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Kothapalli KSD, Park HG, Kothapalli NSL, Brenna JT. FADS2 function at the major cancer hotspot 11q13 locus alters fatty acid metabolism in cancer. Prog Lipid Res 2023; 92:101242. [PMID: 37597812 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2023.101242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulation of fatty acid metabolism and de novo lipogenesis is a key driver of several cancer types through highly unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA) signaling precursors such as arachidonic acid. The human chromosome 11q13 locus has long been established as the most frequently amplified in a variety of human cancers. The fatty acid desaturase genes (FADS1, FADS2 and FADS3) responsible for HUFA biosynthesis localize to the 11q12-13.1 region. FADS2 activity is promiscuous, catalyzing biosynthesis of several unsaturated fatty acids by Δ6, Δ8, and Δ4 desaturation. Our main aim here is to review known and putative consequences of FADS2 dysregulation due to effects on the 11q13 locus potentially driving various cancer types. FADS2 silencing causes synthesis of sciadonic acid (5Z,11Z,14Z-20:3) in MCF7 cells and breast cancer in vivo. 5Z,11Z,14Z-20:3 is structurally identical to arachidonic acid (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z-20:4) except it lacks the internal Δ8 double bond required for prostaglandin and leukotriene synthesis, among other eicosanoids. Palmitic acid has substrate specificity for both SCD and FADS2. Melanoma, prostate, liver and lung cancer cells insensitive to SCD inhibition show increased FADS2 activity and sapienic acid biosynthesis. Elevated serum mead acid levels found in hepatocellular carcinoma patients suggest an unsatisfied demand for arachidonic acid. FADS2 circular RNAs are at high levels in colorectal and lung cancer tissues. FADS2 circular RNAs are associated with shorter overall survival in colorectal cancer patients. The evidence thusfar supports an effort for future research on the role of FADS2 as a tumor suppressor in a range of neoplastic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar S D Kothapalli
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Dell Medical School and Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd, Austin, TX 78723, USA.
| | - Hui Gyu Park
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Dell Medical School and Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd, Austin, TX 78723, USA
| | | | - J Thomas Brenna
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Dell Medical School and Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd, Austin, TX 78723, USA.
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Arsic A, Krstic P, Paunovic M, Nedovic J, Jakovljevic V, Vucic V. Anti-inflammatory effect of combining fish oil and evening primrose oil supplementation on breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6449. [PMID: 37081029 PMCID: PMC10119093 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28411-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common malignant tumor and one of the leading causes of cancer-related death in women throughout the world. This study is a parallel, randomized, double-blind, controlled, 12-week supplementation trial, investigating the anti-inflammatory effects of dietary intake of fish oil and evening primrose oil (EPO), in patients with breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy. The primary outcomes were changes in the nutritional status and inflammatory cytokines of patients during the study. The secondary outcomes were changes in hematological and biochemical parameters and fatty acid profile. Of the 32 eligible patients, half of them is randomly assigned to a treatment arm with fish oil and EPO (n = 16), or a control arm (n = 16) with mineral oil as a placebo. The intervention group was taking 2 gel capsules of fish oil and 3 gel capsules of EPO (400 mg eicosapentaenoic acid, 600 mg docosahexaenoic acid, and 351 mg gamma-linolenic acid) fish oil and evening primrose oil for 12 weeks, during their chemotherapy. The control/placebo group was taking 5 gel capsules of 1g of mineral oil. One of the patients dropped out due to discontinuation of the treatment (in the placebo group) and two did not show up at the post-treatment measurements (in the intervention group), thus, 29 women completed the study. The results showed an increase in plasma levels of docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n-3), docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3), total n-3PUFA, vaccenic acid (18:1n-7), and a decrease in n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio in the intervention group. An increase in the plasma level of dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (20:3n-6) was observed in the placebo group. There was no difference in plasma levels of interleukin (IL) IL-8, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, while the level of IL-6 decreased in both groups and was significantly lower in the intervention group at the end of the study. In conclusion, this supplementation improved the PUFA status and decreased the level of IL-6 in breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. Consequently, this treatment may help reduce cancer complications resulting from impaired lipid metabolism and inflammation. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03516253. Date of registration 04/05/2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Arsic
- Group for Nutritional Biochemistry and Dietology, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Predrag Krstic
- Department of Hematology, Military Medical Academy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Paunovic
- Group for Nutritional Biochemistry and Dietology, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jasmina Nedovic
- Clinical Centre of Kragujevac, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Jakovljevic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Vesna Vucic
- Group for Nutritional Biochemistry and Dietology, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Engineering and fermenter production of fungi GLA in Pichia pastoris GS115 using oil waste. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:635. [PMID: 36127512 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-03182-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
γ-Linolenic acid (GLA) is an essential n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) that has received considerable attention in human and animal feed. GLA is used in many nutritional and medicinal applications, such as the treatment of cancer, inflammatory disorders, and diabetes. Currently, plant seed is the primary dietary source of GLA that is not enough to utilize on an industrial scale. To generate a sustainable novel source of GLA, the gene of delta-6 desaturase, one of the essential enzymes in the GLA production pathway, was isolated from Mucor rouxii DSM1194 and expressed in P. pastoris GS115 by pPICZC vector. The recombinant yeast expressed the GLA up to 19.2% (72 mg/g) of total fatty acids. GLA production of recombinant yeast was studied in a fermenter by oil waste for 5 days, and results detected 6.3 g/l lipid, and 103 mg/g GLA was produced in 72 h. The present study may provide an opportunity to develop an alternative host for manufacturing GLA on an industrial scale.
