1
|
Condamine T, Jager M, Leclère L, Blugeon C, Lemoine S, Copley RR, Manuel M. Molecular characterisation of a cellular conveyor belt in Clytia medusae. Dev Biol 2019; 456:212-225. [PMID: 31509769 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The tentacular system of Clytia hemisphaerica medusa (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) has recently emerged as a promising experimental model to tackle the developmental mechanisms that regulate cell lineage progression in an early-diverging animal phylum. From a population of proximal stem cells, the successive steps of tentacle stinging cell (nematocyte) elaboration, are spatially ordered along a "cellular conveyor belt". Furthermore, the C. hemisphaerica tentacular system exhibits bilateral organisation, with two perpendicular polarity axes (proximo-distal and oral-aboral). We aimed to improve our knowledge of this cellular system by combining RNAseq-based differential gene expression analyses and expression studies of Wnt signalling genes. RNAseq comparisons of gene expression levels were performed (i) between the tentacular system and a control medusa deprived of all tentacles, nematogenic sites and gonads, and (ii) between three samples staggered along the cellular conveyor belt. The behaviour in these differential expression analyses of two reference gene sets (stem cell genes; nematocyte genes), as well as the relative representations of selected gene ontology categories, support the validity of the cellular conveyor belt model. Expression patterns obtained by in situ hybridisation for selected highly differentially expressed genes and for Wnt signalling genes are largely consistent with the results from RNAseq. Wnt signalling genes exhibit complex spatial deployment along both polarity axes of the tentacular system, with the Wnt/β-catenin pathway probably acting along the oral-aboral axis rather than the proximo-distal axis. These findings reinforce the idea that, despite overall radial symmetry, cnidarians have a full potential for elaboration of bilateral structures based on finely orchestrated deployment of an ancient developmental gene toolkit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Condamine
- Sorbonne Université, MNHN, CNRS, EPHE, Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB UMR 7205), Paris, France
| | - Muriel Jager
- Sorbonne Université, MNHN, CNRS, EPHE, Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB UMR 7205), Paris, France
| | - Lucas Leclère
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV) UMR7009, 181 chemin du Lazaret, 06230, Villefranche-sur-mer, France
| | - Corinne Blugeon
- Genomic Paris Centre, Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Université Paris, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Lemoine
- Genomic Paris Centre, Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Université Paris, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Richard R Copley
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV) UMR7009, 181 chemin du Lazaret, 06230, Villefranche-sur-mer, France
| | - Michaël Manuel
- Sorbonne Université, MNHN, CNRS, EPHE, Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB UMR 7205), Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abstract
Click-iT method can be used to trace the neurons where the newly synthesized RNA transcripts occur. Our experiments performed with the CNS of terrestrial mollusk Helix demonstrate that 5-ethynyluridine (EU) is selectively incorporated in RNA but not in DNA. The time of EU accumulation necessary for its detection was about several hours. EU was injected into the body cavity of adult mollusks, and was detectable in neurons for several days. In juveniles, EU was introduced via bathing of snails in the EU-containing saline, and was reliably detected within time period of several weeks. Our data suggest that short-living forms of RNA cannot be detected by Click-iT method, while the long-living forms of RNA can be spatially detected in individual neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor N Ierusalimsky
- a Lab of cellular neurobiology of learning, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology RAS , Moscow , Russia
| | - Pavel M Balaban
- a Lab of cellular neurobiology of learning, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology RAS , Moscow , Russia.,b Department of Higher Nervous Activity , Lomonosov Moscow State University , Moscow , Russia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Swart CC, Wattenberger A, Hackett A, Isaman D. Lifelong neurogenesis in the cerebral ganglion of the Chinese mud snail, Cipangopaludina chinensis. Brain Behav 2017; 7:e00652. [PMID: 28413703 PMCID: PMC5390835 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A small group of Gastropods possessing giant neurons have long been used to study a wide variety of fundamental neurophysiological phenomena. However, the majority of gastropods do not have large neurons but instead have large numbers of small neurons and remain largely unstudied. We explored neuron size and rate of increase in neuron numbers in the Chinese mud snail, Cipangopaludina chinensis. METHODS Using histological sections and whole mounts of the cerebral ganglia, we collected cross-sectional data on neuron number and size across the lifespan of this animal. Neurogenesis was verified using Click-it EdU staining. RESULTS We found that total neuron number in the cerebral ganglia increases throughout the lifespan of this species at a constant rate. New neurons arise primarily near the nerve roots. Females live longer (up to 7 years) than males (up to 5 years) and thus achieve larger numbers of neurons in the cerebral ganglion. Neuron size is consistently small (<10 μm) in the cerebral ganglia at all ages, however, cells in the posterior section of the cerebral ganglia are modestly but significantly larger than cells at the anterior. CONCLUSIONS These features suggest that C. chinensis and similar species of Caenogastropoda are good candidates for studying gastropod neurogenesis, senescence, and sex differences in the nervous system.
