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Homeostatic regulation of T follicular helper and antibody response to particle antigens by IL-1Ra of medullary sinus macrophage origin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2019798118. [PMID: 33875594 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2019798118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccines are composed of surface antigen HBsAg that spontaneously assembles into subviral particles. Factors that impede its humoral immunity in 5% to 10% of vaccinees remain elusive. Here, we showed that the low-level interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) can predict antibody protection both in mice and humans. Mechanistically, murine IL-1Ra-inhibited T follicular helper (Tfh) cell expansion and subsequent germinal center (GC)-dependent humoral immunity, resulting in significantly weakened protection against the HBV challenge. Compared to soluble antigens, HBsAg particle antigen displayed a unique capture/uptake and innate immune activation, including IL-1Ra expression, preferably of medullary sinus macrophages. In humans, a unique polymorphism in the RelA/p65 binding site of IL-1Ra enhancer associated IL-1Ra levels with ethnicity-dependent vaccination outcome. Therefore, the differential IL-1Ra response to particle antigens probably creates a suppressive milieu for Tfh/GC development, and neutralization of IL-1Ra would resurrect antibody response in HBV vaccine nonresponders.
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2
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Van Den Eeckhout B, Tavernier J, Gerlo S. Interleukin-1 as Innate Mediator of T Cell Immunity. Front Immunol 2021; 11:621931. [PMID: 33584721 PMCID: PMC7873566 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.621931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The three-signal paradigm tries to capture how the innate immune system instructs adaptive immune responses in three well-defined actions: (1) presentation of antigenic peptides in the context of MHC molecules, which allows for a specific T cell response; (2) T cell co-stimulation, which breaks T cell tolerance; and (3) secretion of polarizing cytokines in the priming environment, thereby specializing T cell immunity. The three-signal model provides an empirical framework for innate instruction of adaptive immunity, but mainly discusses STAT-dependent cytokines in T cell activation and differentiation, while the multi-faceted roles of type I IFNs and IL-1 cytokine superfamily members are often neglected. IL-1α and IL-1β are pro-inflammatory cytokines, produced following damage to the host (release of DAMPs) or upon innate recognition of PAMPs. IL-1 activity on both DCs and T cells can further shape the adaptive immune response with variable outcomes. IL-1 signaling in DCs promotes their ability to induce T cell activation, but also direct action of IL-1 on both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, either alone or in synergy with prototypical polarizing cytokines, influences T cell differentiation under different conditions. The activities of IL-1 form a direct bridge between innate and adaptive immunity and could therefore be clinically translatable in the context of prophylactic and therapeutic strategies to empower the formation of T cell immunity. Understanding the modalities of IL-1 activity during T cell activation thus could hold major implications for rational development of the next generation of vaccine adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram Van Den Eeckhout
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Tavernier
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Orionis Biosciences BV, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sarah Gerlo
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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3
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Krayem I, Lipoldová M. Role of host genetics and cytokines in Leishmania infection. Cytokine 2020; 147:155244. [PMID: 33059974 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines and chemokines are important regulators of innate and specific responses in leishmaniasis, a disease that currently affects 12 million people. We overviewed the current information about influences of genetically engineered mouse models of cytokine and chemokine on leishmaniasis. We found that genetic background of the host, parasite species and sub-strain, as well as experimental design often modify effects of genetically engineered cytokine genes. Next we analyzed genes and QTLs (quantitative trait loci) that control response to Leishmania species in mouse in order to establish relationship between genetic control of cytokine expression and organ pathology. These studies revealed a network-like complexity of the combined effects of the multiple functionally diverse QTLs and their individual specificity. Genetic control of organ pathology and systemic immune response overlap only partially. Some QTLs control both organ pathology and systemic immune response, but the effects of genes and loci with the strongest impact on disease are cytokine-independent, whereas several loci modify cytokines levels in serum without influencing organ pathology. Understanding this genetic control might be important in development of vaccines designed to stimulate certain cytokine spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imtissal Krayem
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Lipoldová
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Sítná 3105, 272 01 Kladno, Czech Republic.
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4
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Mirzaei A, Maleki M, Masoumi E, Maspi N. A historical review of the role of cytokines involved in leishmaniasis. Cytokine 2020; 145:155297. [PMID: 32972825 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is an infectious disease caused by the Leishmania genus, affecting millions of persons in the world. Despite increased studies, no vaccine has been developed against leishmaniasis, and drug resistance is evolving in some Leishmania species (spp). Innate and acquired immune cells and their associated cytokines interplay together to determine the immune responses related outcomes in leishmaniasis. Interferon (IFN)-γ or macrophage activating factor (MAF) is the first effective lymphokine (LK), with a related function to leishmaniasis, discovered in 1979. This review article discussed the history of cytokines involved in Leishmania infection, and it is the first report demonstrating the involvement in the disease by focusing on cutaneous leishmaniasis. Up to now, the role of many cytokines has been determined and the literature review showed that IL-35 is the latest known cytokine involved in leishmaniasis. This review revealed that the cytokines have pleiotropic effects, depending upon the cytokine environment, generated during the infection and the host genetic background or infecting Leishmania spp. Overall, advances in our knowledge of immune cells and their secreted cytokines, contributing to the protection or pathological process of leishmaniasis may help to reach new approaches for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asad Mirzaei
- Department of Parasitology, School of Paramedicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran; Zoonotic Diseases Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Maryam Maleki
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Elham Masoumi
- Zoonotic Diseases Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran; Research Committee, School of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran; Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Nahid Maspi
- Department of Parasitology, School of Paramedicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran; Zoonotic Diseases Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.