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Jadhav HB, Gogate PR, Annapure US. Intensification of Enzymatic Synthesis of Corn Oil Designer Lipids Using Sonication. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-021-06255-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Chen CY, Wu CH, Wu KC, Shiao LR, Chuang CM, Leung YM, Chow LWC. A basal level of γ-linolenic acid depletes Ca 2+ stores and induces endoplasmic reticulum and oxidative stresses to cause death of breast cancer BT-474 cells. CHINESE J PHYSIOL 2021; 64:202-209. [PMID: 34472451 DOI: 10.4103/cjp.cjp_30_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), a natural fatty acid obtained from oils of various vegetables and seeds, has been demonstrated as an anticancer agent. In this work, we investigated the anticancer effects of GLA on breast cancer BT-474 cells. GLA at 30 μM, a concentration reportedly within the range of circulating concentrations in clinical studies, caused apoptotic cell death. GLA caused an elevation in mitochondrial Ca2+ level and a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential. GLA treatment depleted cyclopiazonic acid (CPA)-sensitive Ca2+ store and triggered substantial Ca2+ influx. Intracellular Ca2+ release triggered by GLA was suppressed by 3 μM xestospongin C (XeC, IP3 receptor-channel blocker) and 100 μM ryanodine (ryanodine receptor-channel blocker), suggesting that the Ca2+ release was via IP3 receptor-channel and ryanodine receptor-channel. Increased expressions of p-eIF2α and CHOP were observed in GLA-treated cells, suggesting GLA-treated cells had increased expressions of p-eIF2α and CHOP, which suggest endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. In addition, GLA elicited increased production of reactive oxygen species. Taken together, our results suggest a basal level of GLA induced apoptotic cell death by causing Ca2+ overload, mitochondrial dysfunction, Ca2+ store depletion, ER stress, and oxidative stress. This is the first report to show that GLA caused Ca2+ store depletion and ER stress. GLA-induced Ca2+ store depletion resulted from opening of IP3 receptor-channel and ryanodine receptor-channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cing-Yu Chen
- Department of Physiology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsun Wu
- Department of Anatomy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - King-Chuen Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital; Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Lian-Ru Shiao
- Department of Physiology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Min Chuang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yuk-Man Leung
- Department of Physiology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Louis W C Chow
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau; UNIMED Medical Institute; Organisation for Oncology and Translational Research, Hong Kong, China
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Fatty Acid Profile, Tocopherol Content of Seed Oil, and Nutritional Analysis of Seed Cake of Wood Apple (Limonia acidissima L.), an Underutilized Fruit-Yielding Tree Species. HORTICULTURAE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae7090275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The present study was aimed at analyzing the fatty acid composition, tocopherols, and physico-chemical characterization of wood apple (Limonia acidissima L.) seed oil and the nutritional profile of seed cake. The fatty acids in seed oil were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and the total seed oil was 32.02 ± 0.08%, comprising oleic (21.56 ± 0.57%), alpha-linolenic (16.28 ± 0.29%), and linoleic acid (10.02 ± 0.43%), whereas saturated fatty acid content was 33.38 ± 0.60% including palmitic (17.68 ± 0.65%) and stearic acid (14.15 ± 0.27%). A greater amount of unsaturated fatty acids (52.37%) were noticed compared to saturated fatty acids (33.38%); hence the seed is highly suitable for nutritional and industrial applications. Gamma-tocopherol was present in a higher quantity (39.27 ± 0.07 mg/100 g) as compared to alpha (12.64 ± 0.01 mg/100 g) and delta (3.77 ± 0.00 mg/100 g) tocopherols, which are considered as natural antioxidants. The spectrophotometric technique was used for quantitative analysis of total phenolic content, and it revealed 135.42 ± 1.47 mg gallic acid equivalent /100 g DW in seed cake. All the results of the studied seed oil and cake showed a good source of natural functional ingredients for several health benefits.
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Safdari F, Motaghi Dastenaei B, Kheiri S, Karimiankakolaki Z. Effect of Evening Primrose Oil on Postmenopausal Psychological Symptoms: A Triple-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial. J Menopausal Med 2021; 27:58-65. [PMID: 34463069 PMCID: PMC8408320 DOI: 10.6118/jmm.21010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Psychological symptoms of menopause may impose a negative effect on the quality of life of menopausal women. Thus, the management of these symptoms can improve the quality of life and psychological health of such woman. The present study aimed to determine the effect of evening primrose on psychological symptoms in menopausal women. METHODS In this triple-blind randomized clinical trial, the effect of the evening primrose oil on postmenopausal psychological symptoms was investigated. The subjects were 100 menopausal women, referred to a healthcare center in Dastena city (Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province, Iran), who were randomly assigned to two groups. The intervention group used two 1 g pearls of evening primrose oil daily. The study instruments included a sub-scale of Menopause Rating Scale (MRS). Menopause data were analyzed using an independent t-test and Friedman test by the SPSS software. P values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS The two groups were balanced in demographic characteristics and psychological disorder severity before the intervention. The median (interquartile range) MRS score in the intervention group before the intervention and 2 and 4 weeks after the intervention were 11 (10-12), 6 (5-7), and 3 (2-4), respectively, and in the placebo, they were 11 (9-11), 10 (9-11), and 11 (10-12). A significant reduction was observed in the intervention group compared with the placebo group 2 and 4 weeks post-intervention. CONCLUSION The use of evening primrose oil can decrease postmenopausal psychological symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faranak Safdari
- Department of Midwifery, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | | | - Soleiman Kheiri
- Modeling in Health Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Zohreh Karimiankakolaki
- Department of Health, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord Beranch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
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Naegeli H, Bresson JL, Dalmay T, Dewhurst IC, Epstein MM, Firbank LG, Guerche P, Hejatko J, Moreno FJ, Mullins E, Nogué F, Rostoks N, Sánchez Serrano JJ, Savoini G, Veromann E, Veronesi F, Frenzel T, Gómez Ruiz JÁ. Statement complementing the EFSA Scientific Opinion on application (EFSA-GMO-NL-2010-85) for authorisation of food and feed containing, consisting of and produced from genetically modified soybean MON 87769 × MON 89788. EFSA J 2021; 19:e06589. [PMID: 34012490 PMCID: PMC8114199 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The European Commission mandated EFSA to complement its original scientific opinion on soybean MON 87769 × MON 89788 (EFSA-GMO-NL-2010-85) considering additional information on the human nutritional assessment of refined bleached deodorised oil produced from the two-event stack soybean (RBD GM-oil). The assessment was mainly based on a replacement scenario with a list of target foods where RBD GM-oil is intended to be added. Intake estimations for several fatty acids present in the RBD GM-oil, in particular γ-linolenic acid (GLA), stearidonic acid (SDA) and linoleic acid (LA) were based on the consumption of the corresponding foods that are likely to be displaced. The assessment of LA considered the established adequate intake of 4% of total energy intake (E%) and that LA deficiency has not been observed with intakes > 1 E%. The assessment of GLA and SDA was conducted using maximum doses without adverse effects from intervention human studies as reference (4.2 grams/day for SDA and 2.8 grams/day for GLA) since no tolerable upper intake levels are set for these fatty acids. The decrease observed in the levels of LA in RBD GM-oil as compared to oil from conventional soybean does not represent a nutritional concern as intakes were in all cases above 1 E%. For GLA, all intake estimations were below the reference dose indicating no safety concern. SDA intake estimations do not pose any safety concerns based on the overly conservative nature of the estimates, the absence of toxicological hazards and the rapid metabolism of SDA in humans. The GMO Panel concluded that the consumption of soybean MON 87769 × MON 89788 and their derived products, in particular its RBD oil, does not represent a nutritional concern in humans. A post-market monitoring plan is recommended to confirm the predicted consumption and the application of conditions of uses considered during the pre-market risk assessment.
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D Prabhu Y, Valsala Gopalakrishnan A. Can polyunsaturated fatty acids regulate Polycystic Ovary Syndrome via TGF-β signalling? Life Sci 2021; 276:119416. [PMID: 33774033 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a metabolic condition that affects women in their reproductive age by altering the ovarian hormone levels, leading to infertility. Increased inflammation, insulin resistance, hyperandrogenism, irregular menses, and infertility are the causes of morbidity when PCOS is the disease in question. PCOS is considered a multifactorial disease resulting from the disruption of multiple signalling pathways. Hence, the mono-targeted drugs are hardly adequate and conventional therapeutic strategies provide only palliative care. Studies show that the consumption of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) regulates menstrual cycle, decrease testosterone and insulin levels, and improve metabolic health. This could favourably affect diabetes and infertility. In recent years, the fibrillin-3 gene has been linked to PCOS. Fibrillins along with the molecules in the extracellular matrix modulate the Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β) signalling. So, mutations in the fibrillin-3 gene could cause TGF-β dysregulation, which might further contribute to PCOS pathogenesis. Therefore, the current study aimed to understand whether PUFAs could manage PCOS via the TGF-β pathway and function as a therapeutic agent for PCOS and its complications. To understand this, we have focused on the involvement of TGF-β in PCOS pathogenesis, discussed the effect of PUFA on hormones, insulin resistance, inflammation, obesity, adiponectin, and cardiovascular conditions. Using PUFAs to target TGF-β or its receptor molecules to modulate the TGF-β production might function as a treatment option for PCOS. PUFA therapy could be a good alternative, supportive medication for PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogamaya D Prabhu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
| | - Abilash Valsala Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India.
