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Alejandra Llanes-Cuesta M, Hoi V, Ha R, Tan H, Imamul Islam M, Eftekharpour E, Wang JF. Redox Protein Thioredoxin Mediates Neurite Outgrowth in Primary Cultured Mouse Cerebral Cortical Neurons. Neuroscience 2024; 537:165-173. [PMID: 38070592 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Thioredoxin system plays an important role in maintaining the cellular redox balance. Recent evidence suggests that thioredoxin (Trx) system may promote cell survival and neuroprotection. In this study, we explored the role of thioredoxin system in neuronal differentiation using a primary mouse cortical neuronal cell culture. First, Trx and Trx reductase (TrxR) protein levels were analyzed in cultured neurons from 1 to 32 days in vitro (DIV). The result showed that Trx and TrxR protein levels time-dependently increased in the neuron cell culture from 1 to 18 DIV. To establish the role of Trx in neuronal differentiation, Trx gene expression was knockdown in cultured neurons using Trx sgRNA CRISPR/Cas9 technology. Treatment with CRISPR/Cas9/Trx sgRNA decreased Trx protein levels and caused a reduction in dendritic outgrowth and branching of cultured neurons. Then, primary cortical neurons were treated with the Trx inhibitor PX12 to block Trx reducing activity. Treatment with PX12 also reduced dendritic outgrowth and branching. Furthermore, PX12 treatment reduced the ratio of phosphorylated cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB)/total CREB protein levels. To investigate whether CREB phosphorylation is redox regulated, SH-SY5Y cells were treated with H2O2, which reduced phosphorylated CREB protein levels and increased CREB thiol oxidation. However, treatment with CB3, a Trx-mimetic tripeptide, rescued H2O2-decreased CREB phosphorylation. Our results suggest that Trx regulates neuronal differentiation and maturation of primary mouse cortical neurons by targeting CREB neurotrophic pathway. Trx may regulate CREB activation by maintaining the cellular redox balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Alejandra Llanes-Cuesta
- Kleysen Institute for Advanced Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, Winnipeg, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Vanessa Hoi
- Kleysen Institute for Advanced Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Ryan Ha
- Kleysen Institute for Advanced Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Hua Tan
- Kleysen Institute for Advanced Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, Winnipeg, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Md Imamul Islam
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Eftekhar Eftekharpour
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Jun-Feng Wang
- Kleysen Institute for Advanced Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, Winnipeg, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
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Wang H, Chen M, Gao Z, Gong Y, Yu X, Wu H. Recombinant human erythropoietin protects long-term cultured ageing primary nerve cells by upregulating the PI3K/Akt pathway. Neuroreport 2022; 33:186-198. [PMID: 35143447 PMCID: PMC8834164 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous studies have found that recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) protects long-term cultured ageing primary nerve cells by enhancing the endogenous antioxidant capacity of cells; however, its signalling pathways are not clear. This study aimed to explore the relationship between the rhEPO and PI3K/Akt pathways in the protection of senescent nerve cells at the cellular level. METHODS Primary nerve cells were cultured for 22 days to mimic the natural ageing process of nerve cells. rhEPO and LY294002 were administered as an intervention on the 11th day of culture. Western blot, immunochemistry, 3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, immunofluorescence double-labelling staining, Annexin V-FITC/PI double-labelling flow cytometry, and SA-β-gal staining experiments were used to observe the expression levels of erythropoietin receptor (EPOR) and phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt) protein and the related indices of nerve cell senescence. RESULTS Western blot experiments showed that in ageing long-term cultured primary neurons, the EPOR and p-Akt decreased and rhEPO upregulated the expression levels of EPOR and p-Akt protein. The rest showed that the PI3K/Akt pathway blockade reduced the antioxidation capacity, cell viability, cell morphology, and ratio of apoptotic cells and senescent cells of rhEPO on ageing long-term cultured primary nerve cells. CONCLUSIONS This study explored the relationship between the rhEPO and PI3K/Akt pathways in the protection of ageing nerve cells at the cellular level and found that rhEPO protects long-term cultured ageing primary nerve cells by upregulating the PI3K/Akt pathway. These findings provide a theoretical basis and experimental evidence for the antiaeging mechanism of EPO in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huqing Wang
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University
| | - Ming Chen
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University
| | - Zhen Gao
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University
| | - Yu Gong
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University
| | - Xiaorui Yu
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Haiqin Wu
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University
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Zhu L, Liu Z, Ren Y, Wu X, Liu Y, Wang T, Li Y, Cong Y, Guo Y. Neuroprotective effects of salidroside on ageing hippocampal neurons and naturally ageing mice via the PI3K/Akt/TERT pathway. Phytother Res 2021; 35:5767-5780. [PMID: 34374127 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Studies have found that salidroside, isolated from Rhodiola rosea L, has various pharmacological activities, but there have been no studies on the effects of salidroside on brain hippocampal senescence. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanistic role of salidroside in hippocampal neuron senescence and injury. In this study, long-term cultured primary rat hippocampal neurons and naturally aged C57 mice were treated with salidroside. The results showed that salidroside increased the viability and MAP2 expression, reduced β-galactosidase (β-gal) levels of rat primary hippocampal neurons. Salidroside also improved cognition dysfunction in ageing mice and alleviated neuronal degeneration in the ageing mice CA1 region. Moreover, salidroside decreased the levels of oxidative stress and p21, p16 protein expressions of hippocampal neurons and ageing mice. Salidroside promoted telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) protein expression via the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) pathway. In conclusion, our findings suggest that salidroside has the potential to be used as a therapeutic strategy for anti-ageing and ageing-related disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhu
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Medical Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Taishan Scholars Construction Project Excellent Innovative Team of Shandong Province, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhenchao Liu
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Medical Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Taishan Scholars Construction Project Excellent Innovative Team of Shandong Province, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuqian Ren