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5
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Babaloo Z, Oskoei MR, Kohansal MH, Barac A, Ahmadpour E. Serum profile of IL-1β and IL-17 cytokines in patients with visceral leishmaniasis. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 69:101431. [PMID: 32059125 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2020.101431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania is an intracellular protozoan parasite, mainly infects macrophages of mammalian tissues. Inflammatory related cytokines have a crucial role in the pathogenesis of leishmaniasis. The aim of the present study was to evaluate serum concentrations of IL-1β and IL-17 in patients with active visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and control group. Serum concentrations of both IL-1β and IL-17 cytokines were assessed by ELISA in Leishmania infantum infected patients (n = 25) and healthy individuals (n = 25) from Meshkin-Shahr, northwest of Iran. Mean serum concentrations of IL-1β in the patients and control groups were 47.34 ± 23.82, and 20.49 ± 9.38, respectively, which was statistically significant (p < 0.001). Furthermore, mean IL-17 concentration in patients with VL (243.96 ± 73.46) was twice higher comparing to control group (106.38 ± 129.06) (p < 0.001). Several cytokines are involved in the regulation of immunity against VL. The present data has shown that, increased serum concentrations of IL-1β and IL-17 are present in the patients with VL. Further investigations are needed to enhance our knowledge about the regulatory role of these cytokines in leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohre Babaloo
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehrangiz Rajaei Oskoei
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Aleksandra Barac
- Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ehsan Ahmadpour
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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6
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Birnhuber A, Crnkovic S, Biasin V, Marsh LM, Odler B, Sahu-Osen A, Stacher-Priehse E, Brcic L, Schneider F, Cikes N, Ghanim B, Klepetko W, Graninger W, Allanore Y, Eferl R, Olschewski A, Olschewski H, Kwapiszewska G. IL-1 receptor blockade skews inflammation towards Th2 in a mouse model of systemic sclerosis. Eur Respir J 2019; 54:13993003.00154-2019. [PMID: 31320452 PMCID: PMC6860995 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00154-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The interleukin (IL)-1 family of cytokines is strongly associated with systemic sclerosis (SSc) and pulmonary involvement, but the molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to assess the role of IL-1α and IL-1β in pulmonary vascular and interstitial remodelling in a mouse model of SSc. IL-1α and IL-1β were localised in lungs of SSc patients and in the fos-related antigen-2 (Fra-2) transgenic (TG) mouse model of SSc. Lung function, haemodynamic parameters and pulmonary inflammation were measured in Fra-2 TG mice with or without 8 weeks of treatment with the IL-1 receptor antagonist anakinra (25 mg·kg−1·day−1). Direct effects of IL-1 on pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) and parenchymal fibroblasts were investigated in vitro. Fra-2 TG mice exhibited increased collagen deposition in the lung, restrictive lung function and enhanced muscularisation of the vasculature with concomitant pulmonary hypertension reminiscent of the changes in SSc patients. Immunoreactivity of IL-1α and IL-1β was increased in Fra-2 TG mice and in patients with SSc. IL-1 stimulation reduced collagen expression in PASMCs and parenchymal fibroblasts via distinct signalling pathways. Blocking IL-1 signalling in Fra-2 TG worsened pulmonary fibrosis and restriction, enhanced T-helper cell type 2 (Th2) inflammation, and increased the number of pro-fibrotic, alternatively activated macrophages. Our data suggest that blocking IL-1 signalling as currently investigated in several clinical studies might aggravate pulmonary fibrosis in specific patient subsets due to Th2 skewing of immune responses and formation of alternatively activated pro-fibrogenic macrophages. IL-1 dampens collagen production of lung structural cells and balances pro-fibrotic actions of the immune system. Blockade of IL-1 signalling in Fra-2 TG mice worsens lung function by increased Th2 inflammation and collagen production in the lung.http://bit.ly/2IVUGLX
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Birnhuber
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria
| | - Slaven Crnkovic
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria
| | - Valentina Biasin
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria
| | - Leigh M Marsh
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria
| | - Balazs Odler
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria.,Clinical Division of Nephrology, Dept of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Anita Sahu-Osen
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria
| | - Elvira Stacher-Priehse
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria.,Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Luka Brcic
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria.,Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Frank Schneider
- Dept of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nada Cikes
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Bahil Ghanim
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria.,Dept of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter Klepetko
- Dept of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Winfried Graninger
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Yannick Allanore
- Dept of Rheumatology, Cochin Hospital, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Robert Eferl
- Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Olschewski
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria
| | - Horst Olschewski
- Division of Pulmonology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Grazyna Kwapiszewska
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria .,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria
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7
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Zhu G, Liu X, Fang Y, Zhai B, Xu R, Han G, Chen G, Xiao H, Hou C, Shen B, Li Y, Iwakura Y, Wang L, Jiang Z, Ma N, Liu G, Wang R. Increased mTOR cancels out the effect of reduced Xbp-1 on antibody secretion in IL-1α-deficient B cells. Cell Immunol 2018; 328:9-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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8
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Guo L, Wang YC, Mei JJ, Ning RT, Wang JJ, Li JQ, Wang X, Zheng HW, Fan HT, Liu LD. Pulmonary immune cells and inflammatory cytokine dysregulation are associated with mortality of IL-1R1 -/-mice infected with influenza virus (H1N1). Zool Res 2018; 38:146-154. [PMID: 28585438 PMCID: PMC5460083 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2017.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Respirovirus infection can cause viral pneumonia and acute lung injury (ALI). The interleukin-1 (IL-1) family consists of proinflammatory cytokines that play essential roles in regulating immune and inflammatory responses in vivo. IL-1 signaling is associated with protection against respiratory influenza virus infection by mediation of the pulmonary anti-viral immune response and inflammation. We analyzed the infiltration lung immune leukocytes and cytokines that contribute to inflammatory lung pathology and mortality of fatal H1N1 virus-infected IL-1 receptor 1 (IL-1R1) deficient mice. Results showed that early innate immune cells and cytokine/chemokine dysregulation were observed with significantly decreased neutrophil infiltration and IL-6, TNF-α, G-CSF, KC, and MIP-2 cytokine levels in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of infected IL-1R1-/- mice in comparison with that of wild type infected mice. The adaptive immune response against the H1N1 virus in IL-1R1-/- mice was impaired with downregulated anti-viral Th1 cell, CD8+ cell, and antibody functions, which contributes to attenuated viral clearance. Histological analysis revealed reduced lung inflammation during early infection but severe lung pathology in late infection in IL-1R1-/- mice compared with that in WT infected mice. Moreover, the infected IL-1R1-/- mice showed markedly reduced neutrophil generation in bone marrow and neutrophil recruitment to the inflamed lung. Together, these results suggest that IL-1 signaling is associated with pulmonary anti-influenza immune response and inflammatory lung injury, particularly via the influence on neutrophil mobilization and inflammatory cytokine/chemokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Guo
- Department of Viral Immunology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming Yunnan 650118, China
| | - Yan-Cui Wang
- Department of Viral Immunology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming Yunnan 650118, China
| | - Jun-Jie Mei
- Department of Viral Immunology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming Yunnan 650118, China; Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA
| | - Ruo-Tong Ning
- Department of Viral Immunology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming Yunnan 650118, China
| | - Jing-Jing Wang
- Department of Viral Immunology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming Yunnan 650118, China
| | - Jia-Qi Li
- Department of Viral Immunology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming Yunnan 650118, China
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Viral Immunology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming Yunnan 650118, China
| | - Hui-Wen Zheng
- Department of Viral Immunology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming Yunnan 650118, China
| | - Hai-Tao Fan
- Department of Viral Immunology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming Yunnan 650118, China
| | - Long-Ding Liu
- Department of Viral Immunology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming Yunnan 650118, China.
