Emotional Categories. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145562. [PMID: 26717488 PMCID: PMC4696842 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate gender differences in the emotional evaluation of 18 film clips divided into six categories: Erotic, Scenery, Neutral, Sadness, Compassion, and Fear. 41 female and 40 male students rated all clips for valence-pleasantness, arousal, level of elicited distress, anxiety, jittery feelings, excitation, and embarrassment. Analysis of positive films revealed higher levels of arousal, pleasantness, and excitation to the Scenery clips in both genders, but lower pleasantness and greater embarrassment in women compared to men to Erotic clips. Concerning unpleasant stimuli, unlike men, women reported more unpleasantness to the Compassion, Sadness, and Fear compared to the Neutral clips and rated them also as more arousing than did men. They further differentiated the films by perceiving greater arousal to Fear than to Compassion clips. Women rated the Sadness and Fear clips with greater Distress and Jittery feelings than men did. Correlation analysis between arousal and the other emotional scales revealed that, although men looked less aroused than women to all unpleasant clips, they also showed a larger variance in their emotional responses as indicated by the high number of correlations and their relatively greater extent, an outcome pointing to a masked larger sensitivity of part of male sample to emotional clips. We propose a new perspective in which gender difference in emotional responses can be better evidenced by means of film clips selected and clustered in more homogeneous categories, controlled for arousal levels, as well as evaluated through a number of emotion focused adjectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Maffei
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Valentina Vencato
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Alessandro Angrilli
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- IN CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Padova Section, Padova, Italy
- * E-mail:
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9
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Verkuil B, Brosschot JF, Marques AH, Kampschroer K, Sternberg EM, Thayer JF. Gender differences in the impact of daily sadness on 24-h heart rate variability. Psychophysiology 2015; 52:1682-8. [PMID: 26338472 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Reduced heart rate variability (HRV) is proposed to mediate the relation between depressive symptoms and cardiovascular health problems. Yet, several studies have found that in women depression is associated with higher HRV levels, whereas in men depression is associated with lower HRV levels. So far, these studies have only examined gender differences in HRV levels using a single assessment. This study aimed to test the interactive effects of gender and sadness on ambulatory-assessed HRV levels. A sample of 60 (41 women) employees participated in an ambulatory study. HRV levels (mean of successive differences; MSD) were continuously measured for 24 h. During the daytime, hourly assessments of sadness and other mood states were taken, while depressive symptoms were assessed with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale (CES-D). Gender differences were observed when examining the impact of average daily sadness on MSD. In women, but not in men, the total amount of sadness experienced during the day was associated with higher circadian MSD levels. These findings suggest that researchers need to take gender differences into account when examining the relation between sadness, HRV, and cardiovascular problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Verkuil
- Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jos F Brosschot
- Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea H Marques
- Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kevin Kampschroer
- Public Buildings Service, United States General Services Administration, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Esther M Sternberg
- Arizona Center for Integrative Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Julian F Thayer
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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10
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Wu X, Chen J, Jia T, Ma W, Zhang Y, Deng Z, Yang L. Cognitive Bias by Gender Interaction on N170 Response to Emotional Facial Expressions in Major and Minor Depression. Brain Topogr 2015; 29:232-42. [PMID: 26239020 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-015-0444-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
States of depression are considered to relate to a cognitive bias reactivity to emotional events. Moreover, gender effect may influence differences in emotional processing. The current study is to investigate whether there is an interaction of cognitive bias by gender on emotional processing in minor depression (MiD) and major depression (MaD). N170 component was obtained during a visual emotional oddball paradigm to manipulate the processing of emotional information in 33 MiD, 36 MaD, and 32 controls (CN). Compared with CN, in male, both MiD and MaD had lower N170 amplitudes for happy faces, but MaD had higher N170 amplitudes for sad faces; in female, both MiD and MaD had lower N170 amplitudes for happy and neutral faces, but higher N170 amplitudes for sad faces. Compared with MaD in male, MiD had higher N170 amplitudes for happy faces, lower N170 amplitudes for sad faces; in female, MiD only had higher N170 amplitudes for sad faces. Interestingly, a negative relationship was observed between N170 amplitude and the HDRS score for identification of happy faces in depressed patients while N170 amplitude was positively correlated with the HDRS score for sad faces identification. These results provide novel evidence for the mood-brightening effect with an interaction of cognitive bias by gender on emotional processing. It further suggests that female depression may be more vulnerable than male during emotional face processing with the unconscious negative cognitive bias and depressive syndromes may exist on a spectrum of severity on emotional face processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingqu Wu
- Center for Mental Disease Control and Prevention, Third Hospital of the People's Liberation Army, No. 45, Dongfeng Road, Baoji, 721004, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiu Chen
- Center for Mental Disease Control and Prevention, Third Hospital of the People's Liberation Army, No. 45, Dongfeng Road, Baoji, 721004, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Neurology of Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, Medical School and Institute of Neuropsychiatry of Southeast University, 87 DingJiaQiao Road, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ting Jia
- Center for Mental Disease Control and Prevention, Third Hospital of the People's Liberation Army, No. 45, Dongfeng Road, Baoji, 721004, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Wentao Ma
- Center for Mental Disease Control and Prevention, Third Hospital of the People's Liberation Army, No. 45, Dongfeng Road, Baoji, 721004, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Center for Mental Disease Control and Prevention, Third Hospital of the People's Liberation Army, No. 45, Dongfeng Road, Baoji, 721004, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zihe Deng
- Center for Mental Disease Control and Prevention, Third Hospital of the People's Liberation Army, No. 45, Dongfeng Road, Baoji, 721004, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Laiqi Yang
- Center for Mental Disease Control and Prevention, Third Hospital of the People's Liberation Army, No. 45, Dongfeng Road, Baoji, 721004, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Goldstein JM, Lancaster K, Longenecker JM, Abbs B, Holsen LM, Cherkerzian S, Whitfield-Gabrieli S, Makris N, Tsuang MT, Buka SL, Seidman LJ, Klibanski A. Sex differences, hormones, and fMRI stress response circuitry deficits in psychoses. Psychiatry Res 2015; 232:226-36. [PMID: 25914141 PMCID: PMC4439265 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Response to stress is dysregulated in psychosis (PSY). fMRI studies showed hyperactivity in hypothalamus (HYPO), hippocampus (HIPP), amygdala (AMYG), anterior cingulate (ACC), orbital and medial prefrontal (OFC; mPFC) cortices, with some studies reporting sex differences. We predicted abnormal steroid hormone levels in PSY would be associated with sex differences in hyperactivity in HYPO, AMYG, and HIPP, and hypoactivity in PFC and ACC, with more severe deficits in men. We studied 32 PSY cases (50.0% women) and 39 controls (43.6% women) using a novel visual stress challenge while collecting blood. PSY males showed BOLD hyperactivity across all hypothesized regions, including HYPO and ACC by FWE-correction. Females showed hyperactivity in HIPP and AMYG and hypoactivity in OFC and mPFC, the latter FWE-corrected. Interaction of group by sex was significant in mPFC (F = 7.00, p = 0.01), with PSY females exhibiting the lowest activity. Male hyperactivity in HYPO and ACC was significantly associated with hypercortisolemia post-stress challenge, and mPFC with low androgens. Steroid hormones and neural activity were dissociated in PSY women. Findings suggest disruptions in neural circuitry-hormone associations in response to stress are sex-dependent in psychosis, particularly in prefrontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill M Goldstein