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Beneficial effects of olive oil and Mediterranean diet on cancer physio-pathology and incidence. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 73:178-195. [PMID: 33249203 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Virgin olive oil is a characteristic component and the main source of fat of the Mediterranean diet. It is a mix of high-value health compounds, including monounsaturated fatty acids (mainly oleic acid), simple phenols (such as hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol), secoiridoids (such as oleuropein, oleocanthal), flavonoids, and terpenoids (such as squalene). Olive oil consumption has been shown to improve different aspects of human health and has been associated with a lower risk of cancer. However, the underlying cellular mechanisms involved in such effects are still poorly defined, but seem to be related to a promotion of apoptosis, modulation of epigenetic patterns, blockade of cell cycle, and angiogenesis regulation. The aim of this review is to update the current associations of cancer risk with the Mediterranean diet, olive oil consumption and its main components. In addition, the identification of key olive oil components involved in anticarcinogenic mechanisms and pathways according to experimental models is also addressed.
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Ferreri C, Sansone A, Ferreri R, Amézaga J, Tueros I. Fatty Acids and Membrane Lipidomics in Oncology: A Cross-Road of Nutritional, Signaling and Metabolic Pathways. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10090345. [PMID: 32854444 PMCID: PMC7570129 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10090345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acids are closely involved in lipid synthesis and metabolism in cancer. Their amount and composition are dependent on dietary supply and tumor microenviroment. Research in this subject highlighted the crucial event of membrane formation, which is regulated by the fatty acids' molecular properties. The growing understanding of the pathways that create the fatty acid pool needed for cell replication is the result of lipidomics studies, also envisaging novel fatty acid biosynthesis and fatty acid-mediated signaling. Fatty acid-driven mechanisms and biological effects in cancer onset, growth and metastasis have been elucidated, recognizing the importance of polyunsaturated molecules and the balance between omega-6 and omega-3 families. Saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids are biomarkers in several types of cancer, and their characterization in cell membranes and exosomes is under development for diagnostic purposes. Desaturase enzymatic activity with unprecedented de novo polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) synthesis is considered the recent breakthrough in this scenario. Together with the link between obesity and cancer, fatty acids open interesting perspectives for biomarker discovery and nutritional strategies to control cancer, also in combination with therapies. All these subjects are described using an integrated approach taking into account biochemical, biological and analytical aspects, delineating innovations in cancer prevention, diagnostics and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Ferreri
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Anna Sansone
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Rosaria Ferreri
- Department of Integrated Medicine, Tuscany Reference Centre for Integrated Medicine in the hospital pathway, Pitigliano Hospital, Via Nicola Ciacci, 340, 58017 Pitigliano, Italy;
| | - Javier Amézaga
- AZTI, Food and Health, Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Astondo Bidea, Edificio 609, 48160 Derio, Spain; (J.A.); (I.T.)
| | - Itziar Tueros
- AZTI, Food and Health, Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Astondo Bidea, Edificio 609, 48160 Derio, Spain; (J.A.); (I.T.)
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Bakhti-Suroosh A, Nesil T, Lynch WJ. Tamoxifen Blocks the Development of Motivational Features of an Addiction-Like Phenotype in Female Rats. Front Behav Neurosci 2019; 13:253. [PMID: 31780909 PMCID: PMC6856674 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Women become addicted sooner after initiating cocaine use as compared to men. Preclinical studies reveal a similar vulnerability in females, with findings from ovariectomized rats suggesting that estradiol mediates the enhanced vulnerability. However, since ovariectomy depletes not only estradiol, but all ovarian hormones, its role in a physiological context is not clear. Thus, the goal of this study was to determine the role of estradiol in the development of an addiction-like phenotype in ovary-intact females treated chronically with the selective estrogen receptor (ER) modulator tamoxifen. We hypothesized that tamoxifen, by antagonizing ERs, would block the development of an addiction-like phenotype as defined by an enhanced motivation for cocaine (assessed under a progressive-ratio schedule), and a heightened vulnerability to relapse (assessed under an extinction/cue-induced reinstatement procedure). Effects were examined following extended access cocaine self-administration (24-h/day; 4-discrete trials/h; 1.5 mg/kg/infusion) and 14-days of abstinence, conditions optimized for inducing an addiction-like phenotype. As predicted, motivation for cocaine was increased following extended-access self-administration and protracted abstinence in the vehicle (sesame oil) and no-injection control groups, but not in the tamoxifen group indicating that ER signaling is critical for the development of this feature of an addiction-like phenotype. Surprisingly, the increase in motivation for cocaine following abstinence was also attenuated in the vehicle group as compared to no-injection controls suggesting that oil/injections also affected its development. Contrary to our hypothesis, tamoxifen did not decrease vulnerability to relapse as this group responded at similar levels during initial extinction sessions and cue-induced reinstatement testing as compared to controls. Tamoxifen did, however, impair extinction learning as this group took longer to extinguish as compared to controls. Taken together, these findings indicate that estradiol is critical for the extinction of drug-associated cues and the development of motivational features of addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anousheh Bakhti-Suroosh
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Tanseli Nesil
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Wendy J Lynch
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
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Basic eluent for rapid and comprehensive analysis of fatty acid isomers using reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography/Fourier transform mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1585:113-120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Lu H, Qin X, Zhang J, Zhang S, Zhu Y, Wu WH. Molecular target analysis of stearoyl-CoA desaturase genes of protozoan parasites. Acta Parasitol 2018; 63:48-54. [PMID: 29351064 DOI: 10.1515/ap-2018-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Protozoan parasites can synthesize polyunsaturated fatty acids. They possess stearoyl-CoA desaturase to convert stearate into oleate and linoleate. Stearoyl-CoA desaturase are the key enzymes required for the synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. It seems attractive to evaluate the possibility of using unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis pathways as drug targets. In this study, the authors investigate codon usage bias, base composition variations and protein sequence in ten available complete stearoyl-CoA desaturase gene sequences from Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum etc. The results show that fatty acid desaturase genes GC content high of parasitic protozoa genes, GC content up to 63.37%, while fatty acid desaturase genes of parasitic protozoa prefers to use codon ending with G/C. In addition, the expected curve was also drawn to reveal the relationship of ENC and GC3s when the codon usage was only subjected to the nucleotide composition constraint. The genes lied on the expected curve in ENC-plot, indicating nucleotide composition constraint played a role in the condon usage pattern. Protein analysis, we find that all proteins are stearoyl-CoA desaturase, have sites of iron-binding active centers and contain three conserved His-rich motifs. If stearoyl-CoA desaturase is unusual to these parasites, it provides basis as a promising target for the development of selective chemical intervention. Therefore, the Bioinformatics analysis of protein and codon can help improve the work of genetic engineering and drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Lu
- Department of Microbiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Qin
- Department of Microbiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhu
- Department of Immunology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Hua Wu
- Department of Microbiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
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Productivity of γ-Linoleic acid by oleaginous fungus Cunninghamella echinulata using a pulsed high magnetic field. FOOD BIOSCI 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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16
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Thomas R, Rowell R, Crichton S, Cain H. An observational study investigating failure of primary endocrine therapy for operable breast cancer in the elderly. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2017; 167:73-80. [PMID: 28879429 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-017-4494-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elderly patients are more likely to have oestrogen receptor positive cancers that can be treated without surgery with primary endocrine therapy (PET). Few studies have sought to identify predictors of failure of PET and so the aim of this study was to evaluate treatment failures in elderly breast cancer patients treated with PET and to determine predictors of failure. METHODS A retrospective observational study was performed on consecutive patients with ER-positive early stage breast cancer treated with PET between 2005 and 2015 in the three breast units in the North East of England. The primary outcome measure was treatment failure and secondary outcome measure was disease progression. RESULTS 488 patients were included with mean follow-up 31 months (SD 23). Overall, 206 patients were still alive with their disease controlled at the end of follow-up, 219 had died with their disease controlled and 63 (12%) experienced treatment failure. Younger age [SHR 0.96 (95% CI 0.94-0.99) p 0.013], larger tumours [SHR 1.03 (1.01-1.06) p 0.015], grade 3 cancers [SHR 3.58 (1.93-6.63) p < 0.001] and axillary lymph node metastases [SHR 1.93 (1.06-3.52) p 0.030] were all independent predictors of treatment failure. Disease progression was reported in 86 (17.6%) of patients. CONCLUSIONS This is the largest retrospective series evaluating PET treatment failure. Clear predictors of failure have been identified, which can be used to facilitate treatment decision making. These results support previous analyses, further validating our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Thomas
- Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Gateshead, NE9 6SX, UK. .,, 48 Larkspur Terrace, Jesmond, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 2DU, UK.
