1
|
Wang X, Tazearslan C, Kim S, Guo Q, Contreras D, Yang J, Hudgins AD, Suh Y. In vitro heterochronic parabiosis identifies pigment epithelium-derived factor as a systemic mediator of rejuvenation by young blood. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.02.592258. [PMID: 38746475 PMCID: PMC11092633 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.02.592258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Several decades of heterochronic parabiosis (HCPB) studies have demonstrated the restorative impact of young blood, and deleterious influence of aged blood, on physiological function and homeostasis across tissues, although few of the factors responsible for these observations have been identified. Here we develop an in vitro HCPB system to identify these circulating factors, using replicative lifespan (RLS) of primary human fibroblasts as an endpoint of cellular health. We find that RLS is inversely correlated with serum donor age and sensitive to the presence or absence of specific serum components. Through in vitro HCPB, we identify the secreted protein pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) as a circulating factor that extends RLS of primary human fibroblasts and declines with age in mammals. Systemic administration of PEDF to aged mice reverses age-related functional decline and pathology across several tissues, improving cognitive function and reducing hepatic fibrosis and renal lipid accumulation. Together, our data supports PEDF as a systemic mediator of the effect of young blood on organismal health and homeostasis and establishes our in vitro HCPB system as a valuable screening platform for the identification of candidate circulating factors involved in aging and rejuvenation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xizhe Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Cagdas Tazearslan
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Seungsoo Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Qinghua Guo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Daniela Contreras
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Jiping Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Adam D. Hudgins
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Yousin Suh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Deletion of the Pedf gene leads to inflammation, photoreceptor loss and vascular disturbances in the retina. Exp Eye Res 2022; 222:109171. [PMID: 35809620 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Retinal diseases are often accompanied by inflammation, vascular abnormalities, and neurodegeneration that decrease vision. Treatment with exogenous PEDF is widely shown to alleviate these conditions leading us to hypothesize that loss of function of the PEDF gene disrupts these pathways and leads to visual loss. Measurements were carried out by detailed phenotyping of PEDF null mice to assess expression of immunomodulators, glia activation, systemic inflammation, vascular disturbances, and visual sensitivity often associated with retinal pathologies. With a deletion of the Pedf gene, there was increased expression of several immune modulators in Pedf-/- retinas and serum with IL-2 and GM-CSF upregulated in both. Increases in retina glia activation and macrophage infiltration, levels of serum c-reactive protein (CRP), numbers of white and red blood cells and platelets and decreased blood glucose levels were all features associated with PEDF null mice. With PEDF gene deletion, there was also a notable increase in apoptosis in early developing retinas (PN3), reduced thickness of the photoreceptor layer, swelling of the inner plexiform layer, reduced retinal sensitivity and steady-state reduced activation of Erk and Akt, two signaling pathways used by PEDF. There is a substantial body of animal data emphasizing utility of PEDF treatment in homeostatic regulation of retinal diseases, including diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration but there is little agreement or evidence on the role of endogenous PEDF in retinal diseases. Our findings strongly support the concept that a deletion of the PEDF gene makes the retina vulnerable to diseases, and argue that endogenous PEDF plays a critical role in limiting pathological events in the retina.
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu X, Bennison SA, Robinson L, Toyo-oka K. Responsible Genes for Neuronal Migration in the Chromosome 17p13.3: Beyond Pafah1b1(Lis1), Crk and Ywhae(14-3-3ε). Brain Sci 2021; 12:brainsci12010056. [PMID: 35053800 PMCID: PMC8774252 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The 17p13.3 chromosome region is often deleted or duplicated in humans, resulting in severe neurodevelopmental disorders such as Miller–Dieker syndrome (MDS) and 17p13.3 duplication syndrome. Lissencephaly can also be caused by gene mutations or deletions of a small piece of the 17p13.3 region, including a single gene or a few genes. PAFAH1B1 gene, coding for LIS1 protein, is a responsible gene for lissencephaly and MDS and regulates neuronal migration by controlling microtubules (MTs) and cargo transport along MTs via dynein. CRK is a downstream regulator of the reelin signaling pathways and regulates neuronal migration. YWHAE, coding for 14-3-3ε, is also responsible for MDS and regulates neuronal migration by binding to LIS1-interacting protein, NDEL1. Although these three proteins are known to be responsible for neuronal migration defects in MDS, there are 23 other genes in the MDS critical region on chromosome 17p13.3, and little is known about their functions in neurodevelopment, especially in neuronal migration. This review will summarize the recent progress on the functions of LIS1, CRK, and 14-3-3ε and describe the recent findings of other molecules in the MDS critical regions in neuronal migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA;
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA; (S.A.B.); (L.R.)
| | - Sarah A. Bennison
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA; (S.A.B.); (L.R.)
| | - Lozen Robinson
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA; (S.A.B.); (L.R.)
| | - Kazuhito Toyo-oka
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA; (S.A.B.); (L.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(215)-991-8288
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bascuas T, Zedira H, Kropp M, Harmening N, Asrih M, Prat-Souteyrand C, Tian S, Thumann G. Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells Overexpressing the Neuroprotective Proteins PEDF and GM-CSF to Treat Degeneration of the Neural Retina. Curr Gene Ther 2021; 22:168-183. [PMID: 34238157 DOI: 10.2174/1566523221666210707123809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-viral transposon-mediated gene delivery can overcome viral vectors' limitations. Transposon gene delivery offers the safe and life-long expression of genes such as pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) to counteract retinal degeneration by reducing oxidative stress damage. OBJECTIVE Use Sleeping Beauty transposon to transfect human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells with the neuroprotective factors PEDF and GM-CSF to investigate the effect of these factors on oxidative stress damage. METHODS Human RPE cells were transfected with PEDF and GM-CSF by electroporation, using the hyperactive Sleeping Beauty transposon gene delivery system (SB100X). Gene expression was determined by RT-qPCR and protein level by Western Blot as well as ELISA. The cellular stress level and the neuroprotective effect of the proteins were determined by measuring the concentrations of the antioxidant glutathione in human RPE cells and immunohistochemical examination of retinal integrity, inflammation, and apoptosis of rat retina-organotypic cultures (ROC) exposed to H2O2. RESULTS Human RPE cells were efficiently transfected, showing a significantly augmented gene expression and protein secretion. Human RPE cells overexpressing PEDF and/or GM-CSF or pre-treated with recombinant proteins presented significantly increased glutathione levels post-H2O2 incubation than non-transfected/untreated controls. rPEDF and/or rGM-CSF-treated ROC exhibited decreased inflammatory reactions and cell degeneration. CONCLUSION GM-CSF and/or PEDF could be delivered successfully to RPE cells by combining the use of SB100X and electroporation. PEDF and/or GM-CSF reduced H2O2-mediated oxidative stress damage in RPE cells and ROC offering an encouraging technique to re-establish a cell-protective environment to halt age-related retinal degeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thais Bascuas
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Hajer Zedira
- Experimental Ophthalmology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Martina Kropp
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nina Harmening
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mohamed Asrih
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Shuwei Tian
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Gabriele Thumann
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Diabetic retinal neurodegeneration as a form of diabetic retinopathy. Int Ophthalmol 2021; 41:3223-3248. [PMID: 33954860 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-021-01864-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To review the evidence supporting diabetic retinal neurodegeneration (DRN) as a form of diabetic retinopathy. METHOD Review of literature. RESULTS DRN is recognized to be a part of retinopathy in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM), in addition to the well-established diabetic retinal vasculopathy (DRV). DRN has been noted in the early stages of DM, before the onset of clinically evident diabetic retinopathy. The occurrence of DRN has been confirmed in animal models of DM, histopathological examination of donor's eyes from diabetic individuals and assessment of neural structure and function in humans. DRN involves alterations in retinal ganglion cells, photoreceptors, amacrine cells and bipolar cells, and is thought to be driven by glutamate, oxidative stress and dysregulation of neuroprotective factors in the retina. Potential therapeutic options for DRN are under evaluation. CONCLUSIONS Literature is divided on the temporal relation between DRN and DRV, with evidence of both precedence and simultaneous occurrence. The relationship between DRN and multi-system neuropathy in DM is yet to be evaluated critically.
Collapse
|
6
|
Bürger S, Meng J, Zwanzig A, Beck M, Pankonin M, Wiedemann P, Eichler W, Unterlauft JD. Pigment Epithelium-Derived Factor (PEDF) Receptors Are Involved in Survival of Retinal Neurons. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:E369. [PMID: 33396450 PMCID: PMC7795132 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The demise of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) is characteristic of diseases of the retina such as glaucoma and diabetic or ischemic retinopathies. Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) is a multifunctional secreted protein that mediates neuroprotection and inhibition of angiogenesis in the retina. We have studied expression and regulation of two of several receptors for PEDF, patatin-like phospholipase 2 gene product/PEDF-R and laminin receptor (LR), in serum-starved RGC under normoxia and hypoxia and investigated their involvement in the survival of retinal neuronal cells. We show that PEDF-R and LR are co-expressed in RGC and R28 retinal precursor cells. Expression of both receptors was enhanced in the presence of complex secretions from retinal glial (Müller) cells and upregulated by VEGF and under hypoxic conditions. PEDF-R- and LR-knocked-down cells demonstrated a markedly attenuated expression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members (Bcl-2, Bcl-xL) and neuroprotective mediators (PEDF, VEGF, BDNF) suggesting that both PEDF-R and LR mediate pro-survival effects of PEDF on RGC. While this study does not provide evidence for a differential survival-promoting influence of either PEDF-R or LR, it nevertheless highlights the importance of both PEDF receptors for the viability of retinal neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Wolfram Eichler
- Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Leipzig University, Liebigstrasse 10-14, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany; (S.B.); (J.M.); (A.Z.); (M.B.); (M.P.); (P.W.); (J.D.U.)