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9
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Charmoy M, Hurrell BP, Romano A, Lee SH, Ribeiro-Gomes F, Riteau N, Mayer-Barber K, Tacchini-Cottier F, Sacks DL. The Nlrp3 inflammasome, IL-1β, and neutrophil recruitment are required for susceptibility to a nonhealing strain of Leishmania major in C57BL/6 mice. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:897-911. [PMID: 26689285 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201546015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Infection of C57BL/6 mice with most Leishmania major strains results in a healing lesion and clearance of parasites from the skin. Infection of C57BL/6 mice with the L. major Seidman strain (LmSd), isolated from a patient with chronic lesions, despite eliciting a strong Th1 response, results in a nonhealing lesion, poor parasite clearance, and complete destruction of the ear dermis. We show here that in comparison to a healing strain, LmSd elicited early upregulation of IL-1β mRNA and IL-1β-producing dermal cells and prominent neutrophil recruitment to the infected skin. Mice deficient in Nlrp3, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain, or caspase-1/11, or lacking IL-1β or IL-1 receptor signaling, developed healing lesions and cleared LmSd from the infection site. Mice resistant to LmSd had a stronger antigen-specific Th1 response. The possibility that IL-1β might act through neutrophil recruitment to locally suppress immunity was supported by the healing observed in neutropenic Genista mice. Secretion of mature IL-1β by LmSd-infected macrophages in vitro was dependent on activation of the Nlrp3 inflammasome and caspase-1. These data reveal that Nlrp3 inflammasome-dependent IL-1β, associated with localized neutrophil recruitment, plays a crucial role in the development of a nonhealing form of cutaneous leishmaniasis in conventionally resistant mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Charmoy
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Benjamin P Hurrell
- Department of Biochemistry, WHO-Immunology Research and Training Center, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Audrey Romano
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sang Hun Lee
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Flavia Ribeiro-Gomes
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nicolas Riteau
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Katrin Mayer-Barber
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Fabienne Tacchini-Cottier
- Department of Biochemistry, WHO-Immunology Research and Training Center, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David L Sacks
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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10
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Zwolanek F, Riedelberger M, Stolz V, Jenull S, Istel F, Köprülü AD, Ellmeier W, Kuchler K. The non-receptor tyrosine kinase Tec controls assembly and activity of the noncanonical caspase-8 inflammasome. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004525. [PMID: 25474208 PMCID: PMC4256681 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Tec family kinases are intracellular non-receptor tyrosine kinases implicated in numerous functions, including T cell and B cell regulation. However, a role in microbial pathogenesis has not been described. Here, we identified Tec kinase as a novel key mediator of the inflammatory immune response in macrophages invaded by the human fungal pathogen C. albicans. Tec is required for both activation and assembly of the noncanonical caspase-8, but not of the caspase-1 inflammasome, during infections with fungal but not bacterial pathogens, triggering the antifungal response through IL-1β. Furthermore, we identify dectin-1 as the pathogen recognition receptor being required for Syk-dependent Tec activation. Hence, Tec is a novel innate-specific inflammatory kinase, whose genetic ablation or inhibition by small molecule drugs strongly protects mice from fungal sepsis. These data demonstrate a therapeutic potential for Tec kinase inhibition to combat invasive microbial infections by attenuating the host inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Zwolanek
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Riedelberger
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Vienna, Austria
| | - Valentina Stolz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabrina Jenull
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fabian Istel
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Vienna, Austria
| | - Afitap Derya Köprülü
- Division of Immunobiology, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wilfried Ellmeier
- Division of Immunobiology, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karl Kuchler
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Vienna, Austria
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11
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Ghosh D, Stumhofer JS. Do you see what I see: Recognition of protozoan parasites by Toll-like receptors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 9:129-140. [PMID: 25383072 DOI: 10.2174/1573395509666131203225929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are important for recognizing a variety of pathogens, including protozoan parasites, and initiating innate immune responses against them. TLRs are localized on the cell surface as well as in the endosome, and are implicated in innate sensing of these parasites. In this review, we will discuss recent findings on the identification of parasite-derived pathogen associated molecular patterns and the TLRs that bind them. The role of these TLRs in initiating the immune response against protozoan parasitic infections in vivo will be presented in the context of murine models of infection utilizing TLR-deficient mice. Additionally, we will explore evidence that TLRs and genetic variants of TLRs may impact the outcome of these parasitic infections in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debopam Ghosh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205
| | - Jason S Stumhofer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205
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12