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Medical Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Taishan Scholars Construction Project Excellent Innovative Team of Shandong Province, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaolin Wu
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Medical Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Taishan Scholars Construction Project Excellent Innovative Team of Shandong Province, Qingdao, China
| | - Yingjuan Liu
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Medical Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Taishan Scholars Construction Project Excellent Innovative Team of Shandong Province, Qingdao, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Medical Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Taishan Scholars Construction Project Excellent Innovative Team of Shandong Province, Qingdao, China
| | - Yizhao Li
- Department of Neurology, Jinan Fanggan Rehabilitation Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Yusheng Cong
- Institute of Aging Research, Hangzhou Normal University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yunliang Guo
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Medical Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Taishan Scholars Construction Project Excellent Innovative Team of Shandong Province, Qingdao, China
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Nrg1 Intracellular Signaling Is Neuroprotective upon Stroke. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:3930186. [PMID: 31583038 PMCID: PMC6754950 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3930186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The schizophrenia risk gene NRG1 controls the formation of excitatory and inhibitory synapses in cortical circuits. While the expression of different NRG1 isoforms occurs during development, adult neurons primarily express the CRD-NRG1 isoform characterized by a highly conserved intracellular domain (NRG1-ICD). We and others have demonstrated that Nrg1 intracellular signaling promotes dendrite elongation and excitatory connections during neuronal development. However, the role of Nrg1 intracellular signaling in adult neurons and pathological conditions remains largely unaddressed. Here, we investigated the role of Nrg1 intracellular signaling in neuroprotection and stroke. Our bioinformatic analysis revealed the evolutionary conservation of the NRG1-ICD and a decrease in NRG1 expression with age in the human frontal cortex. Hence, we first evaluated whether Nrg1 signaling may affect pathological hallmarks in an in vitro model of neuronal senescence; however, our data failed to reveal a role for Nrg1 in the activation of the stress-related pathway p38 MAPK and DNA damage. Previous studies demonstrated that the soluble EGF domain of Nrg1 alleviated brain ischemia, a pathological process involving the generation of free radicals, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and excitotoxicity. Hence, we tested the hypothesis that Nrg1 intracellular signaling could be neuroprotective in stroke. We discovered that Nrg1 expression significantly increased neuronal survival upon oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD), an established in vitro model for stroke. Notably, the specific activation of Nrg1 intracellular signaling by expression of the Nrg1-ICD protected neurons from OGD. Additionally, time-lapse experiments confirmed that Nrg1 intracellular signaling increased the survival of neurons exposed to OGD. Finally, we investigated the relevance of Nrg1 intracellular signaling in stroke in vivo. Using viral vectors, we expressed the Nrg1-ICD in cortical neurons and subsequently challenged them by a focal hemorrhagic stroke; our data indicated that Nrg1 intracellular signaling improved neuronal survival in the infarcted area. Altogether, these data highlight Nrg1 intracellular signaling as neuroprotective upon ischemic lesion both in vitro and in vivo. Given the complexity of the neurotoxic effects of stroke and the involvement of various mechanisms, such as the generation of ROS, excitotoxicity, and inflammation, further studies are required to determine the molecular bases of the neuroprotective effect of Nrg1 intracellular signaling. In conclusion, our research highlights the stimulation of Nrg1 intracellular signaling as a promising target for cortical stroke treatment.
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Abstract
With an ever aging population, identifying interventions that can alleviate age-related functional declines has become increasingly important. Dietary supplements have taken center stage based on various health claims and have become a multi-million dollar business. One such supplement is creatine, a major contributor to normal cellular physiology. Creatine, an energy source that can be endogenously synthesized or obtained through diet and supplement, is involved primarily in cellular metabolism via ATP replenishment. The goal of this chapter is to summarize how creatine and its associated enzyme, creatine kinase, act under normal physiological conditions, and how altered levels of either may lead to detrimental functional outcomes. Furthermore, we will focus on the effect of aging on the creatine system and how supplementation may affect the aging process and perhaps reverse it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Sumien
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Ritu A Shetty
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Eric B Gonzales
- Department of Medical Education, TCU and UNTHSC School of Medicine, Fort Worth, TX, USA.
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Shahen VA, Cantrill LC, Sangani NB, Christodoulou J, Gold WA. A simple and efficient toolset for analysing mitochondrial trafficking in neuronal cells. Acta Histochem 2018; 120:797-805. [PMID: 30224246 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are crucial for cells, supplying up to 90% of the energy requirements for neurons. Their correct localisation is crucial and ensured by a transport system. Mitochondrial trafficking in neurons is particularly critical, because mitochondria must leave the soma and travel along the axon and dendritic network to facilitate neuronal function. Abnormal mitochondrial trafficking has been reported in several neurological disorders, therefore the ability to quantify and analyse mitochondrial trafficking is vital to improving our understanding of their pathogenesis. Commercial software currently lacks an automated approach for performing such quantitation. Here we demonstrate the development of the Mitochondrial Trafficking and Distribution (MiTrakD) analysis toolset, which consists of simple and free-to-use instructions for mitochondrial trafficking analysis using time-lapse microscopy. MiTrakD utilises existing Fiji (ImageJ) tools for semi-automated, fast and efficient analysis of mitochondrial trafficking and distribution, including velocity, abundance, localisation and distance travelled in neurons. We document MiTrakD's efficiency and accuracy by analysing mitochondrial trafficking using two-dimensional fluorescence images of cortical neurons of wild type mice after 6 days (DIV6), 10 days (DIV10) and 14 days (DIV14) of in vitro incubation. Using MiTrakD we have demonstrated that neurons at all developmental stages exhibited the same percentage of mobile mitochondria, all of which travel in equidistance. Interestingly, the mitochondria in neurons at DIV10 were in greater abundance and were faster than those at DIV6 and DIV14. We can also conclude that MiTrakD is more efficient than manual analysis and is an accurate and reliable tool for performing mitochondrial trafficking analysis in neuronal cells.
