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Liang R, Lu H, Zhu H, Liang G, Zhang J, Gao J, Tian T. Radiation-primed TGF-β trapping by engineered extracellular vesicles for targeted glioblastoma therapy. J Control Release 2024; 370:821-834. [PMID: 38740092 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The poor outcome of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) treated with immunotherapy is attributed to the profound immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) and the lack of effective delivery across the blood-brain barrier. Radiation therapy (RT) induces an immunogenic antitumor response that is counteracted by evasive mechanisms, among which transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) activation is the most prominent factor. We report an extracellular vesicle (EV)-based nanotherapeutic that traps TGF-β by expressing the extracellular domain of the TGF-β type II receptor and targets GBM by decorating the EV surface with RGD peptide. We show that short-burst radiation dramatically enhanced the targeting efficiency of RGD peptide-conjugated EVs to GBM, while the displayed TGF-β trap reversed radiation-stimulated TGF-β activation in the TME, offering a synergistic effect in the murine GBM model. The combined therapy significantly increased CD8+ cytotoxic T cells infiltration and M1/M2 macrophage ratio, resulting in the regression of tumor growth and prolongation of overall survival. These results provide an EV-based therapeutic strategy for immune remodeling of the GBM TME and eradication of therapy-resistant tumors, further supporting its clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruyu Liang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongyu Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Funing People's Hospital, Funing 224400, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haifeng Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Funing People's Hospital, Funing 224400, Jiangsu, China
| | - Gaofeng Liang
- School of Basic Medicineand Forensic Medicine, Henan University of Science & Technology, Luoyang 471023, Henan, China
| | - Junxia Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jun Gao
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Craniomaxillofacial Development and Diseases, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200001, China.
| | - Tian Tian
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China.
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Cui C, Yang T, Wang S, Jia Z, Zhao L, Han X, Sun X, Zong J, Wang S, Chen D. Discussion on the relationship between gut microbiota and glioma through Mendelian randomization test based on the brain gut axis. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0304403. [PMID: 38809931 PMCID: PMC11135782 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0304403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the realm of Gut-Brain axis research, existing evidence points to a complex bidirectional regulatory mechanism between gut microbiota and the brain. However, the question of whether a causal relationship exists between gut microbiota and specific types of brain tumors, such as gliomas, remains unresolved. To address this gap, we employed publicly available Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) and MIOBEN databases, conducting an in-depth analysis using Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization (MR). METHOD We carried out two sets of MR analyses. The preliminary analysis included fewer instrumental variables due to a high genome-wide statistical significance threshold (5×10-8). To enable a more comprehensive and detailed analysis, we adjusted the significance threshold to 1×10-5. We performed linkage disequilibrium analysis (R2 <0.001, clumping distance = 10,000kb) and detailed screening of palindromic SNPs, followed by MR analysis and validation through sensitivity analysis. RESULTS Our findings reveal a causal relationship between gut microbiota and gliomas. Further confirmation via Inverse Variance Weighting (IVW) identified eight specific microbial communities related to gliomas. Notably, the Peptostreptococcaceae and Olsenella communities appear to have a protective effect, reducing glioma risk. CONCLUSION This study not only confirms the causal link between gut microbiota and gliomas but also suggests a new avenue for future glioma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenzhi Cui
- Graduate school, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Dalian, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital, Dalian, China
| | - Tianke Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- College of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - ShengYu Wang
- Medical Laboratory Technology, College of Medical Laboratory, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Zhuqiang Jia
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- Naqu People’s Hospital, Tibet, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- Department of Quality Management, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital, Dalian, China
| | - Xin Han
- Naqu People’s Hospital, Tibet, China
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaohong Sun
- Department of Nursing, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Junwei Zong
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Shouyu Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Dong Chen
- Graduate school, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Dalian, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital, Dalian, China
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Kudruk S, Forsyth CM, Dion MZ, Hedlund Orbeck JK, Luo J, Klein RS, Kim AH, Heimberger AB, Mirkin CA, Stegh AH, Artzi N. Multimodal neuro-nanotechnology: Challenging the existing paradigm in glioblastoma therapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2306973121. [PMID: 38346200 PMCID: PMC10895370 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2306973121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Integrating multimodal neuro- and nanotechnology-enabled precision immunotherapies with extant systemic immunotherapies may finally provide a significant breakthrough for combatting glioblastoma (GBM). The potency of this approach lies in its ability to train the immune system to efficiently identify and eradicate cancer cells, thereby creating anti-tumor immune memory while minimizing multi-mechanistic immune suppression. A critical aspect of these therapies is the controlled, spatiotemporal delivery of structurally defined nanotherapeutics into the GBM tumor microenvironment (TME). Architectures such as spherical nucleic acids or poly(beta-amino ester)/dendrimer-based nanoparticles have shown promising results in preclinical models due to their multivalency and abilities to activate antigen-presenting cells and prime antigen-specific T cells. These nanostructures also permit systematic variation to optimize their distribution, TME accumulation, cellular uptake, and overall immunostimulatory effects. Delving deeper into the relationships between nanotherapeutic structures and their performance will accelerate nano-drug development and pave the way for the rapid clinical translation of advanced nanomedicines. In addition, the efficacy of nanotechnology-based immunotherapies may be enhanced when integrated with emerging precision surgical techniques, such as laser interstitial thermal therapy, and when combined with systemic immunotherapies, particularly inhibitors of immune-mediated checkpoints and immunosuppressive adenosine signaling. In this perspective, we highlight the potential of emerging treatment modalities, combining advances in biomedical engineering and neurotechnology development with existing immunotherapies to overcome treatment resistance and transform the management of GBM. We conclude with a call to action for researchers to leverage these technologies and accelerate their translation into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergej Kudruk
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL60208
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL60208
| | - Connor M. Forsyth
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL60208
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL60208
| | - Michelle Z. Dion
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA02115
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
| | - Jenny K. Hedlund Orbeck
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL60208
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL60208
| | - Jingqin Luo
- The Brain Tumor Center, Alvin J. Siteman Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
| | - Robyn S. Klein
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
- Center for Neuroimmunology and Neuroinfectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
| | - Albert H. Kim
- The Brain Tumor Center, Alvin J. Siteman Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
| | - Amy B. Heimberger
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL60611
| | - Chad A. Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL60208
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL60208
| | - Alexander H. Stegh
- The Brain Tumor Center, Alvin J. Siteman Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
| | - Natalie Artzi
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
- Department of Medicine, Engineering in Medicine Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA02115
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Jarmuzek P, Defort P, Kot M, Wawrzyniak-Gramacka E, Morawin B, Zembron-Lacny A. Cytokine Profile in Development of Glioblastoma in Relation to Healthy Individuals. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16206. [PMID: 38003396 PMCID: PMC10671437 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokines play an essential role in the control of tumor cell development and multiplication. However, the available literature provides ambiguous data on the involvement of these proteins in the formation and progression of glioblastoma (GBM). This study was designed to evaluate the inflammatory profile and to investigate its potential for the identification of molecular signatures specific to GBM. Fifty patients aged 66.0 ± 10.56 years with newly diagnosed high-grade gliomas and 40 healthy individuals aged 71.7 ± 4.9 years were included in the study. White blood cells were found to fall within the referential ranges and were significantly higher in GBM than in healthy controls. Among immune cells, neutrophils showed the greatest changes, resulting in elevated neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR). The neutrophil count inversely correlated with survival time expressed by Spearman's coefficient rs = -0.359 (p = 0.010). The optimal threshold values corresponded to 2.630 × 103/µL for NLR (the area under the ROC curve AUC = 0.831, specificity 90%, sensitivity 76%, the relative risk RR = 7.875, the confidence intervals 95%CI 3.333-20.148). The most considerable changes were recorded in pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8, which were approx. 1.5-2-fold higher, whereas tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and high mobility group B1 (HMGB1) were lower in GBM than healthy control (p < 0.001). The results of the ROC, AUC, and RR analysis of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 indicate their high diagnostics potential for clinical prognosis. The highest average RR was observed for IL-6 (RR = 2.923) and IL-8 (RR = 3.151), which means there is an approx. three-fold higher probability of GBM development after exceeding the cut-off values of 19.83 pg/mL for IL-6 and 10.86 pg/mL for IL-8. The high values of AUC obtained for the models NLR + IL-1β (AUC = 0.907), NLR + IL-6 (AUC = 0.908), NLR + IL-8 (AUC = 0.896), and NLR + IL-10 (AUC = 0.887) prove excellent discrimination of GBM patients from healthy individuals and may represent GBM-specific molecular signatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Jarmuzek
- Department of Nervous System Diseases, Collegium Medicum, Neurosurgery Center University Hospital, University of Zielona Gora, 65-417 Zielona Gora, Poland; (P.J.); (M.K.)
| | - Piotr Defort
- Department of Nervous System Diseases, Collegium Medicum, Neurosurgery Center University Hospital, University of Zielona Gora, 65-417 Zielona Gora, Poland; (P.J.); (M.K.)
| | - Marcin Kot
- Department of Nervous System Diseases, Collegium Medicum, Neurosurgery Center University Hospital, University of Zielona Gora, 65-417 Zielona Gora, Poland; (P.J.); (M.K.)
| | - Edyta Wawrzyniak-Gramacka
- Department of Applied and Clinical Physiology, Collegium Medicum, University of Zielona Gora, 65-417 Zielona Gora, Poland; (E.W.-G.); (B.M.); (A.Z.-L.)
| | - Barbara Morawin
- Department of Applied and Clinical Physiology, Collegium Medicum, University of Zielona Gora, 65-417 Zielona Gora, Poland; (E.W.-G.); (B.M.); (A.Z.-L.)
| | - Agnieszka Zembron-Lacny
- Department of Applied and Clinical Physiology, Collegium Medicum, University of Zielona Gora, 65-417 Zielona Gora, Poland; (E.W.-G.); (B.M.); (A.Z.-L.)
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Kim E, Fortoul MC, Weimer D, Meggyesy M, Demory Beckler M. Co-occurrence of glioma and multiple sclerosis: Prevailing theories and emerging therapies. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2023; 79:105027. [PMID: 37801959 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2023.105027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Though the concurrence of primary brain tumors and multiple sclerosis (MS) is exceedingly rare, instances have been noted in the literature as early as 1949. Given these observations, researchers have proposed various ideas as to how these malignancies may be linked to MS. Due to insufficient data, none have gained traction or been widely accepted amongst neurologists or neuro-oncologists. What is abundantly clear, however, is the mounting uncertainty faced by clinicians when caring for these individuals. Concerns persist about the potential for disease modifying therapies (DMTs) to initiate or promote tumor growth and progression, and to date, there are no approved treatments capable of mitigating both MS disease activity and tumor growth, let alone established guidelines that clinicians may refer to. Collectively, these gaps in the literature impose limitations to optimizing the care and management of this population. As such, our hope is to stimulate further discussion of this topic and prompt future investigations to explore novel treatment options and advance our understanding of these concurrent disease processes. To this end, the chief objective of this article is to evaluate proposed ideas of how the diseases may be linked, outline emerging therapies for both MS and brain tumors, and describe evidence-based approaches to diagnosing and treating this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enoch Kim
- Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Allopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, 3200 S University Drive, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, United States
| | - Marla C Fortoul
- Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Allopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, 3200 S University Drive, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, United States
| | - Derek Weimer
- Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Allopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, 3200 S University Drive, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, United States
| | - Michael Meggyesy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Michelle Demory Beckler
- Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Allopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, 3200 S University Drive, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, United States.