- Connors Center for Women׳s Health and Gender Biology, Division of Women׳s Health, Brigham and Women׳s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Departments of Psychiatry and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Psychiatric Neuroscience, Athinoula A. Martinos Center, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Katie Lancaster
- Connors Center for Women׳s Health and Gender Biology, Division of Women׳s Health, Brigham and Women׳s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Julia M Longenecker
- Connors Center for Women׳s Health and Gender Biology, Division of Women׳s Health, Brigham and Women׳s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Brandon Abbs
- Connors Center for Women׳s Health and Gender Biology, Division of Women׳s Health, Brigham and Women׳s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Laura M Holsen
- Connors Center for Women׳s Health and Gender Biology, Division of Women׳s Health, Brigham and Women׳s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Departments of Psychiatry and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Psychiatric Neuroscience, Athinoula A. Martinos Center, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Sara Cherkerzian
- Connors Center for Women׳s Health and Gender Biology, Division of Women׳s Health, Brigham and Women׳s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Susan Whitfield-Gabrieli
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Nicolas Makris
- Departments of Psychiatry and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Psychiatric Neuroscience, Athinoula A. Martinos Center, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Ming T Tsuang
- Center for Behavior Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Stephen L Buka
- Department of Community Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
| | - Larry J Seidman
- Division of Psychiatric Neuroscience, Athinoula A. Martinos Center, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Public Psychiatry, Massachusetts Mental Health Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Anne Klibanski
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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12
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Choi D, Egashira Y, Takakura J, Motoi M, Nishimura T, Watanuki S. Gender difference in N170 elicited under oddball task. J Physiol Anthropol 2015; 34:7. [PMID: 25857755 PMCID: PMC4358327 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-015-0045-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some studies have reported gender differences in N170, a face-selective event-related potential (ERP) component. This study investigated gender differences in N170 elicited under oddball paradigm in order to clarify the effect of task demand on gender differences in early facial processing. FINDINGS Twelve males and 10 females discriminated targets (emotional faces) from non-targets (emotionally neutral faces) under an oddball paradigm, pressing a button as quickly as possible in response to the target. Clear N170 was elicited in response to target and non-target stimuli in both males and females. However, females showed more negative amplitude of N170 in response to target compared with non-target, while males did not show different N170 responses between target and non-target. CONCLUSIONS The present results suggest that females have a characteristic of allocating attention at an early stage when responding to faces actively (target) compared to viewing faces passively (non-target). This supports previous findings suggesting that task demand is an important factor in gender differences in N170.
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Toki S, Okamoto Y, Onoda K, Kinoshita A, Shishida K, Machino A, Fukumoto T, Yamashita H, Yoshida H, Yamawaki S. Automatic and intentional brain responses during evaluation of face approachability: correlations with trait anxiety. Neuropsychobiology 2014; 68:156-67. [PMID: 24051621 DOI: 10.1159/000353268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The judgment of the approachability of others based on their facial appearance often precedes social interaction. Whether we ultimately approach or avoid others may depend on such judgments. METHOD We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to determine the neural basis for such approachability judgments and the relationship between these judgments and trait anxiety. Participants viewed ambiguous (i.e. neutral) or relatively unambiguous (i.e. angry, happy) faces, assessing either the approachability or the sex of the person depicted. RESULTS Neutral faces elicited more inconsistent responses within participants only during approachability judgment, suggesting ambiguous property as signals. The contrast pertaining to the interaction between task and face valence demonstrated activation in several areas, such that the left amygdala and medial, middle and inferior frontal gyri were responsive to angry faces when subjects were asked to recognize the sex (implicit task) and to neutral faces when required to discern the approachability (explicit task). Moreover, the blood oxygenation level-dependent change within the left amygdala in response to neutral faces during the judgment of approachability was positively correlated with participant trait anxiety. CONCLUSIONS These findings extend a proposed model of social cognition by highlighting the functional engagement of the amygdala in approachability judgments, which underlie an individual's sensitivity to ambiguous sources of probable threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Toki
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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14
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15
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Lauterbach EC, Cummings JL, Kuppuswamy PS. Toward a more precise, clinically—informed pathophysiology of pathological laughing and crying. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:1893-916. [PMID: 23518269 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Kim EY, Lee SH, Park G, Kim S, Kim I, Chae JH, Kim HT. Gender difference in event related potentials to masked emotional stimuli in the oddball task. Psychiatry Investig 2013; 10:164-72. [PMID: 23798965 PMCID: PMC3687051 DOI: 10.4306/pi.2013.10.2.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated gender differences in event-related potential (ERP) responses to subliminally presented threat-related stimuli. METHODS Twenty-four participants were presented with threat-related and neutral pictures for a very brief period of time (17 ms). To explore gender differences in ERP responses to subliminally presented stimuli, we examined six ERP components [P1, N170, N250, P300, Early Posterior Negativity (EPN) and Late Positive Potential (LPP)]. RESULTS The result revealed that only female participants showed significant increases in the N170 and the EPN in response to subliminally presented threat-related stimuli compared to neutral stimuli. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that female participants exhibit greater cortical processing of subliminally presented threat-related stimuli than male participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Young Kim
- Clinical Emotion and Cognition Research Laboratory, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hwan Lee
- Clinical Emotion and Cognition Research Laboratory, Goyang, Republic of Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Gewnhi Park
- Clinical Emotion and Cognition Research Laboratory, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangrae Kim
- Clinical Emotion and Cognition Research Laboratory, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Imyel Kim
- Keyo Mental Hospital, Uiwang, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Ho Chae