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Piechota M, Sunderland P, Wysocka A, Nalberczak M, Sliwinska MA, Radwanska K, Sikora E. Is senescence-associated β-galactosidase a marker of neuronal senescence? Oncotarget 2018; 7:81099-81109. [PMID: 27768595 PMCID: PMC5348379 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the features of cellular senescence is the activity of senescence-associated- β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal). The main purpose of this study was to evaluate this marker of senescence in aging neurons. We found that cortical neurons exhibited noticeable SA-β-gal activity quite early in culture. Many SA-β-gal-positive neurons were negative for another canonical marker of senescence, namely, double-strand DNA breaks (DSBs). Moreover, DDR signalling triggered by low doses of doxorubicin did not accelerate the appearance of neuronal SA-β-gal. In vivo, we observed pronounced induction of SA-β-gal activity in the hippocampus of 24-month-old mice, which is consistent with previous findings and supports the view that at this advanced age neurons developed a senescence-like phenotype. Surprisingly however, relatively high SA-β-gal activity, probably unrelated to the senescence process, was also observed in much younger, 3-month-old mice. In conclusion, we propose that SA-β-gal activity in neurons cannot be attributed uniquely to cell senescence either in vitro or in vivo. Additionally, we showed induction of REST protein in aging neurons in long-term culture and we propose that REST could be a marker of neuronal senescence in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Piechota
- Laboratory of Molecular Bases of Aging, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 02-093, Poland
| | - Piotr Sunderland
- Laboratory of Molecular Bases of Aging, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 02-093, Poland
| | - Adrianna Wysocka
- Laboratory of Molecular Bases of Aging, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 02-093, Poland.,Laboratory of Preclinical Studies in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maria Nalberczak
- Laboratory of Molecular Basis of Behavior, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 02-093, Poland
| | - Malgorzata A Sliwinska
- Laboratory of Molecular Basis of Behavior, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 02-093, Poland
| | - Kasia Radwanska
- Laboratory of Molecular Basis of Behavior, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 02-093, Poland
| | - Ewa Sikora
- Laboratory of Molecular Bases of Aging, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 02-093, Poland
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rhEPO Enhances Cellular Anti-oxidant Capacity to Protect Long-Term Cultured Aging Primary Nerve Cells. J Mol Neurosci 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-017-0937-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Loss O, Stephenson FA. Developmental changes in trak-mediated mitochondrial transport in neurons. Mol Cell Neurosci 2017; 80:134-147. [PMID: 28300646 PMCID: PMC5400476 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies established that the kinesin adaptor proteins, TRAK1 and TRAK2, play an important role in mitochondrial transport in neurons. They link mitochondria to kinesin motor proteins via a TRAK acceptor protein in the mitochondrial outer membrane, the Rho GTPase, Miro. TRAKs also associate with enzyme, O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT), to form a quaternary, mitochondrial trafficking complex. A recent report suggested that TRAK1 preferentially controls mitochondrial transport in axons of hippocampal neurons whereas TRAK2 controls mitochondrial transport in dendrites. However, it is not clear whether the function of any of these proteins is exclusive to axons or dendrites and if their mechanisms of action are conserved between different neuronal populations and also, during maturation. Here, a comparative study was carried out into TRAK-mediated mitochondrial mobility in axons and dendrites of hippocampal and cortical neurons during maturation in vitro using a shRNA gene knockdown approach. It was found that in mature hippocampal and cortical neurons, TRAK1 predominantly mediates axonal mitochondrial transport whereas dendritic transport is mediated via TRAK2. In young, maturing neurons, TRAK1 and TRAK2 contribute similarly in mitochondrial transport in both axons and dendrites in both neuronal types. These findings demonstrate maturation regulation of mitochondrial transport which is conserved between at least two distinct neuronal subtypes. Mitochondrial transport and velocity changes during neuronal maturation. TRAK1 and TRAK2 contribute to transport in axons and dendrites of immature neurons. In mature neurons TRAK1 controls axonal mitochondrial transport. In mature neurons TRAK2 controls dendritic mitochondrial transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Loss
- School of Pharmacy University College London, 29/39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - F Anne Stephenson
- School of Pharmacy University College London, 29/39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom.
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Barone E, Mosser S, Fraering PC. Inactivation of brain Cofilin-1 by age, Alzheimer's disease and γ-secretase. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1842:2500-9. [PMID: 25315299 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Rapid remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton in the pre- and/or post-synaptic compartments is responsible for the regulation of neuronal plasticity,which is an important process for learning and memory. Cofilin1 plays an essential role in these processes and a dysregulation of its activity was associated with the cognitive decline observed during normal aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD). To understand the mechanism(s) regulating Cofilin1 activity we evaluated changes occurring with regard to Cofilin1 and its up-stream regulators Lim kinase-1 (LIMK1) and Slingshot phosphatase-1 (SSH1) in (i) human AD brain, (ii) 1-, 4-, and 10-months old APP/PS1 mice, (iii) wildtype 3-, 8-, 12-, 18- and 26-months old mice, as well as in cellular models including (iv) mouse primary cortical neurons (PCNs, cultured for 5, 10, 15 and 20 days in vitro) and (v) mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF). Interestingly,we found an increased Cofilin1 phosphorylation/inactivation with age and AD pathology, both in vivo and in vitro. These changes were associated with a major inactivation of SSH1. Interestingly, inhibition of ã-secretase activity with Compound-E (10 ìM) prevented Cofilin1 phosphorylation/inactivation through an increase of SSH1 activity in PCNs. Similarly, MEF cells double knock-out for ã-secretase catalytic subunits presenilin-1 and -2(MEFDKO) showed a strong decrease of both Cofilin1 and SSH1 phosphorylation,which were rescued by the over expression of human ã-secretase. Together, these results shed new light in understanding the molecular mechanisms promoting Cofilin1 dysregulation, both during aging and AD. They further have the potential to impact the development of therapies to safely treat AD.