Collapse
|
4
|
Bertapelle C, Polese G, Di Cosmo A. Enriched Environment Increases PCNA and PARP1 Levels in Octopus vulgaris Central Nervous System: First Evidence of Adult Neurogenesis in Lophotrochozoa. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2017; 328:347-359. [PMID: 28251828 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Organisms showing a complex and centralized nervous system, such as teleosts, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals, and among invertebrates, crustaceans and insects, can adjust their behavior according to the environmental challenges. Proliferation, differentiation, migration, and axonal and dendritic development of newborn neurons take place in brain areas where structural plasticity, involved in learning, memory, and sensory stimuli integration, occurs. Octopus vulgaris has a complex and centralized nervous system, located between the eyes, with a hierarchical organization. It is considered the most "intelligent" invertebrate for its advanced cognitive capabilities, as learning and memory, and its sophisticated behaviors. The experimental data obtained by immunohistochemistry and western blot assay using proliferating cell nuclear antigen and poli (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 as marker of cell proliferation and synaptogenesis, respectively, reviled cell proliferation in areas of brain involved in learning, memory, and sensory stimuli integration. Furthermore, we showed how enriched environmental conditions affect adult neurogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carla Bertapelle
- Department of Biology, University of Napoli Federico II, Naples, NA, Italy
| | - Gianluca Polese
- Department of Biology, University of Napoli Federico II, Naples, NA, Italy
| | - Anna Di Cosmo
- Department of Biology, University of Napoli Federico II, Naples, NA, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zaitseva OV. Stability, variability, and parallelisms in the development of distant sensory systems: Olfactory and visual systems in the phylogeny and ontogeny of gastropods. BIOL BULL+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359016030122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
6
|
RNA synthesis and turnover in the molluscan nervous system studied by Click-iT method. Brain Res 2016; 1633:139-148. [PMID: 26749075 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
RNA synthesis can be detected by means of the in vivo incorporation of 5-ethynyluridine (EU) in newly-synthesized RNA with the relatively simple Click-iT method. We used this method to study the RNA synthesis in the CNS tissue of adult and juvenile terrestrial snails Helix lucorum L. Temporally, first labeled neurons were detected in the adult CNS after 4-h of isolated CNS incubation in EU solution, while 12-h of incubation led to extensive labeling of most CNS neurons. The EU labeling was present as the nuclear and nucleolar staining. The cytoplasm staining was observed after 2-3 days of CNS washout following the EU exposure for 16 h. In juvenile CNS, the first staining reaction was apparent as the staining of apical region in the procerebral lobe of cerebral ganglia after 1h of CNS incubation in EU, while the maximum pattern of staining was obtained after 4h of CNS incubation. Thus, age-related differences in RNA synthesis are present. Activation of neurons elicited by serotonin and caffeine applications noticeably increased the intensity of staining. EU readily penetrates into the bodies of juvenile snails immersed in the EU solution. When the intact juvenile animals were immersed in the EU solution for 1h, the procerebrum staining, similar to the one detected in the incubated juvenile CNS, was observed.