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Tao JC, Yu D, Shao W, Zhou DR, Wang Y, Hou SQ, Deng K, Lin N. Interactions between microglia and glioma in tumor microenvironment. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1236268. [PMID: 37700840 PMCID: PMC10493873 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1236268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Gliomas, the most prevalent primary tumors in the central nervous system, are marked by their immunosuppressive properties and consequent poor patient prognosis. Current evidence emphasizes the pivotal role of the tumor microenvironment in the progression of gliomas, largely attributed to tumor-associated macrophages (brain-resident microglia and bone marrow-derived macrophages) that create a tumor microenvironment conducive to the growth and invasion of tumor cells. Yet, distinguishing between these two cell subgroups remains a challenge. Thus, our review starts by analyzing the heterogeneity between these two cell subsets, then places emphasis on elucidating the complex interactions between microglia and glioma cells. Finally, we conclude with a summary of current attempts at immunotherapy that target microglia. However, given that independent research on microglia is still in its initial stages and has many shortcomings at the present time, we express our related concerns and hope that further research will be carried out to address these issues in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Cheng Tao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dong Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Chuzhou Hospital of Anhui Medical University, The First People’s Hospital of Chuzhou, Chuzhou, Anhui, China
| | - Wei Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Chuzhou Hospital of Anhui Medical University, The First People’s Hospital of Chuzhou, Chuzhou, Anhui, China
| | - Dong-Rui Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Chuzhou Hospital of Anhui Medical University, The First People’s Hospital of Chuzhou, Chuzhou, Anhui, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Chuzhou Hospital of Anhui Medical University, The First People’s Hospital of Chuzhou, Chuzhou, Anhui, China
| | - Shi-Qiang Hou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Chuzhou Hospital of Anhui Medical University, The First People’s Hospital of Chuzhou, Chuzhou, Anhui, China
| | - Ke Deng
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Chuzhou Hospital of Anhui Medical University, The First People’s Hospital of Chuzhou, Chuzhou, Anhui, China
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Mamun AA, Uddin MS, Perveen A, Jha NK, Alghamdi BS, Jeandet P, Zhang HJ, Ashraf GM. Inflammation-targeted nanomedicine against brain cancer: From design strategies to future developments. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:101-116. [PMID: 36084815 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Brain cancer is an aggressive type of cancer with poor prognosis. While the immune system protects against cancer in the early stages, the tumor exploits the healing arm of inflammatory reactions to accelerate its growth and spread. Various immune cells penetrate the developing tumor region, establishing a pro-inflammatory tumor milieu. Additionally, tumor cells may release chemokines and cytokines to attract immune cells and promote cancer growth. Inflammation and its associated mechanisms in the progression of cancer have been extensively studied in the majority of solid tumors, especially brain tumors. However, treatment of the malignant brain cancer is hindered by several obstacles, such as the blood-brain barrier, transportation inside the brain interstitium, inflammatory mediators that promote tumor growth and invasiveness, complications in administering therapies to tumor cells specifically, the highly invasive nature of gliomas, and the resistance to drugs. To resolve these obstacles, nanomedicine could be a potential strategy that has facilitated advancements in diagnosing and treating brain cancer. Due to the numerous benefits provided by their small size and other features, nanoparticles have been a prominent focus of research in the drug-delivery field. The purpose of this article is to discuss the role of inflammatory mediators and signaling pathways in brain cancer as well as the recent advances in understanding the nano-carrier approaches for enhancing drug delivery to the brain in the treatment of brain cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Al Mamun
- Teaching and Research Division, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Md Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Pharmakon Neuroscience Research Network, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Asma Perveen
- Glocal School of Life Sciences, Glocal University, Mirzapur Pole, Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201310, India; Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied & Life Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun 248007, India
| | - Badrah S Alghamdi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Pre-Clinical Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; The Neuroscience Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Philippe Jeandet
- University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Research Unit, Induced Resistance and Plant Bioprotection, EA 4707, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Faculty of Sciences, PO Box 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - Hong-Jie Zhang
- Teaching and Research Division, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, University City, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates.
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Dialogue among Lymphocytes and Microglia in Glioblastoma Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14112632. [PMID: 35681612 PMCID: PMC9179556 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14112632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In this review, we summarize in vitro and in vivo studies related to glioblastoma models and human patients to outline the symbiotic bidirectional interaction between microglia, lymphocytes, and tumor cells that develops during tumor progression. Particularly, we highlight the current experimental therapeutic approaches that aim to shape these interplays, such as adeno-associated virus (AAV) delivery and CAR-T and -NK cell infusion, and to modulate the tumor microenvironment in an anti-tumoral way, thus counteracting glioblastoma growth. Abstract Microglia and lymphocytes are fundamental constituents of the glioblastoma microenvironment. In this review, we summarize the current state-of-the-art knowledge of the microglial role played in promoting the development and aggressive hallmarks of this deadly brain tumor. Particularly, we report in vitro and in vivo studies related to glioblastoma models and human patients to outline the symbiotic bidirectional interaction between microglia, lymphocytes, and tumor cells that develops during tumor progression. Furthermore, we highlight the current experimental therapeutic approaches that aim to shape these interplays, such as adeno-associated virus (AAV) delivery and CAR-T and -NK cell infusion, and to modulate the tumor microenvironment in an anti-tumoral way, thus counteracting glioblastoma growth.
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Transcriptional Patterns of Lower-Grade Glioma Patients with Distinct Ferroptosis Levels, Immunotherapy Response, and Temozolomide Sensitivity. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:9408886. [PMID: 35592529 PMCID: PMC9113876 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9408886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Many studies have defined a critical role for ferroptosis in cancer progression and therapy, but it is unclear how ferroptosis regulates tumor immunity or tumor microenvironment (TME). Methods In this study, 24 ferroptosis-regulators were assessed by nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) consensus clustering to identify ferroptosis patterns in lower-grade gliomas (LGGs). Cell-type Identification By Estimating Relative Subsets Of RNA Transcripts (CIBERSORT) method and single sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) were used to quantify immune cell infiltrations. The PCA algorithm was used to develop the ferroptosis-related score (FRscore) to measure ferroptosis levels. Results Two LGG subgroups named ferroptosis-related clusters 1 (FRC1) and 2 (FRC2), with distinct ferroptosis levels, immune infiltrations, and clinical outcomes were determined in 1,407 LGG samples. A well-designed scoring system was developed to evaluate the ferroptosis levels in LGG patients based on the FRSig gene profile and divided patients into low- and high-FRscore subgroups. Patients with low FRscores had lower ferroptosis levels and prolonged survival time and were expected to benefit from immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy and showed higher sensitivity to TMZ chemotherapy. Findings also showed that the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway is activated by ferroptosis induction in SW1088 cells. Conclusions This study highlights the critical role of ferroptosis in TME formation and shaping, and quantitatively assessing ferroptosis levels in individual tumors can help to define the intratumor microenvironment and formulate precise treatment strategies for LGG patients.
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Quader S, Kataoka K, Cabral H. Nanomedicine for brain cancer. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 182:114115. [PMID: 35077821 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CNS tumors remain among the deadliest forms of cancer, resisting conventional and new treatment approaches, with mortality rates staying practically unchanged over the past 30 years. One of the primary hurdles for treating these cancers is delivering drugs to the brain tumor site in therapeutic concentration, evading the blood-brain (tumor) barrier (BBB/BBTB). Supramolecular nanomedicines (NMs) are increasingly demonstrating noteworthy prospects for addressing these challenges utilizing their unique characteristics, such as improving the bioavailability of the payloadsviacontrolled pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, BBB/BBTB crossing functions, superior distribution in the brain tumor site, and tumor-specific drug activation profiles. Here, we review NM-based brain tumor targeting approaches to demonstrate their applicability and translation potential from different perspectives. To this end, we provide a general overview of brain tumor and their treatments, the incidence of the BBB and BBTB, and their role on NM targeting, as well as the potential of NMs for promoting superior therapeutic effects. Additionally, we discuss critical issues of NMs and their clinical trials, aiming to bolster the potential clinical applications of NMs in treating these life-threatening diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Quader
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 212-0821, Japan
| | - Kazunori Kataoka
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 212-0821, Japan.
| | - Horacio Cabral
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
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Interaction of Glia Cells with Glioblastoma and Melanoma Cells under the Influence of Phytocannabinoids. Cells 2022; 11:cells11010147. [PMID: 35011711 PMCID: PMC8750637 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain tumor heterogeneity and progression are subject to complex interactions between tumor cells and their microenvironment. Glioblastoma and brain metastasis can contain 30–40% of tumor-associated macrophages, microglia, and astrocytes, affecting migration, proliferation, and apoptosis. Here, we analyzed interactions between glial cells and LN229 glioblastoma or A375 melanoma cells in the context of motility and cell–cell interactions in a 3D model. Furthermore, the effects of phytocannabinoids, cannabidiol (CBD), tetrahydrocannabidiol (THC), or their co-application were analyzed. Co-culture of tumor cells with glial cells had little effect on 3D spheroid formation, while treatment with cannabinoids led to significantly larger spheroids. The addition of astrocytes blocked cannabinoid-induced effects. None of the interventions affected cell death. Furthermore, glial cell-conditioned media led to a significant slowdown in collective, but not single-cell migration speed. Taken together, glial cells in glioblastoma and brain metastasis micromilieu impact the tumor spheroid formation, cell spreading, and motility. Since the size of spheroid remained unaffected in glial cell tumor co-cultures, phytocannabinoids increased the size of spheroids without any effects on migration. This aspect might be of relevance since phytocannabinoids are frequently used in tumor therapy for side effects.
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Krolicki L, Kunikowska J, Bruchertseifer F, Koziara H, Morgenstern A, Krolicki B, Rosiak E, Pawlak D, Merlo A. Nuclear medicine therapy of CNS tumors. Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-822960-6.00177-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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13
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Arrieta VA, Najem H, Petrosyan E, Lee-Chang C, Chen P, Sonabend AM, Heimberger AB. The Eclectic Nature of Glioma-Infiltrating Macrophages and Microglia. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:13382. [PMID: 34948178 PMCID: PMC8705822 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastomas (GBMs) are complex ecosystems composed of highly multifaceted tumor and myeloid cells capable of responding to different environmental pressures, including therapies. Recent studies have uncovered the diverse phenotypical identities of brain-populating myeloid cells. Differences in the immune proportions and phenotypes within tumors seem to be dictated by molecular features of glioma cells. Furthermore, increasing evidence underscores the significance of interactions between myeloid cells and glioma cells that allow them to evolve in a synergistic fashion to sustain tumor growth. In this review, we revisit the current understanding of glioma-infiltrating myeloid cells and their dialogue with tumor cells in consideration of their increasing recognition in response and resistance to immunotherapies as well as the immune impact of the current chemoradiotherapy used to treat gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor A. Arrieta
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (V.A.A.); (H.N.); (E.P.); (C.L.-C.); (P.C.)
- PECEM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04360, Mexico
| | - Hinda Najem
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (V.A.A.); (H.N.); (E.P.); (C.L.-C.); (P.C.)
| | - Edgar Petrosyan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (V.A.A.); (H.N.); (E.P.); (C.L.-C.); (P.C.)
| | - Catalina Lee-Chang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (V.A.A.); (H.N.); (E.P.); (C.L.-C.); (P.C.)
| | - Peiwen Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (V.A.A.); (H.N.); (E.P.); (C.L.-C.); (P.C.)
| | - Adam M. Sonabend
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (V.A.A.); (H.N.); (E.P.); (C.L.-C.); (P.C.)
| | - Amy B. Heimberger
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (V.A.A.); (H.N.); (E.P.); (C.L.-C.); (P.C.)