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li QY, Zou T, Gong Y, Chen SY, Zeng YX, Gao LX, Weng CH, Xu HW, Yin ZQ. Functional assessment of cryopreserved clinical grade hESC-RPE cells as a qualified cell source for stem cell therapy of retinal degenerative diseases. Exp Eye Res 2020; 202:108305. [PMID: 33080300 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The biosafety and efficiency of transplanting retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells derived from both human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have been evaluated in phase I and phase II clinical trials. For further large-scale application, cryopreserved RPE cells must be used; thus, it is highly important to investigate the influence of cryopreservation and thawing on the biological characteristics of hESC-RPE cells and their post-transplantation vision-restoring function. Here, via immunofluorescence, qPCR, transmission electron microscopy, transepithelial electrical resistance, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), we showed that cryopreserved hESC-RPE cells retained the specific gene expression profile, morphology, ultrastructure, and maturity-related functions of induced RPE cells. Additionally, cryopreserved hESC-RPE cells exhibited a polarized monolayer, tight junction, and gap junction structure and an in vitro nanoparticle phagocytosis capability similar to those of induced hESC-RPE cells. However, the level of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) secretion was significantly decreased in cryopreserved hESC-RPE cells. Royal College of Surgeons rats with cryopreserved hESC-RPE cells engrafted into the subretinal space exhibited a significant decrease in the b-wave amplitude compared with rats engrafted with induced hESC-RPE cells at 4 weeks post transplantation. However, the difference disappeared at 8 weeks and 12 weeks post operation. No significant difference in the outer nuclear layer (ONL) thickness was observed between the two groups. Our data showed that even after cryopreservation and thawing, cryopreserved hESC-RPE cells are still qualified as a donor cell source for cell-based therapy of retinal degenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi-You Li
- Southwest Hospital/ Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, PR China; Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Ting Zou
- Southwest Hospital/ Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, PR China; Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Yu Gong
- Southwest Hospital/ Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, PR China; Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Si-Yu Chen
- Southwest Hospital/ Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, PR China; Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Yu-Xiao Zeng
- Southwest Hospital/ Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, PR China; Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Li-Xiong Gao
- Southwest Hospital/ Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, PR China; Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, 400038, PR China; Department of Ophthalmology, The 6th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chuan-Huang Weng
- Southwest Hospital/ Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, PR China; Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Hai-Wei Xu
- Southwest Hospital/ Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, PR China; Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, 400038, PR China.
| | - Zheng-Qin Yin
- Southwest Hospital/ Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, PR China; Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, 400038, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Akhtar T, Xie H, Khan MI, Zhao H, Bao J, Zhang M, Xue T. Accelerated photoreceptor differentiation of hiPSC-derived retinal organoids by contact co-culture with retinal pigment epithelium. Stem Cell Res 2019; 39:101491. [PMID: 31326746 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2019.101491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal organoids (ROs) derived from human-induced pluripotent stem cells recapitulate the three-dimensional structure of retina, mimic human retinal development, and provide cell sources for pre-clinical retinal transplantation. Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is crucial for normal outer retinal physiology, including phagocytosis of shed photoreceptor outer segments and secretion of neurotrophic and vasculotrophic growth factors. However, whether ROs-RPE co-culture can improve the differentiation of photoreceptors in ROs in vitro remains unknown. Herein, primary mouse RPE cells were contact co-cultured with ROs at different time points. Our results revealed that the RPE cells accelerated photoreceptor differentiation in ROs, as the cross talk between the RPE and ROs promoted the stage specific expression of photoreceptor markers at different differentiation stages. Thus, we established an improved co-culture system based on modeling of human retina-RPE dynamics during retinogenesis for the evaluation of ocular therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tasneem Akhtar
- Eye Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Haohuan Xie
- Eye Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Muhammad Imran Khan
- Eye Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Huan Zhao
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Jin Bao
- Eye Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Mei Zhang
- Eye Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Tian Xue
- Eye Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cao L, Liu J, Pu J, Milne G, Chen M, Xu H, Shipley A, Forrester JV, McCaig CD, Lois N. Polarized retinal pigment epithelium generates electrical signals that diminish with age and regulate retinal pathology. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:5552-5564. [PMID: 30160348 PMCID: PMC6201363 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The transepithelial potential difference (TEP) across the retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) is dependent on ionic pumps and tight junction "seals" between epithelial cells. RPE cells release neurotrophic growth factors such as pigment epithelial derived factor (PEDF), which is reduced in age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The mechanisms that control the secretion of PEDF from RPE cells are not well understood. Using the CCL2/CX3CR1 double knockout mouse model (DKO), which demonstrates RPE damage and retinal degeneration, we uncovered an interaction between PEDF and the TEP which is likely to play an important role in retinal ageing and in the pathogenesis of AMD. We found that: (a) the expression of ATP1B1 (the Na+ /K+ -ATPase β1 subunit) was reduced significantly in RPE from aged mice, in patients with CNV (Choroidal Neovascularization) and in DKO mice; (b) the expression of PEDF also was decreased in aged persons and in DKO mice; (c) the TEP across RPE was reduced markedly in RPE cells from DKO mice and (d) an applied electric field (EF) of 50-100 mV/mm, used to mimic the natural TEP, increased the expression and secretion of PEDF in primary RPE cells. In conclusion, the TEP across the RPE depends on the expression of ATP1B1 and this regulates the secretion of PEDF by RPE cells and so may regulate the onset of retinal disease. Increasing the expression of PEDF using an applied EF to replenish a disease or age-reduced TEP may offer a new way of preventing or reversing retinal dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Cao
- School of MedicineMedical Sciences and NutritionInstitute of Medical SciencesUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
- Yizhou International Proton Medical Centre and Cancer HospitalHe BeiChina
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of OphthalmologyFrist Hospital Affiliated to the Chinese PLA General HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Jin Pu
- School of MedicineMedical Sciences and NutritionInstitute of Medical SciencesUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
| | - Gillian Milne
- School of MedicineMedical Sciences and NutritionInstitute of Medical SciencesUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
| | - Mei Chen
- Wellcome‐Wolfson Institute for Experimental MedicineQueen's UniversityBelfastUK
| | - Heping Xu
- Wellcome‐Wolfson Institute for Experimental MedicineQueen's UniversityBelfastUK
| | - Alan Shipley
- Biological Research & DevelopmentUniversity of New EnglandBiddefordMaine
| | - John V Forrester
- School of MedicineMedical Sciences and NutritionInstitute of Medical SciencesUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
| | - Colin D McCaig
- School of MedicineMedical Sciences and NutritionInstitute of Medical SciencesUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
| | - Noemi Lois
- Wellcome‐Wolfson Institute for Experimental MedicineQueen's UniversityBelfastUK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hao X, Cheng J, Zhang Z. Polymorphisms in PEDF linked with the susceptibility to age-related macular degeneration: A case-control study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e11981. [PMID: 30142832 PMCID: PMC6113020 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000011981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
To study the relationship between pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) rs1136287, rs1894286 polymorphisms and the risk of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in northern Chinese populations.The study was carried out on case-control methods. Ninety-six patients with AMD and 98 health controls were recruited who were matched with the former by age and gender, rs1136287 and rs1894286 were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) was also checked by χ test. The distribution frequencies of genotype, allele, and haplotype were calculated by direct counting method. The genotype, allele, and haplotype distribution differences between the case and control groups were analyzed by chi-square test, and odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) was used to express the relative risk of AMD in northern Chinese populations. The linkage disequilibrium (LD) and haplotype analyses were conducted with Haploview software.The genotype and allele distribution frequencies in rs1136287 were obviously between in cases and controls (P < .05). TT genotype might lead to 3.24 times risk of AMD occurrence compared with CC genotype (OR = 3.24, 95% CI = 1.26-8.32), and C allele also played an increased risk role in the attack of AMD (OR = 1.58, 95% CI = 1.06-2.38). The T-C haplotype frequency of rs1136287-rs1894286 in PEDF were significantly correlated to the increased susceptibility to AMD (OR = 1.57, 95% CI = 1.02-2.40).The rs1136287 polymorphism in PEDF may be related to the occurrence risk of AMD. Additionally, a haplotype is also a non-ignorable risk factor.
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Tadalafil (Cialis) is one of the most commonly used phosphodiesterase type5 (PDE5) inhibitors. This work aimed to analyze the histological and ultrastructural changes provoked by chronic tadalafil administration in the rat retina, correlate between such changes and PDE5 immunoexpression and to evaluate the possible reversibility of these changes. Thirty Sprague Dawley male rats were randomly distributed into 3 groups. Control group; given 1 ml distilled water daily for 6 weeks. Tadalafil group; given tadalafil in a daily dose of 2.6 mg/kg for 6 weeks. Withdrawal group; given tadalafil 2.6 mg/kg daily for 6 week followed by a withdrawal period of 4 weeks. Retinal specimens were prepared for histological, ultrastructural and immunohistochemical study using anti-PDE5 and anti-Bcl-2 antibodies. Morphometric and statistical studies were performed. Tadalafil group displayed a significant reduction in retinal thickness, diminished cell population of outer and inner nuclear layers, dilated blood capillaries and a significant decline in the number of ganglion cells. Significant reductions of both PDE5 and Bcl-2 immunoexpression were observed. At the ultrastructural level, the photoreceptors showed spacing of outer segments and disorganized membranous discs. Retinal neurons showed ultrastructural degenerative changes in the form of shrunken irregular nuclei, dilated rER, and disrupted mitochondria. Withdrawal group revealed preservation of histological structure and partial restoration of retinal thickness, retinal cells ultrastructure, and PDE5 and Bcl-2 immunoexpressions. In conclusion, chronic use of tadalafil could induce reversible apoptotic and degenerative changes in retinal neurons due to its inhibitory effect on PDE5 expression which affects the metabolism and viability of retinal cells.