Collapse
|
7
|
Matsuo R, Kobayashi S, Wakiya K, Yamagishi M, Fukuoka M, Ito E. The cholinergic system in the olfactory center of the terrestrial slugLimax. J Comp Neurol 2014; 522:2951-66. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.23559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Matsuo
- International College of Arts and Sciences; Fukuoka Women's University; Fukuoka 813-8529 Japan
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Tokushima Bunri University; Kagawa 769-2193 Japan
| | - Suguru Kobayashi
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Tokushima Bunri University; Kagawa 769-2193 Japan
| | - Kyoko Wakiya
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Tokushima Bunri University; Kagawa 769-2193 Japan
| | - Miki Yamagishi
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Tokushima Bunri University; Kagawa 769-2193 Japan
| | - Masayuki Fukuoka
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Tokushima Bunri University; Kagawa 769-2193 Japan
| | - Etsuro Ito
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Tokushima Bunri University; Kagawa 769-2193 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kupfernagel S, Beier K, Janssen R, Rusterholz HP, Baur A, Baur B. An Immunolabelling Technique to Track Sperm from Different Mates in the Female Reproductive Organs of Terrestrial Gastropods. MALACOLOGIA 2013. [DOI: 10.4002/040.056.0214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
9
|
Matsuo R, Yamagishi M, Wakiya K, Tanaka Y, Ito E. Target innervation is necessary for neuronal polyploidization in the terrestrial slugLimax. Dev Neurobiol 2013; 73:609-20. [DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 04/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Matsuo
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Tokushima Bunri University; 1314-1 Shido; Sanuki; Kagawa; 769-2193; Japan
| | - Miki Yamagishi
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Tokushima Bunri University; 1314-1 Shido; Sanuki; Kagawa; 769-2193; Japan
| | - Kyoko Wakiya
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Tokushima Bunri University; 1314-1 Shido; Sanuki; Kagawa; 769-2193; Japan
| | - Yoko Tanaka
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Tokushima Bunri University; 1314-1 Shido; Sanuki; Kagawa; 769-2193; Japan
| | - Etsuro Ito
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Tokushima Bunri University; 1314-1 Shido; Sanuki; Kagawa; 769-2193; Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Matsuo R, Yamagishi M, Wakiya K, Tanaka Y, Ito E. Target innervation is necessary for neuronal polyploidization in the terrestrial slug Limax. Dev Neurobiol 2013:n/a-n/a. [PMID: 23723165 DOI: 10.1002/dneu] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 04/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The brain of gastropod mollusks contains many giant neurons with polyploid genomic DNAs. Such DNAs are generated through repeated DNA endoreplication during body growth. However, it is not known what triggers DNA endoreplication in neurons. There are two possibilities: (1) DNAs are replicated in response to some unknown molecules in the hemolymph that reflect the nutritive status of the animal; or (2) DNAs are replicated in response to some unknown factors that are retrogradely transported through axons from the innervated target organs. We first tested whether hemolymph with rich nutrition could induce DNA endoreplication. We tested whether the transplanted brain exhibits enhanced DNA endoreplication like an endogenous brain does when transplanted into the homocoel of the body of a slug whose body growth is promoted by an increased food supply. However, no enhancement was observed in the frequency of DNA endoreplication when we compared the transplanted brains in the growth-promoted and growth-suppressed host slugs, suggesting that the humoral environment is irrelevant to triggering the body growth-dependent DNA endoreplication. Next, we tested the requirement of target innervation by surgically dissecting a unilateral posterior pedal nerve of an endogenous brain. Substantially lower number of neurons exhibited DNA endoreplication in the pedal ganglion ipsilateral to the dissected nerve. These results support the view that enhanced DNA endoreplication is mediated by target innervation and is not brought about through the direct effect of humoral factors in the hemolymph during body growth. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol, 2013.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Matsuo
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, 1314-1 Shido, Sanuki, Kagawa, 769-2193, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yamagishi M, Ito E, Matsuo R. Whole genome amplification in large neurons of the terrestrial slug Limax. J Neurochem 2012; 122:727-37. [PMID: 22681569 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2012.07822.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The brain of gastropod mollusks contains giant neurons whose nuclei are enlarged with a large amount of genomic DNA. Such DNA is produced by repeated endoreplication. We have previously demonstrated that the frequency of the neuronal DNA endoreplication is correlative to the body growth of the adult land slug and to the increase in the amount of transcripts within the neuron. However, it has long been controversial whether the neuronal DNA endoreplication entails whole genome amplification (polyploidy), or whether only the necessary genomic loci are amplified (polyteny, polysomy, or cis-amplification by unequal recombination). In the present study, we adopted two modern techniques - quantitative genomic PCR and 5'-bromodeoxyuridine labeling - to distinguish between these two possibilities. Our results demonstrated that multiple genomic loci were amplified to the same extent irrespective of the transcriptional activities at these loci. Moreover, the visceral giant cell, the biggest neuron in the slug's brain, was estimated to contain approximately 10 000-times as much genomic DNA as the haploid amount. The 5'-bromodeoxyuridine-labeling experiments also revealed a uniform DNA synthesis within the nucleus. These results strongly support the idea that the giant neurons contain a polyploid genome rather than a locus-specific amplified genome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miki Yamagishi
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Sanuki, Kagawa, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Devès M, Bourrat F. Transcriptional mechanisms of developmental cell cycle arrest: problems and models. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2012; 23:290-7. [PMID: 22464972 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Revised: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Metazoans begin their life as a single cell. Then, this cell enters a more or less protracted period of active cell proliferation, which can be considered as the default cellular state. A crucial event, the developmental cell cycle exit, occurs thereafter. This phenomenon allows for differentiation to happen and regulates the final size of organs and organisms. Its control is still poorly understood. Herein, we review some transcriptional mechanisms of cell cycle exit in animals, and propose to use cellular conveyor belts as model systems for its study. We finally point to evidence that suggests that the mechanisms of developmental cell cycle arrest may have to be maintained in adult tissues.