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Widodo SS, Dinevska M, Furst LM, Stylli SS, Mantamadiotis T. IL-10 in glioma. Br J Cancer 2021; 125:1466-1476. [PMID: 34349251 PMCID: PMC8609023 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-021-01515-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The prognosis for patients with glioblastoma (GBM), the most common and malignant type of primary brain tumour, is very poor, despite current standard treatments such as surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Moreover, the immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment hinders the development of effective immunotherapies for GBM. Cytokines such as interleukin-10 (IL-10) play a major role in modulating the activity of infiltrating immune cells and tumour cells in GBM, predominantly conferring an immunosuppressive action; however, in some circumstances, IL-10 can have an immunostimulatory effect. Elucidating the function of IL-10 in GBM is necessary to better strategise and improve the efficacy of immunotherapy. This review discusses the immunostimulatory and immunosuppressive roles of IL-10 in the GBM tumour microenvironment while considering IL-10-targeted treatment strategies. The molecular mechanisms that underlie the expression of IL-10 in various cell types are also outlined, and how this resulting information might provide an avenue for the improvement of immunotherapy in GBM is explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel S. Widodo
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC Australia
| | - Marija Dinevska
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC Australia
| | - Liam M. Furst
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Stanley S. Stylli
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC Australia ,grid.416153.40000 0004 0624 1200Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC Australia
| | - Theo Mantamadiotis
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC Australia ,grid.418025.a0000 0004 0606 5526Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC Australia
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15
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Payazdan M, Khatami S, Galehdari H, Delfan N, Shafiei M, Heydaran S. The anti-inflammatory effects of sialic acid on the human glia cells by the upregulation of IL-4 and IL-10 genes' expressions. GENE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2021.101218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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16
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Andersen RS, Anand A, Harwood DSL, Kristensen BW. Tumor-Associated Microglia and Macrophages in the Glioblastoma Microenvironment and Their Implications for Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13174255. [PMID: 34503065 PMCID: PMC8428223 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13174255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most frequent and malignant primary brain tumor. Standard of care includes surgery followed by radiation and temozolomide chemotherapy. Despite treatment, patients have a poor prognosis with a median survival of less than 15 months. The poor prognosis is associated with an increased abundance of tumor-associated microglia and macrophages (TAMs), which are known to play a role in creating a pro-tumorigenic environment and aiding tumor progression. Most treatment strategies are directed against glioblastoma cells; however, accumulating evidence suggests targeting of TAMs as a promising therapeutic strategy. While TAMs are typically dichotomously classified as M1 and M2 phenotypes, recent studies utilizing single cell technologies have identified expression pattern differences, which is beginning to give a deeper understanding of the heterogeneous subpopulations of TAMs in glioblastomas. In this review, we evaluate the role of TAMs in the glioblastoma microenvironment and discuss how their interactions with cancer cells have an extensive impact on glioblastoma progression and treatment resistance. Finally, we summarize the effects and challenges of therapeutic strategies, which specifically aim to target TAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikke Sick Andersen
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (R.S.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Atul Anand
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (R.S.A.); (A.A.)
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Dylan Scott Lykke Harwood
- Department of Pathology, The Bartholin Institute, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Biotech Research and Innovation Center (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bjarne Winther Kristensen
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (R.S.A.); (A.A.)
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
- Department of Pathology, The Bartholin Institute, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Biotech Research and Innovation Center (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Correspondence:
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Abstract
Microglia are the resident macrophages in the central nervous system (CNS), and they constitute 15-20% of the total glial populations. They have wide developmental and protective functions during brain injury, infection and tumorigenesis. Originally thought to derive from postnatal hematopoietic progenitors, it has recently been demonstrated that microglia originate from primitive myeloid progenitor cells that arise during early development from the embryonic yolk sac. Circulating monocytes infiltrate the CNS upon inflammatory conditions, such as cancer, primarily differentiating into macrophages and dendritic cells. Both resident and recruited microglia respond to environmental cues and actively participate in pathogenic processes, albeit their transcriptomic profiles contain significant differences suggesting distinctive roles. Metastatic brain tumors are the most common intracranial neoplasm in adults, with an estimate incidence 10 times higher than all primary brain neoplasms combined, and with dismal prognosis. Microglia is a major immune population associated with brain metastatic tumors in patients. They are proposed to play multiple, and sometimes opposing roles, in tumor progression. However, our ability to evaluate individual contribution of resident and recruited populations is hindered by the fact that they express overlapping sets of surface markers. Tracking and interrogating tissue-resident vs recruited microglia in the brain tumor microenvironment becomes critical to dissect their respective roles and gain a better understanding of the mechanism governing their interaction. In this chapter, we describe the utilization of genetic reporter mice to identify recruited brain microglia, offer a comparison between the genetic method and the most widely used flow cytometric approach, and discuss potential downstream applications to interrogate BMDM function in brain metastatic disease.
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18
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Chaudhary R, Morris RJ, Steinson E. The multifactorial roles of microglia and macrophages in the maintenance and progression of glioblastoma. J Neuroimmunol 2021; 357:577633. [PMID: 34153803 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The functional characteristics of glial cells, in particular microglia, have attained considerable importance in several diseases, including glioblastoma, the most hostile and malignant type of intracranial tumor. Microglia performs a highly significant role in the brain's inflammatory response mechanism. They exhibit anti-tumor properties via phagocytosis and the activation of a number of different cytotoxic substances. Some tumor-derived factors, however, transform these microglial cells into immunosuppressive and tumor-supportive, facilitating survival and progression of tumorigenic cells. Glioma-associated microglia and/or macrophages (GAMs) accounts for a large proportion of glioma infiltrating cells. Once within the tumor, GAMs exhibit a distinct phenotype of initiation that subsequently supports the growth and development of tumorigenic cells, angiogenesis and stimulates the infiltration of healthy brain regions. Interventions that suppress or prohibit the induction of GAMs at the tumor site or attenuate their immunological activities accommodating anti-tumor actions are likely to exert positive impact on glioblastoma treatment. In the present paper, we aim to summarize the most recent knowledge of microglia and its physiology, as well as include a very brief description of different molecular factors involved in microglia and glioblastoma interplay. We further address some of the major signaling pathways that regulate the baseline motility of glioblastoma progression. Finally, we discussed a number of therapeutic approaches regarding glioblastoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishabh Chaudhary
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, India.
| | - Rhianna J Morris
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Steinson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
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19
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Sedighzadeh SS, Khoshbin AP, Razi S, Keshavarz-Fathi M, Rezaei N. A narrative review of tumor-associated macrophages in lung cancer: regulation of macrophage polarization and therapeutic implications. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2021; 10:1889-1916. [PMID: 34012800 PMCID: PMC8107755 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr-20-1241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the deadliest malignancy worldwide. An inflammatory microenvironment is a key factor contributing to lung tumor progression. Tumor-Associated Macrophages (TAMs) are prominent components of the cancer immune microenvironment with diverse supportive and inhibitory effects on growth, progression, and metastasis of lung tumors. Two main macrophage phenotypes with different functions have been identified. They include inflammatory or classically activated (M1) and anti-inflammatory or alternatively activated (M2) macrophages. The contrasting functions of TAMs in relation to lung neoplasm progression stem from the presence of TAMs with varying tumor-promoting or anti-tumor activities. This wide spectrum of functions is governed by a network of cytokines and chemokines, cell-cell interactions, and signaling pathways. TAMs are promising therapeutic targets for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treatment. There are several strategies for TAM targeting and utilizing them for therapeutic purposes including limiting monocyte recruitment and localization through various pathways such as CCL2-CCR2, CSF1-CSF1R, and CXCL12-CXCR4, targeting the activation of TAMs, genetic and epigenetic reprogramming of TAMs to antitumor phenotype, and utilizing TAMs as the carrier for anti-cancer drugs. In this review, we will outline the role of macrophages in the lung cancer initiation and progression, pathways regulating their function in lung cancer microenvironment as well as the role of these immune cells in the development of future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Sadat Sedighzadeh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.,Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Amin Pastaki Khoshbin
- Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.,School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepideh Razi
- Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.,School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Keshavarz-Fathi
- Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.,School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Sheffield, UK
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20
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Wu SY, Sharma S, Wu K, Tyagi A, Zhao D, Deshpande RP, Watabe K. Tamoxifen suppresses brain metastasis of estrogen receptor-deficient breast cancer by skewing microglia polarization and enhancing their immune functions. Breast Cancer Res 2021; 23:35. [PMID: 33736709 PMCID: PMC7977276 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-021-01412-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Brain metastasis of breast cancer exhibits exceedingly poor prognosis, and both triple negative (TN) and Her2+ subtypes have the highest incidence of brain metastasis. Although estrogen blockers are considered to be ineffective for their treatment, recent evidence indicates that estrogen blockade using tamoxifen showed certain efficacy. However, how estrogen affects brain metastasis of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) remains elusive. Methods To examine the effect of estrogen on brain metastasis progression, nude mice were implanted with brain metastatic cells and treated with either estrogen supplement, tamoxifen, or ovariectomy for estrogen depletion. For clinical validation study, brain metastasis specimens from pre- and post-menopause breast cancer patients were examined for microglia polarization by immunohistochemistry. To examine the estrogen-induced M2 microglia polarization, microglia cells were treated with estrogen, and the M1/M2 microglia polarization was detected by qRT-PCR and FACS. The estrogen receptor-deficient brain metastatic cells, SkBrM and 231BrM, were treated with conditioned medium (CM) derived from microglia that were treated with estrogen in the presence or absence of tamoxifen. The effect of microglia-derived CM on tumor cells was examined by colony formation assay and sphere forming ability. Results We found that M2 microglia were abundantly infiltrated in brain metastasis of pre-menopausal breast cancer patients. A similar observation was made in vivo, when we treated mice systemically with estrogen. Blocking of estrogen signaling either by tamoxifen treatment or surgical resection of mice ovaries suppressed M2 microglial polarization and decreased the secretion of C-C motif chemokine ligand 5, resulting in suppression of brain metastasis. The estrogen modulation also suppressed stemness in TNBC cells in vitro. Importantly, estrogen enhanced the expression of signal regulatory protein α on microglia and restricted their phagocytic ability. Conclusions Our results indicate that estrogen promotes brain metastasis by skewing polarity of M2 microglia and inhibiting their phagocytic ability, while tamoxifen suppresses brain metastasis by blocking the M2 polarization of microglia and increasing their anti-tumor phagocytic ability. Our results also highlight a potential therapeutic utility of tamoxifen for treating brain metastasis of hormone receptor-deficient breast cancer. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13058-021-01412-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Ying Wu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Sambad Sharma
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Kerui Wu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Abhishek Tyagi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Dan Zhao
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Ravindra Pramod Deshpande
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Kounosuke Watabe
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
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21
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Srinivasan ES, Tan AC, Anders CK, Pendergast AM, Sipkins DA, Ashley DM, Fecci PE, Khasraw M. Salting the Soil: Targeting the Microenvironment of Brain Metastases. Mol Cancer Ther 2021; 20:455-466. [PMID: 33402399 PMCID: PMC8041238 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-20-0579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Paget's "seed and soil" hypothesis of metastatic spread has acted as a foundation of the field for over a century, with continued evolution as mechanisms of the process have been elucidated. The central nervous system (CNS) presents a unique soil through this lens, relatively isolated from peripheral circulation and immune surveillance with distinct cellular and structural composition. Research in primary and metastatic brain tumors has demonstrated that this tumor microenvironment (TME) plays an essential role in the growth of CNS tumors. In each case, the cancerous cells develop complex and bidirectional relationships that reorganize the local TME and reprogram the CNS cells, including endothelial cells, pericytes, astrocytes, microglia, infiltrating monocytes, and lymphocytes. These interactions create a structurally and immunologically permissive TME with malignant processes promoting positive feedback loops and systemic consequences. Strategies to interrupt interactions with the native CNS components, on "salting the soil," to create an inhospitable environment are promising in the preclinical setting. This review aims to examine the general and specific pathways thus far investigated in brain metastases and related work in glioma to identify targetable mechanisms that may have general application across the spectrum of intracranial tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan S Srinivasan
- Duke Brain and Spine Metastases Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Aaron C Tan
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Carey K Anders
- Duke Brain and Spine Metastases Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - Dorothy A Sipkins
- Duke Brain and Spine Metastases Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - David M Ashley
- Duke Brain and Spine Metastases Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Peter E Fecci
- Duke Brain and Spine Metastases Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Mustafa Khasraw
- Duke Brain and Spine Metastases Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.