| | - Rachel Rowell
- Royal Victoria Infirmary, Queen Victoria Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 4LP, UK
| | - Siobhan Crichton
- Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit, University College London, Aviation House, 125 Kingsway, London, WC2B 6NH, UK
| | - Henry Cain
- Royal Victoria Infirmary, Queen Victoria Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 4LP, UK
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Lipids and Fatty Acid Profiling of Major IndianGarciniaFruit: A Comparative Study and its Nutritional Impact. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-016-2825-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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18
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Field JJ, Kanakkanthara A, Brooke DG, Sinha S, Pillai SD, Denny WA, Butt AJ, Miller JH. Microtubule-stabilizing properties of the avocado-derived toxins (+)-(R)-persin and (+)-(R)-tetrahydropersin in cancer cells and activity of related synthetic analogs. Invest New Drugs 2016; 34:277-89. [PMID: 26968704 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-016-0341-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The avocado toxin (+)-R-persin (persin) is active at low micromolar concentrations against breast cancer cells and synergizes with the estrogen receptor modulator 4-hydroxytamoxifen. Previous studies in the estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer cell line MCF-7 indicate that persin acts as a microtubule-stabilizing agent. In the present study, we further characterize the properties of persin and several new synthetic analogues in human ovarian cancer cells. Persin and tetrahydropersin cause G2M cell cycle arrest and increase intracellular microtubule polymerization. One analog (4-nitrophenyl)-deshydroxypersin prevents cell proliferation and blocks cells in G1 of the cell cycle rather than G2M, suggesting an additional mode of action of these compounds independent of microtubules. Persin can synergize with other microtubule-stabilizing agents, and is active against cancer cells that overexpress the P-glycoprotein drug efflux pump. Evidence from Flutax-1 competition experiments suggests that while the persin binding site on β-tubulin overlaps the classical taxoid site where paclitaxel and epothilone bind, persin retains activity in cell lines with single amino acid mutations that affect these other taxoid site ligands. This implies the existence of a unique binding location for persin at the taxoid site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica J Field
- Centre for Biodiscovery, School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand.,Seattle Genetics, Bothell, WA, 98021, USA
| | - Arun Kanakkanthara
- Centre for Biodiscovery, School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand.,Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Darby G Brooke
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, New Zealand.,Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Saptarshi Sinha
- Centre for Biodiscovery, School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand
| | - Sushila D Pillai
- Centre for Biodiscovery, School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand
| | - William A Denny
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Alison J Butt
- Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - John H Miller
- Centre for Biodiscovery, School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand.
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Production of polyunsaturated single cell oils possessing antimicrobial and anticancer properties. ANN MICROBIOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-015-1176-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
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20
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S. J, S. P. D, M. V. N. L. C. Isolation of methyl gamma linolenate from Spirulina platensis using flash chromatography and its apoptosis inducing effect. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 15:263. [PMID: 26238515 PMCID: PMC4545820 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-015-0771-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Isolation of methyl gamma linolenate from Spirulina platensis using flash chromatography and its apoptosis inducing effect against human lung carcinoma A- 549 cell lines. Methods Gamma linolenic acid is an important omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) of medicinal interest was isolated from microalgae Spirulina platensis using flash chromatography system (Isolera system) as its methyl ester. The isolated methyl gamma linolenate was characterized by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and mass spectral analysis and the data were consistent with the structure. Results The percentage yield of isolated methyl gamma linolenate is found to be 71 % w/w, which is a very good yield in comparison to other conventional methods. It was subjected to in-vitro cytotoxic screening on A-549 lung cancer cell lines using SRB assay and result was compared with standard rutin. Conclusion It may be concluded that the Flash chromatography system plays a major role in improving the yield for theisolation of methyl gamma linoleate from Spirulina platensis and the isolated molecule is a potent cytotoxicagent towards human lung carcinoma cell lines, however it may be further taken up for an extensive study.
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Extractions of oil from Descurainia sophia seed using supercritical CO2, chemical compositions by GC-MS and evaluation of the anti-tussive, expectorant and anti-asthmatic activities. Molecules 2015. [PMID: 26205055 PMCID: PMC6332279 DOI: 10.3390/molecules200713296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Descurainia sophia is widely distributed in China and is one of the most troublesome annual weeds. It has diverse medicinal usage. D. sophia has abundant oil, making it an important oil plant in China. The main goal of this study was to obtain the maximum yield of the oil by an optimal selection of supercritical fluid extraction parameters. According to the central composite design and response surface methodology for supercritical fluid extraction method, a quadratic polynomial model was used to predict the yield of D. sophia seed oil. A series of runs was performed to assess the optimal extraction conditions. The results indicated that the extraction pressure had the greatest impact on oil yield within the range of the operating conditions studied. A total of approximately 67 compounds were separated in D. sophia seed oil by GC-MS, of which 51 compounds represented 98.21% of the total oils, for the first time. This study was also aimed at evaluating the anti-asthmatic, anti-tussive and expectorant activities in vivo of D. sophia seed oil which supplied for further research on bioactive constituents and pharmacological mechanisms.