Collapse
|
12
|
Lv Y, Sun Y, Shi T, Shi C, Qin H, Li Z. Pigment epithelium-derived factor has a role in the progression of papillary thyroid carcinoma by affecting the HIF1α-VEGF signaling pathway. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:5217-5222. [PMID: 28105231 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.5316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The progression mechanism of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) remains largely unknown. Accumulating evidence has suggested that various targets of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) are able to inhibit cancer progression. The aim of the present study was to examine PEDF expression in PTC patients and to investigate its relationship with aggressive clinicopathological features, as well as to explore whether PEDF affects the progression of PTC via the hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α)-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway. A total of 271 patients with PTC, including 24 men and 247 women, were enrolled in the present study. Relevant patient data, including demographic features, preoperative clinical features and pathological features, were collected for analysis. The protein expression levels of PEDF in PTC tissues were detected using immunohistochemical staining, and the mRNA expression levels of PEDF, VEGF and HIF1α in 15 PTC tissues with lymph node metastasis (LNM) and 10 tissues without LNM were detected using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Immunohistochemical staining with an anti-PEDF antibody detected PEDF expression in 74.5% of the PTC tissues. PEDF expression levels were significantly correlated with LNM, extrathyroid invasion, a high TNM stage, the presence of the BRAFV600E mutation and tumor size. PEDF mRNA expression levels were significantly decreased in PTC tissues with LNM, as compared with PTC tissues without LNM, while the mRNA expression levels of HIF1α and VEGF were markedly increased in PTC tissues with LNM. Taken together, the results of the present study suggested that PEDF plays a role in the progression of PTC, and that PEDF may exert an anti-angiogenesis role by affecting the HIF1α-VEGF pathway, eventually inhibiting the metastasis of PTC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Lv
- The Fourth Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Yu Sun
- The Fourth Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Tiefeng Shi
- The Fourth Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Chenlei Shi
- The Fourth Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Huadong Qin
- The Fourth Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Zhaozhu Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lu J, Xin Z, Zhang Q, Cui D, Xiao Y, Zhuo J, Sun F, Xia S, Shao Y. Beneficial effect of PEDF-transfected ADSCs on erectile dysfunction in a streptozotocin-diabetic rat model. Cell Tissue Res 2016; 366:623-637. [PMID: 27655233 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-016-2494-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an important risk factor for erectile dysfunction. Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) are essential for maintaining erectile function but their function is impaired during hyperglycemia. To evaluate the effects of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF)-transfected ADSCs on the restoration of erectile function ADSCs and PEDF-transfected ADSCs were exposed to normal or high glucose levels for 72 h and the effects on cell survival and protein expression were determined. For in vivo studies, rats with streptozocin-induced DM were intravenously injected with ADSCs or PEDF-transfected ADSCs. Two weeks later, the intracavernosal pressure (ICP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were measured to assess erectile function, and penile tissues were harvested for further evaluation. PEDF overexpression in ADSCs protected cells against hyperglycemia-induced apoptosis (as determined by a TUNEL assay), increasing the expression of neurotrophic factors and decreasing the expression of inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress-related proteins (as determined by western blotting and ELISA). In DM rats, transplantation with PEDF-transfected ADSCs effectively restored erectile function, as determined by the ICP/MAP ratio, compared with untreated ADSCs. PEDF overexpression also resulted in higher survival rates and decreased apoptosis of ADSCs. Promotion of neurotrophic factor expression and suppression of inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress-related proteins were also observed after transplantation of PEDF-transfected ADSCs. Thus, our results demonstrate that transplantation of ADSCs restored erectile function in a rat model of DM, attenuating the negative effects of hyperglycemia. These findings indicate the therapeutic potential of ADSCs for treating erectile dysfunction and the additional benefits of PEDF overexpression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Lu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 100, Haining Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Zhixiang Xin
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 100, Haining Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 100, Haining Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Di Cui
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 100, Haining Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Yinglong Xiao
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 100, Haining Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Jian Zhuo
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 100, Haining Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Feng Sun
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 100, Haining Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Shujie Xia
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 100, Haining Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, 200080, China.
| | - Yi Shao
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 100, Haining Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, 200080, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Shih SC, Ho TC, Chen SL, Tsao YP. Pigment Epithelium Derived Factor Peptide Protects Murine Hepatocytes from Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Injury. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157647. [PMID: 27384427 PMCID: PMC4934881 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrogenesis is induced by repeated injury to the liver and reactive regeneration and leads eventually to liver cirrhosis. Pigment epithelium derived factor (PEDF) has been shown to prevent liver fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). A 44 amino acid domain of PEDF (44-mer) was found to have a protective effect against various insults to several cell types. In this study, we investigated the capability of synthetic 44-mer to protect against liver injury in mice and in primary cultured hepatocytes. Acute liver injury, induced by CCl4, was evident from histological changes, such as cell necrosis, inflammation and apoptosis, and a concomitant reduction of glutathione (GSH) and GSH redox enzyme activities in the liver. Intraperitoneal injection of the 44-mer into CCl4-treated mice abolished the induction of AST and ALT and markedly reduced histological signs of liver injury. The 44-mer treatment can reduce hepatic oxidative stress as evident from lower levels of lipid hydroperoxide, and higher levels of GSH. CCl4 caused a reduction of Bcl-xL, PEDF and PPARγ, which was markedly restored by the 44-mer treatment. Consequently, the 44-mer suppressed liver fibrosis induced by repeated CCl4 injury. Furthermore, our observations in primary culture of rat hepatocytes showed that PEDF and the 44-mer protected primary rat hepatocytes against apoptosis induced by serum deprivation and TGF-β1. PEDF/44-mer induced cell protective STAT3 phosphorylation. Pharmacological STAT3 inhibition prevented the antiapoptotic action of PEDF/44-mer. Among several PEDF receptor candidates that may be responsible for hepatocyte protection, we demonstrated that PNPLA2 was essential for PEDF/44-mer-mediated STAT3 phosphorylation and antiapoptotic activity by using siRNA to selectively knockdown PNPLA2. In conclusion, the PEDF 44-mer protects hepatocytes from single and repeated CCl4 injury. This protective effect may stem from strengthening the counter oxidative stress capacity and induction of hepatoprotective factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shou-Chuan Shih
- Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (SCS); (YPT)
| | - Tsung-Chuan Ho
- Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Show-Li Chen
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yeou-Ping Tsao
- Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (SCS); (YPT)
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Polato F, Becerra SP. Pigment Epithelium-Derived Factor, a Protective Factor for Photoreceptors in Vivo. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 854:699-706. [PMID: 26427478 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-17121-0_93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) is a natural protein of the retina with demonstrable neurotrophic properties, found in the interphotoreceptor matrix in intimate contact with photoreceptors. This review summarizes the effects of PEDF on photoreceptors in several animal models of retinal degeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Polato
- Section of Protein Structure and Function, Laboratory of Retinal Cell and Molecular Biology, NEI, National Institutes of Health, NIH-NEI BG.6. Room 134. 6 Center Drive MSC 0608, 20892-0608, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - S Patricia Becerra
- Section of Protein Structure and Function, Laboratory of Retinal Cell and Molecular Biology, NEI, National Institutes of Health, NIH-NEI BG.6. Room 134. 6 Center Drive MSC 0608, 20892-0608, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sun J, Mandai M, Kamao H, Hashiguchi T, Shikamura M, Kawamata S, Sugita S, Takahashi M. Protective Effects of Human iPS-Derived Retinal Pigmented Epithelial Cells in Comparison with Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Human Neural Stem Cells on the Degenerating Retina in rd1 mice. Stem Cells 2016; 33:1543-53. [PMID: 25728228 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a group of visual impairments characterized by progressive rod photoreceptor cell loss due to a genetic background. Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) predominantly secreted by the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) has been reported to protect photoreceptors in retinal degeneration models, including rd1. In addition, clinical trials are currently underway outside Japan using human mesenchymal stromal cells and human neural stem cells to protect photoreceptors in RP and dry age-related macular degeneration, respectively. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the rescue effects of induced pluripotent stem (iPS)-RPE cells in comparison with those types of cells used in clinical trials on photoreceptor degeneration in rd1 mice. Cells were injected into the subretinal space of immune-suppressed 2-week-old rd1 mice. The results demonstrated that human iPS-RPE cells significantly attenuated photoreceptor degeneration on postoperative days (PODs) 14 and 21 and survived longer up to at least 12 weeks after operation than the other two types of graft cells with less immune responses and apoptosis. The mean PEDF concentration in the intraocular fluid in RPE-transplanted eyes was more than 1 µg/ml at PODs 14 and 21, and this may have contributed to the protective effect of RPE transplantation. Our findings suggest that iPS-RPE cells serve as a competent source to delay photoreceptor degeneration through stable survival in degenerating ocular environment and by releasing neuroprotective factors such as PEDF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianan Sun