- Department of Psychiatry, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Taek Kim
- Department of Psychology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Weisenbach SL, Rapport LJ, Briceno EM, Haase BD, Vederman AC, Bieliauskas LA, Welsh RC, Starkman MN, McInnis MG, Zubieta JK, Langenecker SA. Reduced emotion processing efficiency in healthy males relative to females. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2012. [PMID: 23196633 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nss137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined sex differences in categorization of facial emotions and activation of brain regions supportive of those classifications. In Experiment 1, performance on the Facial Emotion Perception Test (FEPT) was examined among 75 healthy females and 63 healthy males. Females were more accurate in the categorization of fearful expressions relative to males. In Experiment 2, 3T functional magnetic resonance imaging data were acquired for a separate sample of 21 healthy females and 17 healthy males while performing the FEPT. Activation to neutral facial expressions was subtracted from activation to sad, angry, fearful and happy facial expressions. Although females and males demonstrated activation in some overlapping regions for all emotions, many regions were exclusive to females or males. For anger, sad and happy, males displayed a larger extent of activation than did females, and greater height of activation was detected in diffuse cortical and subcortical regions. For fear, males displayed greater activation than females only in right postcentral gyri. With one exception in females, performance was not associated with activation. Results suggest that females and males process emotions using different neural pathways, and these differences cannot be explained by performance variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara L Weisenbach
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, 2101 Commonwealth Boulevard, Suite C, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Michl P, Meindl T, Meister F, Born C, Engel RR, Reiser M, Hennig-Fast K. Neurobiological underpinnings of shame and guilt: a pilot fMRI study. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2012; 9:150-7. [PMID: 23051901 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nss114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a functional magnetic resonance imaging paradigm originally employed by Takahashi et al. was adapted to look for emotion-specific differences in functional brain activity within a healthy German sample (N = 14), using shame- and guilt-related stimuli and neutral stimuli. Activations were found for both of these emotions in the temporal lobe (shame condition: anterior cingulate cortex, parahippocampal gyrus; guilt condition: fusiform gyrus, middle temporal gyrus). Specific activations were found for shame in the frontal lobe (medial and inferior frontal gyrus), and for guilt in the amygdala and insula. This is consistent with Takahashi et al.'s results obtained for a Japanese sample (using Japanese stimuli), which showed activations in the fusiform gyrus, hippocampus, middle occipital gyrus and parahippocampal gyrus. During the imagination of shame, frontal and temporal areas (e.g. middle frontal gyrus and parahippocampal gyrus) were responsive regardless of gender. In the guilt condition, women only activate temporal regions, whereas men showed additional frontal and occipital activation as well as a responsive amygdala. The results suggest that shame and guilt share some neural networks, as well as having individual areas of activation. It can be concluded that frontal, temporal and limbic areas play a prominent role in the generation of moral feelings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Michl
- Department of Psychiatry, Section of Neurocognition, LMU Munich University, Nussbaumstr. 7, D-80336 München, Germany.
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Neural, Mood, and Endocrine Responses in Elite Athletes Relative to Successful and Failed Performance Videos. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL SPORT PSYCHOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1123/jcsp.6.1.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this follow-up study, self-referential videos of success and failure were used for mood provocation to investigate mood, neural, and endocrine activity among 26 internationally competitive athletes using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) and salivary hormone measures. The initial sample of 14 athletes who had experienced career-threatening failure was contrasted to 12 athletes with exceptional success. Endocrine data were added to the preliminary report to round
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20
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Bianchin M, Angrilli A. Gender differences in emotional responses: A psychophysiological study. Physiol Behav 2012; 105:925-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2010] [Revised: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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21
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A review on sex differences in processing emotional signals. Neuropsychologia 2012; 50:1211-21. [PMID: 22245006 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Revised: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Interest in sex-related differences in psychological functioning has again come to the foreground with new findings about their possible functional basis in the brain. Sex differences may be one way how evolution has capitalized on the capacity of homologous brain regions to process social information between men and women differently. This paper focuses specifically on the effects of emotional valence, sex of the observed and sex of the observer on regional brain activations. We also discuss the effects of and interactions between environment, hormones, genes and structural differences of the brain in the context of differential brain activity patterns between men and women following exposure to seen expressions of emotion and in this context we outline a number of methodological considerations for future research. Importantly, results show that although women are better at recognizing emotions and express themselves more easily, men show greater responses to threatening cues (dominant, violent or aggressive) and this may reflect different behavioral response tendencies between men and women as well as evolutionary effects. We conclude that sex differences must not be ignored in affective research and more specifically in affective neuroscience.
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22
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New Research, Old Problems: Methodological and Ethical Issues in fMRI Research Examining Sex/Gender Differences in Emotion Processing. NEUROETHICS-NETH 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12152-011-9143-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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23
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Mendrek A, Stip E. Sexual dimorphism in schizophrenia: is there a need for gender-based protocols? Expert Rev Neurother 2011; 11:951-9. [PMID: 21721913 DOI: 10.1586/ern.11.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Gender differences have been reported in various aspects of schizophrenia, including its epidemiology, clinical course and the response to antipsychotic medications. Over the past few years the authors have been investigating sex differences in brain function in individuals with schizophrenia and have found an intriguing disturbance of normal sexual dimorphism during emotional and cognitive processing. These results can be partly accounted for by altered levels of sex steroid hormones (i.e., estrogen and testosterone) in patients. A handful of clinical research groups have tried low doses of estrogen, testosterone or their precursors as adjunct therapies to the currently available antipsychotic medications in women and men with schizophrenia. The results have been promising, but further investigation is warranted. In the future, new more specific steroidal compounds will be developed and we will see more studies examining sex differences in the brain, behavior and mental health problems. This research will help to identify individuals who may benefit greatest from adjunct hormonal therapies and will further our understanding of the etiology of schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrianna Mendrek
- Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montréal, Centre de recherche Fernand-Seguin, 7331 Hochelaga, Montreal (QC), H1N 3V2, Canada.