Collapse
|
13
|
Longley RD. Neurogenesis in the procerebrum of the snail Helix aspersa: a quantitative analysis. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2011; 221:215-226. [PMID: 22042440 DOI: 10.1086/bblv221n2p215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The procerebrum, a specialized structure for olfaction in terrestrial pulmonate molluscs, contains 20,000 to 50,000 small, uniformly sized neurons that increase in number with age. Here I show the likely source of neurons added to the procerebrum of Helix aspersa and that the rate of neuron addition depends on snail weight. After hatching, during the initial exponential growth phase, H. aspersa adds neurons to the procerebral apex by mitosis and from a cerebral tube. In the logistic growth phase beginning 30-40 days post-hatch, neurons also seem to be added to the procerebrum from the peritentacular and olfactory nerves, causing the rate of neuron addition to approximately double; but as in the earlier exponential growth phase, this rate remains a function of snail weight. This neuron addition throughout the life of the snail can be predicted by snail weight. In the two growth phases, the number of neurons in the procerebrum is given by logarithmic functions of snail weight. The results here for H. aspersa provide the basis for experiments to determine the peripheral origin and destination of neuronal precursors that are added to the procerebrum and to determine how neuron addition affects the function of the procerebrum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roger D Longley
- Friday Harbor Laboratories, 620 University Road, Friday Harbor, Washington 98250, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Matsuo R, Ito E. Spontaneous regeneration of the central nervous system in gastropods. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2011; 221:35-42. [PMID: 21876109 DOI: 10.1086/bblv221n1p35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Of all organs in mammals including humans, the brain has the most limited regenerative capacity after injury or damage. In spite of extensive efforts to treat ischemic/stroke injury of the brain, thus far no reliable therapeutic method has been developed. However, some molluscan species show remarkable brain regenerative ability and can achieve full functional recovery following injury. The terrestrial pulmonates are equipped with a highly developed olfactory center, called the procerebrum, which is involved in olfactory discrimination and odor-aversion learning. Recent studies revealed that the procerebrum of the land slug can spontaneously recover structurally and functionally relatively soon after injury. Surprisingly, no exogenous interventions are required for this reconstitutive repair. The neurogenesis continues in the procerebrum in adult slugs as in the hippocampus and the olfactory bulb of mammals, and the reconstitutive regeneration seems to be mediated by enhanced neurogenesis. In this review, we discuss the relationship between neurogenesis and the regenerative ability of the brain, and also the evolutionary origin of the brain structures in which adult neurogenesis has been observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Matsuo
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Shido, Sanuki, Kagawa, Japan.
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Endoreplication is DNA synthesis without cell division. Giant neurons observed in the brains of mollusks are thought to be generated as a result of DNA endoreplication. It has been hypothesized that neuronal size becomes larger in parallel with an increase in body size and that DNA endoreplication is involved in this process to meet the increasing demand for macromolecules in neurons. There is, however, no experimental evidence for this hypothesis to date. In the present study, we investigated the following quantitatively: (1) the size of the brain and each ganglion, (2) the size of identified neurons, (3) the total number of neurons undergoing DNA endoreplication, (4) the total number of the neurons containing a cardioexcitatory peptide, and (5) the gene expression level per neuron, using terrestrial slugs whose body growth was regulated through the amount of food supplied in the laboratory. The body growth was accompanied by increases in the sizes of both neurons and ganglia and triggered more frequent DNA endoreplication events in each ganglion of the growth-promoted slugs, without increasing the total number of neurons. Increase in the neuronal size also involved the increase in the amount of transcripts expressed in a single neuron. This is the first quantitative evidence showing that the DNA endoreplication, neuronal size, and gene expression are increased concomitantly with body growth in adult mollusks.