- Laboratory for Retinal Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology (CDB), Kobe, Japan; Application Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kenealey J, Subramanian P, Comitato A, Bullock J, Keehan L, Polato F, Hoover D, Marigo V, Becerra SP. Small Retinoprotective Peptides Reveal a Receptor-binding Region on Pigment Epithelium-derived Factor. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:25241-53. [PMID: 26304116 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.645846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytoprotective effects of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) require interactions between an as of a yet undefined region with a distinct ectodomain on the PEDF receptor (PEDF-R). Here we characterized the area in PEDF that interacts with PEDF-R to promote photoreceptor survival. Molecular docking studies suggested that the ligand binding site of PEDF-R interacts with the neurotrophic region of PEDF (44-mer, positions 78-121). Binding assays demonstrated that PEDF-R bound the 44-mer peptide. Moreover, peptide P1 from the PEDF-R ectodomain had affinity for the 44-mer and a shorter fragment within it, 17-mer (positions 98-114). Single residue substitutions to alanine along the 17-mer sequence were designed and tested for binding and biological activity. Altered 17-mer[R99A] did not bind to the P1 peptide, whereas 17-mer[H105A] had higher affinity than the unmodified 17-mer. Peptides 17-mer, 17-mer[H105A], and 44-mer exhibited cytoprotective effects in cultured retina R28 cells. Intravitreal injections of these peptides and PEDF in the rd1 mouse model of retinal degeneration decreased the numbers of dying photoreceptors, 17-mer[H105A] being most effective. The blocking peptide P1 hindered their protective effects both in retina cells and in vivo. Thus, in addition to demonstrating that the region composed of positions 98-114 of PEDF contains critical residues for PEDF-R interaction that mediates survival effects, the findings reveal distinct small PEDF fragments with neurotrophic effects on photoreceptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Antonella Comitato
- the Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy, and
| | - Jeanee Bullock
- From the National Eye Institute and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, D. C. 20057
| | | | | | - David Hoover
- the Center for Information Technology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Valeria Marigo
- the Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy, and
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Vigneswara V, Esmaeili M, Deer L, Berry M, Logan A, Ahmed Z. Eye drop delivery of pigment epithelium-derived factor-34 promotes retinal ganglion cell neuroprotection and axon regeneration. Mol Cell Neurosci 2015; 68:212-21. [PMID: 26260110 PMCID: PMC4604765 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Axotomised retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) die rapidly by apoptosis and fail to regenerate because of the limited availability of neurotrophic factors and a lack of axogenic stimuli. However, we have recently showed that pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) promotes RGC survival and axon regeneration after optic nerve crush injury. PEDF has multiple fragments of the native peptide that are neuroprotective, anti-angiogenic and anti-inflammatory. Here we investigated the neuroprotective and axogenic properties of a fragment of PEDF, PEDF-34, in retinal neurons in vitro and when delivered by intravitreal injection and eye drops in vivo. We found that PEDF-34 was 43% more neuroprotective and 52% more neuritogenic than PEDF-44 in vitro. Moreover, in vivo, intravitreal delivery of 1.88 nM PEDF-34 was 71% RGC neuroprotective at 21 days after optic nerve crush compared to intact controls, whilst daily eye drops containing 1.88 nM PEDF-34 promoted 87% RGC survival. After topical eye drop delivery, PEDF-34 was detected in the vitreous body within 30 min and attained physiologically relevant concentrations in the retina by 4 h peaking at 1.4 ± 0.05 nM by 14 days. In eye drop- compared to intravitreal-treated PEDF-34 animals, 55% more RGC axons regenerated 250 μm beyond the optic nerve lesion. We conclude that daily topical eye drop application of PEDF-34 is superior to weekly intravitreal injections in promoting RGC survival and axon regeneration through both direct effects on retinal neurons and indirect effects on other retinal cells. PEDF-34 is more neuroprotective and neuritogenic than PEDF-44. PEDF-34 is more neuroprotective and neuritogenic than full-length PEDF. PEDF-34 can reach the retina after topical application to the eyes. PEDF-34 eye drops are more neuroprotective and axogenic than intravitreal injection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vasanthy Vigneswara
- Neurotrauma Research Group, Neurobiology Section, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Maryam Esmaeili
- Neurotrauma Research Group, Neurobiology Section, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Louise Deer
- Neurotrauma Research Group, Neurobiology Section, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Martin Berry
- Neurotrauma Research Group, Neurobiology Section, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Ann Logan
- Neurotrauma Research Group, Neurobiology Section, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Zubair Ahmed
- Neurotrauma Research Group, Neurobiology Section, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
|
20
|
Thangaraj G, Christophel J, Bachmann G, Greif A, Layer PG. PEDF counteracts DL-α-aminoadipate toxicity and rescues gliotoxic damages in RPE-free chicken retinal explants. Exp Eye Res 2015; 134:111-22. [PMID: 25686916 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Gliotoxic responses complicate human eye diseases, the causes of which often remain obscure. Here, we activated Müller cells (MCs) by the gliotoxin DL-α-aminoadipate (AAA) and assayed possible protective effects by pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in RPE-free retinal explants of the E6 chick embryo. These models are suited to analyze gliotoxic reactions in vitro, since the avian retina contains only Müller cells (MCs) as glial components, and the RPE-free explants are devoid of a major PEDF source. ChAT- and AChE-immunohistochemistry (IHC) revealed that AAA treatment disrupted the differentiation of cholinergic amacrine cells in the inner plexiform layer. At the applied concentration of 1 mM AAA, apoptosis of MCs was slightly increased, as shown by TUNEL and caspase-3 activity assays. Concomitantly, cell-free gaps emerged in the middle of the retina, where MCs were swollen and amassed glutamine synthetase (shown by GS and Vimentin IHC). AAA treatment strongly activated MCs, as shown by GFAP IHC, and by an increase of stress-related catalase activity. Remarkably, nearly all effects of AAA on MCs were effectively counter-balanced by 50 ng/ml PEDF co-treatment, as also shown by RT-PCR. These findings suggest that supplementation with PEDF can protect the retina against gliotoxic attacks. Further studies should establish whether PEDF similarly protects a gliotoxic human retina.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gopenath Thangaraj
- Technische Universität Darmstadt, Entwicklungsbiologie und Neurogenetik, Schnittspahnstrasse 13, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jeanette Christophel
- Technische Universität Darmstadt, Entwicklungsbiologie und Neurogenetik, Schnittspahnstrasse 13, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Gesine Bachmann
- Technische Universität Darmstadt, Entwicklungsbiologie und Neurogenetik, Schnittspahnstrasse 13, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Alexander Greif
- Technische Universität Darmstadt, Entwicklungsbiologie und Neurogenetik, Schnittspahnstrasse 13, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Paul G Layer
- Technische Universität Darmstadt, Entwicklungsbiologie und Neurogenetik, Schnittspahnstrasse 13, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Castro-Garcia P, Díaz-Moreno M, Gil-Gas C, Fernández-Gómez FJ, Honrubia-Gómez P, Álvarez-Simón CB, Sánchez-Sánchez F, Cano JCC, Almeida F, Blanco V, Jordán J, Mira H, Ramírez-Castillejo C. Defects in subventricular zone pigmented epithelium-derived factor niche signaling in the senescence-accelerated mouse prone-8. FASEB J 2015; 29:1480-92. [PMID: 25636741 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-244442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We studied potential changes in the subventricular zone (SVZ) stem cell niche of the senescence-accelerated mouse prone-8 (SAM-P8) aging model. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) assays with longtime survival revealed a lower number of label-retaining stem cells in the SAM-P8 SVZ compared with the SAM-Resistant 1 (SAM-R1) control strain. We also found that in SAM-P8 niche signaling is attenuated and the stem cell pool is less responsive to the self-renewal niche factor pigmented epithelium-derived factor (PEDF). Protein analysis demonstrated stable amounts of the PEDF ligand in the SAM-P8 SVZ niche; however, SAM-P8 stem cells present a significant expression decrease of patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 2, a receptor for PEDF (PNPLA2-PEDF) receptor, but not of laminin receptor (LR), a receptor for PEDF (LR-PEDF) receptor. We observed changes in self-renewal related genes (hairy and enhancer of split 1 (Hes1), hairy and enhancer of split 1 (Hes5), Sox2] and report that although these genes are down-regulated in SAM-P8, differentiation genes (Pax6) are up-regulated and neurogenesis is increased. Finally, sheltering mammalian telomere complexes might be also involved given a down-regulation of telomeric repeat binding factor 1 (Terf1) expression was observed in SAM-P8 at young age periods. Differences between these 2 models, SAM-P8 and SAM-R1 controls, have been previously detected at more advanced ages. We now describe alterations in the PEDF signaling pathway and stem cell self-renewal at a very young age, which could be involved in the premature senescence observed in the SAM-P8 model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Castro-Garcia
- *Laboratorio de Células Madre, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain; Unidad Funcional de Investigación en Enfermedades Crónicas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Grupo de Neurofarmacología, Departamento de Ciencias Médicas, Area de Genética, Facultad de Medicina de Albacete, and Instituto de Investigación en Discapacidades Neurológicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain; and Departamento Estadística, I. O. y Computación, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Canarias, Spain
| | - María Díaz-Moreno
- *Laboratorio de Células Madre, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain; Unidad Funcional de Investigación en Enfermedades Crónicas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Grupo de Neurofarmacología, Departamento de Ciencias Médicas, Area de Genética, Facultad de Medicina de Albacete, and Instituto de Investigación en Discapacidades Neurológicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain; and Departamento Estadística, I. O. y Computación, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Canarias, Spain
| | - Carmen Gil-Gas
- *Laboratorio de Células Madre, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain; Unidad Funcional de Investigación en Enfermedades Crónicas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Grupo de Neurofarmacología, Departamento de Ciencias Médicas, Area de Genética, Facultad de Medicina de Albacete, and Instituto de Investigación en Discapacidades Neurológicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain; and Departamento Estadística, I. O. y Computación, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Canarias, Spain
| | - Francisco J Fernández-Gómez
- *Laboratorio de Células Madre, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain; Unidad Funcional de Investigación en Enfermedades Crónicas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Grupo de Neurofarmacología, Departamento de Ciencias Médicas, Area de Genética, Facultad de Medicina de Albacete, and Instituto de Investigación en Discapacidades Neurológicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain; and Departamento Estadística, I. O. y Computación, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Canarias, Spain
| | - Paloma Honrubia-Gómez
- *Laboratorio de Células Madre, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain; Unidad Funcional de Investigación en Enfermedades Crónicas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Grupo de Neurofarmacología, Departamento de Ciencias Médicas, Area de Genética, Facultad de Medicina de Albacete, and Instituto de Investigación en Discapacidades Neurológicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain; and Departamento Estadística, I. O. y Computación, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Canarias, Spain