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Zotev V, Krueger F, Phillips R, Alvarez RP, Simmons WK, Bellgowan P, Drevets WC, Bodurka J. Self-regulation of amygdala activation using real-time FMRI neurofeedback. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24522. [PMID: 21931738 PMCID: PMC3169601 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (rtfMRI) with neurofeedback allows investigation of human brain neuroplastic changes that arise as subjects learn to modulate neurophysiological function using real-time feedback regarding their own hemodynamic responses to stimuli. We investigated the feasibility of training healthy humans to self-regulate the hemodynamic activity of the amygdala, which plays major roles in emotional processing. Participants in the experimental group were provided with ongoing information about the blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) activity in the left amygdala (LA) and were instructed to raise the BOLD rtfMRI signal by contemplating positive autobiographical memories. A control group was assigned the same task but was instead provided with sham feedback from the left horizontal segment of the intraparietal sulcus (HIPS) region. In the LA, we found a significant BOLD signal increase due to rtfMRI neurofeedback training in the experimental group versus the control group. This effect persisted during the Transfer run without neurofeedback. For the individual subjects in the experimental group the training effect on the LA BOLD activity correlated inversely with scores on the Difficulty Identifying Feelings subscale of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale. The whole brain data analysis revealed significant differences for Happy Memories versus Rest condition between the experimental and control groups. Functional connectivity analysis of the amygdala network revealed significant widespread correlations in a fronto-temporo-limbic network. Additionally, we identified six regions — right medial frontal polar cortex, bilateral dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, left anterior cingulate cortex, and bilateral superior frontal gyrus — where the functional connectivity with the LA increased significantly across the rtfMRI neurofeedback runs and the Transfer run. The findings demonstrate that healthy subjects can learn to regulate their amygdala activation using rtfMRI neurofeedback, suggesting possible applications of rtfMRI neurofeedback training in the treatment of patients with neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Zotev
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Frank Krueger
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Raquel Phillips
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Ruben P. Alvarez
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - W. Kyle Simmons
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Patrick Bellgowan
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Wayne C. Drevets
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Jerzy Bodurka
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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25
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Straube T, Mothes-Lasch M, Miltner WHR. Neural mechanisms of the automatic processing of emotional information from faces and voices. Br J Psychol 2011; 102:830-48. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2044-8295.2011.02056.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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26
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Proverbio AM, Riva F, Paganelli L, Cappa SF, Canessa N, Perani D, Zani A. Neural coding of cooperative vs. affective human interactions: 150 ms to code the action's purpose. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22026. [PMID: 21760948 PMCID: PMC3131384 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The timing and neural processing of the understanding of social interactions was investigated by presenting scenes in which 2 people performed cooperative or affective actions. While the role of the human mirror neuron system (MNS) in understanding actions and intentions is widely accepted, little is known about the time course within which these aspects of visual information are automatically extracted. Event-Related Potentials were recorded in 35 university students perceiving 260 pictures of cooperative (e.g., 2 people dragging a box) or affective (e.g., 2 people smiling and holding hands) interactions. The action's goal was automatically discriminated at about 150–170 ms, as reflected by occipito/temporal N170 response. The swLORETA inverse solution revealed the strongest sources in the right posterior cingulate cortex (CC) for affective actions and in the right pSTS for cooperative actions. It was found a right hemispheric asymmetry that involved the fusiform gyrus (BA37), the posterior CC, and the medial frontal gyrus (BA10/11) for the processing of affective interactions, particularly in the 155–175 ms time window. In a later time window (200–250 ms) the processing of cooperative interactions activated the left post-central gyrus (BA3), the left parahippocampal gyrus, the left superior frontal gyrus (BA10), as well as the right premotor cortex (BA6). Women showed a greater response discriminative of the action's goal compared to men at P300 and anterior negativity level (220–500 ms). These findings might be related to a greater responsiveness of the female vs. male MNS. In addition, the discriminative effect was bilateral in women and was smaller and left-sided in men. Evidence was provided that perceptually similar social interactions are discriminated on the basis of the agents' intentions quite early in neural processing, differentially activating regions devoted to face/body/action coding, the limbic system and the MNS.
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27
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Grant MM, Cannistraci C, Hollon SD, Gore J, Shelton R. Childhood trauma history differentiates amygdala response to sad faces within MDD. J Psychiatr Res 2011; 45:886-95. [PMID: 21276593 PMCID: PMC3090525 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Revised: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Heightened amygdala reactivity to aversive stimuli in major depression is regarded as a core feature of the underlying physiology but individual differences in amygdala response may also arise secondary to persistent changes in limbic function during early neurodevelopment relative to stressors such as childhood trauma. We sought to determine whether heightened amygdala response is a core feature of depression or a general risk factor for psychopathology secondary to early life stress. METHOD Twenty unipolar depressed patients with and without a history of significant early life trauma and 16 healthy comparison subjects underwent functional MRI in a cross-sectional study comparing neural response to sad and neutral faces. RESULTS We observed a robust positive correlation between physical abuse and right amygdala response. A much weaker relationship with other forms of abuse and neglect was also found, suggesting differences between abuse subtypes and amygdala response. Group differences in amygdala response suggest heightened reactivity was not characteristic of persons with depression in general but was true primarily in those with a significant history of abuse. CONCLUSION These findings suggest the relationship between childhood trauma and risk for depression is mediated by heightened amygdala response but varies by abuse type. Preliminary evidence for two distinct depression phenotypes based on trauma history was also supported, consistent with differential etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merida M. Grant
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, 301 Wilson Hall, Nashville, TN,Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | | | - Steven D. Hollon
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, 301 Wilson Hall, Nashville, TN,Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - John Gore
- Department of Radiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Richard Shelton
- Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
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Whittle S, Yücel M, Yap MBH, Allen NB. Sex differences in the neural correlates of emotion: Evidence from neuroimaging. Biol Psychol 2011; 87:319-33. [PMID: 21600956 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2011.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Revised: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Whittle
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, Orygen Youth Health Research Centre, The University of Melbourne, 35 Polar Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
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Haase L, Green E, Murphy C. Males and females show differential brain activation to taste when hungry and sated in gustatory and reward areas. Appetite 2011; 57:421-34. [PMID: 21718731 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2011.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Revised: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although males and females differ in eating behavior and prevalence rates for eating disorders and obesity, little is known about gender differences in cortical activation to pleasant and unpleasant pure tastes during the physiological states of hunger and satiety. Twenty-one healthy young adults (12 females and 9 males) underwent two functional magnetic resonance imaging scans. Using four pure tastants of differing qualities (i.e., salty, sour, bitter, sweet), the present study examined gender differences in fMRI activation during two motivational states (hunger and satiety). There was greater change in fMRI activation from hunger to satiety in males than females in response to all tastes within the middle frontal gyrus (BA 10), insula, and cerebellum. Males also had greater change in activation from hunger to satiety, relative to females, in limbic regions including dorsal striatum, amygdala, parahippocampal gyrus, and posterior and anterior cingulate; however, activation was stimulus dependent, despite equivalent ratings in perceived pleasantness and intensity. Interestingly, males and females showed significant change from hunger to satiety in response to citric acid, suggesting that in addition to gender and physiological condition, stimulus quality is an important factor in taste fMRI activation. These gender differences may have implications for the pathophysiology of eating disorders and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori Haase
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego, Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, USA