Collapse
|
16
|
Matsuo R, Kobayashi S, Yamagishi M, Ito E. Two pairs of tentacles and a pair of procerebra: optimized functions and redundant structures in the sensory and central organs involved in olfactory learning of terrestrial pulmonates. J Exp Biol 2011; 214:879-86. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.024562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Terrestrial pulmonates can learn olfactory-aversion tasks and retain them in their long-term memory. To elucidate the cellular mechanisms underlying learning and memory, researchers have focused on both the peripheral and central components of olfaction: two pairs of tentacles (the superior and inferior tentacles) and a pair of procerebra, respectively. Data from tentacle-amputation experiments showed that either pair of tentacles is sufficient for olfactory learning. Results of procerebrum lesion experiments showed that the procerebra are necessary for olfactory learning but that either one of the two procerebra, rather than both, is used for each olfactory learning event. Together, these data suggest that there is a redundancy in the structures of terrestrial pulmonates necessary for olfactory learning. In our commentary we exemplify and discuss functional optimization and structural redundancy in the sensory and central organs involved in olfactory learning and memory in terrestrial pulmonates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Matsuo
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Shido, Sanuki 769-2193, Japan
| | - Suguru Kobayashi
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Shido, Sanuki 769-2193, Japan
| | - Miki Yamagishi
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Shido, Sanuki 769-2193, Japan
| | - Etsuro Ito
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Shido, Sanuki 769-2193, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Matsuo R, Kobayashi S, Murakami J, Ito E. Spontaneous recovery of the injured higher olfactory center in the terrestrial slug limax. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9054. [PMID: 20161701 PMCID: PMC2816995 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2009] [Accepted: 01/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Of all organs and tissues in adult mammals, the brain shows the most limited regeneration and recovery after injury. This is one reason why treating neurological damage such as ischemic injury after stroke presents such a challenge. Here we report a novel mode of regeneration which the slug's cognitive center, the procerebrum, shows after surgical lesioning in the adult. It is well known that the land slug Limax possesses the capacity to demonstrate conditioned food aversion. This learning ability critically depends on the procerebrum, which is the higher olfactory center in the brain of the terrestrial mollusk. Principal Findings In the present study, after a 1-month recovery period post-surgical lesioning of the procerebrum we investigated whether the brain of the slug shows recovery from damage. We found that learning ability, local field potential oscillation, and the number of cells in the procerebrum (PC) all recovered spontaneously within 1 month of bilateral lesioning of the PC. Moreover, neurogenesis was enhanced in the lesioned PC. However, memory acquired before the surgery could not be retrieved 1 month after surgery although the procerebrum had recovered from injury by this time, consistent with the notion that the procerebrum is the storage site of odor-aversion memory, or deeply involved in the memory recall process. Significance Our findings are the first to demonstrate that a brain region responsible for the associative memory of an adult organism can spontaneously reconstitute itself, and can recover its function following injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Matsuo
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Sanuki, Kagawa, Japan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Matsuo R, Kobayashi S, Watanabe S, Namiki S, Iinuma S, Sakamoto H, Hirose K, Ito E. Glutamatergic neurotransmission in the procerebrum (Olfactory center) of a terrestrial mollusk. J Neurosci Res 2009; 87:3011-23. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
19
|
Watanabe S, Kirino Y, Gelperin A. Neural and molecular mechanisms of microcognition in Limax. Learn Mem 2008; 15:633-42. [DOI: 10.1101/lm920908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
20
|
Newcomb JM, Fickbohm DJ, Katz PS. Comparative mapping of serotonin-immunoreactive neurons in the central nervous systems of nudibranch molluscs. J Comp Neurol 2006; 499:485-505. [PMID: 16998939 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The serotonergic systems in nudibranch molluscs were compared by mapping the locations of serotonin-immunoreactive (5-HT-ir) neurons in 11 species representing all four suborders of the nudibranch clade: Dendronotoidea (Tritonia diomedea, Tochuina tetraquetra, Dendronotus iris, Dendronotus frondosus, and Melibe leonina), Aeolidoidea (Hermissenda crassicornis and Flabellina trophina), Arminoidea (Dirona albolineata, Janolus fuscus, and Armina californica), and Doridoidea (Triopha catalinae). A nomenclature is proposed to standardize reports of cell location in species with differing brain morphologies. Certain patterns of 5-HT immunoreactivity were found to be consistent for all species, such as the presence of 5-HT-ir neurons in the pedal and cerebral ganglia. Also, particular clusters of 5-HT-ir neurons in the anterior and posterior regions of the dorsal surface of the cerebral ganglion were always present. However, there were interspecies differences in the number of 5-HT-ir neurons in each cluster, and some clusters even exhibited strong intraspecies variability that was only weakly correlated with brain size. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that the presence of particular classes of 5-HT-ir neurons exhibits a great deal of homoplasy. The conserved features of the nudibranch serotonergic system presumably represent the shared ancestral structure, whereas the derived characters suggest substantial independent evolutionary changes in the number and presence of serotonergic neurons. Although a number of studies have demonstrated phylogenetic variability of peptidergic systems, this study suggests that serotonergic systems may also exhibit a high degree of homoplasy in some groups of organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James M Newcomb