| | - Carmen Belén Álvarez-Simón
- *Laboratorio de Células Madre, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain; Unidad Funcional de Investigación en Enfermedades Crónicas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Grupo de Neurofarmacología, Departamento de Ciencias Médicas, Area de Genética, Facultad de Medicina de Albacete, and Instituto de Investigación en Discapacidades Neurológicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain; and Departamento Estadística, I. O. y Computación, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Canarias, Spain
| | - Francisco Sánchez-Sánchez
- *Laboratorio de Células Madre, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain; Unidad Funcional de Investigación en Enfermedades Crónicas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Grupo de Neurofarmacología, Departamento de Ciencias Médicas, Area de Genética, Facultad de Medicina de Albacete, and Instituto de Investigación en Discapacidades Neurológicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain; and Departamento Estadística, I. O. y Computación, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Canarias, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Castillo Cano
- *Laboratorio de Células Madre, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain; Unidad Funcional de Investigación en Enfermedades Crónicas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Grupo de Neurofarmacología, Departamento de Ciencias Médicas, Area de Genética, Facultad de Medicina de Albacete, and Instituto de Investigación en Discapacidades Neurológicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain; and Departamento Estadística, I. O. y Computación, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Canarias, Spain
| | - Francisco Almeida
- *Laboratorio de Células Madre, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain; Unidad Funcional de Investigación en Enfermedades Crónicas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Grupo de Neurofarmacología, Departamento de Ciencias Médicas, Area de Genética, Facultad de Medicina de Albacete, and Instituto de Investigación en Discapacidades Neurológicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain; and Departamento Estadística, I. O. y Computación, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Canarias, Spain
| | - Vicente Blanco
- *Laboratorio de Células Madre, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain; Unidad Funcional de Investigación en Enfermedades Crónicas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Grupo de Neurofarmacología, Departamento de Ciencias Médicas, Area de Genética, Facultad de Medicina de Albacete, and Instituto de Investigación en Discapacidades Neurológicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain; and Departamento Estadística, I. O. y Computación, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Canarias, Spain
| | - Joaquín Jordán
- *Laboratorio de Células Madre, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain; Unidad Funcional de Investigación en Enfermedades Crónicas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Grupo de Neurofarmacología, Departamento de Ciencias Médicas, Area de Genética, Facultad de Medicina de Albacete, and Instituto de Investigación en Discapacidades Neurológicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain; and Departamento Estadística, I. O. y Computación, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Canarias, Spain
| | - Helena Mira
- *Laboratorio de Células Madre, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain; Unidad Funcional de Investigación en Enfermedades Crónicas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Grupo de Neurofarmacología, Departamento de Ciencias Médicas, Area de Genética, Facultad de Medicina de Albacete, and Instituto de Investigación en Discapacidades Neurológicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain; and Departamento Estadística, I. O. y Computación, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Canarias, Spain
| | - Carmen Ramírez-Castillejo
- *Laboratorio de Células Madre, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain; Unidad Funcional de Investigación en Enfermedades Crónicas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Grupo de Neurofarmacología, Departamento de Ciencias Médicas, Area de Genética, Facultad de Medicina de Albacete, and Instituto de Investigación en Discapacidades Neurológicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain; and Departamento Estadística, I. O. y Computación, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Canarias, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Unterlauft JD, Claudepierre T, Schmidt M, Müller K, Yafai Y, Wiedemann P, Reichenbach A, Eichler W. Enhanced survival of retinal ganglion cells is mediated by Müller glial cell-derived PEDF. Exp Eye Res 2014; 127:206-14. [PMID: 25128578 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Revised: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The death of retinal ganglion cells (RGC) leads to visual impairment and blindness in ocular neurodegenerative diseases, primarily in glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy; hence, mechanisms that contribute to protecting RGC from ischemia/hypoxia are of great interest. We here address the role of retinal glial (Müller) cells and of pigment-epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), one of the main neuroprotectants released from the glial cells. We show that the hypoxia-induced loss in the viability of cultured purified RGC is due to apoptosis, but that the number of viable RGC increases when co-cultured with Müller glial cells suggesting that glial soluble mediators attenuate the death of RGC. When PEDF was ablated from Müller cells a significantly lower number of RGC survived in RGC-Müller cell co-cultures indicating that PEDF is a major survival factor allowing RGC to escape cell death. We further found that RGC express a PEDF receptor known as patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 2 (PNPLA2) and that PEDF exposure, as well as the presence of Müller cells, leads to an activation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB in RGC. Furthermore, adding an NF-κB inhibitor (SN50) to PEDF-treated RGC cultures reduced the survival of RGC. These findings strongly suggest that NF-κB activation in RGC is critically involved in the pro-survival action of Müller-cell derived PEDF and plays an important role in maintaining neuronal survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Claudepierre
- ENSAIA, UR AFPA, Team BFLA, Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Manuela Schmidt
- Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, University of Leipzig, Germany
| | - Katja Müller
- Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, University of Leipzig, Germany
| | - Yousef Yafai
- Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, University of Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter Wiedemann
- Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, University of Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Reichenbach
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, Pathophysiology of Glia, University of Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wolfram Eichler
- Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, University of Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Fernández-Barral A, Orgaz JL, Baquero P, Ali Z, Moreno A, Tiana M, Gómez V, Riveiro-Falkenbach E, Cañadas C, Zazo S, Bertolotto C, Davidson I, Rodríguez-Peralto JL, Palmero I, Rojo F, Jensen LD, del Peso L, Jiménez B. Regulatory and functional connection of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor and anti-metastatic pigment epithelium derived factor in melanoma. Neoplasia 2014; 16:529-42. [PMID: 25030625 PMCID: PMC4198745 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), a member of the serine protease inhibitor superfamily, has potent anti-metastatic effects in cutaneous melanoma through its direct actions on endothelial and melanoma cells. Here we show that PEDF expression positively correlates with microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) in melanoma cell lines and human samples. High PEDF and MITF expression is characteristic of low aggressive melanomas classified according to molecular and pathological criteria, whereas both factors are decreased in senescent melanocytes and naevi. Importantly, MITF silencing down-regulates PEDF expression in melanoma cell lines and primary melanocytes, suggesting that the correlation in the expression reflects a causal relationship. In agreement, analysis of Chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled to high throughput sequencing (ChIP-seq) data sets revealed three MITF binding regions within the first intron of SERPINF1, and reporter assays demonstrated that the binding of MITF to these regions is sufficient to drive transcription. Finally, we demonstrate that exogenous PEDF expression efficiently halts in vitro migration and invasion, as well as in vivo dissemination of melanoma cells induced by MITF silencing. In summary, these results identify PEDF as a novel transcriptional target of MITF and support a relevant functional role for the MITF-PEDF axis in the biology of melanoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asunción Fernández-Barral
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, CSIC-UAM Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Orgaz
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, CSIC-UAM Madrid, Spain; Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London SE1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Pablo Baquero
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, CSIC-UAM Madrid, Spain; Paul O'Gorman Leukaemia Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Zaheer Ali
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medical and Health sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Alberto Moreno
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, CSIC-UAM Madrid, Spain; Centre for Gene Regulation & Expression, College of Life Sciences, Universtity of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - María Tiana
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, CSIC-UAM Madrid, Spain
| | - Valentí Gómez
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, CSIC-UAM Madrid, Spain; Tumor Suppressor Signaling Networks Laboratory, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, WC1E 6BT, London, United Kingdom
| | - Erica Riveiro-Falkenbach
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación I+12, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Cañadas
- Department of Pathology, Capio-Fundación Jimenez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Zazo
- Department of Pathology, Capio-Fundación Jimenez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Irwin Davidson
- Institute de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Jose Luis Rodríguez-Peralto
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación I+12, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Palmero
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, CSIC-UAM Madrid, Spain
| | - Federico Rojo
- Department of Pathology, Capio-Fundación Jimenez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lasse Dahl Jensen
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medical and Health sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Luis del Peso
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, CSIC-UAM Madrid, Spain
| | - Benilde Jiménez