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Zaiss MM, Maslowski KM, Mosconi I, Guenat N, Marsland BJ, Harris NL. IL-1β suppresses innate IL-25 and IL-33 production and maintains helminth chronicity. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003531. [PMID: 23935505 PMCID: PMC3731249 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately 2 billion people currently suffer from intestinal helminth infections, which are typically chronic in nature and result in growth retardation, vitamin A deficiency, anemia and poor cognitive function. Such chronicity results from co-evolution between helminths and their mammalian hosts; however, the molecular mechanisms by which these organisms avert immune rejection are not clear. We have found that the natural murine helminth, Heligmosomoides polygyrus bakeri (Hp) elicits the secretion of IL-1β in vivo and in vitro and that this cytokine is critical for shaping a mucosal environment suited to helminth chronicity. Indeed in mice deficient for IL-1β (IL-1β(-/-)), or treated with the soluble IL-1βR antagonist, Anakinra, helminth infection results in enhanced type 2 immunity and accelerated parasite expulsion. IL-1β acts to decrease production of IL-25 and IL-33 at early time points following infection and parasite rejection was determined to require IL-25. Taken together, these data indicate that Hp promotes the release of host-derived IL-1β that suppresses the release of innate cytokines, resulting in suboptimal type 2 immunity and allowing pathogen chronicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario M. Zaiss
- Global Health Institute, École Polytechnique Fédèrale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Ilaria Mosconi
- Global Health Institute, École Polytechnique Fédèrale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nadine Guenat
- Global Health Institute, École Polytechnique Fédèrale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin J. Marsland
- Department of Pneumology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicola L. Harris
- Global Health Institute, École Polytechnique Fédèrale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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13
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Santarlasci V, Cosmi L, Maggi L, Liotta F, Annunziato F. IL-1 and T Helper Immune Responses. Front Immunol 2013; 4:182. [PMID: 23874332 PMCID: PMC3711056 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4 T cells play a critical role in mediating adaptive immunity to a variety of pathogens as well as in tumor immunity. If not adequately regulated, CD4 T cells can be also involved in autoimmunity, asthma, and allergic responses. During TCR activation in a particular cytokine milieu, naïve CD4 T cells may differentiate into one of several lineages of T helper (Th) cells, including Th1, Th2, and Th17, as defined by their pattern of cytokine production and function. IL-1, the prototypic proinflammatory cytokine, has been shown to influence growth and differentiation of immunocompetent lymphocytes. The differential expression of IL-1RI on human CD4 T cell subsets confers distinct capacities to acquire specific effector functions. In this review, we summarize the role of IL-1 on CD4 T cells, in terms of differentiation, activation, and maintenance or survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Santarlasci
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence , Florence , Italy
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14
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Lima-Junior DS, Costa DL, Carregaro V, Cunha LD, Silva ALN, Mineo TWP, Gutierrez FRS, Bellio M, Bortoluci KR, Flavell RA, Bozza MT, Silva JS, Zamboni DS. Inflammasome-derived IL-1β production induces nitric oxide–mediated resistance to Leishmania. Nat Med 2013; 19:909-15. [DOI: 10.1038/nm.3221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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15
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Chen CC, Tsai SH, Lu CC, Hu ST, Wu TS, Huang TT, Saïd-Sadier N, Ojcius DM, Lai HC. Activation of an NLRP3 inflammasome restricts Mycobacterium kansasii infection. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36292. [PMID: 22558425 PMCID: PMC3340363 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium kansasii has emerged as an important nontuberculous mycobacterium pathogen, whose incidence and prevalence have been increasing in the last decade. M. kansasii can cause pulmonary tuberculosis clinically and radiographically indistinguishable from that caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Unlike the widely-studied M. tuberculosis, little is known about the innate immune response against M. kansasii infection. Although inflammasome activation plays an important role in host defense against bacterial infection, its role against atypical mycobacteria remains poorly understood. In this report, the role of inflammasome activity in THP-1 macrophages against M. kansasii infection was studied. Results indicated that viable, but not heat-killed, M. kansasii induced caspase-1-dependent IL-1β secretion in macrophages. The underlying mechanism was found to be through activation of an inflammasome containing the NLR (Nod-like receptor) family member NLRP3 and the adaptor protein ASC (apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD). Further, potassium efflux, lysosomal acidification, ROS production and cathepsin B release played a role in M. kansasii-induced inflammasome activation. Finally, the secreted IL-1β derived from caspase-1 activation was shown to restrict intracellular M. kansasii. These findings demonstrate a biological role for the NLRP3 inflammasome in host defense against M. kansasii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Chieh Chen
- Green Energy and Environment Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Chutung, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Hui Tsai
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Life Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chia-Chen Lu
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shiau-Ting Hu
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Life Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ting-Shu Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Tsung-Teng Huang
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Sciences, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Research Center of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Najwane Saïd-Sadier
- Health Sciences Research Institute and School of Natural Sciences, University of California Merced, Merced, California, United States of America
| | - David M. Ojcius
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Health Sciences Research Institute and School of Natural Sciences, University of California Merced, Merced, California, United States of America
| | - Hsin-Chih Lai
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Sciences, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Research Center of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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16
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Thompson AL, Johnson BT, Sempowski GD, Gunn MD, Hou B, DeFranco AL, Staats HF. Maximal adjuvant activity of nasally delivered IL-1α requires adjuvant-responsive CD11c(+) cells and does not correlate with adjuvant-induced in vivo cytokine production. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:2834-46. [PMID: 22345651 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