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Bigagli E, Luceri C, Scartabelli T, Dolara P, Casamenti F, Pellegrini-Giampietro DE, Giovannelli L. Long-term Neuroglial Cocultures as a Brain Aging Model: Hallmarks of Senescence, MicroRNA Expression Profiles, and Comparison With In Vivo Models. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2015; 71:50-60. [DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glu231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Lin YS, Cheng TH, Chang CP, Chen HM, Chern Y. Enhancement of brain-type creatine kinase activity ameliorates neuronal deficits in Huntington's disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1832:742-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Impact of quercetin on PCBs (Aroclor-1254)-induced impairment of dopaminergic receptors expression in hippocampus of adult male Wistar rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bionut.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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14
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Kawano H, Katsurabayashi S, Kakazu Y, Yamashita Y, Kubo N, Kubo M, Okuda H, Takasaki K, Kubota K, Mishima K, Fujiwara M, Harata NC, Iwasaki K. Long-term culture of astrocytes attenuates the readily releasable pool of synaptic vesicles. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48034. [PMID: 23110166 PMCID: PMC3482238 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The astrocyte is a major glial cell type of the brain, and plays key roles in the formation, maturation, stabilization and elimination of synapses. Thus, changes in astrocyte condition and age can influence information processing at synapses. However, whether and how aging astrocytes affect synaptic function and maturation have not yet been thoroughly investigated. Here, we show the effects of prolonged culture on the ability of astrocytes to induce synapse formation and to modify synaptic transmission, using cultured autaptic neurons. By 9 weeks in culture, astrocytes derived from the mouse cerebral cortex demonstrated increases in β-galactosidase activity and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression, both of which are characteristic of aging and glial activation in vitro. Autaptic hippocampal neurons plated on these aging astrocytes showed a smaller amount of evoked release of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate, and a lower frequency of miniature release of glutamate, both of which were attributable to a reduction in the pool of readily releasable synaptic vesicles. Other features of synaptogenesis and synaptic transmission were retained, for example the ability to induce structural synapses, the presynaptic release probability, the fraction of functional presynaptic nerve terminals, and the ability to recruit functional AMPA and NMDA glutamate receptors to synapses. Thus the presence of aging astrocytes affects the efficiency of synaptic transmission. Given that the pool of readily releasable vesicles is also small at immature synapses, our results are consistent with astrocytic aging leading to retarded synapse maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kawano
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shutaro Katsurabayashi
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan
- * E-mail: (SK); (KI)
| | - Yasuhiro Kakazu
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Yuta Yamashita
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Natsuko Kubo
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masafumi Kubo
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hideto Okuda
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kotaro Takasaki
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kaori Kubota
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kenichi Mishima
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan
- A.I.G. Collaborative Research Institute for Aging and Brain Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Michihiro Fujiwara
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - N. Charles Harata
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Katsunori Iwasaki
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan
- A.I.G. Collaborative Research Institute for Aging and Brain Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan
- * E-mail: (SK); (KI)
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15
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Guix FX, Wahle T, Vennekens K, Snellinx A, Chávez-Gutiérrez L, Ill-Raga G, Ramos-Fernandez E, Guardia-Laguarta C, Lleó A, Arimon M, Berezovska O, Muñoz FJ, Dotti CG, De Strooper B. Modification of γ-secretase by nitrosative stress links neuronal ageing to sporadic Alzheimer's disease. EMBO Mol Med 2012; 4:660-73. [PMID: 22488900 PMCID: PMC3402223 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201200243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Revised: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited familial Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by small increases in the ratio of Aβ42 versus Aβ40 peptide which is thought to drive the amyloid plaque formation in the brain of these patients. Little is known however whether ageing, the major risk factor for sporadic AD, affects amyloid beta-peptide (Aβ) generation as well. Here we demonstrate that the secretion of Aβ is enhanced in an in vitro model of neuronal ageing, correlating with an increase in γ-secretase complex formation. Moreover we found that peroxynitrite (ONOO−), produced by the reaction of superoxide anion with nitric oxide, promoted the nitrotyrosination of presenilin 1 (PS1), the catalytic subunit of γ-secretase. This was associated with an increased association of the two PS1 fragments, PS1-CTF and PS1-NTF, which constitute the active catalytic centre. Furthermore, we found that peroxynitrite shifted the production of Aβ towards Aβ42 and increased the Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio. Our work identifies nitrosative stress as a potential mechanistic link between ageing and AD.