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, CSIC-UAM Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación I+12, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Craword SE, Fitchev P, Veliceasa D, Volpert OV. The many facets of PEDF in drug discovery and disease: a diamond in the rough or split personality disorder? Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 8:769-92. [PMID: 23642051 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2013.794781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) was discovered as a neurotrophic factor secreted by retinal pigment epithelial cells. A decade later, it re-emerged as a powerful angiogenesis inhibitor guarding ocular function. Since then, significant advances were made identifying PEDF's mechanisms, targets and biomedical applications. AREAS COVERED The authors review several methodologies that have generated significant new information about the potential of PEDF as a drug. Furthermore, the authors review and discuss mechanistic and structure-function analyses combined with the functional mapping of active fragments, which have yielded several short bioactive PEDF peptides. Additionally, the authors present functional studies in knockout animals and human correlates that have provided important information about conditions amenable to PEDF-based therapies. EXPERT OPINION Through its four known receptors, PEDF causes a wide range of cellular events vitally important for the organism, which include survival and differentiation, migration and invasion, lipid metabolism and stem cell maintenance. These processes are deregulated in multiple pathological conditions, including cancer, metabolic and cardiovascular disease. PEDF has been successfully used in countless preclinical models of these conditions and human correlates suggest a wide utility of PEDF-based drugs. The most significant clinical application of PEDF, to date, is its potential therapeutic use for age-related macular degeneration. Moreover, PEDF-based gene therapy has advanced to early stage clinical trials. PEDF active fragments have been mapped and used to design short peptide mimetics conferring distinct functions of PEDF, which may address specific clinical problems and become prototype drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Craword
- St. Louis University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Becerra SP, Notario V. The effects of PEDF on cancer biology: mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential. Nat Rev Cancer 2013; 13:258-71. [PMID: 23486238 PMCID: PMC3707632 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The potent actions of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) on tumour-associated cells, and its extracellular localization and secretion, stimulated research on this multifunctional serpin. Such studies have identified several PEDF receptors and downstream signalling pathways. Known cellular PEDF responses have expanded from the initial discovery that PEDF induces retinoblastoma cell differentiation to its anti-angiogenic, antitumorigenic and antimetastatic properties. Although the diversity of PEDF activities seems to be complex, they are consistent with the varied mechanisms that regulate this multimodal factor. If PEDF is to be used for cancer management, a deeper appreciation of its many functions and mechanisms of action is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Patricia Becerra
- National Eye Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Lipinski DM, Thake M, MacLaren RE. Clinical applications of retinal gene therapy. Prog Retin Eye Res 2013; 32:22-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Revised: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
27
|
Kenchegowda S, He J, Bazan H. Involvement of pigment epithelium-derived factor, docosahexaenoic acid and neuroprotectin D1 in corneal inflammation and nerve integrity after refractive surgery. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2013; 88:27-31. [PMID: 22579364 PMCID: PMC3431458 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2012.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in corneal innervations result in impaired corneal sensation, severe dry eye and damage to the epithelium that may in turn lead to corneal ulcers, melting and perforation. These alterations can occur after refractive surgery. We have discovered that pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) plus docosahexaenoic acid (DHA or the docosanoid bioactive neuroprotectin D1 (NPD1)) induces nerve regeneration after corneal surgery that damages the stromal nerves. We found that PEDF is released from corneal epithelial cells after injury, and when DHA is provided to the cells it stimulates the biosynthesis of NPD1 by an autocrine mechanism. The combination of PEDF plus DHA also decreased the production of leukotriene B4 (LTB4), a neutrophil chemotactic factor, thereby decreasing the inflammation induced after corneal damage. These studies suggest that PEDF plus DHA and its derivative NPD1 hold promise as a future treatment to restore a healthy cornea after nerve damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - H.E.P Bazan
- Corresponding author: Haydee E.P.Bazan, LSU Eye Center and Neuroscience center, 2020 Gravier Street, Suite D, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; , Ph: 504- 599- 0877, FAX: 504- 568- 0977
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Zhang L, Huang S, Chen Y, Wang Z, Li E, Xu Y. Icariin inhibits hydrogen peroxide-mediated cytotoxicity by up-regulating sirtuin type 1-dependent catalase and peroxiredoxin. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2012; 107:899-905. [PMID: 20533910 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2010.00595.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies suggest that flavonol icariin protects against neuron injury after oxygen and glucose deprivation by increasing SIRT1. This study demonstrates that icariin can inhibit H(2) O(2) -induced neurotoxicity. The neuroprotection of icariin enhances the antioxidant capacity through both a direct scavenging effect on over-produced free radicals and an indirect stimulating effect on the expression and activity of cellular antioxidant enzymes including catalase (CAT) and peroxiredoxin 1 (Prx1). The mechanism may be partially involved in the up-regulation of SIRT1. The SIRT1 antagonist can partly block this neuroprotection and the enhancement of CAT/Prx1 by icariin. These results indicate that the effect of icariin on H(2) O(2) -induced neurotoxicity is dependent on increasing SIRT1 and provides a potentially novel pharmacological strategy for stroke prevention and/or treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing City, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Unterlauft JD, Eichler W, Kuhne K, Yang XM, Yafai Y, Wiedemann P, Reichenbach A, Claudepierre T. Pigment epithelium-derived factor released by Müller glial cells exerts neuroprotective effects on retinal ganglion cells. Neurochem Res 2012; 37:1524-33. [PMID: 22410737 PMCID: PMC3368109 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-012-0747-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2011] [Revised: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Survival of retinal ganglion cells (RGC) is compromised in several vision-threatening disorders such as ischemic and hypertensive retinopathies and glaucoma. Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) is a naturally occurring pleiotropic secreted factor in the retina. PEDF produced by retinal glial (Müller) cells is suspected to be an essential component of neuron-glial interactions especially for RGC, as it can protect this neuronal type from ischemia-induced cell death. Here we show that PEDF treatment can directly affect RGC survival in vitro. Using Müller cell-RGC-co-cultures we observed that activity of Müller-cell derived soluble mediators can attenuate hypoxia-induced damage and RGC loss. Finally, neutralizing the activity of PEDF in glia-conditioned media partially abolished the neuroprotective effect of glia, leading to an increased neuronal death in hypoxic condition. Altogether our results suggest that PEDF is crucially involved in the neuroprotective process of reactive Müller cells towards RGC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Darius Unterlauft
- Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 10-14, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor acts through PEDF to regulate RPE cell migration. Exp Cell Res 2011; 318:251-61. [PMID: 22115973 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2011] [Revised: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cells of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) play major roles in metabolic functions, maintenance of photoreceptor function, and photoreceptor survival in the retina. They normally form a stable monolayer, but migrate during disease states. Although growth factors produced by the RPE cells primarily control these cellular events, how these factors are regulated in RPE cells remain largely unknown. Here we show that the basic-helix-loop-helix-leucine zipper microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), which plays central roles in the development and function of a variety of cell types including RPE cells, upregulates the expression of a multifunctional factor PEDF in RPE cells. Consequently, the upregulation of PEDF impairs microtubule assembly and thus inhibits RPE cell migration. Conversely, specific knockdown of PEDF partially rescues the impairment of microtubule assembly and cell migration proceeds in MITF overexpressing stable cells. We conclude that MITF acts through PEDF to inhibit RPE cell migration and to play a significant role in regulating RPE cellular function. We suggest that MITF has a novel and important role in maintaining RPE cells as a stable monolayer and the down-regulation of PEDF that may contribute to retinal degenerative diseases.
Collapse
|
31
|
Field MG, Yang D, Bian ZM, Petty HR, Elner VM. Retinal flavoprotein fluorescence correlates with mitochondrial stress, apoptosis, and chemokine expression. Exp Eye Res 2011; 93:548-55. [PMID: 21767533 PMCID: PMC3206137 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2011.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction occur before apoptosis in many retinal diseases. Under these conditions, a larger fraction of flavoproteins become oxidized and, when excited by blue-light, emit green flavoprotein fluorescence (FPF). In this study, we evaluated the utility of FPF as an early indicator of mitochondrial stress, pre-apoptotic cellular instability, and apoptosis of human retinal pigment epithelial (HRPE) cells subjected to hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) or monocytes (unstimulated or interferon-γ-stimulated) in vitro and of freshly-isolated pieces of human and rat neural retina subjected to H(2)O(2)ex vivo. Increased FPF of HRPE cells exposed to H(2)O(2) correlated with reduced mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and increased apoptosis in a time- and dose-dependent manner. HRPE cells co-cultured with monocytes had increased FPF that correlated in a time-dependent manner with reduced ΔΨm, increased apoptosis, and early expression of pro-inflammatory chemokines, interleukin-8 (IL8) and monocyte chemotactic factor-1 (MCP1), which are known to be induced by oxidative stress. Increased FPF, reduced ΔΨm, and upregulation of IL8 and MCP1 occurred as early as 1-2 h after exposure to stressors, while apoptosis did not occur in HRPE cells until later time points. The antioxidant, N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC), inhibited increased FPF and apoptosis of HRPE cells subjected to H(2)O(2). Increased FPF of human and rat neural retina also correlated with increased apoptosis. This study suggests that FPF is a useful measure of mitochondrial function in retinal cells and tissues and can detect early mitochondrial dysfunction that may precede apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G. Field
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Dongli Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Zong-Mei Bian
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Howard R. Petty
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Victor M. Elner
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Farkas L, Gauldie J, Voelkel NF, Kolb M. Pulmonary Hypertension and Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2011; 45:1-15. [DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2010-0365tr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
|
33
|