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22
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Lu H, Zhu Y. Screening and molecular identification of overproducing γ-linolenic acid fungi and cloning the delta 6-desaturase gene. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2015; 62:316-22. [PMID: 25169017 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
This research aims at isolating and identifying γ-linolenic acid (GLA)-producing fungi in the traditional Chinese salt-fermented soybean food, Douchi, from Yongchuan, People's Republic of China. In this study, Rhizopus oryzae DR3 was identified as a novel fungal species that produces large amounts of GLA. A full-length cDNA, designated as RoD6 D, with high homology to fungal △6 fatty acid desaturase genes was isolated from R. oryzae by using the rapid amplification of cDNA ends method. It had an open reading frame of 1,176 bp encoding a deduced polypeptide of 391 amino acids. Bioinformatics analysis characterized the putative RoD6 D protein as a typical membrane-bound desaturase, including three conserved histidine-rich motifs, a hydropathy profile, and a cytochrome b5 -like domain in the N-terminus. When the coding sequence was expressed in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain INVScl, the encoded product of RoD6 D exhibited △6 fatty acid desaturase activity that led to the accumulation of GLA. The results show that Douchi contains a large natural diverse composition, and some strains could be selected as starters for functional fermented foods. This study has also laid a foundation for developing functional Douchi products for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Lu
- Department of Microbiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhu
- Department of Immunology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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Quantitative assessment of the degree of lipid unsaturation in intact Mortierella by Raman microspectroscopy. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:3303-11. [PMID: 25757824 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8544-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Fungi of the genus Mortierella can accumulate large amounts of unusual lipids depending on species, strain, and growth conditions. Fast and easy determination of key parameters of lipid quality for these samples is required. In this contribution, we apply Raman microspectroscopy to determine the degree of unsaturation for fungal lipids directly inside intact hyphae without elaborate sample handling. Six Mortierella species were grown under varying conditions, and Raman spectra of single lipid vesicles were acquired. From the spectra, we calculate a peak intensity ratio I(1270 cm(-1))/I(1445 cm(-1)) from the signals of =CH and -CH2/-CH3 groups, respectively. This ratio is linked to the iodine value (IV) using spectra of reference compounds with known IV. IVs of fungal samples are compared to gas chromatography results. Values from both methods are in good accordance. Lipid composition is found to vary between the investigated species, with Mortierella alpina having the most unsaturated lipid (IV up to 280) and Mortierella exigua the least unsaturated (IV as low as 70). We find Raman microspectroscopy a suitable tool to determine the IV reliably, fast, and easily inside intact hyphae without extensive sample handling or treatment. The method can also be transferred to other microscopic samples.
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24
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Fatty acid lithium salts fromCunninghamella echinulatahave cytotoxic and genotoxic effects on HL-60 human leukemia cells. Eng Life Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201400208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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25
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Scientific Opinion on application (EFSA‐GMO‐UK‐2009‐76) for the placing on the market of soybean MON 87769 genetically modified to contain stearidonic acid, for food and feed uses, import and processing under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 from Monsanto. EFSA J 2014. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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26
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Morgan JL, Reed MW, Wyld L. Primary endocrine therapy as a treatment for older women with operable breast cancer - a comparison of randomised controlled trial and cohort study findings. Eur J Surg Oncol 2014; 40:676-84. [PMID: 24703110 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2014.02.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION One third of all breast cancers occur in women over the age of 70. Primary endocrine therapy (PET) is used in some women to minimise morbidity in a population with higher rates of comorbidity and frailty. In the UK up to 40% of women over 70 are treated with PET although there is a high rate of variability of practice between centres reflecting a lack of guidance about case selection. METHODS A systematic review of the literature was performed to try and establish if this form of treatment is still valid in modern breast practice. RESULTS Six randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and 31 non-randomised studies were deemed eligible. Available data demonstrate an advantage for surgery over PET in terms of disease control and a likely survival benefit in patients with a predicted life expectancy of five years or more. Patients treated only with aromatase inhibitors (AIs) had superior rates of disease control when compared to Tamoxifen. CONCLUSIONS Guidelines to aid selection are needed but PET should be reserved for patients with reduced predicted life expectancy (e.g. less than five years), with AIs being preferable over Tamoxifen.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Morgan
- Department of Surgical Oncology, E Floor, Medical School, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, University of Sheffield, Glossop Road, Sheffield S10 2JF, UK.
| | - M W Reed
- Department of Surgical Oncology, E Floor, Medical School, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, University of Sheffield, Glossop Road, Sheffield S10 2JF, UK.
| | - L Wyld
- Department of Surgical Oncology, E Floor, Medical School, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, University of Sheffield, Glossop Road, Sheffield S10 2JF, UK.
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27
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McCloy RA, Shelley EJ, Roberts CG, Boslem E, Biden TJ, Nicholson RI, Gee JM, Sutherland RL, Musgrove EA, Burgess A, Butt AJ. Role of endoplasmic reticulum stress induction by the plant toxin, persin, in overcoming resistance to the apoptotic effects of tamoxifen in human breast cancer cells. Br J Cancer 2013; 109:3034-41. [PMID: 24178758 PMCID: PMC3859954 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Persin is a plant toxin that displays synergistic cytotoxicity with tamoxifen in human breast cancer cell lines. Here, we examined the ability of persin to circumvent tamoxifen resistance and delineated the intracellular signalling pathways involved. Methods: The induction of apoptosis in tamoxifen-resistant and -sensitive breast cancer cells was measured by flow cytometry following treatment with persin±tamoxifen. Markers of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) were analysed following treatment, and their causal role in mediating persin-induced apoptosis was determined using chemical inhibitors and RNA interference. Results: Cells that were resistant to an apoptotic concentration of tamoxifen maintained an apoptotic response to persin. Persin-induced apoptosis was associated with an increase in markers of ERS, that is, CHOP expression and XBP-1 splicing and was decreased by CHOP siRNA. The CASP-4 inhibitor Z-YVAD-FMK markedly inhibited persin-induced apoptosis in both tamoxifen-sensitive and -resistant cells. Conclusion: The cytotoxic effects of persin are CASP-4 dependent and mediated by CHOP-dependent and -independent ERS signalling cascades. Increased ERS signalling contributes to persin-induced reversal of tamoxifen resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A McCloy
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
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Single cell oil production from low-cost substrates: The possibility and potential of its industrialization. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 31:129-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2012.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Bellou S, Moustogianni A, Makri A, Aggelis G. Lipids containing polyunsaturated fatty acids synthesized by zygomycetes grown on glycerol. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2011; 166:146-58. [PMID: 22057906 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-011-9411-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Several strains of Zygomycetes cultivated on glycerol produced mycelia rich in lipids containing higher amounts of neutral lipids (NL) than glycolipids plus sphingolipids and phospholipids (P), while biosynthesis of P in Mortierella ramanniana, Mucor sp., and Cunninghamella echinulata occurred though NL accumulation process was in progress. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) concentration gradually decreased in all lipid fractions of M. ramanniana during growth. In contrast, in C. echinulata concentration of both linoleic and γ-linolenic acids increased with time, especially in P. Taking for granted that the main function of PUFA is associated to their participation in mycelial membranes, we could suppose that biosynthesis of these fatty acids is associated to mycelial growth. However, this is accurate only for some Zygomycetes, e.g., M. ramanniana. On the contrary, PUFA biosynthesis in C. echinulata persists after growth cessation, suggesting that in this species biosynthetic ability is not a strictly growth-associated process. Phosphatidyl-inositol and phosphatidyl-choline were the major P classes in C. echinulata and M. ramanniana, respectively. In M. ramanniana, a decrease of PUFA concentration was noticed even when mycelia were incubated in low temperature (conditions that normally favor PUFA biosynthesis), indicating that PUFA biosynthesis in this fungus is associated to primary metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stamatia Bellou