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Kohn N, Kellermann T, Gur RC, Schneider F, Habel U. Gender differences in the neural correlates of humor processing: implications for different processing modes. Neuropsychologia 2011; 49:888-897. [PMID: 21320516 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Revised: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Humor is a complex phenomenon of human social cognition with large inter-individual variability. Gender differences in emotion processing are a common finding in functional neuroimaging studies, and have been documented in behavioral studies of humor, but have received limited attention in functional neuroimaging studies on humor. Using blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) contrasts with high-field (3T) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMR) we investigated 29 healthy subjects (14 female, 15 male) during the processing of humorous cartoons. In women, the ventral system implicated ín detection and appraisal of emotion was activated, including amygdala, insula, and Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC). Men showed activation in both the ventral and dorsal processing systems. The results indicate that women process humor though limbic reactivity, involving appraisal of its emotional features, while men apply more evaluative, executive resources to humor processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kohn
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; JARA Brain - Translational Brain Medicine, Jülich, Aachen, Germany; Virtual Project House - Gender and Technology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
| | - T Kellermann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; JARA Brain - Translational Brain Medicine, Jülich, Aachen, Germany
| | - R C Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, The Philadelphia Veterans Administration Medical Center, Philadelphia, USA
| | - F Schneider
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; JARA Brain - Translational Brain Medicine, Jülich, Aachen, Germany
| | - U Habel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; JARA Brain - Translational Brain Medicine, Jülich, Aachen, Germany
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Zhang J, Zhou R, Oei TPS. The Effects of Valence and Arousal on Hemispheric Asymmetry of Emotion. J PSYCHOPHYSIOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1027/0269-8803/a000045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The independent influence of valence and arousal on emotional hemispheric brain asymmetry was investigated to decide between three contrasting hypotheses: the right hemisphere hypothesis, the valence hypothesis, and the integrative hypothesis. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded while participants (N = 20) viewed positive high arousal, positive low arousal, negative high arousal, and negative low arousal pictures, following a baseline measure of ERPs while viewing gray squares. Self-ratings of emotional state in terms of valence and arousal were taken after each of the four emotion blocks. Valence and arousal effects on hemispheric asymmetry were analyzed for the time windows 130–170, 170–280, 280–450, and 450–600 ms. Right dominance on N2 during negative high arousal and left dominance on P3 and late positive potentials during negative low arousal were found over the frontal lobe. Right dominance on P2, P3, and late positive potentials over the parietal lobes appeared during high arousal. No frontal asymmetry was found in positive emotion. Our result partly supported the integrative hypothesis and did not provide evidence for the right hemisphere hypothesis or the valence hypothesis. These results suggested that arousal plays the main role in the ERPs’ hemispheric asymmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Renlai Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Lab of Applied Experimental Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Child Development and Learning Science, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tian P. S. Oei
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Labuschagne I, Croft RJ, Phan KL, Nathan PJ. Augmenting serotonin neurotransmission with citalopram modulates emotional expression decoding but not structural encoding of moderate intensity sad facial emotional stimuli: an event-related potential (ERP) investigation. J Psychopharmacol 2010; 24:1153-64. [PMID: 18832432 DOI: 10.1177/0269881108097878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Antidepressants targeting the serotonergic system have been shown to modulate biases in emotional processing. The effects of serotonergic modulation on the temporal course of emotional processing (accruing within milliseconds) are unknown. Furthermore, it is unknown how serotonin affects different stages of facial emotional processing. The current study investigated the effects of acute serotonin augmentation on event-related potential (ERP) measures associated with 'structural encoding' (N170) and emotion 'expression decoding' (N250 and a late slow-wave positive potential [LPP]) of happy and sad facial stimuli, relative to neutral facial stimuli. The study was a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over design, in which 14 healthy male participants completed a facial recognition task under two acute treatment conditions: 1) placebo (PLB) and 2) 20 mg citalopram (CIT). ERP recording were conducted while subjects viewed neutral, happy and sad facial stimuli. Findings indicated that under PLB, the N170 was not modulated by valence (happy or sad versus neutral), but the N250 and LPP were enhanced for processing happy (relative to neutral) faces. Citalopram had no effect on the N170, but it enhanced the LPP for processing sad (relative to neutral) faces. These findings suggest that serotonin enhancement has selective and temporal effects on emotional face processing, with evidence for modulating processes associated with 'expression decoding' but not 'structural encoding'. The enhanced cortical response to perception of moderately intense sad facial expressions following citalopram administration may relate to the cognitive processing of the social relevance or significance of such ambiguous stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Labuschagne
- School of Psychology, Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
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Domes G, Schulze L, Böttger M, Grossmann A, Hauenstein K, Wirtz PH, Heinrichs M, Herpertz SC. The neural correlates of sex differences in emotional reactivity and emotion regulation. Hum Brain Mapp 2010; 31:758-69. [PMID: 19957268 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.20903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex differences in emotional responding have been repeatedly postulated but less consistently shown in empirical studies. Because emotional reactions are modulated by cognitive appraisal, sex differences in emotional responding might depend on differences in emotion regulation. In this study, we investigated sex differences in emotional reactivity and emotion regulation using a delayed cognitive reappraisal paradigm and measured whole-brain BOLD signal in 17 men and 16 women. During fMRI, participants were instructed to increase, decrease, or maintain their emotional reactions evoked by negative pictures in terms of cognitive reappraisal. We analyzed BOLD responses to aversive compared to neutral pictures in the initial viewing phase and the effect of cognitive reappraisal in the subsequent regulation phase. Women showed enhanced amygdala responding to aversive stimuli in the initial viewing phase, together with increased activity in small clusters within the prefrontal cortex and the temporal cortex. During cognitively decreasing emotional reactions, women recruited parts of the orbitofrontal cortex, the anterior cingulate, and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex to a lesser extent than men, while there was no sex effect on amygdala activity. In contrast, compared to women, men showed an increased recruitment of regulatory cortical areas during cognitively increasing initial emotional reactions, which was associated with an increase in amygdala activity. Clinical implications of these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Domes
- Department of Psychology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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Freitas-Ferrari MC, Hallak JEC, Trzesniak C, Filho AS, Machado-de-Sousa JP, Chagas MHN, Nardi AE, Crippa JAS. Neuroimaging in social anxiety disorder: a systematic review of the literature. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2010; 34:565-80. [PMID: 20206659 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Revised: 02/21/2010] [Accepted: 02/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Brain imaging techniques allow the in vivo evaluation of the human brain, leading to a better understanding of its anatomical, functional and metabolic substrate. The aim of this current report is to present a systematic and critical review of neuroimaging findings in Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD). A literature review was performed in the PubMed Medline, Scielo and Web of Science databases using the following keywords: 'MRI', 'functional', 'tomography', 'PET', 'SPECT', 'spectroscopy', 'relaxometry', 'tractography' and 'voxel' crossed one by one with the terms 'social anxiety' and 'social phobic', with no limit of time. We selected 196 articles and 48 of them were included in our review. Most of the included studies have explored the neural response to facial expressions of emotion, symptoms provocation paradigms, and disorder-related abnormalities in dopamine or serotonin neurotransmission. The most coherent finding among the brain imaging techniques reflects increased activity in limbic and paralimbic regions in SAD. The predominance of evidence implicating the amygdala strengthens the notion that it plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology of SAD. The observation of alterations in pre-frontal regions and the reduced activity observed in striatal and parietal areas show that much remains to be investigated within the complexity of SAD. Interesting, follow-up designed studies observed a decrease in perfusion in these same areas after either by pharmacological or psychological treatment. The medial prefrontal cortex provided additional support for a corticolimbic model of SAD pathophysiology, being a promising area to investigation. Furthermore, the dopaminergic and GABAergic hypotheses seem directed related to its physiopathology. The present review indicates that neuroimaging has contributed to a better understanding of the neurobiology of SAD. Although there were several methodological differences among the studies, the global results have often been consistent, reinforcing the evidence of a specific cerebral circuit involved in SAD, formed by limbic and cortical areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cecilia Freitas-Ferrari
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior of the Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, INCT Translational Medicine (CNPq), São Paulo, Brazil
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Giussani C, Pirillo D, Roux FE. Mirror of the soul: a cortical stimulation study on recognition of facial emotions. J Neurosurg 2010; 112:520-7. [DOI: 10.3171/2009.5.jns081522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Object
The capability of recognizing the expressions of facial emotions has been hypothesized to depend on a right hemispheric cortical-subcortical network. Its impairment deeply disturbs social relationships. To spare right hemispheric cortical areas involved in recognizing facial emotion, the authors used intraoperative cortical stimulation and the awake surgery technique in a consecutive series of patients. The feasibility and the interest to map them during brain mapping for neurosurgical procedures are discussed.