Samkharadze T, Erkan M, Reiser-Erkan C, Demir IE, Kong B, Ceyhan GO, Michalski CW, Esposito I, Friess H, Kleeff J. Pigment epithelium-derived factor associates with neuropathy and fibrosis in pancreatic cancer. Am J Gastroenterol 2011; 106:968-80. [PMID: 21224836 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2010.479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) is a noninhibitory member of the serine protease inhibitor gene family with neuroprotective, neuroproliferative, and anti-angiogenic functions. Its role in pancreatic fibrosis and neuropathy is unknown. METHODS The expression and localization of PEDF were assessed by quantitative real-time (RT)-PCR, immunohistochemistry, and quantitative image analysis and correlated with neural and microvessel densities (MVDs) in the normal pancreas (n=20) and pancreatic cancer (n=55). Primary human pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs), mouse neuroblastoma, and human Schwann cells were used for functional experiments. The effect of hypoxia on PEDF production in cancer cell lines and immortalized pancreatic ductal epithelial cells was assessed by quantitative RT-PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The effect of recombinant PEDF on PSCs was assessed by immunoblot analysis. RESULTS PEDF expression was homogeneous in epithelial cells of the normal pancreas where some acinar cells consistently displayed stronger staining. A higher expression was found in tubular complexes, PanIN lesions, and inflammatory cells in pancreatic cancer. Cancer cells expressed various levels of PEDF. In cancer cell lines and in human immortalized pancreatic ductal epithelial cells, hypoxia increased PEDF mRNA up to 132-fold. Higher expression of PEDF in cancer cells was significantly correlated with better patient survival (median survival 21.5 months vs. 17.5 months, P=0.043), increased neuropathy (P=0.0251), increased PSC activity, and extracellular matrix protein production. CONCLUSIONS PEDF increases PSC activity, thereby contributing to the desmoplasia of pancreatic cancer. PSC overactivation likely leads to periacinar fibrosis and degeneration of fine acinar innervation. Increased focal PEDF expression in cancer cells correlates with neuropathic changes and better patient survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Samkharadze
- Department of General Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abraham JD, Calvayrac-Pawlowski S, Cobo S, Salvetat N, Vicat G, Molina L, Touchon J, Michel BF, Molina F, Verdier JM, Fareh J, Mourton-Gilles C. Combined measurement of PEDF, haptoglobin and tau in cerebrospinal fluid improves the diagnostic discrimination between alzheimer’s disease and other dementias. Biomarkers 2011; 16:161-71. [DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2010.536995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Daniel Abraham
- SysDiag CNRS / Bio-Rad UMR3145, 1682 rue de la Valsiere, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Sandra Cobo
- SysDiag CNRS / Bio-Rad UMR3145, 1682 rue de la Valsiere, Montpellier, France
| | - Nicolas Salvetat
- SysDiag CNRS / Bio-Rad UMR3145, 1682 rue de la Valsiere, Montpellier, France
| | - Guillaume Vicat
- SysDiag CNRS / Bio-Rad UMR3145, 1682 rue de la Valsiere, Montpellier, France
| | - Laurence Molina
- SysDiag CNRS / Bio-Rad UMR3145, 1682 rue de la Valsiere, Montpellier, France
| | - Jacques Touchon
- Neurology Service, Gui de Chauliac Hospital, 80 Avenue Augustin Fliche, Montpellier, France
| | - Bernard-François Michel
- Univ. Montpellier 2, Montpellier, F-34095 France; Inserm, U710, Montpellier, F-34095 France; EPHE, Paris, F-75007 France
| | - Franck Molina
- SysDiag CNRS / Bio-Rad UMR3145, 1682 rue de la Valsiere, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Michel Verdier
- Univ. Montpellier 2, Montpellier, F-34095 France; Inserm, U710, Montpellier, F-34095 France; EPHE, Paris, F-75007 France
| | - Jeannette Fareh
- SysDiag CNRS / Bio-Rad UMR3145, 1682 rue de la Valsiere, Montpellier, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
The retinal pigment epithelium: something more than a constituent of the blood-retinal barrier--implications for the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2010:190724. [PMID: 20182540 PMCID: PMC2825554 DOI: 10.1155/2010/190724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2009] [Revised: 09/28/2009] [Accepted: 11/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is an specialized epithelium lying in the interface between the neural retina and the choriocapillaris where it forms the outer blood-retinal barrier (BRB). The main functions of the RPE are the following: (1) transport of nutrients, ions, and water, (2) absorption of light and protection against photooxidation, (3) reisomerization of all-trans-retinal into 11-cis-retinal, which is crucial for the visual cycle, (4) phagocytosis of shed photoreceptor membranes, and (5) secretion of essential factors for the structural integrity of the retina. An overview of these functions will be given. Most of the research on the physiopathology of diabetic retinopathy has been focused on the impairment of the neuroretina and the breakdown of the inner BRB. By contrast, the effects of diabetes on the RPE and in particular on its secretory activity have received less attention. In this regard, new therapeutic strategies addressed to modulating RPE impairment are warranted.
Collapse
|
36
|
Broadhead ML, Dass CR, Choong PFM. In vitro and in vivo biological activity of PEDF against a range of tumors. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2010; 13:1429-38. [PMID: 19922300 DOI: 10.1517/14728220903307475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) is an emerging anti-cancer agent that targets both tumor tissue and its supporting vasculature. These direct and indirect effects of PEDF have been examined in vitro and in vivo for a range of malignancies. OBJECTIVE This review seeks to present PEDF as a potential anti-cancer agent with applications across multiple malignancies. We refer closely to experimental methodology whilst still highlighting the clinical significance of PEDF in cancer, drawing on biological findings in vitro and in vivo. METHODS A Pubmed database search was performed limiting the scope of this discussion paper mainly to PEDF's biological role in cancer, specifically lung, breast, prostatic, ovarian and pancreatic carcinomas, melanoma, glioma and osteosarcoma. CONCLUSIONS The biological roles of PEDF are diverse and multidimensional. As an anti-cancer agent, PEDF has great potential as a focused anti-neoplastic therapy against a variety of tumor types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Broadhead
- University of Melbourne, St. Vincent's Hospital, Department of Orthopaedics and Surgery, L3, Daly Wing, 35 Victoria Pde., Fitzroy 3065, VIC, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
In this article, we provide the results of experimental studies demonstrating that corneal avascularity is an active process involving the production of anti-angiogenic factors, which counterbalance the pro-angiogenic/lymphangiogenic factors that are upregulated during wound healing. We also summarize pertinent published reports regarding corneal neovascularization (NV), corneal lymphangiogenesis and corneal angiogenic/lymphangiogenic privilege. We outline the clinical causes of corneal NV, and discuss the angiogenic proteins (VEGF and bFGF) and angiogenesis regulatory proteins. We also describe the role of matrix metalloproteinases MMP-2, -7, and MT1-MMP, anti-angiogenic factors, and lymphangiogenic regulatory proteins during corneal wound healing. Established and potential new therapies for the treatment of corneal neovascularization are also discussed.
Collapse
|
38
|
Banumathi E, Sheikpranbabu S, Haribalaganesh R, Gurunathan S. RETRACTED: PEDF prevents reactive oxygen species generation and retinal endothelial cell damage at high glucose levels. Exp Eye Res 2010; 90:89-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2009.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Revised: 09/16/2009] [Accepted: 09/17/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
|
39
|
Kawaguchi T, Yamagishi SI, Itou M, Okuda K, Sumie S, Kuromatsu R, Sakata M, Abe M, Taniguchi E, Koga H, Harada M, Ueno T, Sata M. Pigment epithelium-derived factor inhibits lysosomal degradation of Bcl-xL and apoptosis in HepG2 cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 176:168-76. [PMID: 19948828 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.090242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) has several biological actions on tumor cells, but its effects are cell-type dependent. The aim of this study was to examine the pathophysiological role of PEDF in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). PEDF expression was examined in various hepatoma cell lines and human HCC tissues, and was seen in various hepatoma cell lines including HepG2 cells. In human HCC tissues, PEDF expression was higher than in adjacent non-HCC tissues. In addition, serum PEDF levels were higher in HCC patients than in non-HCC patients, and curative treatment of HCC caused significant reductions in serum PEDF levels compared with pretreatment levels. In vitro experiments, camptothecin (CPT) was used to induce apoptosis and the effect of PEDF was investigated by knockdown of the PEDF gene in CPT-treated HepG2 cells. Knockdown of the PEDF gene enhanced CPT-induced apoptosis, simultaneously down-regulating Bcl-xL expression in HepG2 cells. Expression of apoptosis-related molecules and effects of bafilomycin A1 on CPT-induced apoptosis were also examined in PEDF gene knockdown HepG2 cells. Treatment with bafilomycin A1 suppressed CPT-induced decreases in Bcl-xL expression and increases in apoptosis in PEDF gene knockdown HepG2 cells. PEDF may, therefore, exert anti-apoptotic effects through inhibition of lysosomal degradation of Bcl-xL in CPT-treated HepG2 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Kawaguchi
- Department of Digestive Disease Information and Research, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume 830-0011, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Haribalaganesh R, Sheikpranbabu S, Elayappan B, Venkataraman D, Gurunathan S. Pigment epithelium–derived factor down regulates hyperglycemia-induced apoptosis via PI3K/Akt activation in goat retinal pericytes. Angiogenesis 2009; 12:381-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10456-009-9159-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2009] [Accepted: 10/20/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
41
|
Yoshida Y, Yamagishi SI, Matsui T, Jinnouchi Y, Fukami K, Imaizumi T, Yamakawa R. Protective role of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in early phase of experimental diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2009; 25:678-86. [PMID: 19685553 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.1007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) is the most potent inhibitor of angiogenesis in the mammalian eye, thus suggesting that PEDF may protect against proliferative diabetic retinopathy. However, a role for PEDF in early diabetic retinopathy remains to be elucidated. We investigated here whether and how PEDF could prevent the development of diabetic retinopathy. METHODS Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were treated with or without intravenous injection of PEDF for 4 weeks. Early neuronal derangements were evaluated by electroretinogram (ERG) and immunofluorescent staining of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Expression of PEDF and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), a marker of oxidative stress, was localized by immunofluorescence. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and p22phox expression were evaluated with western blots. Breakdown of blood retinal barrier (BRB) was quantified with fluorescein isothiocynate (FITC)-conjugated dextran. NADPH oxidase activity was measured with lucigenin luminescence. RESULTS Retinal PEDF levels were reduced, and amplitudes of a- and b-wave in the ERG were decreased in diabetic rats, which were in parallel with GFAP overexpression in the Müller cells. Further, retinal 8-OHdG, p22phox and VEGF levels and NADPH oxidase activity were increased, and BRB was broken in diabetic rats. Administration of PEDF ameliorated all of the characteristic changes in early diabetic retinopathy. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that PEDF could prevent neuronal derangements and vascular hyperpermeability in early diabetic retinopathy via inhibition of NADPH oxidase-driven oxidative stress generation. Substitution of PEDF may offer a promising strategy for halting the development of diabetic retinopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Yoshida