- Unit of Microbiology, Division of Genetics, Cell and Development Biology, Department of Biology, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
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Brooke DG, Shelley EJ, Roberts CG, Denny WA, Sutherland RL, Butt AJ. Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of analogues of avocado-produced toxin (+)-(R)-persin in human breast cancer cells. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:7033-43. [PMID: 22044656 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Revised: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
A structure-activity study of several new synthetic analogues of the avocado-produced toxin persin has been conducted, with compounds being evaluated for their cytostatic and pro-apoptotic effects in human breast cancer cells. A 4-pyridinyl derivative demonstrated activity comparable to that of the natural product, suggesting future directions for exploration of structure-activity relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darby G Brooke
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
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Chatzifragkou A, Fakas S, Galiotou-Panayotou M, Komaitis M, Aggelis G, Papanikolaou S. Commercial sugars as substrates for lipid accumulation in Cunninghamella echinulata and Mortierella isabellina fungi. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201000027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Itoh S, Taketomi A, Harimoto N, Tsujita E, Rikimaru T, Shirabe K, Shimada M, Maehara Y. Antineoplastic effects of gamma linolenic Acid on hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2010; 47:81-90. [PMID: 20664735 PMCID: PMC2901768 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.10-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2010] [Accepted: 03/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect and the mechanism of gamma linolenic acid (GLA) treatment on human hepatocellular (HCC) cell lines. The human HCC cell line HuH7 was exposed to GLA. Cell proliferation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation including lipid peroxidation and apoptosis were compared. We then used a cDNA microarray analysis to investigate the molecular changes induced by GLA. GLA treatment significantly reduced cell proliferation, generated ROS, and induced apoptosis. After 24 h exposure of Huh7 cells to GLA, we identified several genes encoding the antioxidant proteins to be upregulated: heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), aldo-keto reductase 1 family C1 (AKR1C1), C4 (AKR1C4), and thioredoxin (Trx). The HO-1 protein levels were overexpressed in Huh7 cells after GLA exposure using a Western blot analysis. Furthermore, chromium mesoporphyrin (CrMP), an inhibitor of HO activity, significantly potentiated GLA cytotoxicity. GLA treatment has induced cell growth inhibition, ROS generation including lipid peroxidation, and HO-1 production for antioxidant protection against oxidative stress caused by GLA in Huh7 cells. GLA treatment should be considered as a therapeutic modality in patients with advanced HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Itoh
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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Colquhoun A. Lipids, mitochondria and cell death: implications in neuro-oncology. Mol Neurobiol 2010; 42:76-88. [PMID: 20429043 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-010-8134-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2010] [Accepted: 04/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are known to inhibit cell proliferation of many tumour types both in vitro and in vivo. Their capacity to interfere with cell proliferation has been linked to their induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in tumour tissues leading to cell death through apoptosis. However, the exact mechanisms of action of PUFAs are far from clear, particularly in brain tumours. The loss of bound hexokinase from the mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channel has been directly related to loss of protection from apoptosis, and PUFAs can induce this loss of bound hexokinase in tumour cells. Tumour cells overexpressing Akt activity, including gliomas, are sensitised to ROS damage by the Akt protein and may be good targets for chemotherapeutic agents, which produce ROS, such as PUFAs. Cardiolipin peroxidation may be an initial event in the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria, and enriching cardiolipin with PUFA acyl chains may lead to increased peroxidation and therefore an increase in apoptosis. A better understanding of the metabolism of fatty acids and eicosanoids in primary brain tumours such as gliomas and their influence on energy balance will be fundamental to the possible targeting of mitochondria in tumour treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Colquhoun
- Laboratory of Tumour Cell Metabolism, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes 1524, CEP 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Shaikh IAA, Brown I, Wahle KWJ, Heys SD. Enhancing Cytotoxic Therapies for Breast and Prostate Cancers With Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids. Nutr Cancer 2010; 62:284-96. [DOI: 10.1080/01635580903407189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Ho S, Calder RJ, Thomas CP, Heard CM. In-vitro transcutaneous delivery of tamoxifen and γ-linolenic acid from borage oil containing ethanol and 1,8-cineole. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 56:1357-64. [PMID: 15525441 DOI: 10.1211/0022357044599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the effects of ethanol and 1,8-cineole on the transcutaneous delivery of tamoxifen and γ-linolenic acid (GLA) as a two-pronged anti-breast cancer therapy. Formulations containing tamoxifen and varying concentrations of borage oil (∼25% GLA), 1,8-cineole and ethanol were prepared and the simultaneous permeation of tamoxifen and GLA determined across full-thickness pig skin using Franz-type diffusion cells over 48 h. Analysis of tamoxifen and GLA (as methyl ester) were by reverse-phase HPLC. The highest flux of tamoxifen of 488.2 ± 191 times 10−3 μg cm−2 h−1 was observed with a formulation containing 20% 1,8-cineole and 20% ethanol. The same formulation also provided the greatest flux of GLA, 830.6 times 10−3 μg cm−2 h−1. The findings from this work demonstrate the ability of 1,8-cineole and ethanol to enhance the in-vitro permeation of tamoxifen and GLA across the skin and support the plausibility of simultaneously delivering tamoxifen and GLA transcutaneously as a two-pronged anti-breast cancer system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanna Ho
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, CF10 3XF, UK
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Fakas S, Makri A, Mavromati M, Tselepi M, Aggelis G. Fatty acid composition in lipid fractions lengthwise the mycelium of Mortierella isabellina and lipid production by solid state fermentation. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2009; 100:6118-6120. [PMID: 19574039 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2009] [Revised: 06/02/2009] [Accepted: 06/04/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This paper investigates the correlation between mycelial age and fatty acid biosynthesis. The correlation was investigated by analyzing the lipid composition lengthwise the mycelium of the oleaginous fungus Mortierella isabellina, a potential producer of gamma-linolenic acid (GLA). Young mycelia were rich in polar lipids (glycolipids plus sphingolipids and phospholipids), while neutral lipid content increased in aged mycelia. In young mycelia, each polar lipid fraction contained almost 40% (w/w) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), but this content decreased to less than 30% (w/w) in aged mycelia. On the other hand, PUFA content in neutral lipids fluctuated slightly with age. These results indicate that PUFA biosynthesis is favored in young, fast growing mycelia, while it decreases significantly in aged mycelia. This trend was also observed when we grew M. isabellina on pear pomace, an agro-industrial waste. Pear pomace cultures yielded significant amounts of lipid, which reached 12% (w/w) in dry fermented mass. The produced lipid was rich in GLA and the maximum GLA content in dry fermented mass was 2.9 mg/g.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stylianos Fakas
- Unit of Microbiology, Division of Genetics, Cell and Development Biology, Department of Biology, University of Patras, Patras, 265 04-GR, Greece