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Belrose JC, Xie YF, Gierszewski LJ, MacDonald JF, Jackson MF. Loss of glutathione homeostasis associated with neuronal senescence facilitates TRPM2 channel activation in cultured hippocampal pyramidal neurons. Mol Brain 2012; 5:11. [PMID: 22487454 PMCID: PMC3352021 DOI: 10.1186/1756-6606-5-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glutathione (GSH) plays an important role in neuronal oxidant defence. Depletion of cellular GSH is observed in neurodegenerative diseases and thereby contributes to the associated oxidative stress and Ca2+ dysregulation. Whether depletion of cellular GSH, associated with neuronal senescence, directly influences Ca2+ permeation pathways is not known. Transient receptor potential melastatin type 2 (TRPM2) is a Ca2+ permeable non-selective cation channel expressed in several cell types including hippocampal pyramidal neurons. Moreover, activation of TRPM2 during oxidative stress has been linked to cell death. Importantly, GSH has been reported to inhibit TRPM2 channels, suggesting they may directly contribute to Ca2+ dysregulation associated with neuronal senescence. Herein, we explore the relation between cellular GSH and TRPM2 channel activity in long-term cultures of hippocampal neurons. Results In whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings, we observe that TRPM2 current density increases in cultured pyramidal neurons over time in vitro. The observed increase in current density was prevented by treatment with NAC, a precursor to GSH synthesis. Conversely, treatment of cultures maintained for 2 weeks in vitro with L-BSO, which depletes GSH by inhibiting its synthesis, augments TRPM2 currents. Additionally, we demonstrate that GSH inhibits TRPM2 currents through a thiol-independent mechanism, and produces a 3.5-fold shift in the dose-response curve generated by ADPR, the intracellular agonist for TRPM2. Conclusion These results indicate that GSH plays a physiologically relevant role in the regulation of TRPM2 currents in hippocampal pyramidal neurons. This interaction may play an important role in aging and neurological diseases associated with depletion of GSH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian C Belrose
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5 K8, Canada
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17
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Cristòfol R, Porquet D, Corpas R, Coto-Montes A, Serret J, Camins A, Pallàs M, Sanfeliu C. Neurons from senescence-accelerated SAMP8 mice are protected against frailty by the sirtuin 1 promoting agents melatonin and resveratrol. J Pineal Res 2012; 52:271-81. [PMID: 22085194 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2011.00939.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The senescence-accelerated prone 8 (SAMP8) mouse strain shows early cognitive loss that mimics the deterioration of learning and memory in the elderly and is widely used as an animal model of aging. SAMP8 mouse brain suffers oxidative stress, as well as tau- and amyloid-related pathology. Mitochondrial dysfunction and the subsequent increase in cellular oxidative stress are central to the aging processes of the organism. Here, we examined the mitochondrial status of neocortical neurons cultured from SAMP8 and senescence-accelerated-resistant (SAMR1) mice. SAMP8 mouse mitochondria showed a reduced membrane potential and higher vulnerability to inhibitors and uncouplers than SAMR1 mitochondria. DL-buthionine-[S,R]-sulfoximine (BSO) caused greater oxidative damage in neurons from SAMP8 mice than in those from SAMR1 mice. This increased vulnerability, indicative of frailty-associated senescence, was protected by the anti-aging agents melatonin and resveratrol. The sirtuin 1 inhibitor, sirtinol, demonstrated that the neuroprotection against BSO was partially mediated by increased sirtuin 1 expression. Melatonin, like resveratrol, enhanced sirtuin 1 expression in neuron cultures of SAMR1 and SAMP8 mice. Therefore, a deficiency in the neuroprotection and longevity of the sirtuin 1 pathway in SAMP8 neurons may contribute to the early age-related brain damage in these mice. This supports the therapeutic use of sirtuin 1-enhancing agents against age-related nerve cell dysfunction and brain frailty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Cristòfol
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, CSIC, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
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18
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Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCBs)-Induced Oxidative Stress Plays a Critical Role on Cerebellar Dopaminergic Receptor Expression: Ameliorative Role of Quercetin. Neurotox Res 2011; 21:149-59. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-011-9253-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Revised: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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19
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Dong W, Cheng S, Huang F, Fan W, Chen Y, Shi H, He H. Mitochondrial dysfunction in long-term neuronal cultures mimics changes with aging. Med Sci Monit 2011; 17:BR91-6. [PMID: 21455101 PMCID: PMC3539510 DOI: 10.12659/msm.881706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Aging is a highly complex process that affects various tissues and systems in the body. Senescent changes are relatively more prevalent and severe in the postmitotic cells. Mitochondria play an important role in the aging process. Recently, cell cultures have been widely used as an in vitro model to study aging. The present study was designed to investigate mitochondrial dysfunction associated with aging in a long-term cell culture system. Material/Methods Rat hippocampal neurons were maintained in culture in serum-free medium for 30 days in vitro (DIV). The morphology and development of hippocampal neurons was observed by phase contrast microscope. The levels of cellular senescence were evaluated by cytochemical staining of senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-Gal) at DIV 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30. In addition, we investigated the changes in mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation of hippocampal neurons by flow cytometry at different ages. Results The proportion of the senescent cells steadily increased with age in neuron cultures. Δψm decreased gradually with age in long-term culture, while ROS generation increased. Conclusions This study indicates an age-related decrease in mitochondrial function in long-term hippocampal neuronal culture and suggests that DIV 25 neurons could possibly serve as a platform for the future study of anti-aging from the perspective of mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiguo Dong
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
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20
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Sodero AO, Weissmann C, Ledesma MD, Dotti CG. Cellular stress from excitatory neurotransmission contributes to cholesterol loss in hippocampal neurons aging in vitro. Neurobiol Aging 2011; 32:1043-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2010] [Revised: 04/29/2010] [Accepted: 06/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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21