Methods
After a preoperative neuropsychological evaluation, 18 consecutive patients with right hemispheric lesions (5 metastases, 6 high-grade gliomas, 4 low-grade gliomas, 2 arteriovenous malformations, and 1 malignant meningioma) were tested by intraoperative cortical stimulation while performing a facial emotion recognition task along with sensorimotor and visuospatial tasks.
Results
Three hundred eighty-six cortical sites were studied. Five (1.30%) reproducible interference sites for facial emotion recognition were identified in 5 patients: 1 site in the medial segment of T1; 1 site in the posterior segment of T1; 1 site in the posterior segment of T2; and 2 sites in the supramarginal gyrus. No selective impairment was found regarding the emotion category. All facial emotion recognition sites were spared during surgery, and none of the patients experienced postoperative deficits in recognition of facial emotions.
Conclusions
The finding of interference sites in facial emotion recognition in the right posterior perisylvian area, independent to sensorimotor or visuospatial orientation processes, reinforces the theory about the role of anatomically and functionally segregated right hemisphere structures in this cognitive process. The authors advocate offering a brain mapping of facial emotion recognition to patients with right posterior perisylvian tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Giussani
- 1Institute National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 825 and L'Institut Fédératif de Recherche 96, Hôpital Purpan
- 2Pôle Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Hôpital Purpan; and
| | - David Pirillo
- 1Institute National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 825 and L'Institut Fédératif de Recherche 96, Hôpital Purpan
- 2Pôle Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Hôpital Purpan; and
| | - Franck-Emmanuel Roux
- 1Institute National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 825 and L'Institut Fédératif de Recherche 96, Hôpital Purpan
- 2Pôle Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Hôpital Purpan; and
- 3Université Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France
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Are females more responsive to emotional stimuli? A neurophysiological study across arousal and valence dimensions. Brain Topogr 2009; 23:27-40. [PMID: 20043199 PMCID: PMC2816804 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-009-0130-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2009] [Accepted: 12/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Men and women seem to process emotions and react to them differently. Yet, few neurophysiological studies have systematically investigated gender differences in emotional processing. Here, we studied gender differences using Event Related Potentials (ERPs) and Skin Conductance Responses (SCR) recorded from participants who passively viewed emotional pictures selected from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS). The arousal and valence dimension of the stimuli were manipulated orthogonally. The peak amplitude and peak latency of ERP components and SCR were analyzed separately, and the scalp topographies of significant ERP differences were documented. Females responded with enhanced negative components (N100 and N200), in comparison to males, especially to the unpleasant visual stimuli, whereas both genders responded faster to high arousing or unpleasant stimuli. Scalp topographies revealed more pronounced gender differences on central and left hemisphere areas. Our results suggest a difference in the way emotional stimuli are processed by genders: unpleasant and high arousing stimuli evoke greater ERP amplitudes in women relatively to men. It also seems that unpleasant or high arousing stimuli are temporally prioritized during visual processing by both genders.
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Effect of chronic stress on behavior and cerebral oxidative metabolism in rats with high or low positive affect. Neuroscience 2009; 164:963-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2009] [Revised: 08/14/2009] [Accepted: 08/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Cerqueira CT, Almeida JRC, Gorenstein C, Gentil V, Leite CC, Sato JR, Amaro E, Busatto GF. Engagement of multifocal neural circuits during recall of autobiographical happy events. Braz J Med Biol Res 2009; 41:1076-85. [PMID: 19148369 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2008001200006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2008] [Accepted: 12/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Happy emotional states have not been extensively explored in functional magnetic resonance imaging studies using autobiographic recall paradigms. We investigated the brain circuitry engaged during induction of happiness by standardized script-driven autobiographical recall in 11 healthy subjects (6 males), aged 32.4 +/- 7.2 years, without physical or psychiatric disorders, selected according to their ability to vividly recall personal experiences. Blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) changes were recorded during auditory presentation of personal scripts of happiness, neutral content and negative emotional content (irritability). The same uniform structure was used for the cueing narratives of both emotionally salient and neutral conditions, in order to decrease the variability of findings. In the happiness relative to the neutral condition, there was an increased BOLD signal in the left dorsal prefrontal cortex and anterior insula, thalamus bilaterally, left hypothalamus, left anterior cingulate gyrus, and midportions of the left middle temporal gyrus (P < 0.05, corrected for multiple comparisons). Relative to the irritability condition, the happiness condition showed increased activity in the left insula, thalamus and hypothalamus, and in anterior and midportions of the inferior and middle temporal gyri bilaterally (P < 0.05, corrected), varying in size between 13 and 64 voxels. Findings of happiness-related increased activity in prefrontal and subcortical regions extend the results of previous functional imaging studies of autobiographical recall. The BOLD signal changes identified reflect general aspects of emotional processing, emotional control, and the processing of sensory and bodily signals associated with internally generated feelings of happiness. These results reinforce the notion that happiness induction engages a wide network of brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C T Cerqueira
- Departamento de Psiquiatria, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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39
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Derntl B, Habel U, Windischberger C, Robinson S, Kryspin-Exner I, Gur RC, Moser E. General and specific responsiveness of the amygdala during explicit emotion recognition in females and males. BMC Neurosci 2009; 10:91. [PMID: 19653893 PMCID: PMC2728725 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-10-91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2008] [Accepted: 08/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ability to recognize emotions in facial expressions relies on an extensive neural network with the amygdala as the key node as has typically been demonstrated for the processing of fearful stimuli. A sufficient characterization of the factors influencing and modulating amygdala function, however, has not been reached now. Due to lacking or diverging results on its involvement in recognizing all or only certain negative emotions, the influence of gender or ethnicity is still under debate. This high-resolution fMRI study addresses some of the relevant parameters, such as emotional valence, gender and poser ethnicity on amygdala activation during facial emotion recognition in 50 Caucasian subjects. Stimuli were color photographs of emotional Caucasian and African American faces. RESULTS Bilateral amygdala activation was obtained to all emotional expressions (anger, disgust, fear, happy, and sad) and neutral faces across all subjects. However, only in males a significant correlation of amygdala activation and behavioral response to fearful stimuli was observed, indicating higher amygdala responses with better fear recognition, thus pointing to subtle gender differences. No significant influence of poser ethnicity on amygdala activation occurred, but analysis of recognition accuracy revealed a significant impact of poser ethnicity that was emotion-dependent. CONCLUSION Applying high-resolution fMRI while subjects were performing an explicit emotion recognition task revealed bilateral amygdala activation to all emotions presented and neutral expressions. This mechanism seems to operate similarly in healthy females and males and for both in-group and out-group ethnicities. Our results support the assumption that an intact amygdala response is fundamental in the processing of these salient stimuli due to its relevance detecting function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Derntl