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Kong X, Ge H, Chen L, Liu Z, Yin Z, Li P, Li M. Gamma-linolenic acid modulates the response of multidrug-resistant K562 leukemic cells to anticancer drugs. Toxicol In Vitro 2009; 23:634-9. [PMID: 19268700 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2009.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2008] [Revised: 12/28/2008] [Accepted: 02/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) is known to have selective tumoricidal action. It is also reported that GLA may increase the cytotoxic activity of cancer chemotherapeutic agents in some cancer cells. The present study examined whether GLA pretreatment could modulate the response of multidrug-resistant K562/ADM leukemic cells to anticancer drugs. The cell viability assay results showed that GLA at 10 microg/ml enhanced cell growth inhibition induced by the MDR-type drugs doxorubicin, etoposide and vincristine, but could not enhance or even attenuated cell growth inhibition induced by the non-MDR-type drug cisplatin, mitomycin and fluorouracil in K562/ADM cells. Further flow cytometry results showed that GLA decreased the expression of P-glycoprotein, enhanced the accumulation of doxorubicin and rhodamine 123 in K562/ADM cells and inhibited the efflux of rhodamine 123 from K562/ADM cells, lowered the efflux rate. These results suggest that GLA could modulate the response to anti-cancer agents in P-gp overexpressing multidrug-resistant cells, and the mechanism may be by decreasing the P-gp expression and inhibiting P-gp function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuqin Kong
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, PR China
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Ahmed SU, Singh SK, Pandey A, Kanjilal S, Prasad RBN. Fatty Acid Profiling During Microbial Lipid Production Under Varying pO2 and Impeller Tip Speeds. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2008; 151:599-609. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-008-8261-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2007] [Accepted: 04/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Fakas S, Papanikolaou S, Galiotou-Panayotou M, Komaitis M, Aggelis G. Organic nitrogen of tomato waste hydrolysate enhances glucose uptake and lipid accumulation in Cunninghamella echinulata. J Appl Microbiol 2008; 105:1062-70. [PMID: 18489559 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.03839.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the effect of organic nitrogen on lipogenesis during growth of Cunninghamella echinulata on tomato waste hydrolysate (TWH) media. METHODS AND RESULTS Cunninghamella echinulata grown on a TWH medium rapidly took up glucose and produced large amounts of lipids. However, when some quantities of the organic nitrogen were removed from TWH (by acid followed by alkaline precipitation of proteins) the uptake of glucose was dramatically reduced and large quantities of fungal biomass having low lipid content were produced. Nevertheless, when glycerol was used as carbon source instead of glucose, the uptake rate as well as the biomass production and the lipid accumulation processes were unaffected by the TWH organic nitrogen removal. Finally, when the fungus was grown on a glucose supplemented TWH medium that contained no assimilable organic nitrogen (after further precipitation of proteins with methanol), the produced biomass contained non-negligible quantities of lipids, although glucose uptake remained low. Lipid analysis showed that the produced lipids comprised mainly of neutral lipids, which were preferentially consumed during lipid turnover. Lipid production on the original TWH medium having glucose as carbon source was 0.48 g of lipid per gram of dry biomass, corresponding to 8.7 g of lipid per litre of growth medium. The produced lipids contained 11.7%gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), hence the GLA yield was more than 1 g l(-1). CONCLUSIONS Organic nitrogen compounds found in TWH favour glucose (but not glycerol) uptake and lipid accumulation in C. echinulata. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Agro-industrial wastes containing organic nitrogen, such as tomato waste, are produced in vast amounts causing severe environmental problems. These wastes could be used as fermentation feedstock to produce microbial lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fakas
- Division of Genetics, Cell and Development Biology, Department of Biology, University of Patras, Greece
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Abstract
Fulvestrant (Faslodex); AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, Wilmington, DE) is an estrogen receptor (ER) antagonist with a novel mode of action; it binds, blocks, and increases degradation of ER. Fulvestrant (at the approved dose [250 mg/month]) is at least as effective as anastrozole (1 mg/day) in the treatment of postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive advanced breast cancer (HR(+) ABC) progressing or recurring on antiestrogen therapy, and is also an active first-line treatment. Although fulvestrant (250 mg/month) is clearly effective, it takes 3-6 months to achieve steady-state plasma levels. Steady-state concentrations are approximately twofold higher than those achieved with a single dose; reaching this earlier, for example, via a loading-dose (LD) regimen (250 mg/month plus 500 mg on day 0 and 250 mg on day 14 of month 1), may allow responses to be achieved more quickly and limit the possibility of early relapse. Fulvestrant high-dose (HD) regimens (500 mg/month) offer the possibility of greater antitumor activity, because (a) ER downregulation is a dose-dependent process (an approximately 70% reduction is observed with a single 250 mg dose of fulvestrant) and (b) evidence correlates greater ER downregulation with superior efficacy. A fulvestrant HD regimen offers the potential of achieving near 100% ER downregulation. There is also potential to increase fulvestrant-ER binding by reducing plasma estrogen levels, for example, with concomitant aromatase inhibitor treatment. Several ongoing trials use LD, HD, and combination regimens; results from these studies are awaited with interest. Meanwhile, fulvestrant (250 mg/month) remains a valuable additional endocrine treatment for postmenopausal women with HR(+) ABC recurring or progressing on antiestrogen therapy.
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Roberts CG, Gurisik E, Biden TJ, Sutherland RL, Butt AJ. Synergistic cytotoxicity between tamoxifen and the plant toxin persin in human breast cancer cells is dependent on Bim expression and mediated by modulation of ceramide metabolism. Mol Cancer Ther 2007; 6:2777-85. [PMID: 17913853 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-07-0374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Phytochemicals have provided an abundant source of novel therapeutics for the treatment of human cancers. We have previously described a novel plant toxin, persin, derived from avocado leaves, which has unique in vivo actions in the mammary epithelium and Bim-dependent, cytotoxic effects in human breast cancer cells in vitro. Compounds structurally similar to persin, such as the polyunsaturated fatty acid, conjugated linoleic acid, can attenuate steroid hormone receptor signaling and modulate the response of breast cancer cells to antiestrogens. Here, we provide evidence that persin may have similar effects by showing its potent proapoptotic synergy with the antiestrogen 4-hydroxytamoxifen. However, although persin transcriptionally down-regulates estrogen receptor (ER) expression, unlike conjugated linoleic acid, it also shows efficacy in ER-negative breast cancer cells, both alone and in combination with 4-hydroxytamoxifen, whereas normal breast epithelial cells are unaffected, suggesting it may act via a distinct, ER-independent mechanism. These proapoptotic synergistic interactions are associated with increased de novo ceramide synthesis and are dependent on expression of the proapoptotic protein Bim. These data show that persin should be further investigated as a potential novel cancer therapeutic agent because it significantly enhances the sensitivity of breast cancer cells to the cytotoxic effects of tamoxifen, regardless of their ER status, while displaying apparent specificity for the malignant phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline G Roberts
- Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
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Cheung KL. Endocrine therapy for breast cancer: an overview. Breast 2007; 16:327-43. [PMID: 17499991 DOI: 10.1016/j.breast.2007.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2007] [Revised: 03/19/2007] [Accepted: 03/22/2007] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocrine therapy for breast cancer has been established in the adjuvant treatment for primary disease and in the treatment of advanced disease. The ER remains the best predictor of response although other factors exist and need to be identified. Pharmacological manipulation has been replacing ablative procedures. Tamoxifen used to be the most popular agent of choice and promising new agents include the pure anti-oestrogens and the third generation selective aromatase inhibitors. Ongoing and future studies will optimise treatment in established areas and will exploit its potential roles in preoperative use and chemoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Cheung
- Division of Breast Surgery, University of Nottingham, City Hospital, Hucknall Road, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK.