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Affiliation(s)
- Alan Gelperin
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Derby CD, Cate HS, Steullet P, Harrison PJH. Comparison of turnover in the olfactory organ of early juvenile stage and adult Caribbean spiny lobsters. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2003; 31:297-311. [PMID: 18088988 DOI: 10.1016/s1467-8039(02)00050-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2002] [Accepted: 09/29/2002] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Proliferation and turnover of neurons occurs in the olfactory systems of many animals. In this study, we examined developmental changes in turnover in the olfactory organ of the Caribbean spiny lobster Panulirus argus by examining two life-history stages-early juveniles and young adults. Turnover was compared using external morphology of the olfactory organ before and after molting to determine addition and loss of aesthetascs and other chemosensilla, and BrdU labeling to identify newly proliferated cells. The number of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) innervating each aesthetasc increased only slightly over development, but there was a net increase of olfactory sensory units (i.e. aesthetascs and their ORNs) at each molt. This increase was similar in early juveniles and young adults when expressed as absolute number of ORNs neurons but greater in early juveniles when expressed as a proportion of existing ORNs. The net increase in olfactory sensory units in early juveniles is due solely to addition, since virtually no aesthetascs are lost. In contrast, the net increase in olfactory sensory units in adults reflects addition of new units accompanied by considerable loss of old units. These developmental changes result in expansive enlargement of the olfactory organ without turnover in early juveniles, and a more modest growth combined with continuous turnover and replenishment of ORNs in adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles D Derby
- Department of Biology, Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Georgia State University, P.O. Box 4010, Atlanta, GA 30302-4010, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Fujie S, Aonuma H, Ito I, Gelperin A, Ito E. The nitric oxide/cyclic GMP pathway in the olfactory processing system of the terrestrial slug Limax marginatus. Zoolog Sci 2002; 19:15-26. [PMID: 12025400 DOI: 10.2108/zsj.19.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To examine the distribution of nitric oxide (NO)-generative cells and NO-responsive cells in the tentacles and procerebral lobes (olfactory processing center) of terrestrial slugs, we applied NADPH diaphorase (NADPH-d) histochemistry and NO-induced cyclic GMP (cGMP)-like immunohistochemistry. We found that NADPH-d reactive cells/fibers and cGMP-like immunoreactive cells/fibers were different, but they were localized adjacent to each other, in both the tentacles and the procerebral lobes. Then, we measured the concentration of NO that was generated around the procerebral lobes using an NO sensitive electrode, when the olfactory nerve was electrically stimulated as a replacement for an odorant stimulus. Stimulation of the olfactory nerve evoked an increase in NO concentration at nanomolar levels, suggesting that binding of nanomolar concentrations of NO to the prosthetic heme group activates soluble guanylyl cyclase. Taken together with previously reported physiological data, our results, therefore, showed that the NO/cGMP pathways are involved in slug olfactory processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sayoko Fujie
- Laboratory of Animal Behavior and Intelligence, Division of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
de Lange RP, Moorer-van Delft CM, de Boer PA, van Minnen J, de Jong-Brink M. Target-dependent differentiation and development of molluscan neurons and neuroendocrine cells: use of parasitisation as a tool. Neuroscience 2001; 103:289-99. [PMID: 11311809 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(00)00556-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Specimens of the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis infected with the schistosome parasite Trichobilharzia ocellata show a strongly inhibited development of their reproductive tract. We hypothesised that the effects of the underdevelopment of targets are reflected at the level of the neuronal development of (i) the motor neurons innervating the male copulation organ and (ii) neuroendocrine cells regulating the gonad. We determined the state of neuronal development by measuring cell number, cell size and neuropeptide gene expression. Our results show that the neuronal development of both copulation controlling anterior lobe motor neurons of the right cerebral ganglion and neuroendocrine caudodorsal cells, which produce neuropeptides regulating ovulation, egg laying and accompanying behaviour, are affected in parasitised animals in which their respective target organs were not developed. The cell bodies were smaller and fewer cells were found to express neuropeptide genes compared to those in non-parasitised animals. These