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22
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Finch A, Solomou G, Wykes V, Pohl U, Bardella C, Watts C. Advances in Research of Adult Gliomas. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020924. [PMID: 33477674 PMCID: PMC7831916 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Diffuse gliomas are the most frequent brain tumours, representing 75% of all primary malignant brain tumours in adults. Because of their locally aggressive behaviour and the fact that they cannot be cured by current therapies, they represent one of the most devastating cancers. The present review summarises recent advances in our understanding of glioma development and progression by use of various in vitro and in vivo models, as well as more complex techniques including cultures of 3D organoids and organotypic slices. We discuss the progress that has been made in understanding glioma heterogeneity, alteration in gene expression and DNA methylation, as well as advances in various in silico models. Lastly current treatment options and future clinical trials, which aim to improve early diagnosis and disease monitoring, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Finch
- Institute of Cancer Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (A.F.); (G.S.); (V.W.)
| | - Georgios Solomou
- Institute of Cancer Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (A.F.); (G.S.); (V.W.)
- School of Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5NL, UK
| | - Victoria Wykes
- Institute of Cancer Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (A.F.); (G.S.); (V.W.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2WB, UK
| | - Ute Pohl
- Department of Cellular Pathology, University Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2WB, UK;
| | - Chiara Bardella
- Institute of Cancer Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (A.F.); (G.S.); (V.W.)
- Correspondence: (C.B.); (C.W.)
| | - Colin Watts
- Institute of Cancer Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (A.F.); (G.S.); (V.W.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2WB, UK
- Correspondence: (C.B.); (C.W.)
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23
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Pearson JRD, Cuzzubbo S, McArthur S, Durrant LG, Adhikaree J, Tinsley CJ, Pockley AG, McArdle SEB. Immune Escape in Glioblastoma Multiforme and the Adaptation of Immunotherapies for Treatment. Front Immunol 2020; 11:582106. [PMID: 33178210 PMCID: PMC7594513 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.582106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most frequently occurring primary brain tumor and has a very poor prognosis, with only around 5% of patients surviving for a period of 5 years or more after diagnosis. Despite aggressive multimodal therapy, consisting mostly of a combination of surgery, radiotherapy, and temozolomide chemotherapy, tumors nearly always recur close to the site of resection. For the past 15 years, very little progress has been made with regards to improving patient survival. Although immunotherapy represents an attractive therapy modality due to the promising pre-clinical results observed, many of these potential immunotherapeutic approaches fail during clinical trials, and to date no immunotherapeutic treatments for GBM have been approved. As for many other difficult to treat cancers, GBM combines a lack of immunogenicity with few mutations and a highly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Unfortunately, both tumor and immune cells have been shown to contribute towards this immunosuppressive phenotype. In addition, current therapeutics also exacerbate this immunosuppression which might explain the failure of immunotherapy-based clinical trials in the GBM setting. Understanding how these mechanisms interact with one another, as well as how one can increase the anti-tumor immune response by addressing local immunosuppression will lead to better clinical results for immune-based therapeutics. Improving therapeutic delivery across the blood brain barrier also presents a challenge for immunotherapy and future therapies will need to consider this. This review highlights the immunosuppressive mechanisms employed by GBM cancers and examines potential immunotherapeutic treatments that can overcome these significant immunosuppressive hurdles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua R. D. Pearson
- The John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Centre for Health, Ageing and Understanding Disease (CHAUD), School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Stefania Cuzzubbo
- Université de Paris, PARCC, INSERM U970, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Recherches Biochirurgicales (Fondation Carpentier), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Simon McArthur
- Institute of Dentistry, Barts & the London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lindy G. Durrant
- Scancell Ltd, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jason Adhikaree
- Academic Oncology, Nottingham University NHS Trusts, City Hospital Campus, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Chris J. Tinsley
- The John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Centre for Health, Ageing and Understanding Disease (CHAUD), School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - A. Graham Pockley
- The John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Centre for Health, Ageing and Understanding Disease (CHAUD), School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie E. B. McArdle
- The John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Centre for Health, Ageing and Understanding Disease (CHAUD), School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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Hallal S, Ebrahim Khani S, Wei H, Lee MYT, Sim HW, Sy J, Shivalingam B, Buckland ME, Alexander-Kaufman KL. Deep Sequencing of Small RNAs from Neurosurgical Extracellular Vesicles Substantiates miR-486-3p as a Circulating Biomarker that Distinguishes Glioblastoma from Lower-Grade Astrocytoma Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21144954. [PMID: 32668808 PMCID: PMC7404297 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play key roles in glioblastoma (GBM; astrocytoma grade IV) biology and are novel sources of biomarkers. EVs released from GBM tumors can cross the blood-brain-barrier into the periphery carrying GBM molecules, including small non-coding RNA (sncRNA). Biomarkers cargoed in circulating EVs have shown great promise for assessing the molecular state of brain tumors in situ. Neurosurgical aspirate fluids captured during tumor resections are a rich source of GBM-EVs isolated directly from tumor microenvironments. Using density gradient ultracentrifugation, EVs were purified from cavitron ultrasonic surgical aspirate (CUSA) washings from GBM (n = 12) and astrocytoma II-III (GII-III, n = 5) surgeries. The sncRNA contents of surgically captured EVs were profiled using the Illumina® NextSeqTM 500 NGS System. Differential expression analysis identified 27 miRNA and 10 piRNA species in GBM relative to GII-III CUSA-EVs. Resolved CUSA-EV sncRNAs could discriminate serum-EV sncRNA profiles from GBM and GII-III patients and healthy controls and 14 miRNAs (including miR-486-3p and miR-106b-3p) and cancer-associated piRNAs (piR_016658, _016659, _020829 and _204090) were also significantly expressed in serum-EVs. Circulating EV markers that correlate with histological, neuroradiographic and clinical parameters will provide objective measures of tumor activity and improve the accuracy of GBM tumor surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susannah Hallal
- Department of Neurosurgical Services, Chris O’Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown 2050, Australia; (S.H.); (B.S.)
- Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown 2006, Australia; (S.E.K.); (M.E.B.)
- Brainstorm Brain Cancer Research, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown 2050, Australia; (H.W.); (M.Y.T.L.)
- Neuropathology Department, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown 2050, Australia;
| | - Saeideh Ebrahim Khani
- Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown 2006, Australia; (S.E.K.); (M.E.B.)
| | - Heng Wei
- Brainstorm Brain Cancer Research, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown 2050, Australia; (H.W.); (M.Y.T.L.)
- Neuropathology Department, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown 2050, Australia;
| | - Maggie Yuk Ting Lee
- Brainstorm Brain Cancer Research, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown 2050, Australia; (H.W.); (M.Y.T.L.)
- Neuropathology Department, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown 2050, Australia;
| | - Hao-Wen Sim
- Department of Medical Oncology and NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, Chris O’Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown 2050, Australia;
- Central Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown 2006, Australia
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, St Vincent’s Hospital, Darlinghurst 2010, Australia
| | - Joanne Sy
- Neuropathology Department, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown 2050, Australia;
| | - Brindha Shivalingam
- Department of Neurosurgical Services, Chris O’Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown 2050, Australia; (S.H.); (B.S.)
- Brainstorm Brain Cancer Research, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown 2050, Australia; (H.W.); (M.Y.T.L.)
| | - Michael E. Buckland
- Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown 2006, Australia; (S.E.K.); (M.E.B.)
- Brainstorm Brain Cancer Research, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown 2050, Australia; (H.W.); (M.Y.T.L.)
- Neuropathology Department, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown 2050, Australia;
| | - Kimberley L. Alexander-Kaufman
- Department of Neurosurgical Services, Chris O’Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown 2050, Australia; (S.H.); (B.S.)
- Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown 2006, Australia; (S.E.K.); (M.E.B.)
- Brainstorm Brain Cancer Research, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown 2050, Australia; (H.W.); (M.Y.T.L.)