- MR Centre of Excellence, Medical University of Vienna, Lazarettgasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Institute for Clinical, Biological and Differential Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Liebiggasse 5, 1010 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Aachen, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ute Habel
- Institute for Clinical, Biological and Differential Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Liebiggasse 5, 1010 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Aachen, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian Windischberger
- MR Centre of Excellence, Medical University of Vienna, Lazarettgasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Medical University of Vienna, Währingerstrasse 18, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Simon Robinson
- MR Centre of Excellence, Medical University of Vienna, Lazarettgasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Center of Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Via delle Regole 101, 38060 Mattarello, Italy
| | - Ilse Kryspin-Exner
- Institute for Clinical, Biological and Differential Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Liebiggasse 5, 1010 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ruben C Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Medical School, 3100 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Ewald Moser
- MR Centre of Excellence, Medical University of Vienna, Lazarettgasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Medical University of Vienna, Währingerstrasse 18, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Medical School, 3100 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, USA
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40
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Fine JG, Semrud-Clikeman M, Zhu DC. Gender differences in BOLD activation to face photographs and video vignettes. Behav Brain Res 2009; 201:137-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2009.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2008] [Revised: 01/30/2009] [Accepted: 02/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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41
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Avolio BJ, Mhatre K, Norman SM, Lester P. The Moderating Effect of Gender on Leadership Intervention Impact. JOURNAL OF LEADERSHIP & ORGANIZATIONAL STUDIES 2009. [DOI: 10.1177/1548051809333194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A total of 57 intervention-based leadership studies that included sufficient data on leader and follower gender were included in this meta-analysis. By intervention, the authors mean any study where the researcher overtly manipulated leadership as the independent variable through training, assignment, scenarios, or other means. Results showed a significant difference in the effect sizes for leadership interventions conducted with all-male and majority-male participants versus all-female and majority-female participant studies; however, these differences varied based on the setting of the intervention, the theoretical basis of the intervention, and the type of outcome. Implications for further research on gender differences with respect to examining cause—effect impact of leadership interventions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Paul Lester
- United States Military Academy, West Point, New York
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42
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Kerestes R, Labuschagne I, Croft RJ, O'Neill BV, Bhagwagar Z, Phan KL, Nathan PJ. Evidence for modulation of facial emotional processing bias during emotional expression decoding by serotonergic and noradrenergic antidepressants: an event-related potential (ERP) study. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2009; 202:621-34. [PMID: 18825371 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-008-1340-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2008] [Accepted: 09/15/2008] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Serotonergic (SSRI) and noradrenergic (NRI) antidepressants modulate biases in emotional processing such that perceptual bias is shifted away from negative and towards positive emotional material. However, the effects of serotonergic and noradrenergic modulation on the temporal course (occurring in milliseconds) of emotional processing, and in particular, the rapid physiological changes associated with the different stages of emotional processing, are unknown. OBJECTIVE The current study assessed the effects of acute serotonergic (i.e. with citalopram) and noradrenergic (i.e. with reboxetine) augmentation on event-related potential (ERP) measures associated with 'structural encoding' (N170) and emotion expression decoding (N250 and late positive potential [LPP]) for positive (happy) and negative (sad) facial stimuli relative to neutral facial stimuli. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study employed a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over design in which 12 healthy male participants completed a facial expression recognition task tested under three acute conditions: (a) placebo, (b) citalopram (20 mg) and (c) reboxetine (4 mg). RESULTS Both citalopram and reboxetine had no effect on the N170 ERP component associated with structural encoding, but potentiated the N250 associated with happy (relative to neutral) emotional facial expression decoding. Both drugs had no valence effects on later ERP measures of emotion expression decoding (LPP). CONCLUSIONS Citalopram and reboxetine have selective effects on the temporal course of emotional processing with evidence to suggest specific effects on emotion expression decoding of positive (happy) emotional facial stimuli as evidenced by changes in the attention-modulated N250 but not structural encoding. These findings provide physiological evidence that antidepressants may shift perceptual biases in emotional processing away from negative and towards positive stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Kerestes
- Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, School of Psychology, Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
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43
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Modeling a negative response bias in the human amygdala by noradrenergic-glucocorticoid interactions. J Neurosci 2009; 28:12868-76. [PMID: 19036981 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3592-08.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An emerging theme in the neuroscience of emotion is the question of how acute stress shapes, and distorts, social-emotional behavior. The prevailing neurocircuitry models of social-emotional behavior emphasize the central role of the amygdala. Acute stress leads to increased central levels of norepinephrine (NE) and cortisol (CORT), and evidence suggests that these endogenous neuromodulators synergistically influence amygdala responses to social-emotional stimuli. We therefore hypothesized that amygdala responses to emotional facial expressions would be susceptible to pharmacologically induced increases in central NE and CORT levels. To specifically test this hypothesis, we measured amygdala activation to emotional faces using functional magnetic resonance imaging in 62 healthy subjects under four pharmacological conditions: (1) single oral dose of placebo, (2) 4 mg of the selective NE-reuptake inhibitor reboxetine (RBX), (3) 30 mg of hydrocortisone, or (4) both drugs in combination. We found that a decrease in amygdala activation to positive facial emotion was coupled with an increase in amygdala activation to negative facial emotion in the RBX-CORT combined challenge condition. In conclusion, a pharmacologically induced elevation of central NE and CORT levels in healthy subjects created a negative response bias in the amygdala that did not exist at baseline. Our results implicate a causative role of NE-CORT interactions in the emergence of a negative bias of cognitive and emotional functions which is germane in stress-related affective spectrum disorders.