IL-1 has been shown to have strong mucosal adjuvant activities, but little is known about its mechanism of action. We vaccinated IL-1R1 bone marrow (BM) chimeric mice to determine whether IL-1R1 expression on stromal cells or hematopoietic cells was sufficient for the maximal adjuvant activity of nasally delivered IL-1α as determined by the acute induction of cytokine responses and induction of Bacillus anthracis lethal factor (LF)-specific adaptive immunity. Cytokine and chemokine responses induced by vaccination with IL-1α were predominantly derived from the stromal cell compartment and included G-CSF, IL-6, IL-13, MCP-1, and keratinocyte chemoattractant. Nasal vaccination of Il1r1(-/-) (knock-out [KO]) mice given wild-type (WT) BM (WT→KO) and WT→WT mice with LF + IL-1α induced maximal adaptive immune responses, whereas vaccination of WT mice given Il1r1(-/-) BM (KO→WT) resulted in significantly decreased production of LF-specific serum IgG, IgG subclasses, lethal toxin-neutralizing Abs, and mucosal IgA compared with WT→KO and WT→WT mice (p < 0.05). IL-1α adjuvant activity was not dependent on mast cells. However, the ability of IL-1α to induce serum LF-specific IgG2c and lethal toxin-neutralizing Abs was significantly impaired in CD11c-Myd88(-/-) mice when compared with WT mice (p < 0.05). Our results suggest that CD11c(+) cells must be directly activated by nasally administered IL-1α for maximal adjuvant activity and that, although stromal cells are required for maximal adjuvant-induced cytokine production, the adjuvant-induced stromal cell cytokine responses are not required for effective induction of adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afton L Thompson
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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17
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A role for leukocyte-derived IL-1RA in DC homeostasis revealed by increased susceptibility of IL-1RA-deficient mice to cutaneous leishmaniasis. J Invest Dermatol 2011; 131:1650-9. [PMID: 21525884 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2011.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC)-derived IL-1α/β plays a critical role in the induction of T helper type 1 (Th1)-dependent immunity against Leishmania. DCs from susceptible BALB/c mice produce less IL-1α/β when compared with resistant C57BL/6 mice, contributing to aberrant Th2 development and ultimate death of infected mice. We have extended our studies of the role of IL-1 in leishmaniasis using IL-1RA(-/-) BALB/c mice that are characterized by upregulated IL-1 receptor signaling. Unexpectedly, infection of IL-1RA(-/-) mice led to significantly worsened disease outcome with larger lesions, dramatically higher parasite burdens, and decreased IFN-γ production by antigen-specific T cells. We determined that IL-1RA(-/-) DCs were more mature already in the steady state, exhibited less phagocytotic capacity, and IL-12 production in response to various stimuli was impaired. Our data suggest that in addition to effects on Th education, IL-1α/β signaling also modulates DC homeostasis with increased signaling, leading to downmodulation of IL-12 synthesis and worsened disease outcome after infection with Leishmania major. Thus, the complex regulation of various members of the IL-1 cytokine family mediated through effects on both DCs and T cells critically contributes to disease outcome against this important human pathogen.
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18
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Kautz-Neu K, Kostka SL, Dinges S, Iwakura Y, Udey MC, von Stebut E. IL-1 signalling is dispensable for protective immunity in Leishmania-resistant mice. Exp Dermatol 2010; 20:76-8. [PMID: 20955202 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2010.01172.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease affecting ∼12 million people. Control of infection (e.g. in C57BL/6 mice) results from IL-12-dependent production of IFNγ by Th1/Tc1 cells. In contrast, BALB/c mice succumb to infection because of preferential Th2-type cytokine induction. Infected dendritic cells (DC) represent important sources of IL-12. Genetically determined differences in DC IL-1α/β production contribute to disease outcome. Whereas the course of disease was not dramatically altered in IL-1RI(-/-) mice, local administration of IL-1α to infected C57BL/6 mice improved disease outcome. To definitively elucidate the involvement of IL-1 in immunity against leishmaniasis, we now utilized IL-1α/β-double-deficient C57BL/6 mice. C57BL/6 mice are believed to be a good surrogate model for human, self limited cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). Leishmania major-infected IL-1α/β(-/-) mice were resistant to experimental CL comparable to controls. In addition, DC-based vaccination against leishmaniasis in C57BL/6 mice was independent of IL-1. Thus, in Leishmania-resistant C57BL/6 mice, IL-1 signalling is dispensable for protection.
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19
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Revaz-Breton M, Ronet C, Ives A, Torre YHL, Masina S, Tacchini-Cottier F, Launois P. The MyD88 protein 88 pathway is differently involved in immune responses induced by distinct substrains of Leishmania major. Eur J Immunol 2010; 40:1697-707. [PMID: 20333623 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200939821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Host resistance to Leishmania major is highly dependent on the development of a Th1 immune response. The TLR adaptator myeloid differentiation protein 88 (MyD88) has been implicated in the Th1 immune response associated with the resistant phenotype observed in C57BL/6 mice after infection with L. major. To investigate whether the MyD88 pathway is differentially used by distinct substrains of parasites, MyD88(-/-) C57BL/6 mice were infected with two substrains of L. major, namely L. major LV39 and L. major IR75. MyD88(-/-) mice were susceptible to both substrains of L. major, although with different kinetics of infection. The mechanisms involved during the immune response associated with susceptibility of MyD88(-/-) mice to L. major is however, parasite substrain-dependent. Susceptibility of MyD88(-/-) mice infected with L. major IR75 is a consequence of Th2 immune-deviation, whereas susceptibility of MyD88(-/-) mice to infection with L. major LV39 resulted from an impaired Th1 response. Depletion of regulatory T cells (Treg) partially restored IFN-gamma secretion and the Th1 immune response in MyD88(-/-) mice infected with L. major LV39, demonstrating a role of Treg activity in the development of an impaired Th1 response in these mice.