- Neuropathology Department, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown 2050, Australia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-2-8514-0675
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25
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Grégoire H, Roncali L, Rousseau A, Chérel M, Delneste Y, Jeannin P, Hindré F, Garcion E. Targeting Tumor Associated Macrophages to Overcome Conventional Treatment Resistance in Glioblastoma. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:368. [PMID: 32322199 PMCID: PMC7158850 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GB) is the most common and devastating form of brain cancer. Despite conventional treatments, progression or recurrences are systematic. In recent years, immunotherapies have emerged as an effective treatment in a number of cancers, leaving the question of their usefulness also faced with the particular case of brain tumors. The challenge here is major not only because the brain is the seat of our consciousness but also because of its isolation by the blood-brain barrier and the presence of a unique microenvironment that constitutes the central nervous system (CNS) with very specific constituent or patrolling cells. Much of the microenvironment is made up of immune cells or inflammation. Among these, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are of significant interest as they are often involved in facilitating tumor progression as well as the development of resistance to standard therapies. In this review, the ubiquity of TAMs in GB will be discussed while the specific case of microglia resident in the brain will be also emphasized. In addition, the roles of TAMs as accomplices in the progression of GB and resistance to treatment will be presented. Finally, clinical trials targeting TAMs as a means of treating cancer will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Grégoire
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Loris Roncali
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Audrey Rousseau
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers, Angers, France.,Département de Pathologie Cellulaire et Tissulaire, CHU Angers, Angers, France
| | - Michel Chérel
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Yves Delneste
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers, Angers, France.,Laboratoire d'Immunologie et Allergologie, CHU d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Pascale Jeannin
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers, Angers, France.,Laboratoire d'Immunologie et Allergologie, CHU d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - François Hindré
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers, Angers, France.,PRIMEX, Plateforme de radiobiologie et d'imagerie expérimentale, SFR ICAT, Université d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Emmanuel Garcion
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers, Angers, France.,PACeM, Plateforme d'analyses cellulaires et moléculaires, SFR ICAT, Université d'Angers, Angers, France
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26
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Xu S, Tang L, Li X, Fan F, Liu Z. Immunotherapy for glioma: Current management and future application. Cancer Lett 2020; 476:1-12. [PMID: 32044356 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Gliomas are intrinsic brain tumors that originate from neuroglial progenitor cells. Conventional therapies, including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, have achieved limited improvements in the prognosis of glioma patients. Immunotherapy, a revolution in cancer treatment, has become a promising strategy with the ability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier since the pioneering discovery of lymphatics in the central nervous system. Here we detail the current management of gliomas and previous studies assessing different immunotherapies in gliomas, despite the fact that the associated clinical trials have not been completed yet. Moreover, several drugs that have undergone clinical trials are listed as novel strategies for future application; however, these clinical trials have indicated limited efficacy in glioma. Therefore, additional studies are warranted to evaluate novel therapeutic approaches in glioma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengchao Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Tang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xizhe Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Fan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhixiong Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
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27
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Zhang IY, Zhou H, Liu H, Zhang L, Gao H, Liu S, Song Y, Alizadeh D, Yin HH, Pillai R, Badie B. Local and Systemic Immune Dysregulation Alters Glioma Growth in Hyperglycemic Mice. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 26:2740-2753. [PMID: 32019861 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-2520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Unlike most cancers, no clear epidemiological correlation between diabetes (Db) and malignant glioma progression exists. Because hyperglycemia activates proinflammatory pathways through the receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE), we hypothesized that Db can also promote malignant glioma progression. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We compared the growth of two phenotypically diverse syngeneic glioma models in control and diabetic mice. Tumor growth and antitumor immune responses were evaluated in orthotopic and heterotopic models and correlated to RAGE and RAGE ligand expression. RESULTS Irrespective of tumor implantation site, growth of a "classical" glioma model, GL261, increased in hyperglycemic mice and was mediated by upregulation of RAGE and its ligand, HMGB1. However, growth of a "mesenchymal" glioma subtype, K-Luc, depended on tumor implantation site. Whereas heterotopic K-Luc tumors progressed rapidly in Db mice, intracranial K-Luc tumors grew slower. We further showed that hyperglycemia inhibited the innate antitumor inflammatory responses in both models. Although this contributed to the accelerated growth of heterotopic tumors, suppression of tumor inflammatory responses dampened the growth of orthotopic K-Luc gliomas. CONCLUSIONS Hyperglycemia may enhance glioma growth through promotion of RAGE expression and suppression of antitumor immune responses. However, abrogation of the proinflammatory milieu in tumors may also dampen the growth of inflammatory glioma subtypes in the brains of diabetic mice. This dichotomy in glioma growth response to hyperglycemia may partly explain why conflicting epidemiological studies show both an increased risk and a protective effect of Db in patients with malignant gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Y Zhang
- Division of Neurosurgery, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California
| | - Hui Zhou
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Huili Liu
- Division of Neurosurgery, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California
| | - Leying Zhang
- Division of Neurosurgery, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California
| | - Hang Gao
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, No. 1 Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, P.R. China
| | - Shunan Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, The Pharmacy School of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, P.R. China
| | - Yanyan Song
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, P.R. China
| | - Darya Alizadeh
- Division of Neurosurgery, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California
| | - Hongwei Holly Yin
- Department of Pathology, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California
| | - Raju Pillai
- Department of Pathology, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California
| | - Behnam Badie
- Division of Neurosurgery, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California. .,Department of Cancer Immunotherapeutics and Tumor Immunology, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California
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28
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Adhikaree J, Moreno-Vicente J, Kaur AP, Jackson AM, Patel PM. Resistance Mechanisms and Barriers to Successful Immunotherapy for Treating Glioblastoma. Cells 2020; 9:E263. [PMID: 31973059 PMCID: PMC7072315 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is inevitably refractory to surgery and chemoradiation. The hope for immunotherapy has yet to be realised in the treatment of GBM. Immune checkpoint blockade antibodies, particularly those targeting the Programme death 1 (PD-1)/PD-1 ligand (PD-L1) pathway, have improved the prognosis in a range of cancers. However, its use in combination with chemoradiation or as monotherapy has proved unsuccessful in treating GBM. This review focuses on our current knowledge of barriers to immunotherapy success in treating GBM, such as diminished pre-existing anti-tumour immunity represented by low levels of PD-L1 expression, low tumour mutational burden and a severely exhausted T-cell tumour infiltrate. Likewise, systemic T-cell immunosuppression is seen driven by tumoural factors and corticosteroid use. Furthermore, unique anatomical differences with primary intracranial tumours such as the blood-brain barrier, the type of antigen-presenting cells and lymphatic drainage contribute to differences in treatment success compared to extracranial tumours. There are, however, shared characteristics with those known in other tumours such as the immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment. We conclude with a summary of ongoing and future immune combination strategies in GBM, which are representative of the next wave in immuno-oncology therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Adhikaree
- Host-Tumour Interactions Group, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, BioDiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (A.P.K.); (A.M.J.); (P.M.P.)
| | - Julia Moreno-Vicente
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hants SO16 6YD, UK;
| | - Aanchal Preet Kaur
- Host-Tumour Interactions Group, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, BioDiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (A.P.K.); (A.M.J.); (P.M.P.)
| | - Andrew Mark Jackson
- Host-Tumour Interactions Group, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, BioDiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (A.P.K.); (A.M.J.); (P.M.P.)
| | - Poulam M. Patel
- Host-Tumour Interactions Group, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, BioDiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (A.P.K.); (A.M.J.); (P.M.P.)
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29
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Role of Infiltrating Microglia/Macrophages in Glioma. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1202:281-298. [PMID: 32034719 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-30651-9_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this chapter we describe the state of the art knowledge of the role played by myeloid cells in promoting and supporting the growth and the invasive properties of a deadly brain tumor, glioblastoma. We provide a review of the works describing the intercellular communication among glioma and associated microglia/macrophage cells (GAMs) using in vitro cellular models derived from mice, rats and human patients and in vivo animal models using syngeneic or xenogeneic experimental systems. Special emphasis will be given to 1) the timing alteration of brain microenvironment under the influence of glioma, 2) the bidirectional communication among tumor and GAMs, 3) possible approaches to interfere with or to guide these interactions, with the aim to identify molecular and cellular targets which could revert or delay the vicious cycle that favors tumor biology.
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30
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Lamano JB, Lamano JB, Li YD, DiDomenico JD, Choy W, Veliceasa D, Oyon DE, Fakurnejad S, Ampie L, Kesavabhotla K, Kaur R, Kaur G, Biyashev D, Unruh DJ, Horbinski CM, James CD, Parsa AT, Bloch O. Glioblastoma-Derived IL6 Induces Immunosuppressive Peripheral Myeloid Cell PD-L1 and Promotes Tumor Growth. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:3643-3657. [PMID: 30824583 PMCID: PMC6571046 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-2402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Upregulation of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) on circulating and tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells is a critical component of GBM-mediated immunosuppression that has been associated with diminished response to vaccine immunotherapy and poor survival. Although GBM-derived soluble factors have been implicated in myeloid PD-L1 expression, the identity of such factors has remained unknown. This study aimed to identify factors responsible for myeloid PD-L1 upregulation as potential targets for immune modulation. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Conditioned media from patient-derived GBM explant cell cultures was assessed for cytokine expression and utilized to stimulate naïve myeloid cells. Myeloid PD-L1 induction was quantified by flow cytometry. Candidate cytokines correlated with PD-L1 induction were evaluated in tumor sections and plasma for relationships with survival and myeloid PD-L1 expression. The role of identified cytokines on immunosuppression and survival was investigated in vivo utilizing immunocompetent C57BL/6 mice bearing syngeneic GL261 and CT-2A tumors. RESULTS GBM-derived IL6 was identified as a cytokine that is necessary and sufficient for myeloid PD-L1 induction in GBM through a STAT3-dependent mechanism. Inhibition of IL6 signaling in orthotopic murine glioma models was associated with reduced myeloid PD-L1 expression, diminished tumor growth, and increased survival. The therapeutic benefit of anti-IL6 therapy proved to be CD8+ T-cell dependent, and the antitumor activity was additive with that provided by programmed death-1 (PD-1)-targeted immunotherapy. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that disruption of IL6 signaling in GBM reduces local and systemic myeloid-driven immunosuppression and enhances immune-mediated antitumor responses against GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan B Lamano
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Yuping D Li
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Winward Choy
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Dorina Veliceasa
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Daniel E Oyon
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Shayan Fakurnejad
- Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Leonel Ampie
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kartik Kesavabhotla
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Rajwant Kaur
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Gurvinder Kaur
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Dauren Biyashev
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Dusten J Unruh
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Craig M Horbinski
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
- Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - C David James
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
- Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Orin Bloch
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
- Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
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31
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Linsenmann T, Jawork A, Westermaier T, Homola G, Monoranu CM, Vince GH, Kessler AF, Ernestus RI, Löhr M. Tumor growth under rhGM-CSF application in an orthotopic rodent glioma model. Oncol Lett 2019; 17:4843-4850. [PMID: 31186691 PMCID: PMC6507467 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of the host immune response serves a pivotal role in the persistence and progression of malignant glioma. To date, cytotoxic cluster of differentiation (CD)-8+ T and natural killer cells are considered the main cellular components of host tumor control. The influence of macrophages in an orthotropic C6 tumor implantation model was investigated and the aim of the present study was to characterize the effects of systemic macrophage-activation on glioma growth by using the granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (rhGM-CSF). A total of 20 male Sprague-Dawley rats were orthotopically implanted with C6 glioma spheroids and treated subcutaneously with 10 µg/kg rhGM-CSF every other day; 9 animals served as controls. Serial magnetic resonance imaging was performed on days 7, 14, 21, 28, 32 and 42 post-implantation to monitor tumor volume. Histological work-up included hematoxylin and eosin, CD68/ED-1 macrophage, CD8 T-cell and Ki-67 MIB1 proliferation staining in gliomas and spleen. Experimental C6-gliomas developed in 15/20 (75%) animals. In rhGM-CSF treated rats, tumors developed significantly later and reached a smaller size (median, 134 mm3) compared with the controls (median, 262 mm3). On day 14, solid tumors presented in 11/17 (65%) rhGM-CSF-treated animals; in control animals tumor growth was detected in 3/9 animals on day 7 and in all animals on day 14. The mean survival time was 35 days in the rhGM-CSF group and significantly longer when compared with the control group (24 days). Immunohistochemistry exhibited significantly more macrophages in tumors, particularly in the perivascular zone of the rhGM-CSF group when compared with untreated animals; intratumoral CD8+ counts were equal in both groups. A systemic stimulation of macrophages by rhGM-CSF resulted in significantly reduced and delayed tumor growth in the rodent C6 glioma model. The present data suggested a significant role of macrophages in host control of experimental gliomas on the innate immune response. Until now, the role of macrophages may have been underestimated in host glioma control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Linsenmann
- Department of Neurosurgery, Julius Maximilians University, Wuerzburg, D-97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Anna Jawork
- Department of Neurosurgery, Julius Maximilians University, Wuerzburg, D-97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Westermaier
- Department of Neurosurgery, Julius Maximilians University, Wuerzburg, D-97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - György Homola
- Department of Neuroradiology, Julius Maximilians University, Wuerzburg, D-97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Camelia Maria Monoranu
- Department of Neuropathology, Julius Maximilians University, Wuerzburg, D-97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Giles Hamilton Vince
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Centre of Aschaffenburg-Alzenau, D-63739 Aschaffenburg, Germany
| | | | - Ralf-Ingo Ernestus
- Department of Neurosurgery, Julius Maximilians University, Wuerzburg, D-97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Mario Löhr
- Department of Neurosurgery, Julius Maximilians University, Wuerzburg, D-97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
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32
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Alshabi AM, Vastrad B, Shaikh IA, Vastrad C. Identification of Crucial Candidate Genes and Pathways in Glioblastoma Multiform by Bioinformatics Analysis. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9050201. [PMID: 31137733 PMCID: PMC6571969 DOI: 10.3390/biom9050201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying glioblastoma multiform (GBM) and its biomarkers. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were diagnosed using the limma software package. The ToppGene (ToppFun) was used to perform pathway and Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis of the DEGs. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks, extracted modules, miRNA-target genes regulatory network and TF-target genes regulatory network were used to obtain insight into the actions of DEGs. Survival analysis for DEGs was carried out. A total of 590 DEGs, including 243 up regulated and 347 down regulated genes, were diagnosed between scrambled shRNA expression and Lin7A knock down. The up-regulated genes were enriched in ribosome, mitochondrial translation termination, translation, and peptide biosynthetic process. The down-regulated genes were enriched in focal adhesion, VEGFR3 signaling in lymphatic endothelium, extracellular matrix organization, and extracellular matrix. The current study screened the genes in the PPI network, extracted modules, miRNA-target genes regulatory network, and TF-target genes regulatory network with higher degrees as hub genes, which included NPM1, CUL4A, YIPF1, SHC1, AKT1, VLDLR, RPL14, P3H2, DTNA, FAM126B, RPL34, and MYL5. Survival analysis indicated that the high expression of RPL36A and MRPL35 were predicting longer survival of GBM, while high expression of AP1S1 and AKAP12 were predicting shorter survival of GBM. High expression of RPL36A and AP1S1 were associated with pathogenesis of GBM, while low expression of ALPL was associated with pathogenesis of GBM. In conclusion, the current study diagnosed DEGs between scrambled shRNA expression and Lin7A knock down samples, which could improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms in the progression of GBM, and these crucial as well as new diagnostic markers might be used as therapeutic targets for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mohamed Alshabi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Basavaraj Vastrad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SET`S College of Pharmacy, Dharwad, Karnataka 580002, India.
| | - Ibrahim Ahmed Shaikh
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Chanabasayya Vastrad
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Chanabasava Nilaya, Bharthinagar, Dharwad 580001, Karnataka, India.