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Fakas S, Galiotou-Panayotou M, Papanikolaou S, Komaitis M, Aggelis G. Compositional shifts in lipid fractions during lipid turnover in Cunninghamella echinulata. Enzyme Microb Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2006.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Lee S, Gura KM, Kim S, Arsenault DA, Bistrian BR, Puder M. Current clinical applications of omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids. Nutr Clin Pract 2006; 21:323-41. [PMID: 16870801 DOI: 10.1177/0115426506021004323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent years have brought a resurgence of research interest in fatty acids, with studied fields running the gamut of human disease. This movement has run in parallel with an increased interest in using nutrition modalities as therapeutic measures, as opposed to their conventional role as energy sources. The aim of this manuscript is to provide a basic review of current clinical applications of omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids, with a particular focus on the latter. METHODS A selective review of the voluminous literature, including randomized controlled trials, meta-analyses, population studies, and case reports, was used to compile data and identify trends in pertinent clinical applications of fatty acid therapy. CONCLUSIONS There are a myriad of disorders and maladies that seem to benefit from fatty acid supplementation, specifically omega-3 fatty acids. It has clearly been shown that omega-3 fatty acid supplementation provides a protective benefit in heart disease, and in particular sudden cardiac death. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is another disease entity that has been proven to benefit from this nutrition intervention, with improvement in symptoms and diminished nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) usage. In addition, many psychiatric disorders, particularly schizophrenia and major depressive disorder (MDD), have shown positive results when supplementation has been used as an adjunct to standard pharmacotherapy. The remainder of clinical applications for omega-3 fatty acids requires further investigation. Specifically, according to preliminary clinical evidence, parenteral administration of fatty acids warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Lee
- Children's Hospital Boston, 300 Longwood Ave., MA 02115, USA
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Escrich E, Ramírez-Tortosa MC, Sánchez-Rovira P, Colomer R, Solanas M, Gaforio JJ. Olive Oil in Cancer Prevention and Progression. Nutr Rev 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2006.tb00262.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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Fakas S, Papanikolaou S, Galiotou-Panayotou M, Komaitis M, Aggelis G. Lipids of Cunninghamella echinulata with emphasis to γ-linolenic acid distribution among lipid classes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2006; 73:676-83. [PMID: 16850299 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-006-0506-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2005] [Revised: 05/09/2006] [Accepted: 05/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Changes in lipid composition of the oleaginous fungus Cunninghamella echinulata were monitored during growth. Lipid fractions and individual lipid classes varied in amount, relative proportions, and fatty acid profile depending on the developmental stage. Neutral lipids (N), comprised mainly of triacylglycerol, were accumulated in the fungal mycelium during both the late exponential and the stationary growth phases with a concomitant decrease in the amount of polar lipids. While fatty acid composition of N fraction remained almost constant, individual N classes showed a noticeable alteration in gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) concentration. The glycolipid plus sphingolipid (G+S) fraction consisted mainly of monoglycosylglycerol and diglycosylglycerol. The sugar composition of G+S fraction was analyzed and showed a partial replacement of galactose for glucose as growth proceeded. Phospholipid (P) major classes were phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine, followed by phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylserine, and diphosphatidylglycerol. P fatty acid composition showed significant changes with time, resulting in a considerable drop in the unsaturation index of this fraction. While in mid exponential growth phase, all P classes contained more than 20% w/w GLA of total fatty acids, and their concentration decreased to 12-17% w/w, except for the PC class where GLA concentration remained at high levels (e.g., more than 20% w/w). The constant level of GLA in PC at all growth phases suggests that PC was the major source of GLA. Sterol analysis showed that their concentration increased during growth, whereas ergosterol was the major component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stylianos Fakas
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Food Science and Technology, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos, 11855,Athens, Greece
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Balunas MJ, Su B, Landini S, Brueggemeier RW, Kinghorn AD. Interference by naturally occurring fatty acids in a noncellular enzyme-based aromatase bioassay. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2006; 69:700-3. [PMID: 16643058 DOI: 10.1021/np050513p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Natural product drug discovery efforts frequently utilize noncellular screening assays. Fatty acids are commonly found in natural product extracts, and some have been shown to interfere with noncellular assays. Several pure fatty acids were tested using a noncellular aromatase assay, with the unsaturated analogues showing strong inhibitory activity, while the saturated analogues were inactive. Unsaturated fatty acids were further tested against SK-BR-3 hormone-independent human breast cancer cells that overexpress aromatase and were found to be inactive. In natural product screening efforts, especially using plant seeds, it is recommended that extracts active in noncellular bioassays should be dereplicated for the presence of fatty acids prior to bioassay-guided fractionation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcy J Balunas
- Program for Collaborative Research in the Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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48
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Clinical application of C18and C20chain length polyunsaturated fatty acids and their biotechnological production in plants. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-006-1191-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Menendez JA, Vellon L, Colomer R, Lupu R. Effect of gamma-linolenic acid on the transcriptional activity of the Her-2/neu (erbB-2) oncogene. J Natl Cancer Inst 2005; 97:1611-5. [PMID: 16264182 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/dji343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid gamma-linolenic acid (GLA; 18:3n-6), which is found in several plant oils and is used as an herbal medicine, has antitumor activity in vitro. We examined the effect of GLA on the expression of the Her-2/neu (erbB-2) oncogene, which is involved in development of numerous types of human cancer. Flow cytometric and immunoblotting analyses demonstrated that GLA treatment substantially reduced Her-2/neu protein levels in the Her-2/neu-overexpressing cell lines BT-474, SK-Br3, and MDA-MB-453 (breast cancer), SK-OV3 (ovarian cancer), and NCI-N87 (gastrointestinal tumor derived). GLA exposure led to a dramatic decrease in Her-2/neu promoter activity and a concomitant increase in the levels of polyomavirus enhancer activator 3 (PEA3), a transcriptional repressor of Her-2/neu, in these cell lines. In transient transfection experiments, a Her-2/neu promoter bearing a PEA3 site-mutated sequence was not subject to negative regulation by GLA in Her-2/neu-overexpressing cell lines. Concurrent treatments of Her-2/neu-overexpressing cancer cells with GLA and the anti-Her-2/neu antibody trastuzumab led to synergistic increases in apoptosis and reduced growth and colony formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier A Menendez
- Department of Medicine, Evanston Northwestern Healthcare Research Institute, Evanston, IL 60201, USA.
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Heard CM, Gallagher SJ, Congiatu C, Harwood J, Thomas CP, McGuigan C, Nemcová M, Nouskova T. Preferential π–π complexation between tamoxifen and borage oil/γ linolenic acid: Transcutaneous delivery and NMR spectral modulation. Int J Pharm 2005; 302:47-55. [PMID: 16115741 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2005.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2005] [Revised: 06/06/2005] [Accepted: 06/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The effect of different proportions of borage oil on the in vitro transcutaneous delivery of tamoxifen were studied, with the aim of developing a gel capable of the simultaneous delivery of tamoxifen and gamma linolenic acid across (breast) skin. Supplementary work probed 1H NMR spectral data for tamoxifen in the presence of different proportions of polyunsaturated or unsaturated fatty acids. Typical, non-aqueous gels were modified to contain 1% tamoxifen and three levels of borage oil ( approximately 25% gamma linolenic acid) and the transcutaneous delivery of both tamoxifen and GLA across full thickness skin determined in vitro. Both tamoxifen and gamma linolenic acid permeated the skin with the ratio of moles being consistent at approximately 4:1. This was irrespective of time, amount of borage oil contained in the formulation (above a minimum) and the presence of other (unsaturated) excipients: mineral oil, Miglyiol 810N, white soft paraffin, PEG400 and Cabosil M5. Dose-dependent downfield shifts of tamoxifen aromatic protons were observed in the presence of borage oil and linolenic acid (gamma and alpha), but not saturated triacyl glycerol. The permeation data suggested vehicular complexation between tamoxifen and polyunsaturated constituents of borage oil and that such complexes permeated the skin intact. The 1H NMR data supported the hypothesis that such complexation was a consequence of preferential pi-pi orbital interactions between the phenyl groups of tamoxifen and the multiple double bonds of GLA. The mechanism for the permeation of intact complexes across skin remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles M Heard
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3XF, UK.
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