effects were not observed in the appropriate controls. Backfills and lesions of the penis nerve have shown that the inhibited development of central motor neurons in parasitised snails is target dependent; neighbouring neurons that have no connection with the male copulation organ are not affected. Our data suggest that this effect is established by target-derived neurotrophic factors that need this connection for being transported to the innervating motor neurons. We propose that the effect on the neuroendocrine caudodorsal cells is mediated by a humoral factor, since they have no known connection with their target. We have shown that the size and gene expression of motor neurons controlling copulation behaviour in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis are related to the size of their target, the copulation organ, and depend on the connection with this target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R P de Lange
- Graduate School Neurosciences Amsterdam, Research Institute Neurosciences Vrije Universiteit, Faculty of Biology, Department of Organismal Neurobiology, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ermentrout B, Wang JW, Flores J, Gelperin A. Model for olfactory discrimination and learning in Limax procerebrum incorporating oscillatory dynamics and wave propagation. J Neurophysiol 2001; 85:1444-52. [PMID: 11287468 DOI: 10.1152/jn.2001.85.4.1444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We extend our model of the procerebral (PC) lobe of Limax, which is comprised of a layer of coupled oscillators and a layer of memory neurons, each layer 4 rows by 20 columns, corresponding to the cell body layer (burster cells) and neuropil layer (nonburster cells) of the PC lobe. A gradient of connections in the layer of model burster cells induces periodic wave propagation, as measured in the PC lobe. We study odor representations in the biological PC lobe using the technique of Kimura and coworkers. Lucifer yellow injection into intact Limax after appetitive or aversive odor learning results in a band or patch of labeled cells in the PC lobe with the band long axis normal to the axis of wave propagation. Learning two odors yields two parallel bands of labeled PC cells. We introduce olfactory input to our model PC lobe such that each odor maximally activates a unique row of four cells which produces a short-term memory trace of odor stimulation. A winner-take-all synaptic competition enabled by collapse of the phase gradient during odor presentation produces a single short-term memory band for each odor. The short-term memory is converted to long-term memory if odor stimulation is followed by activation of an input pathway for the unconditioned stimulus (US) which presumably results in release of one or more neuromodulatory amines or peptides in the PC lobe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Ermentrout
- Department of Mathematics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
|
27
|
Wang JW, Denk W, Flores J, Gelperin A. Initiation and propagation of calcium-dependent action potentials in a coupled network of olfactory interneurons. J Neurophysiol 2001; 85:977-85. [PMID: 11160527 DOI: 10.1152/jn.2001.85.2.977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Coherent oscillatory electrical activity and apical-basal wave propagation have been described previously in the procerebral (PC) lobe, an olfactory center of the terrestrial slug Limax maximus. In this study, we investigate the physiological basis of oscillatory activity and wave propagation in the PC lobe. Calcium green dextran was locally deposited in the PC lobe; this led to cellular uptake and transport of dye by bursting and nonbursting neurons of the PC lobe. The change of intracellular calcium concentration was measured at several different positions in neurites of individual bursting neurons in the PC lobe with a two-photon laser-scanning microscope. Fluorescence measurements were also made from neurons intracellularly injected with calcium green-1. Two different morphological classes of bursting neurons were found, varicose (VB) and smooth (SB). Our results from concurrent optical and intracellular recordings suggest that Ca2+ is the major carrier for the inward current during action potentials of bursting neurons. Intracellular recordings from bursting neurons with nystatin perforated-patch electrodes made while simultaneously recording the local field potential (LFP) with extracellular electrodes indicate that the burster spikes are precisely phase-locked to the periodic LFP events. By referencing successive calcium measurements to the common LFP signal, we could therefore accurately determine the relative timing of calcium transients at different points along a neurite. Measuring the relation of temporal to spatial differences allowed us to estimate the velocity of action potential propagation, which was 4.3 +/- 0.2 (SE) mm/s in VBs, and 1.3 +/- 0.2 mm/s in SB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J W Wang