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The role of microglia and P2X7 receptors in gliomas. J Neuroimmunol 2019; 332:138-146. [PMID: 31031209 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gliomas are the most prevalent tumours of the central nervous system and present with high morbidity and mortality. The most common and most aggressive form of glioma is glioblastoma multiforme, of which patients have a median survival time of only 12 to 15 months. Current treatment options are limited and have a small impact on clinical outcome and prognosis. There is accumulating evidence that microglia, the immunocompetent cells of the central nervous system, and the purinergic P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) may contribute to tumour progression and pathology. Importantly, P2X7R on both tumour cells and infiltrating microglia is overexpressed in animal and human glioma cultures. Factors released by glioma cells and P2X7R activation recruit microglia into the largely immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment where they have been demonstrated to contribute to either tumour proliferation or tumour suppression. It is likely that P2X7R mediates a range of microglia effector functions in the glioma setting, potentially increasing tumour growth and proliferation. This review evaluates current evidence on the roles of microglia and P2X7R in glioma pathogenesis. Understanding the nature, mechanisms and outcomes of microglia and P2X7R activation in gliomas is necessary for the development of more therapies with increased efficacy and specificity.
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Qian Z, Li Y, Fan X, Zhang C, Wang Y, Jiang T, Liu X. Molecular and clinical characterization of IDH associated immune signature in lower-grade gliomas. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1434466. [PMID: 29872572 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1434466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) affect the development and prognosis of gliomas. We investigated the role of IDH mutations in the regulation of immune phenotype in lower-grade gliomas (LGGs).Method and patients: A total of 1,008 cases with clinical and IDH mutation data from five cohorts were enrolled. Samples with RNA sequencing data from the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA) were used as training set, whereas RNA data from the Cancer Genome Atlas, Repository for Molecular Brain Neoplasia, GSE16011, and CGGA microarray databases were used for validation. R language tools and bioinformatics analysis were used for gene signature construction and biological function annotation.Results: We found that IDH mutations caused down-regulation of local immune response as among 332 immune system-related genes, 196(59.0%) were differentially expressed according to IDH mutation status. Nearly 70% of those differentially expressed genes exhibited prognostic value in LGGs. An immune response-based gene signature was constructed that distinguished cases with high- or low-risk of unfavorable prognosis and remained an independent prognostic factor in multivariate analyses in both training and validation cohorts. Samples from high-risk cases exhibited elevated expression of genes involved in immune response and NF-κB pathway activation. Furthermore, we found a strong correlation between the risk score and T cells, macrophage-related immune response, and expression of several prominent immune checkpoints.Conclusion: Our results indicated that mutant IDH is highly associated with the regulation of the immune microenvironment in LGGs. The observed immune system gene signature, which was sensitive to IDH mutation status, efficiently predicted patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenghui Qian
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yiming Li
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Fan
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chuanbao Zhang
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yinyan Wang
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Center of Brain Tumor, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Liu
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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35
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Roesch S, Rapp C, Dettling S, Herold-Mende C. When Immune Cells Turn Bad-Tumor-Associated Microglia/Macrophages in Glioma. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020436. [PMID: 29389898 PMCID: PMC5855658 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
As a substantial part of the brain tumor microenvironment (TME), glioma-associated microglia/macrophages (GAMs) have an emerging role in tumor progression and in controlling anti-tumor immune responses. We review challenges and improvements of cell models and highlight the contribution of this highly plastic cell population to an immunosuppressive TME, besides their well-known functional role regarding glioma cell invasion and angiogenesis. Finally, we summarize first therapeutic interventions to target GAMs and their effect on the immunobiology of gliomas, focusing on their interaction with T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Roesch
- Division of Experimental Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, INF400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Carmen Rapp
- Division of Experimental Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, INF400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Steffen Dettling
- Division of Experimental Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, INF400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Christel Herold-Mende
- Division of Experimental Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, INF400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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36
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Hsu TI, Wang YC, Hung CY, Yu CH, Su WC, Chang WC, Hung JJ. Positive feedback regulation between IL10 and EGFR promotes lung cancer formation. Oncotarget 2018; 7:20840-54. [PMID: 26956044 PMCID: PMC4991496 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of IL10 in the tumorigenesis of various cancer types is still controversial. Here, we found that increased IL10 levels are correlated with a poor prognosis in lung cancer patients. Moreover, IL10 levels were significantly increased in the lungs and serum of EGFRL858R- and Kras4bG12D-induced lung cancer mice, indicating that IL10 might facilitate lung cancer tumorigenesis. IL10 knockout in EGFRL858R and Kras4bG12D mice inhibited the development of lung tumors and decreased the levels of infiltrating M2 macrophages and tumor-promoting Treg lymphocytes. We also showed that EGF increases IL10 expression by enhancing IL10 mRNA stability, and IL10 subsequently activates JAK1/STAT3, Src, PI3K/Akt, and Erk signaling pathways. Interestingly, the IL10-induced recruitment of phosphorylated Src was critical for inducing EGFR through the activation of the JAK1/STAT3 pathway, suggesting that Src and JAK1 positively regulate each other to enhance STAT3 activity. Doxycycline-induced EGFRL858R mice treated with gefitinib and anti-IL10 antibodies exhibited poor tumor formation. In conclusion, IL10 and EGFR regulate each other through positive feedback, which leads to lung cancer formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-I Hsu
- Center for Infection Disease and Signal Research, College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan.,Institute of Bioinformatics and Biosignal Transduction, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,The Ph.D. Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and National Health Research Institutes, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chang Wang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yang Hung
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hui Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wu-Chou Su
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine and Hospital, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chang Chang
- Center for Infection Disease and Signal Research, College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan.,Institute of Bioinformatics and Biosignal Transduction, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,The Ph.D. Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and National Health Research Institutes, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jan-Jong Hung
- Center for Infection Disease and Signal Research, College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan.,Institute of Bioinformatics and Biosignal Transduction, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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37
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Haxho F, Neufeld RJ, Szewczuk MR. Neuraminidase-1: a novel therapeutic target in multistage tumorigenesis. Oncotarget 2018; 7:40860-40881. [PMID: 27029067 PMCID: PMC5130050 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Several of the growth factors and their receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) such as epidermal growth factor (EGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), nerve growth factor (NGF) and insulin are promising candidate targets for cancer therapy. Indeed, tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) have been developed to target these growth factors and their receptors, and have demonstrated dramatic initial responses in cancer therapy. Yet, most patients ultimately develop TKI drug resistance and relapse. It is essential in the clinical setting that the targeted therapies are to circumvent multistage tumorigenesis, including genetic mutations at the different growth factor receptors, tumor neovascularization, chemoresistance of tumors, immune-mediated tumorigenesis and the development of tissue invasion and metastasis. Here, we identify a novel receptor signaling platform linked to EGF, NGF, insulin and TOLL-like receptor (TLR) activations, all of which are known to play major roles in tumorigenesis. The importance of these findings signify an innovative and promising entirely new targeted therapy for cancer. The role of mammalian neuraminidase-1 (Neu1) in complex with matrix metalloproteinase-9 and G protein-coupled receptor tethered to RTKs and TLRs is identified as a major target in multistage tumorigenesis. Evidence exposing the link connecting growth factor-binding and immune-mediated tumorigenesis to this novel receptor-signaling paradigm will be reviewed in its current relationship to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Haxho
- Departments of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ronald J Neufeld
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Myron R Szewczuk
- Departments of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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38
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Shi Y, Ping YF, Zhou W, He ZC, Chen C, Bian BSJ, Zhang L, Chen L, Lan X, Zhang XC, Zhou K, Liu Q, Long H, Fu TW, Zhang XN, Cao MF, Huang Z, Fang X, Wang X, Feng H, Yao XH, Yu SC, Cui YH, Zhang X, Rich JN, Bao S, Bian XW. Tumour-associated macrophages secrete pleiotrophin to promote PTPRZ1 signalling in glioblastoma stem cells for tumour growth. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15080. [PMID: 28569747 PMCID: PMC5461490 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Intense infiltration of tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) facilitates malignant growth of glioblastoma (GBM), but the underlying mechanisms remain undefined. Herein, we report that TAMs secrete abundant pleiotrophin (PTN) to stimulate glioma stem cells (GSCs) through its receptor PTPRZ1 thus promoting GBM malignant growth through PTN–PTPRZ1 paracrine signalling. PTN expression correlates with infiltration of CD11b+/CD163+ TAMs and poor prognosis of GBM patients. Co-implantation of M2-like macrophages (MLCs) promoted GSC-driven tumour growth, but silencing PTN expression in MLCs mitigated their pro-tumorigenic activity. The PTN receptor PTPRZ1 is preferentially expressed in GSCs and also predicts GBM poor prognosis. Disrupting PTPRZ1 abrogated GSC maintenance and tumorigenic potential. Moreover, blocking the PTN–PTPRZ1 signalling by shRNA or anti-PTPRZ1 antibody potently suppressed GBM tumour growth and prolonged animal survival. Our study uncovered a critical molecular crosstalk between TAMs and GSCs through the PTN–PTPRZ1 paracrine signalling to support GBM malignant growth, indicating that targeting this signalling axis may have therapeutic potential. Tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) facilitate malignant growth of glioblastoma (GBM). Here, the authors show that TAMs support glioma stem cell renewal via paracrine signalling to the pleiotrophin receptor PTPRZ1 and that blocking this axis results in increased survival of tumour-bearing animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Shi
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Centre, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.,The Key Laboratory of Tumour Immunopathology, The Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yi-Fang Ping
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Centre, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.,The Key Laboratory of Tumour Immunopathology, The Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Wenchao Zhou
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Zhi-Cheng He
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Centre, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.,The Key Laboratory of Tumour Immunopathology, The Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Cong Chen
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Centre, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.,The Key Laboratory of Tumour Immunopathology, The Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing 400038, China.,Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Bai-Shi-Jiao Bian
- Department of Ophthalmology, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Lu Chen
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Centre, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.,The Key Laboratory of Tumour Immunopathology, The Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xun Lan
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Xian-Chao Zhang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Centre, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.,The Key Laboratory of Tumour Immunopathology, The Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Kai Zhou
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Centre, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.,The Key Laboratory of Tumour Immunopathology, The Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Centre, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.,The Key Laboratory of Tumour Immunopathology, The Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Hua Long
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Centre, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.,The Key Laboratory of Tumour Immunopathology, The Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Ti-Wei Fu
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Centre, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.,The Key Laboratory of Tumour Immunopathology, The Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xiao-Ning Zhang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Centre, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.,The Key Laboratory of Tumour Immunopathology, The Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Mian-Fu Cao
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Centre, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.,The Key Laboratory of Tumour Immunopathology, The Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Zhi Huang
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Xiaoguang Fang
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Xiuxing Wang
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Hua Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Yao
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Centre, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.,The Key Laboratory of Tumour Immunopathology, The Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Shi-Cang Yu
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Centre, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.,The Key Laboratory of Tumour Immunopathology, The Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - You-Hong Cui
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Centre, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.,The Key Laboratory of Tumour Immunopathology, The Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xia Zhang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Centre, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.,The Key Laboratory of Tumour Immunopathology, The Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jeremy N Rich
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Shideng Bao
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Xiu-Wu Bian
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Centre, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.,The Key Laboratory of Tumour Immunopathology, The Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing 400038, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510095, China
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39
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Immune microenvironment of gliomas. J Transl Med 2017; 97:498-518. [PMID: 28287634 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2017.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
High-grade gliomas are rapidly progressing tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) with a very poor prognosis despite extensive resection combined with radiation and/or chemotherapy. Histopathological and flow cytometry analyses of human and rodent experimental gliomas revealed heterogeneity of a tumor and its niche, composed of reactive astrocytes, endothelial cells, and numerous immune cells. Infiltrating immune cells consist of CNS resident (microglia) and peripheral macrophages, granulocytes, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), and T lymphocytes. Intratumoral density of glioma-associated microglia/macrophages (GAMs) and MDSCs is the highest in malignant gliomas and inversely correlates with patient survival. Although GAMs have a few innate immune functions intact, their ability to be stimulated via TLRs, secrete cytokines, and upregulate co-stimulatory molecules is not sufficient to initiate antitumor immune responses. Moreover, tumor-reprogrammed GAMs release immunosuppressive cytokines and chemokines shaping antitumor responses. Both GAMs and MDSCs have ability to attract T regulatory lymphocytes to the tumor, but MDSCs inhibit cytotoxic responses mediated by natural killer cells, and block the activation of tumor-reactive CD4+ T helper cells and cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. The presence of regulatory T cells may further contribute to the lack of effective immune activation against malignant gliomas. We review the immunological aspects of glioma microenvironment, in particular composition and various roles of the immune cells infiltrating malignant human gliomas and experimental rodent gliomas. We describe tumor-derived signals and mechanisms driving myeloid cell accumulation and reprogramming. Although, understanding the complexity of cell-cell interactions in glioma microenvironment is far from being achieved, recent studies demonstrated several glioma-derived factors that trigger migration, accumulation, and reprogramming of immune cells. Identification of these factors may facilitate development of immunotherapy for gliomas as immunomodulatory and immune evasion mechanisms employed by malignant gliomas pose an appalling challenge to brain tumor immunotherapy.