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Bertrand SJ, Aksenova MV, Aksenov MY, Mactutus CF, Booze RM. Endogenous amyloidogenesis in long-term rat hippocampal cell cultures. BMC Neurosci 2011; 12:38. [PMID: 21569253 PMCID: PMC3112111 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-12-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-term primary neuronal cultures are a useful tool for the investigation of biochemical processes associated with neuronal senescence. Improvements in available technology make it possible to observe maturation of neural cells isolated from different regions of the rodent brain over a prolonged period in vitro. Existing experimental evidence suggests that cellular aging occurs in mature, long-term, primary neuronal cell cultures. However, detailed studies of neuronal development in vitro are needed to demonstrate the validity of long-term cell culture-based models for investigation of the biochemical mechanisms of in vitro neuronal development and senescence. RESULTS In the current study, neuron-enriched hippocampal cell cultures were used to analyze the differentiation and degeneration of hippocampal neurons over a two month time period. The expression of different neuronal and astroglial biomarkers was used to determine the cytochemical characteristics of hippocampal cells in long-term cultures of varying ages. It was observed that the expression of the intermediate filament nestin was absent from cultures older than 21 days in vitro (DIV), and the expression of neuronal or astrocytic markers appeared to replace nestin. Additionally, morphological evaluations of neuronal integrity and Hoescht staining were used to assess the cellular conditions in the process of hippocampal culture development and aging. It was found that there was an increase in endogenous production of Aβ(1-42) and an increase in the accumulation of Congo Red-binding amyloidal aggregates associated with the aging of neurons in primary culture. In vitro changes in the morphology of co-existing astrocytes and cell culture age-dependent degeneration of neurodendritic network resemble features of in vivo brain aging at the cellular level. CONCLUSION In conclusion, this study suggests that long-term primary CNS culture is a viable model for the study of basic mechanisms and effective methods to decelerate the process of neuronal senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Bertrand
- University of South Carolina, Program in Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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22
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Evidence that OGG1 glycosylase protects neurons against oxidative DNA damage and cell death under ischemic conditions. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2011; 31:680-92. [PMID: 20736962 PMCID: PMC3049522 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2010.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
7,8-Dihydro-8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (OGG1) is a major DNA glycosylase involved in base-excision repair (BER) of oxidative DNA damage to nuclear and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). We used OGG1-deficient (OGG1(-/-)) mice to examine the possible roles of OGG1 in the vulnerability of neurons to ischemic and oxidative stress. After exposure of cultured neurons to oxidative and metabolic stress levels of OGG1 in the nucleus were elevated and mitochondria exhibited fragmentation and increased levels of the mitochondrial fission protein dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) and reduced membrane potential. Cortical neurons isolated from OGG1(-/-) mice were more vulnerable to oxidative insults than were OGG1(+/+) neurons, and OGG1(-/-) mice developed larger cortical infarcts and behavioral deficits after permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion compared with OGG1(+/+) mice. Accumulations of oxidative DNA base lesions (8-oxoG, FapyAde, and FapyGua) were elevated in response to ischemia in both the ipsilateral and contralateral hemispheres, and to a greater extent in the contralateral cortex of OGG1(-/-) mice compared with OGG1(+/+) mice. Ischemia-induced elevation of 8-oxoG incision activity involved increased levels of a nuclear isoform OGG1, suggesting an adaptive response to oxidative nuclear DNA damage. Thus, OGG1 has a pivotal role in repairing oxidative damage to nuclear DNA under ischemic conditions, thereby reducing brain damage and improving functional outcome.
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23
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Sodero AO, Trovò L, Iannilli F, Van Veldhoven P, Dotti CG, Martin MG. Regulation of tyrosine kinase B activity by the Cyp46/cholesterol loss pathway in mature hippocampal neurons: relevance for neuronal survival under stress and in aging. J Neurochem 2011; 116:747-55. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.07079.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Dong W, Huang F, Fan W, Cheng S, Chen Y, Zhang W, Shi H, He H. Differential effects of melatonin on amyloid-beta peptide 25-35-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in hippocampal neurons at different stages of culture. J Pineal Res 2010; 48:117-25. [PMID: 20041986 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2009.00734.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
beta-Amyloid (Abeta) is strongly involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and mitochondria play an important role in neurodegenerative disorders. To determine whether any different effect of melatonin on cultured neurons treated with Abeta in vitro and which may be produced through its different action on mitochondria at different stages of culture, we investigated the damage of cultured rat hippocampal neurons mitochondrial function induced by Abeta in young neurons [days in vitro 10 (DIV 10)] and senescent neurons (DIV 25) and the protective effect of melatonin. Rat hippocampal neurons were incubated with amyloid-beta peptide 25-35 (Abeta25-35) alone or pretreatment with melatonin. Cell viability, mitochondrial membrane potential (Deltapsim), ATP and the activity of the respiratory chain complexes were measured. Data showed that Abeta25-35 caused a reduction in Deltapsim, inhibited the activity of the respiratory chain complexes and led to ATP depletion, melatonin attenuated Abeta25-35-induced mitochondrial impairment in young neurons, whereas melatonin had no effect on Abeta25-35-induced mitochondrial damage in senescent neurons. These results demonstrate that melatonin has differential effect on Abeta25-35-induced mitochondrial dysfunction at different stages of culture and suggest that melatonin is useful for the prevention of AD, rather than treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiguo Dong
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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25
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Golubev A. How could the Gompertz–Makeham law evolve. J Theor Biol 2009; 258:1-17. [PMID: 19490880 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2009.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2008] [Revised: 12/11/2008] [Accepted: 01/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Poon HF, Vaishnav RA, Getchell TV, Getchell ML, Butterfield DA. Quantitative proteomics analysis of differential protein expression and oxidative modification of specific proteins in the brains of old mice. Neurobiol Aging 2006; 27:1010-9. [PMID: 15979213 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2005.