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44
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Kim JW, Choi EA, Kim JJ, Jeong BS, Kim SE, Ki SW. The role of amygdala during auditory verbal imagery of derogatory appraisals by others. Neurosci Lett 2008; 446:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2008] [Revised: 09/09/2008] [Accepted: 09/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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45
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Khalfa S, Guye M, Peretz I, Chapon F, Girard N, Chauvel P, Liégeois-Chauvel C. Evidence of lateralized anteromedial temporal structures involvement in musical emotion processing. Neuropsychologia 2008; 46:2485-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2007] [Revised: 04/01/2008] [Accepted: 04/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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46
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Emotion and memory: Event-related potential indices predictive for subsequent successful memory depend on the emotional mood state. Adv Cogn Psychol 2008; 3:363-73. [PMID: 20517520 PMCID: PMC2864990 DOI: 10.2478/v10053-008-0001-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2006] [Accepted: 03/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present research investigated the influencesof emotional mood states on
cognitive processes and neural circuits during long-term memory encoding using
event-related potentials (ERPs). We assessed whether the subsequent memory
effect (SME), an electrophysiological index of successful memory encoding,
varies as a function of participants’ current mood state. ERPs were recorded
while participants in good or bad mood states were presented with words that had
to be memorized for subsequent recall. In contrast to participants in bad mood,
participants in good mood most frequently applied elaborative encoding styles.
At the neurophysiological level, ERP analyses showed that potentials to
subsequently recalled words were more positive than to forgotten words at
central electrodes in the time interval of 500-650 ms after stimulus onset
(SME). At fronto-central electrodes, a polarity-reversed SME was obtained. The
strongest modulations of the SME by participants’ mood state were obtained at
fronto-temporal electrodes. These differences in the scalp topography of the SME
suggest that successful recall relies on partially separable neural circuits for
good and bad mood states. The results are consistent with theoretical accounts
of the interface between emotion and cognition that propose mood-dependent
cognitive styles.
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47
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Abstract
Recent neuroanatomical studies imply a reversal of normal sexual dimorphism in schizophrenia in several corticolimbic structures, including the anterior cingulate, orbitofrontal cortex and amygdala. Prompted by these reports we have analyzed data of fifteen men and ten women with the diagnosis of schizophrenia who underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during exposure to two emotion processing tasks. Overall both tests evoked much more extensive and intense cerebral activations in men than in women with schizophrenia. The pattern of obtained results differs significantly from what has been observed in the general population, thus giving support for the recent suggestion of "masculinization" of females and "feminization" of males with schizophrenia. More thorough investigation of a larger number of patients and healthy participants is currently on its way to substantiate this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrianna Mendrek
- Département de Psychiatrie, Université de Montréal, Centre de recherche Fernand-Seguin
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48
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Sander K, Frome Y, Scheich H. FMRI activations of amygdala, cingulate cortex, and auditory cortex by infant laughing and crying. Hum Brain Mapp 2007; 28:1007-22. [PMID: 17358020 PMCID: PMC6871318 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.20333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the functions of emotional vocalizations is the regulation of social relationships like those between adults and children. Listening to infant vocalizations is known to engage amygdala as well as anterior and posterior cingulate cortices. But, the functional relationships between these structures still need further clarification. Here, nonparental women and men listened to laughing and crying of preverbal infants and to vocalization-derived control stimuli, while performing a pure tone detection task during low-noise functional magnetic resonance imaging. Infant vocalizations elicited stronger activation in amygdala and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) of women, whereas the alienated control stimuli elicited stronger activation in men. Independent of listeners' gender, auditory cortex (AC) and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) were more strongly activated by the control stimuli than by infant laughing or crying. The gender-dependent correlates of neural activity in amygdala and ACC may reflect neural predispositions in women for responses to preverbal infant vocalizations, whereas the gender-independent similarity of activation patterns in PCC and AC may reflect more sensory-based and cognitive levels of neural processing. In comparison to our previous work on adult laughing and crying, the infant vocalizations elicited manifold higher amygdala activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Sander
- Special Laboratory Non-Invasive Brain Imaging, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.
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49
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Reske M, Kellermann T, Habel U, Jon Shah N, Backes V, von Wilmsdorff M, Stöcker T, Gaebel W, Schneider F. Stability of emotional dysfunctions? A long-term fMRI study in first-episode schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res 2007; 41:918-27. [PMID: 17467008 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2007.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2006] [Revised: 01/12/2007] [Accepted: 02/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patients with schizophrenia are characterized by emotional symptoms such as flattened affect which are accompanied by cerebral dysfunctions. This study aimed at determining changes of mood-related neural correlates under standardized pharmacological therapy in first-episode schizophrenia. METHOD Using fMRI in a longitudinal approach, 10 first-episode schizophrenia patients (6 males) and 10 healthy subjects (same education, gender and age) were investigated during sad and happy mood induction using facial expressions. Reassessments were carried out following 6 months of standardized antipsychotic treatment. Data analysis focussed on therapy-related changes in cerebral activation and on stable, therapy-independent group differences. RESULTS According to self ratings, mood induction was successful in both groups and did not reveal time-dependent changes. Patients revealed stable hypoactivations in core brain regions of emotional processing like the anterior cingulate cortex, orbitofrontal and temporal areas as well as the hippocampus. Therapy-related signal increases in pre- and postcentral, inferior temporal and frontal areas were restricted to sadness. DISCUSSION Stable dysfunctions which are unaffected by therapy and symptom improvement were found in cortico-limbic regions crucially involved in emotion processing. They presumably reflect patients' difficulties in emotion regulation and emotional memory processes. However, therapy-related activation changes were also observed and demonstrate efficacy of antipsychotic therapy on improving emotion functionality. They may represent an increased usage of autobiographic emotional memories and an improved strategy to experience an emotion by mirroring someone else's emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Reske
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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Cooney RE, Joormann J, Atlas LY, Eugène F, Gotlib IH. Remembering the good times: neural correlates of affect regulation. Neuroreport 2007; 18:1771-4. [PMID: 18090309 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0b013e3282f16db4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The ability to regulate one's mood state effectively is critical to emotional and physical health. Recent investigations have sought to delineate the neural mechanisms by which individuals regulate mood states and emotions, positing a critical role of a dorsal system that includes the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate. This study extended these efforts by examining the neural correlates of retrieving positive autobiographical memories while experiencing a negative mood state in a sample of healthy female adults. We demonstrated that mood-incongruent recall is associated with activation in ventrolateral and ventromedial prefrontal cortices (including orbitofrontal cortex and subgenual cingulate). These findings suggest that mood-incongruent recall differs from other affect regulation strategies by influencing mood through a ventral regulatory network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E Cooney
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
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