- Department of Biological Computation, Bell Laboratories, Lucent Technologies, Murray Hill, New Jersey 07974, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Nikitin ES, Balaban PM. Optical recording of responses to odor in olfactory structures of the nervous system in the terrestrial mollusk Helix. NEUROSCIENCE AND BEHAVIORAL PHYSIOLOGY 2001; 31:21-30. [PMID: 11265810 DOI: 10.1023/a:1026666012225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Electrophysiological methods and optical methods based on the use of potential-sensitive dyes were used to record stable rhythmic oscillations of local potentials in the olfactory structure (procerebrum) of the pulmonate mollusk Helix: these oscillations were generally similar to those previously observed in slugs. Odor had the effect of transiently altering rhythmic oscillations to generate an individual pattern. This is the first study describing the recording of procerebrum potentials evoked by presentation of odor, with mapping of the areas of propagation of these potentials relative to the areas of propagation of rhythmic oscillations. The boundary of the propagation of the evoked potential was essentially similar to the projection of the neuropil, and rhythmic oscillations were recorded in the projection layer of procerebrum cell bodies. Evoked potential waves appeared in areas corresponding to the site at which the olfactory nerve enters the cerebral ganglion (of which the procerebrum forms a part) and were propagated in the procerebrum neuropil towards the cell body layer. Evoked potentials did not provoke out-of-phase waves of rhythmic oscillations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E S Nikitin
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Nikitin ES, Balaban PM. Optical recording of odor-evoked responses in the olfactory brain of the naïve and aversively trained terrestrial snails. Learn Mem 2000; 7:422-32. [PMID: 11112801 PMCID: PMC311347 DOI: 10.1101/lm.32500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Regular spontaneous oscillations were recorded both electro- and optophysiologically using a voltage-sensitive absorption dye in the olfactory part of the brain (procerebral lobe of the cerebral ganglia) of the gastropod mollusk Helix lucorum. Odor application caused transient changes in procerebral oscillations, and an odor-evoked potential was recorded in the procerebrum (PC). The wave of evoked potential originated near the place of olfactory nerve entrance into the PC and propagated via the procerebral neuropile toward the cell body layer. The spread of the odor-evoked potential corresponded roughly to the neuropile area, whereas the spontaneous oscillations were recorded in the cell body layer of the PC and were not observed in the neuropile. Evoked potential did not produce additional events intercalated into the ongoing spontaneous oscillations. Changes in parameters of spontaneous oscillations to the repeated presentations of the same odor were variable. To estimate the role of spontaneous oscillations in odor encoding, we trained the snail to avoid cineole, using paired presentations of cineole and electric shock. Elaboration of conditioned aversion to cineole applications resulted in distinct pairing-specific changes in behavior of the snails and procerebral activity. Responses to odor (cineole) applications were not different in amplitude or frequency of spontaneous oscillations in control and trained snails, whereas ratio of amplitudes of the same oscillation wave in proximal and distal regions of the procerebrum was significantly different in control and aversively trained snails, reflecting changes in neural firing in certain areas of the olfactory lobe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E S Nikitin
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology RAS, Moscow 117865, Russia
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
Evidence is reviewed to evaluate whether the term "brain is justified in referring to the snail's cerebral ganglion. The focus of the review is terrestrial species, with particular attention given to the genus Helix. In accordance with a standard definition of "brain, the cerebral ganglion is found to be differentiated both structurally and functionally. It receives convergent sensory inputs from a variety of anterior sensory organs plus the posterior body wall. Its outputs comprise motor commands directed towards anterior muscle systems, e.g., the tentacles and the penis, as well as premotor commands directed towards executory centers in other ganglia, e.g., the buccal, visceral, and pedal ganglia. Of the three major divisions in the ganglion, the procerebrum and the mesocerebrum are the most differentiated, whereas the metacerebrum is the least differentiated. The specializations of the procerebrum for olfactory functions, and the mesocerebrum for reproductive functions, reflect the importance of adaptations for feeding and mating in the evolution of the Gastropoda.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Chase
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1B1 Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Gelperin A. Oscillatory dynamics and information processing in olfactory systems. J Exp Biol 1999; 202 (Pt 14):1855-64. [PMID: 10377267 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.202.14.1855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Oscillatory dynamics is a universal design feature of olfactory information-processing systems. Recent results in honeybees and terrestrial slugs suggest that oscillations underlie temporal patterns of olfactory interneuron responses critical for odor discrimination. Additional general design features in olfactory information-processing systems include (1) the use of central processing areas receiving direct olfactory input for odor memory storage and (2) modulation of circuit dynamics and olfactory memory function by nitric oxide. Recent results in the procerebral lobe of the terrestrial slug Limax maximus, an olfactory analyzer with oscillatory dynamics and propagating activity waves, suggest that Lucifer Yellow can be used to reveal a band-shaped group of procerebral neurons involved in the storage of an odor memory. A model has been constructed to relate wave propagation and odor memory bands in the procerebral lobe of L. maximus and to relate these findings to glomerular odor representations in arthropods and vertebrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Gelperin
- Biological Computation Research Department, Room 1C464, Bell Laboratories, Lucent Technologies, Murray Hill, NJ 07974, USA.
| |
Collapse
|