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2004] [Revised: 03/26/2005] [Accepted: 05/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The brain is susceptible to oxidative stress, which is associated with age-related brain dysfunction, because of its high content of peroxidizable unsaturated fatty acids, high oxygen consumption per unit weight, high content of key components for oxidative damage, and the relative scarcity of antioxidant defense systems. Protein oxidation, which results in functional disruption, is not random but appears to be associated with increased oxidation in specific proteins. By using a proteomics approach, we have compared the protein levels and specific protein carbonyl levels, an index of oxidative damage in the brains of old mice, to these parameters in the brains of young mice and have identified specific proteins that are altered as a function of aging. We show here that the expression levels of dihydropyrimidinase-like 2 (DRP2), alpha-enolase (ENO1), dynamin-1 (DNM1), and lactate dehydrogenase 2 (LDH2) were significantly increased in the brains of old versus young mice; the expression levels of three unidentified proteins were significantly decreased. The specific carbonyl levels of beta-actin (ACTB), glutamine synthase (GS), and neurofilament 66 (NF-66) as well as a novel protein were significantly increased, indicating protein oxidation, in the brains of old versus young mice. These results were validated by immunochemistry. In addition, enzyme activity assays demonstrated that oxidation was associated with decreased GS activity, while the activity of lactate dehydrogenase was unchanged in spite of an up-regulation of LDH2 levels. Several of the up-regulated and oxidized proteins in the brains of old mice identified in this report are known to be oxidized in neurodegenerative diseases as well, suggesting that these proteins may be particularly susceptible to processes associated with neurodegeneration. Our results establish an initial basis for understanding protein alterations that may lead to age-related cellular dysfunction in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Fai Poon
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Mambrane Sciences, and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0055, USA
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27
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Mohmmad Abdul H, Sultana R, Keller JN, St Clair DK, Markesbery WR, Butterfield DA. Mutations in amyloid precursor protein and presenilin-1 genes increase the basal oxidative stress in murine neuronal cells and lead to increased sensitivity to oxidative stress mediated by amyloid beta-peptide (1-42), HO and kainic acid: implications for Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 2006; 96:1322-35. [PMID: 16478525 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03647.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is observed in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain, including protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation. One of the major pathological hallmarks of AD is the brain deposition of amyloid beta-peptide (Abeta). This 42-mer peptide is derived from the beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP) and is associated with oxidative stress in vitro and in vivo. Mutations in the PS-1 and APP genes, which increase production of the highly amyloidogenic amyloid beta-peptide (Abeta42), are the major causes of early onset familial AD. Several lines of evidence suggest that enhanced oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis play important roles in the pathogenesis of AD. In the present study, primary neuronal cultures from knock-in mice expressing mutant human PS-1 and APP were compared with those from wild-type mice, in the presence or absence of various oxidizing agents, viz, Abeta(1-42), H2O2 and kainic acid (KA). APP/PS-1 double mutant neurons displayed a significant basal increase in oxidative stress as measured by protein oxidation, lipid peroxidation, and 3-nitrotyrosine when compared with the wild-type neurons (p < 0.0005). Elevated levels of human APP, PS-1 and Abeta(1-42) were found in APP/PS-1 cultures compared with wild-type neurons. APP/PS-1 double mutant neuron cultures exhibited increased vulnerability to oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis induced by Abeta(1-42), H2O2 and KA compared with wild-type neuronal cultures. The results are consonant with the hypothesis that Abeta(1-42)-associated oxidative stress and increased vulnerability to oxidative stress may contribute significantly to neuronal apoptosis and death in familial early onset AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafiz Mohmmad Abdul
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Membrane Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA
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28
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Poon HF, Calabrese V, Calvani M, Butterfield DA. Proteomics analyses of specific protein oxidation and protein expression in aged rat brain and its modulation by L-acetylcarnitine: insights into the mechanisms of action of this proposed therapeutic agent for CNS disorders associated with oxidative stress. Antioxid Redox Signal 2006; 8:381-94. [PMID: 16677085 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2006.8.381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Impaired function of the central nervous system (CNS) in aged animals is associated with increased susceptibility to the development of many neurodegenerative diseases. Age-related functional deterioration in brain is consistent with the free radical theory of aging that predicts, among other things, that free radical reactions with and damage to biomolecules, such as proteins and membrane lipid bilayers, leads to loss of neurons and subsequently diminished cognition. These oxidatively modified biomolecules are believed to contribute to the decreased antioxidant content, mitochondrial dysfunction, and impaired plasticity in aged brains. Treatment of rodents with L-acetylcarnitine (LAC; gamma-trimethyl-beta-acetylbutyrobetaine) can improve these functional losses. Although it is well established that administration of LAC can decrease protein oxidation in aged brains, it is not clear which proteins are decreased in their level of oxidation in the brains of aged rats treated with LAC. The current study used a parallel redox proteomics approach to identify the proteins that are oxidized in aged rat cortex and hippocampus of aged rats. Moreover, those proteins that are reduced in oxidation status were identified in aged brains from rats treated in vivo with LAC. The findings are discussed in reference to brain aging and age-related cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Fai Poon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, USA.
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29
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Xiong J, Camello PJ, Verkhratsky A, Toescu EC. Mitochondrial polarisation status and [Ca2+]i signalling in rat cerebellar granule neurones aged in vitro. Neurobiol Aging 2004; 25:349-59. [PMID: 15123341 DOI: 10.1016/s0197-4580(03)00123-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2002] [Revised: 02/13/2003] [Accepted: 05/08/2003] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial membrane potential is a major factor that controls, ultimately, the cellular energy supply. By use of a mitochondrial membrane potential dye (rhodamine 123, R123) and image analysis we show that during long-term (>3 weeks) culture of primary neurones (cerebellar granule neurones) there is a gradual and time-dependent depolarisation of neuronal mitochondria. This process was demonstrated by analysing the changes in the heterogeneity of the cytosolic rhodamine 123 fluorescent signal as a function of the age in culture and by measuring the amplitude of the rhodamine 123 fluorescence evoked by the addition of a mitochondrial protonophore (FCCP). The relationship between cytosolic [Ca(2+)](i) and mitochondrial membrane potential was assessed by recording both parameters simultaneously, in neurones loaded with fura-2 and rhodamine 123. Neuronal stimulation (KCl-evoked depolarisation) induced a mitochondrial depolarisation response resulting from the entry of cytosolic Ca(2+) into mitochondria. In young cultures (10 DIV), the mitochondrial membrane potential recovered fully within 30s from the start of the stimulation, despite the continuous presence of the depolarisation stimulus and the maintained cytosolic [Ca(2+)](i) signal. In contrast, in older neurones (DIV 22), the mitochondrial response was of smaller amplitude and displayed a much longer repolarization period. Also, in these older neurones, the threshold [Ca(2+)](i) level required for the initiation of the mitochondrial depolarisation response was increased by 50%. Thus, the present results indicate that neuronal maturation and ageing in conditions of long-term in vitro culture determine significant changes in the mitochondrial polarisation status that are manifest both in resting conditions and during stimulation and could explain some of the reported changes in neuronal homeostasis in long-term neuronal cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xiong