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Kim SJ, Kim S, Park J, Lee HK, Park KS, Yu HG, Kim Y. Differential Expression of Vitreous Proteins in Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy. Curr Eye Res 2009; 31:231-40. [PMID: 16531280 DOI: 10.1080/02713680600557030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify vitreous proteins that were differentially expressed in patients suffering from proliferative diabetic retinopathy with active neovascularization. METHODS The vitreous samples of 15 active proliferative diabetic retinopathy patients were analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry, and the results were compared with those from age-matched patients with macular hole. RESULTS Twenty-five protein spots were identified in the two-dimensional gel electrophoresis gels. Eight proteins (pigmented epithelium derived factor, serine protease inhibitor, apolipoprotein A-IV precursor, prostaglandin-H2 D-isomerase, a(1)-antitrypsin precursor, ankyrin repeat domain 15 protein, alpha2-HS-glycoprotein, and beta V spectrin) in the 25 spots were expressed significantly differently between the macular hole and proliferative diabetic retinopathy patients (p value < 0.05). Five proteins were upregulated in the proliferative diabetic retinopathy patients, and three were downregulated (p value < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS We constructed vitreous protein profiles for proliferative diabetic retinopathy patients and identified eight candidate proteins believed to be involved in the pathogenesis of proliferative diabetic retinopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sang Jin Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Yongon-Dong, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Filleur S, Nelius T, de Riese W, Kennedy RC. Characterization of PEDF: a multi-functional serpin family protein. J Cell Biochem 2009; 106:769-75. [PMID: 19180572 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) is a 50 kDa secreted glycoprotein that belongs to the non-inhibitory serpin family group. PEDF has been described as a natural angiogenesis inhibitor with neurotrophic and immune-modulation properties; it balances angiogenesis in the eye and blocks tumor progression. The mechanisms underlying most of these events are not completely clear; however, it appears that PEDF acts via multiple high affinity ligands and cell receptors. In this review article, we will summarize the current knowledge on the biochemical properties of PEDF and its receptors, the multimodal activities of PEDF and finally address the therapeutic potential of PEDF in treating angiogenesis-, neurodegeneration- and inflammation-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Filleur
- Department of Urology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, MS 6591, Lubbock, Texas 79430-6591, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
PEDF and GDNF are key regulators of photoreceptor development and retinal neurogenesis in reaggregates from chick embryonic retina. J Ocul Biol Dis Infor 2009; 2:1-11. [PMID: 20072641 PMCID: PMC2802504 DOI: 10.1007/s12177-009-9014-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2008] [Accepted: 01/12/2009] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, role(s) of pigment epithelial-derived factor (PEDF) and glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) on photoreceptor development in three-dimensional reaggregates from the retinae of the E6 chick embryo (rosetted spheroids) was investigated. Fully dispersed cells were reaggregated under serum-reduced conditions and supplemented with 50 ng/ml PEDF alone or in combination with 50 ng/ml GDNF. The spheroids were analyzed for cell growth, differentiation, and death using proliferating cell nuclear antigen, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labeling, and other immunocytochemical stainings and semi-quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) methods. PEDF strongly promoted synthesis of the messenger RNAs for blue and violet cone opsins and to a lesser extent on the red and green cone opsins. This correlated with an increase in the number of cone photoreceptors, as determined by the cone cell marker CERN906. Likewise, PEDF nearly completely inhibited rod differentiation, as detected by immunostaining with anti-rho4D2 and RT-PCR. Furthermore, PEDF accelerated proliferation of cells in the spheroids and inhibited apoptosis. As negative effects, PEDF inhibited the normal histotypic tissue formation of retinal aggregates and reduced the frequency of photoreceptor rosettes and IPL-like areas. Noticeably, supplementation of PEDF-treated cultures with GDNF reversed the effects of PEDF on spheroid morphology and on rod differentiation. This study establishes that PEDF strongly affects three-dimensional retinogenesis in vitro, most notably by inhibiting rod development and supporting proliferation and differentiation of cones, effects which are partially counteracted by GDNF.
Collapse
|
45
|
Zhang B, Ma JX. SERPINA3K prevents oxidative stress induced necrotic cell death by inhibiting calcium overload. PLoS One 2008; 3:e4077. [PMID: 19115003 PMCID: PMC2605247 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2008] [Accepted: 11/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background SERPINA3K, an extracellular serine proteinase inhibitor (serpin), has been shown to have decreased levels in the retinas of diabetic rats, which may contribute to diabetic retinopathy. The function of SERPINA3K in the retina has not been investigated. Methodology/Principal Findings The present study identified a novel function of SERPINA3K, i.e. it protects retinal cells against oxidative stress-induced cell death including retinal neuronal cells and Müller cells. Flow-cytometry showed that the protective effect of SERPINA3K on Müller cells is via reducing oxidation-induced necrosis. Measurements of intracellular calcium concentration showed that SERPINA3K prevented the intracellular calcium overload induced by H2O2. A similar protective effect was observed using a calcium chelator (BAPTA/AM). Further, SERPINA3K inhibited the phosphorylation of phospholipase C (PLC)-gamma1 induced by H2O2. Likewise, a specific PLC inhibitor showed similar protective effects on Müller cells exposed to H2O2. Furthermore, the protective effect of SERPINA3K was attenuated by a specific PLC activator (m-3M3FBS). Finally, in a binding assay, SERPINA3K displayed saturable and specific binding on Müller cells. Conclusion/Significance These results for the first time demonstrate that SERPINA3K is an endogenous serpin which protects cells from oxidative stress-induced cells death, and its protective effect is via blocking the calcium overload through the PLC pathway. The decreased retinal levels of SERPINA3K may represent a new pathogenic mechanism for the retinal Müller cell dysfunction and neuron loss in diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, Department of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Jian-xing Ma
- Department of Cell Biology, Department of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
|
47
|
Abstract
Ocular neovascularization, the growth of abnormal blood vessels in the eye, is a factor shared by the most common blinding diseases in developed countries. Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) is a potent antiangiogenic and neuroprotective protein that is normally produced in the eye. When delivered via an adenovector, PEDF can block the growth of new blood vessels and trigger the selective regression of abnormal vessels in animal models of ocular disease. Because of the absence of adenoviral genes, high-capacity (HC) adenovectors offer the potential for persistent transgene expression and enhanced tolerability. We have assessed the durability of PEDF expression and the induction of ocular inflammation following delivery of a PEDF-expressing HC adenovector compared to earlier generation vectors. The HC vector mediated prolonged PEDF expression in tissue-cultured pigmented epithelial cells and when delivered by intravitreal injection into the mouse eye. Delivery of first-generation adenovectors resulted in a dose-dependent increase in cytokine/chemokine gene expression, which correlated with the infiltration of inflammatory cells in the eye. In comparison, the levels of inflammatory gene expression and the intraocular infiltrate were substantially reduced following delivery of the HC vector. These results support the development of the HC adenovector gene delivery system for ocular disease.
Collapse
|
48
|
Shitama T, Hayashi H, Noge S, Uchio E, Oshima K, Haniu H, Takemori N, Komori N, Matsumoto H. Proteome Profiling of Vitreoretinal Diseases by Cluster Analysis. Proteomics Clin Appl 2008; 2:1265-1280. [PMID: 19081814 DOI: 10.1002/prca.200800017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Vitreous samples collected in retinopathic surgeries have diverse properties, making proteomics analysis difficult. We report a cluster analysis to evade this difficulty. Vitreous and subretinal fluid samples were collected from 60 patients during surgical operation of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy, proliferative diabetic retinopathy, proliferative vitreoretinopathy, and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. For controls we collected vitreous fluid from patients of idiopathic macular hole, epiretinal, and from a healthy postmortem donor. Proteins from these samples were subjected to quantitative proteomics using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. We selected 105 proteins robustly expressed among ca 400 protein spots and subjected them to permutation test. By using permutation test analysis we observed unique variations in the expression of some of these proteins in vitreoretinal diseases when compared to the control and to each other: 1) the levels of inflammation-associate proteins such as AAT, APOA4, ALB, and TF were significantly higher in all four types of vitreoretinal diseases, and 2) each vitreoretinal disease elevates a unique set of proteins which can be interpreted based on the pathology of retinopathy. Our protocol will be effective for the study of protein expression in other types of clinical samples of diverse property.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Shitama
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, P.O. Box 26901, Oklahoma City, OK73190, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Yang JH, Meng XX, Xie LS, Guo Z. Acute myocardial ischemia up-regulates substance P in the retina of rats. Neurosci Lett 2008; 443:218-22. [PMID: 18687380 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.07.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2008] [Revised: 07/24/2008] [Accepted: 07/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Evidence indicates that sympathetic nerves and substance P (SP) are involved in some physiological and pathophysiological changes and activities in retina. The aim of this study was to investigate whether SP participates in the stress reaction and possible involvement of adrenergic mechanisms in modulation of the changes of SP in the retina of the rats suffering from acute stress evoked by coronary artery occlusion (CAO). The changes of SP in retina were examined and analyzed within 6h of CAO using immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization and EIA approaches. The effects of phentolamine, an antagonist of alpha1-adrenergic receptor, and esmolol, an antagonist of beta1-adrenergic receptor, on the changes of SP were investigated to examine the role of adrenergic mechanisms in modulation of expression of SP in the retina under the stressful condition. It was observed that SP was markedly up-regulated in the layers of ganglion cells, inner plexiform, inner nuclear and pigment epithelium within 6h of the CAO. Intravenous administration of the adrenergic antagonists attenuated the up-regulation of SP. The results may indicate that SP in retina was involved in the stress response induced by acute myocardial ischemia. Adrenergic mechanisms may modulate the process in the retina.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-hong Yang
- Shanxi Eye Hospital, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Sanagi T, Yabe T, Yamada H. Gene transfer of PEDF attenuates ischemic brain damage in the rat middle cerebral artery occlusion model. J Neurochem 2008; 106:1841-54. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05529.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|