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40
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Tabatabaei P, Visse E, Bergström P, Brännström T, Siesjö P, Bergenheim AT. Radiotherapy induces an immediate inflammatory reaction in malignant glioma: a clinical microdialysis study. J Neurooncol 2016; 131:83-92. [PMID: 27664151 PMCID: PMC5258803 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-016-2271-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The knowledge of response to radiation in the immuno-microenvironment of high grade gliomas is sparse. In vitro results have indicated an inflammatory response of myeloid cells after irradiation. Therefore, microdialysis was used to verify whether this is operative in tumor tissue and brain adjacent to tumor (BAT) after clinical radiotherapy of patients with high grade glioma. Stereotactic biopsies and implantation of microdialysis catheters in tumor tissue and BAT were performed in eleven patients with high-grade glioma. The patients were given daily radiation fractions of 2–3.4 Gy. Microdialysis samples were collected before radiotherapy and during the first five days of radiation. Cytokines, glucose metabolites, glutamate and glycerol were analyzed. Immunohistochemistry was performed to detect macrophages (CD68) and monocytes (CD163) as well as IL-6, IL-8 and MCP-1. A significant increase of IL-8, MCP-1 and MIP-1a were detected in tumor tissue already after the first dose of radiation and increased further during 5 days of radiation. IL-6 did also increase but after five fractions of radiation. In BAT, the cytokine response was modest with significant increase of IL-8 after third dose of radiation. We found a positive correlation between baseline IL-8 and IL-6 microdialysis levels in tumor tissue and survival. Glucose metabolites or glycerol and glutamate did not change during radiation. In all tumors staining for macrophages was demonstrated. IL-6 was found in viable tumor cells while MCP-1 was demonstrated in macrophages or tumor matrix. Our findings suggest that radiation induces a rapid enhancement of the prevailing inflammation in high-grade glioma tissue. The microdialysis technique is feasible for this type of study and could be used to monitor metabolic changes after different interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedram Tabatabaei
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Neurosurgery, Umea University, 901 85, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Eward Visse
- Department of Clinical Science, Lund University Hospital, 221 85, Lund, Sweden
| | - Per Bergström
- Department of Radiation Science, Umeå University, 901 85, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Thomas Brännström
- Department of Medical Bioscience, Umeå University, 901 85, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Peter Siesjö
- Department of Clinical Science, Lund University Hospital, 221 85, Lund, Sweden
| | - A Tommy Bergenheim
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Neurosurgery, Umea University, 901 85, Umeå, Sweden
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41
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Li Z, Zheng Z, Ruan J, Li Z, Tzeng CM. Chronic Inflammation Links Cancer and Parkinson's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:126. [PMID: 27375474 PMCID: PMC4891345 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of genetic studies suggest that the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) and cancer share common genes, pathways, and mechanisms. Despite a disruption in a wide range of similar biological processes, the end result is very different: uncontrolled proliferation and early neurodegeneration. Thus, the links between the molecular mechanisms that cause PD and cancer remain to be elucidated. We propose that chronic inflammation in neurons and tumors contributes to a microenvironment that favors the accumulation of DNA mutations and facilitates disease formation. This article appraises the key role of microglia, establishes the genetic role of COX2 and CARD15 in PD and cancer, and discusses prevention and treatment with this new perspective in mind. We examine the evidence that chronic inflammation is an important link between cancer and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiming Li
- Translational Medicine Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen UniversityXiamen, China; Key Laboratory for Cancer T-Cell Theranostics and Clinical TranslationXiamen, China
| | - Zaozao Zheng
- Translational Medicine Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen UniversityXiamen, China; Key Laboratory for Cancer T-Cell Theranostics and Clinical TranslationXiamen, China
| | - Jun Ruan
- Translational Medicine Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen UniversityXiamen, China; Key Laboratory for Cancer T-Cell Theranostics and Clinical TranslationXiamen, China
| | - Zhi Li
- Translational Medicine Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen UniversityXiamen, China; Key Laboratory for Cancer T-Cell Theranostics and Clinical TranslationXiamen, China
| | - Chi-Meng Tzeng
- Translational Medicine Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen UniversityXiamen, China; Key Laboratory for Cancer T-Cell Theranostics and Clinical TranslationXiamen, China; INNOVA Cell TheranosticYangzhou, China; TRANSLA Health GroupXiamen, China
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42
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Kloepper J, Riedemann L, Amoozgar Z, Seano G, Susek K, Yu V, Dalvie N, Amelung RL, Datta M, Song JW, Askoxylakis V, Taylor JW, Lu-Emerson C, Batista A, Kirkpatrick ND, Jung K, Snuderl M, Muzikansky A, Stubenrauch KG, Krieter O, Wakimoto H, Xu L, Munn LL, Duda DG, Fukumura D, Batchelor TT, Jain RK. Ang-2/VEGF bispecific antibody reprograms macrophages and resident microglia to anti-tumor phenotype and prolongs glioblastoma survival. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:4476-81. [PMID: 27044098 PMCID: PMC4843473 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1525360113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway has failed to improve overall survival of patients with glioblastoma (GBM). We previously showed that angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) overexpression compromised the benefit from anti-VEGF therapy in a preclinical GBM model. Here we investigated whether dual Ang-2/VEGF inhibition could overcome resistance to anti-VEGF treatment. We treated mice bearing orthotopic syngeneic (Gl261) GBMs or human (MGG8) GBM xenografts with antibodies inhibiting VEGF (B20), or Ang-2/VEGF (CrossMab, A2V). We examined the effects of treatment on the tumor vasculature, immune cell populations, tumor growth, and survival in both the Gl261 and MGG8 tumor models. We found that in the Gl261 model, which displays a highly abnormal tumor vasculature, A2V decreased vessel density, delayed tumor growth, and prolonged survival compared with B20. In the MGG8 model, which displays a low degree of vessel abnormality, A2V induced no significant changes in the tumor vasculature but still prolonged survival. In both the Gl261 and MGG8 models A2V reprogrammed protumor M2 macrophages toward the antitumor M1 phenotype. Our findings indicate that A2V may prolong survival in mice with GBM by reprogramming the tumor immune microenvironment and delaying tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Kloepper
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Lars Riedemann
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Zohreh Amoozgar
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Giorgio Seano
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Katharina Susek
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Veronica Yu
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Nisha Dalvie
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Robin L Amelung
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Meenal Datta
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155
| | - Jonathan W Song
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Vasileios Askoxylakis
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Jennie W Taylor
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114; Stephen E. and Catherine Pappas Center for Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Christine Lu-Emerson
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114; Stephen E. and Catherine Pappas Center for Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Ana Batista
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Nathaniel D Kirkpatrick
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Keehoon Jung
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Matija Snuderl
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114; Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Alona Muzikansky
- Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Kay G Stubenrauch
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Oliver Krieter
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Hiroaki Wakimoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | | | - Lance L Munn
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Dan G Duda
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Dai Fukumura
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Tracy T Batchelor
- Stephen E. and Catherine Pappas Center for Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114;
| | - Rakesh K Jain
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114;
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Irvin DM, McNeill RS, Bash RE, Miller CR. Intrinsic Astrocyte Heterogeneity Influences Tumor Growth in Glioma Mouse Models. Brain Pathol 2016; 27:36-50. [PMID: 26762242 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of cellular origin on glioma pathogenesis remains elusive. We previously showed that mutations inactivating Rb and Pten and activating Kras transform astrocytes and induce tumorigenesis throughout the adult mouse brain. However, it remained unclear whether astrocyte subpopulations were susceptible to these mutations. We therefore used genetic lineage tracing and fate mapping in adult conditional, inducible genetically engineered mice to monitor transformation of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and glutamate aspartate transporter (GLAST) astrocytes and immunofluorescence to monitor cellular composition of the tumor microenvironment over time. Because considerable regional heterogeneity exists among astrocytes, we also examined the influence of brain region on tumor growth. GFAP astrocyte transformation induced uniformly rapid, regionally independent tumor growth, but transformation of GLAST astrocytes induced slowly growing tumors with significant regional bias. Transformed GLAST astrocytes had reduced proliferative response in culture and in vivo and malignant progression was delayed in these tumors. Recruited glial cells, including proliferating astrocytes, oligodendrocyte progenitors and microglia, were the majority of GLAST, but not GFAP astrocyte-derived tumors and their abundance dynamically changed over time. These results suggest that intrinsic astrocyte heterogeneity, and perhaps regional brain microenvironment, significantly contributes to glioma pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Irvin
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Robert S McNeill
- Pathobiology and Translational Science Graduate Program, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC.,Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Ryan E Bash
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - C Ryan Miller
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC.,Pathobiology and Translational Science Graduate Program, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC.,Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC.,Department of Neurology and Neurosciences Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
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Hung NA, Eiholzer RA, Kirs S, Zhou J, Ward-Hartstonge K, Wiles AK, Frampton CM, Taha A, Royds JA, Slatter TL. Telomere profiles and tumor-associated macrophages with different immune signatures affect prognosis in glioblastoma. Mod Pathol 2016; 29:212-26. [PMID: 26769142 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2015.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Telomere maintenance is a hallmark of cancer and likely to be targeted in future treatments. In glioblastoma established methods of identifying telomerase and alternative lengthening of telomeres leave a significant proportion of tumors with no defined telomere maintenance mechanism. This study investigated the composition of these tumors using RNA-Seq. Glioblastomas with an indeterminate telomere maintenance mechanism had an increased immune signature compared with alternative lengthening of telomeres and telomerase-positive tumors. Immunohistochemistry for CD163 confirmed that the majority (80%) of tumors with an indeterminate telomere maintenance mechanism had a high presence of tumor-associated macrophages. The RNA-Seq and immunostaining data separated tumors with no defined telomere maintenance mechanism into three subgroups: alternative lengthening of telomeres like tumors with a high presence of tumor-associated macrophages and telomerase like tumors with a high presence of tumor-associated macrophages. The third subgroup had no increase in tumor-associated macrophages and may represent a distinct category. The presence of tumor-associated macrophages conferred a worse prognosis with reduced patient survival times (alternative lengthening of telomeres with and without macrophages P=0.0004, and telomerase with and without macrophages P=0.013). The immune signatures obtained from RNA-Seq were significantly different between telomere maintenance mechanisms. Alternative lengthening of telomeres like tumors with macrophages had increased expression of interferon-induced proteins with tetratricopeptide repeats (IFIT1-3). Telomerase-positive tumors with macrophages had increased expression of macrophage receptor with collagenous structure (MARCO), CXCL12 and sushi-repeat containing protein x-linked 2 (SRPX2). Telomerase-positive tumors with macrophages were also associated with a reduced frequency of total/near total resections (44% vs >76% for all other subtypes, P=0.014). In summary, different immune signatures are found among telomere maintenance mechanism-based subgroups in glioblastoma. The reduced extent of surgical resection of telomerase-positive tumors with macrophages suggests that some tumor-associated macrophages are more unfavorable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelyn A Hung