- Department Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University Extremadura, 10071 Caceres, Spain
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30
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Wendt S, Schlattner U, Wallimann T. Differential effects of peroxynitrite on human mitochondrial creatine kinase isoenzymes. Inactivation, octamer destabilization, and identification of involved residues. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:1125-30. [PMID: 12401781 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m208572200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Creatine kinase isoenzymes are very susceptible to free radical damage and are inactivated by superoxide radicals and peroxynitrite. In this study, we have analyzed the effects of peroxynitrite on enzymatic activity and octamer stability of the two human mitochondrial isoenzymes (ubiquitous mitochondrial creatine kinase (uMtCK) and sarcomeric mitochondrial creatine kinase (sMtCK)), as well as of chicken sMtCK, and identified the involved residues. Inactivation by peroxynitrite was concentration-dependent and similar for both types of MtCK isoenzymes. Because peroxynitrite did not lower the residual activity of a sMtCK mutant missing the active site cysteine (C278G), oxidation of this residue is sufficient to explain MtCK inactivation. Mass spectrometric analysis confirmed oxidation of Cys-278 and further revealed oxidation of the C-terminal Cys-358, possibly involved in MtCK/membrane interaction. Peroxynitrite also led to concentration-dependent dissociation of MtCK octamers into dimers. In this study, ubiquitous uMtCK was much more stable than sarcomeric sMtCK. Mass spectrometric analysis revealed chemical modifications in peptide Gly-263-Arg-271 located at the dimer/dimer interface, including oxidation of Met-267 and nitration of Trp-268 and/or Trp-264, the latter being a very critical residue for octamer stability. These data demonstrate that peroxynitrite affects the octameric state of MtCK and confirms human sMtCK as the generally more susceptible isoenzyme. The results provide a molecular explanation of how oxidative damage can lead to inactivation and decreased octamer/dimer ratio of MtCK, as seen in neurodegenerative diseases and heart pathology, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Wendt
- Institute of Cell Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Hönggerberg HPM, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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31
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Lesuisse C, Martin LJ. Long-term culture of mouse cortical neurons as a model for neuronal development, aging, and death. JOURNAL OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2002; 51:9-23. [PMID: 11920724 DOI: 10.1002/neu.10037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A long-term cell culture system was used to study maturation, aging, and death of cortical neurons. Mouse cortical neurons were maintained in culture in serum-free medium (Neurobasal supplemented with B27) for 60 days in vitro (DIV). The levels of several proteins were evaluated by immunoblotting to demonstrate that these neurons matured by developing dendrites and synapses and remained continuously healthy for 60 DIV. During their maturation, cortical neurons showed increased or stable protein expression of glycolytic enzyme, synaptophysin, synapsin IIa, alpha and beta synucleins, and glutamate receptors. Synaptogenesis was prominent during the first 15 days and then synaptic markers remained stable through DIV60. Very early during dendritic development at DIV3, beta-synuclein (but not alpha-synuclein) was localized at the base of dendritic growth cones identified by MAP2 and alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole (AMPA) receptor GluR1. In mature neurons, alpha and beta synucleins colocalized in presynaptic axon terminals. Expression of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and AMPA receptors preceded the formation of synapses. Glutamate receptors continued to be expressed strongly through DIV60. Cortical neurons aging in vitro displayed a complex profile of protein damage as identified by protein nitration. During cortical neuron aging, some proteins showed increased nitration, while other proteins showed decreased nitration. After exposure to DNA damaging agent, young (DIV5) and old (DIV60) cortical neurons activated apoptosis mechanisms, including caspase-3 cleavage and poly(ADP)-ribose polymerase inactivation. We show that cultured mouse cortical neurons can be maintained for long term. Cortical neurons display compartmental changes in the localization of synucleins during maturation in vitro. These neurons sustain protein nitration during aging and exhibit age-related variations in the biochemistry of neuronal apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Lesuisse
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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32
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Aksenov MY, Aksenova MV, Butterfield DA, Geddes JW, Markesbery WR. Protein oxidation in the brain in Alzheimer's disease. Neuroscience 2001; 103:373-83. [PMID: 11246152 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(00)00580-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 349] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study we used immunohistochemistry and two-dimensional fingerprinting of oxidatively modified proteins (two-dimensional Oxyblot) together to investigate protein carbonyl formation in the Alzheimer's disease brain. Increased protein oxidation was detected in sections from the hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus, superior and middle temporal gyri of six Alzheimer's disease and six age-matched control human subjects, but not in the cerebellum. In two brain regions severely affected by Alzheimer's disease pathology, prominent protein carbonyl immunoreactivity was localized in the cytoplasm of neurons without visual pathomorphological changes and degenerating neurons, suggesting that intracellular proteins might be significantly affected by oxidative modifications. Following two-dimensional electrophoresis the positions of some individual proteins were identified using specific antibodies, and immunoblot analysis for protein carbonyls was performed. These studies demonstrated the presence of protein carbonyl immunoreactivity in beta-tubulin, beta-actin and creatine kinase BB in Alzheimer's disease and control brain extracts. Protein carbonyls were undetectable in spots matching glial fibrillary acidic protein and tau isoforms. Specific protein carbonyl levels in beta-actin and creatine kinase BB were significantly higher in Alzheimer's disease than in control brain extract. beta-Tubulin did not demonstrate a significant increase in specific protein carbonyl content in Alzheimer's disease brains. We suggest that oxidative stress-induced injury may involve the selective modification of different intracellular proteins, including key enzymes and structural proteins, which precedes and may lead to the neurofibrillary degeneration of neurons in the Alzheimer's disease brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Y Aksenov
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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