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20
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He X, Mekasha S, Mavrogiorgos N, Fitzgerald KA, Lien E, Ingalls RR. Inflammation and fibrosis during Chlamydia pneumoniae infection is regulated by IL-1 and the NLRP3/ASC inflammasome. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:5743-54. [PMID: 20393140 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Chlamydia pneumoniae is a common respiratory pathogen associated with atypical pneumonia, and it has been suggested as a trigger or promoter of several chronic inflammatory conditions, such as asthma and atherosclerosis. The beta form of IL-1 (IL-1beta) is a proinflammatory cytokine released by many cell types and is an important mediator of inflammation during infection. IL-1beta production is a tightly controlled process that includes regulation at multiple levels and typically requires two distinct signals for activation and release. In this study, we investigated the ability of C. pneumoniae to induce IL-1beta secretion. We found that C. pneumoniae was unique among the other Chlamydia species tested in its ability to potently induce secretion of mature IL-1beta from unprimed bone marrow-derived macrophages during a productive infection. TLR2 was required for induction of pro-IL-1beta, whereas the NLRP3/ASC was required for caspase-1 activation and pro-IL-1beta cleavage to produce mature IL-1beta. Caspase-1 cleavage was independent of endogenous ATP release, but required potassium flux, lysosomal acidification, and cathepsin B release. We further investigated the role of IL-1 in host defense against C. pneumoniae-induced pneumonia using mice deficient in the type I IL-1R. Although the IL-1R(-/-) mice developed an inflammatory infiltrate, the number of infiltrating neutrophils was lower, whereas there was evidence of increased infiltrating fibroblasts and mesenchymal cells and more lung fibrosis. We conclude that C. pneumoniae directly activates the NLRP3/ASC inflammasome, leading to the release of biologically active IL-1beta, and that concurrent IL-1 signaling is required for optimal host defense against acute bacterial pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianbao He
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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21
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Voronov E, Dotan S, Gayvoronsky L, White RM, Cohen I, Krelin Y, Benchetrit F, Elkabets M, Huszar M, El-On J, Apte RN. IL-1-induced inflammation promotes development of leishmaniasis in susceptible BALB/c mice. Int Immunol 2010; 22:245-57. [PMID: 20181656 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxq006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of host-derived IL-1 on the course of Leishmania major infection in susceptible BALB/c mice was assessed. Manifestations of the disease were more severe in mice deficient in the physiological inhibitor of IL-1, the IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) in comparison with control mice. In mice lacking one of the IL-1 genes (IL-1alpha or IL-1beta), there was delayed development of the disease and more attenuated systemic inflammatory responses. IL-1alpha-deficient mice were slightly more resistant to L. major infection compared with IL-1beta-knockout mice. During disease progression in IL-1Ra KO and control mice, myeloid-derived suppressor cells invaded the spleen, concomitant to suppression of T cell-mediated immunity and expression of systemic high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In IL-1-deficient mice, T(h)1 responses were still apparent, even at late stages of the disease. Thus, dose-dependent effects of IL-1 were shown to influence the pathogenesis of murine leishamaniasis in susceptible BALB/c mice. Physiological and supra-physiological levels of IL-1 in the microenvironment promoted an exacerbated form of disease, whereas sub-physiological doses of IL-1 induced a less progressive disease. Thus, manipulation of IL-1 levels in the host, using the IL-1Ra or specific antibodies, has the potential to alleviate symptoms of visceral manifestations of leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Voronov
- Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Health Sciences and Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.
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22
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Humphreys NE, Grencis RK. IL-1-dependent, IL-1R1-independent resistance to gastrointestinal nematodes. Eur J Immunol 2009; 39:1036-45. [PMID: 19247983 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200838938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
IL-1 null mice are unable to expel the intestinal nematode Trichuris muris; whereas WT littermates exhibit sterile immunity. Intriguingly the essential signalling components IL-1R1 and IL-1R accessory protein (AcP) are dispensable for expulsion of this parasite. IL-1 is thus critical for CD4(+) Th2-mediated immunity to T. muris; however, this action is independent of the established IL-1 signalling receptor. We also present data demonstrating that both IL-1alpha and IL-1beta induce measurable effects on T. muris primed cells isolated from IL-1R1 or IL-1R AcP null mice. MLN cells from these mice restimulated with parasite antigen proliferated at a greater rate and produced more cytokines in response to exogenous IL-1. This ability to respond to IL-1 was restricted to these parasite-primed cells and importantly was not evident in cells from naïve gene null mice. These in vitro data are consistent with the observed ability of mice with compromised IL-1 signalling to expel the parasite, bolstering the premise that an alternative IL-1 signalling mechanism is accessible in the context of an intestinal helminth-driven Th2 immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil E Humphreys
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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23
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Wieland CW, van der Windt GJW, Florquin S, McKenzie ANJ, van der Poll T. ST2 deficient mice display a normal host defense against pulmonary infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Microbes Infect 2009; 11:524-30. [PMID: 19286469 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2009.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2008] [Revised: 02/25/2009] [Accepted: 02/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium (M.) tuberculosis, is a devastating infectious disease causing many deaths world-wide every year. Successful host defense mainly depends on a strong Th type 1 response. We investigated the role of T1/ST2 (recently identified as the receptor for IL-33), a typical Th2 marker in the assumption that a shift towards a beneficial Th1 response would occur in the absence of ST2. For this, ST2 KO and WT mice were intranasally infected with a virulent strain of M. tuberculosis (150 CFU). In line with our hypothesis, ST2 KO animals displayed increased numbers of lymphocytes infiltrating the lung after 2 weeks of infection, increased IFNgamma production by splenocytes in ST2 KO mice early in infection and enhanced lung IFNgamma levels at the chronic phase of the disease. However, we did not detect any differences between ST2 KO and WT mice in mycobacterial loads in lungs or liver after M. tuberculosis infection. The pulmonary inflammatory response, as measured by relative lung weights, cytokine and chemokine levels as well as histopathological analysis, was similar in ST2 KO and WT mice. These data suggest that apart from inducing a modest shift towards the Th1 response, the role of ST2 during murine M. tuberculosis infection is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catharina W Wieland