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Ramona A Eiholzer
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Stenar Kirs
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Jean Zhou
- Department of Radiology, Southern District Health Board, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Kirsten Ward-Hartstonge
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dunedin School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Anna K Wiles
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Chris M Frampton
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Ahmad Taha
- Neurosurgery, Southern District Health Board, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Janice A Royds
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Tania L Slatter
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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45
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Glioma Stem Cells: Signaling, Microenvironment, and Therapy. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:7849890. [PMID: 26880988 PMCID: PMC4736567 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7849890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma remains the most common and devastating primary brain tumor despite maximal therapy with surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation. The glioma stem cell (GSC) subpopulation has been identified in glioblastoma and likely plays a key role in resistance of these tumors to conventional therapies as well as recurrent disease. GSCs are capable of self-renewal and differentiation; glioblastoma-derived GSCs are capable of de novo tumor formation when implanted in xenograft models. Further, GSCs possess unique surface markers, modulate characteristic signaling pathways to promote tumorigenesis, and play key roles in glioma vascular formation. These features, in addition to microenvironmental factors, present possible targets for specifically directing therapy against the GSC population within glioblastoma. In this review, the authors summarize the current knowledge of GSC biology and function and the role of GSCs in new vascular formation within glioblastoma and discuss potential therapeutic approaches to target GSCs.
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Abstract
Gliomas are the most common primary brain tumors of the central nervous system, and carry a grim prognosis. Novel approaches utilizing the immune system as adjuvant therapy are quickly emerging as viable and effective options. Immunotherapeutic strategies being investigated to treat glioblastoma include: vaccination therapy targeted against either specific tumor antigens or whole tumor lysate, adoptive cellular therapy with cytotoxic T lymphocytes, chimeric antigen receptors and bi-specific T-cell engaging antibodies allowing circumvention of major histocompatibility complex restriction, aptamer therapy with aims for more efficient target delivery, and checkpoint blockade in order to release the tumor-mediated inhibition of the immune system. Given the heterogeneity of glioblastoma and its ability to gain mutations throughout the disease course, multifaceted treatment strategies utilizing multiple forms of immunotherapy in combination with conventional therapy will be most likely to succeed moving forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon D Liebelt
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Houston Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gaetano Finocchiaro
- Department of Neuro-oncology, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Amy B Heimberger
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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Baker GJ, Castro MG, Lowenstein PR. Isolation and Flow Cytometric Analysis of Glioma-infiltrating Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. J Vis Exp 2015. [PMID: 26650233 DOI: 10.3791/53676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Our laboratory has recently demonstrated that natural killer (NK) cells are capable of eradicating orthotopically implanted mouse GL26 and rat CNS-1 malignant gliomas soon after intracranial engraftment if the cancer cells are rendered deficient in their expression of the β-galactoside-binding lectin galectin-1 (gal-1). More recent work now shows that a population of Gr-1+/CD11b+ myeloid cells is critical to this effect. To better understand the mechanisms by which NK and myeloid cells cooperate to confer gal-1-deficient tumor rejection we have developed a comprehensive protocol for the isolation and analysis of glioma-infiltrating peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). The method is demonstrated here by comparing PBMC infiltration into the tumor microenvironment of gal-1-expressing GL26 gliomas with those rendered gal-1-deficient via shRNA knockdown. The protocol begins with a description of how to culture and prepare GL26 cells for inoculation into the syngeneic C57BL/6J mouse brain. It then explains the steps involved in the isolation and flow cytometric analysis of glioma-infiltrating PBMCs from the early brain tumor microenvironment. The method is adaptable to a number of in vivo experimental designs in which temporal data on immune infiltration into the brain is required. The method is sensitive and highly reproducible, as glioma-infiltrating PBMCs can be isolated from intracranial tumors as soon as 24 hr post-tumor engraftment with similar cell counts observed from time point matched tumors throughout independent experiments. A single experimentalist can perform the method from brain harvesting to flow cytometric analysis of glioma-infiltrating PBMCs in roughly 4-6 hr depending on the number of samples to be analyzed. Alternative glioma models and/or cell-specific detection antibodies may also be used at the experimentalists' discretion to assess the infiltration of several other immune cell types of interest without the need for alterations to the overall procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J Baker
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan
| | - Maria G Castro
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan
| | - Pedro R Lowenstein
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan;
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Nijaguna MB, Patil V, Hegde AS, Chandramouli BA, Arivazhagan A, Santosh V, Somasundaram K. An Eighteen Serum Cytokine Signature for Discriminating Glioma from Normal Healthy Individuals. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137524. [PMID: 26390214 PMCID: PMC4577083 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastomas (GBM) are largely incurable as they diffusely infiltrate adjacent brain tissues and are difficult to diagnose at early stages. Biomarkers derived from serum, which can be obtained by minimally invasive procedures, may help in early diagnosis, prognosis and treatment monitoring. To develop a serum cytokine signature, we profiled 48 cytokines in sera derived from normal healthy individuals (n = 26) and different grades of glioma patients (n = 194). We divided the normal and grade IV glioma/GBM serum samples randomly into equal sized training and test sets. In the training set, the Prediction Analysis for Microarrays (PAM) identified a panel of 18 cytokines that could discriminate GBM sera from normal sera with maximum accuracy (95.40%) and minimum error (4.60%). The 18-cytokine signature obtained in the training set discriminated GBM sera from normal sera in the test set as well (accuracy 96.55%; error 3.45%). Interestingly, the 18-cytokine signature also differentiated grade II/Diffuse Astrocytoma (DA) and grade III/Anaplastic Astrocytoma (AA) sera from normal sera very efficiently (DA vs. normal–accuracy 96.00%, error 4.00%; AA vs. normal–accuracy 95.83%, error 4.17%). Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis using 18 cytokines resulted in the enrichment of two pathways, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction and JAK-STAT pathways with high significance. Thus our study identified an 18-cytokine signature for distinguishing glioma sera from normal healthy individual sera and also demonstrated the importance of their differential abundance in glioma biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamatha B. Nijaguna
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Vikas Patil
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Alangar S. Hegde
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sri Satya Sai Institute of Higher Medical Sciences, Bangalore 560066, India
| | - Bangalore A. Chandramouli
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore 560029, India
| | - Arimappamagan Arivazhagan
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore 560029, India
| | - Vani Santosh
- Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore 560029, India
| | - Kumaravel Somasundaram
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) possesses powerful local and global immunosuppressive capabilities that modulate unwanted inflammatory reactions in nervous tissue. These same immune-modulatory mechanisms are also co-opted by malignant brain tumors and pose a formidable challenge to brain tumor immunotherapy. Routes by which malignant gliomas coordinate immunosuppression include the mechanical and functional barriers of the CNS; immunosuppressive cytokines and catabolites; immune checkpoint molecules; tumor-infiltrating immune cells; and suppressor immune cells. The challenges to overcoming tumor-induced immunosuppression, however, are not unique to the brain, and several analogous immunosuppressive mechanisms also exist for primary tumors outside of the CNS. Ultimately, the immune responses in the CNS are linked and complementary to immune processes in the periphery, and advances in tumor immunotherapy in peripheral sites may therefore illuminate novel approaches to brain tumor immunotherapy, and vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Powell Perng
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Michael Lim
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, MD , USA
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50
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Sloma EA, Creneti CT, Erb HN, Miller AD. Characterization of Inflammatory Changes Associated with Canine Oligodendroglioma. J Comp Pathol 2015; 153:92-100. [PMID: 26145723 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendroglioma is a common glial tumour in the dog. In human neuropathology, the immune cell microenvironment of gliomas has been investigated; however, the nature of the inflammatory cells within canine gliomas is currently unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the nature of the immune cells and determine an association between the inflammatory cells and tumour grade. Thirty-four (18 of grade II and 16 of grade III) formalin-fixed and paraffin wax-embedded samples of canine oligodendroglioma were evaluated by light microscopy and immunohistochemistry for expression of CD3, PAX5, Iba-1, HLA-DR, Mac387 and CD31. Variations in immune cell recruitment and activation were evident in all cases. Infiltrating CD3(+) T lymphocytes were common in most cases. PAX5(+) B lymphocytes were less common and restricted to perivascular cuffs within or around the tumour. Iba-1(+) cells were common within the tumour and formed a dense infiltrate around the tumour in a subset of cases. HLA-DR(+) cells were common within the tumour and in a subset of cases formed perivascular cuffs. Iba-1(+) cells typically had prominent ramified processes suggestive of activated microglia, while the HLA-DR(+) cells had a more rounded morphology typical of amoeboid microglia. Rare Mac387(+) macrophages were found in the tumour parenchyma, while increased numbers of Mac387(+) monocytes were noted within the vasculature. No association or significance was established between the immune cell infiltrate and the grade of the tumour (all P ≥0.16). This study establishes that there is a robust population of immune cells within canine oligodendrogliomas and indicates that further study is needed to determine the role of these cells in tumour pathogenesis and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Sloma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - C T Creneti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - H N Erb
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences (HNE), Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - A D Miller
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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