- Center of Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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24
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Ferraz LC, Bernardes ES, Oliveira AF, Ruas LP, Fermino ML, Soares SG, Loyola AM, Oliver C, Jamur MC, Hsu DK, Liu FT, Chammas R, Roque-Barreira MC. Lack of galectin-3 alters the balance of innate immune cytokines and confers resistance to Rhodococcus equi infection. Eur J Immunol 2008; 38:2762-75. [PMID: 18825751 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200737986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Galectin-3 is a beta-galactoside-binding lectin implicated in the fine-tuning of innate immunity. Rhodococcus equi, a facultative intracellular bacterium of macrophages, causes severe granulomatous bronchopneumonia in young horses and immunocompromised humans. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of galectin-3 in the innate resistance mechanism against R. equi infection. The bacterial challenge of galectin-3-deficient mice (gal3-/-) and their wild-type counterpart (gal3+/+) revealed that the LD50 for the gal3(-/-) mice was about seven times higher than that for the gal3+/+ mice. When challenged with a sublethal dose, gal3(-/-) mice showed lower bacteria counts and higher production of IL-12 and IFN-gamma production, besides exhibiting a delayed although increased inflammatory reaction. Gal3(-/-) macrophages exhibited a decreased frequency of bacterial replication and survival, and higher transcript levels of IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-10, TLR2 and MyD88. R. equi-infected gal3+/+ macrophages showed decreased expression of TLR2, whereas R. equi-infected gal3(-/-) macrophages showed enhanced expression of this receptor. Furthermore, galectin-3 deficiency in macrophages may be responsible for the higher IL-1beta serum levels detected in infected gal3(-/-) mice. Therefore galectin-3 may exert a regulatory role in innate immunity by diminishing IL-1beta production and thus affecting resistance to R. equi infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana C Ferraz
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil
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25
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Kafka D, Ling E, Feldman G, Benharroch D, Voronov E, Givon-Lavi N, Iwakura Y, Dagan R, Apte RN, Mizrachi-Nebenzahl Y. Contribution of IL-1 to resistance to Streptococcus pneumoniae infection. Int Immunol 2008; 20:1139-46. [DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxn071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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26
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Bozza S, Zelante T, Moretti S, Bonifazi P, DeLuca A, D'Angelo C, Giovannini G, Garlanda C, Boon L, Bistoni F, Puccetti P, Mantovani A, Romani L. Lack of Toll IL-1R8 exacerbates Th17 cell responses in fungal infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:4022-31. [PMID: 18322211 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.6.4022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
TLRs contribute to the inflammatory response in fungal infections. Although inflammation is an essential component of the protective response to fungi, its dysregulation may significantly worsen fungal diseases. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that Toll IL-1R8 (TIR8)/single Ig IL-1-related receptor, a member of the IL-1R family acting as a negative regulator of TLR/IL-1R signaling, affects TLR responses in fungal infections. Genetically engineered Tir8(-/-) mice were assessed for inflammatory and adaptive Th cell responses to Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus. Inflammatory pathology and susceptibility to infection were higher in Tir8(-/-) mice and were causally linked to the activation of the Th17 pathway. IL-1R signaling was involved in Th17 cell activation by IL-6 and TGF-beta in that limited inflammatory pathology and relative absence of Th17 cell activation were observed in IL-1RI(-/-) mice. These data demonstrate that TIR8 is required for host resistance to fungal infections and that it functions to negatively regulate IL-1-dependent activation of inflammatory Th17 responses. TIR8 may contribute toward fine-tuning the balance between protective immunity and immunopathology in infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Bozza
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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27
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Isaza CE, Zhong X, Rosas LE, White JD, Chen RPY, Liang GFC, Chan SI, Satoskar AR, Chan MK. A proposed role for Leishmania major carboxypeptidase in peptide catabolism. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 373:25-9. [PMID: 18539138 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.05.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2008] [Accepted: 05/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a tropical disease caused by Leishmania, eukaryotic parasites transmitted to humans by sand flies. Towards the development of new chemotherapeutic targets for this disease, biochemical and in vivo expression studies were performed on one of two M32 carboxypeptidases present within the Leishmania major (LmaCP1) genome. Enzymatic studies reveal that like previously studied M32 carboxypeptidases, LmaCP1 cleaves substrates with a variety of C-terminal amino acids--the primary exception being those having C-terminal acidic residues. Cleavage assays with a series of FRET-based peptides suggest that LmaCP1 exhibits a substrate length restriction, preferring peptides shorter than 9-12 amino acids. The in vivo expression of LmaCP1 was analyzed for each major stage of the L. major life cycle. These studies reveal that LmaCP1 expression occurs only in procyclic promastigotes--the stage of life where the organism resides in the abdominal midgut of the insect. The implications of these results are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara E Isaza
- The Ohio State Biophysics Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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28
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MyD88 negatively controls hypergammaglobulinemia with autoantibody production during bacterial infection. Infect Immun 2008; 76:1657-67. [PMID: 18227170 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00951-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A large body of evidence has convincingly shown that Toll-like receptors are necessary sensors for infections with pathogens, but their activation was also suggested to generate autoimmunity. During experimental infections, the lack of these sensors or of their signaling molecules should lead to a deficient immune response. We found out that MyD88, the major adaptor of the Toll/interleukin-1 (Toll/IL-1) receptor signaling pathway, can actually act as a negative regulator of B-cell function in some settings. MyD88-deficient mice infected by Borrelia burgdorferi developed extreme hypergammaglobulinemia compared to wild-type animals, with high levels of immunoglobulin M (IgM) autoantibodies. In vivo, cell transfer experiments and cell blocking assays showed that this phenotype was not linked to the absence of MyD88 in B cells but rather to CD4 T-cell and likely dendritic cell dysfunctions leading to a Th1-to-Th2 cytokine switch. In addition, our results suggest a relative defect in the Ig class switch recombination process, since MyD88 knockout mice developed mostly IgM antibodies. Collectively, these data emphasize the complex role of the Toll/IL-1 receptor pathway in tuning the immune response against infection and avoiding autoimmunity.
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Guay HM, Andreyeva TA, Garcea RL, Welsh RM, Szomolanyi-Tsuda E. MyD88 is required for the formation of long-term humoral immunity to virus infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:5124-31. [PMID: 17404295 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.8.5124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Development of long-term humoral immunity is a major goal of vaccination, but the mechanisms involved in the formation of long-term Ab responses are still being determined. In this study, we identify a previously unknown requirement for MyD88, an adaptor molecule that mediates signals at most TLRs, for the generation of long-term humoral immunity during live virus infection. Polyoma virus-infected MyD88 knockout mice generated strong acute T cell-dependent antiviral IgM and IgG responses and developed germinal centers. Activation-induced cytidine deaminase, an enzyme required for isotype switching and somatic hypermutation, was also induced in germinal center B cells, similar to wild-type mice. However, MyD88 knockout mice failed to develop bone marrow plasma cells and did not maintain long-term serum antiviral Ab responses. The isotype distribution of antiviral IgG responses was also altered; serum IgG2a and IgG2b levels were diminished, whereas IgG1 responses were not affected. The requirement for MyD88 for the formation of long-term humoral immunity to polyoma virus was intrinsic to B cells and was independent of IL-1R and IL-18R, cytokine receptors that also signal through MyD88. Our findings show that MyD88-dependent signaling pathways in B cells are essential for effectively generating long-term Ab responses and implicate a role for TLR in the formation of long-term humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heath M Guay
- Department of Pathology, Program in Immunology and Virology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
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30
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Szretter KJ, Gangappa S, Lu X, Smith C, Shieh WJ, Zaki SR, Sambhara S, Tumpey TM, Katz JM. Role of host cytokine responses in the pathogenesis of avian H5N1 influenza viruses in mice. J Virol 2006; 81:2736-44. [PMID: 17182684 PMCID: PMC1866007 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02336-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza viruses are now widespread in poultry in Asia and have recently spread to some African and European countries. Interspecies transmission of these viruses to humans poses a major threat to public health. To better understand the basis of pathogenesis of H5N1 viruses, we have investigated the role of proinflammatory cytokines in transgenic mice deficient in interleukin-6 (IL-6), macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha (MIP-1alpha), IL-1 receptor (IL-1R), or tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1) by the use of two avian influenza A viruses isolated from humans, A/Hong Kong/483/97 (HK/483) and A/Hong Kong/486/97 (HK/486), which exhibit high and low lethality in mice, respectively. The course of disease and the extent of virus replication and spread in IL-6- and MIP-1alpha-deficient mice were not different from those observed in wild-type mice during acute infection with 1,000 50% mouse infective doses of either H5N1 virus. However, with HK/486 virus, IL-1R-deficient mice exhibited heightened morbidity and mortality due to infection, whereas no such differences were observed with the more virulent HK/483 virus. Furthermore, TNFR1-deficient mice exhibited significantly reduced morbidity following challenge with either H5N1 virus but no difference in viral replication and spread or ultimate disease outcome compared with wild-type mice. These results suggest that TNF-alpha may contribute to morbidity during H5N1 influenza virus infection, while IL-1 may be important for effective virus clearance in nonlethal H5N1 disease.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Chemokine CCL3
- Chemokine CCL4
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/growth & development
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Interleukin-6/deficiency
- Interleukin-6/genetics
- Interleukin-6/immunology
- Kinetics
- Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins/deficiency
- Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins/genetics
- Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neutralization Tests
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/immunology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/mortality
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/virology
- Receptors, Interleukin-1/deficiency
- Receptors, Interleukin-1/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-1/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/deficiency
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/metabolism
- Virus Replication
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristy J Szretter
- Influenza Branch MS G-16, Division of Viral and Ricksettial Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
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31
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Chen Q, Sen G, Snapper CM. Endogenous IL-1R1 signaling is critical for cognate CD4+ T cell help for induction of in vivo type 1 and type 2 antipolysaccharide and antiprotein Ig isotype responses to intact Streptococcus pneumoniae, but not to a soluble pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:6044-51. [PMID: 17056530 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.9.6044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
MyD88(-/-) mice exhibit defective innate, diminished CD4(+) T cell-dependent (TD) type 1, but enhanced type 2, humoral immunity in response to intact Streptococcus pneumoniae (Pn). Because type 1 IL-1R (IL-1R1) signaling is MyD88 dependent, a role for endogenous IL-1 was determined. IL-1R1(-/-), in contrast to MyD88(-/-), mice exhibited relatively intact innate splenic cytokine expression in response to Pn. Nevertheless, IL-1R1(-/-), like MyD88(-/-), mice were more sensitive to killing with live Pn relative to wild-type controls. Although IL-1R1(-/-) mice elicited a normal T cell-independent IgM antipolysaccharide (PS) response to heat-killed Pn, the induction of PS- and protein-specific cognate, but not noncognate, TD type 1 and type 2 IgG isotypes were markedly reduced. Additionally, CD4(+) T cells from Pn-primed IL-1R1(-/-) mice failed to elicit IFN-gamma, IL-5, or IL-13 secretion upon restimulation with Pn in vitro, whereas MyD88(-/-) mice secreted normal levels of IFN-gamma and enhanced levels of IL-5 and IL-13. In contrast, IgG responses to a soluble, pneumococcal protein-PS conjugate, with or without adjuvant, showed little dependence on IL-1R1 and normal CD4(+) T cell priming. These data are the first to demonstrate a nonredundant role for endogenous IL-1 in TD induction of humoral immune responses to an intact pathogen, although not a pathogen-derived soluble conjugate, suggesting that antigenic context is a key determinant for IL-1 dependence. These data further suggest that IL-1 may be critical for preserving CD4(+) Th2 function in the presence, but not absence, of MyD88-dependent signaling via TLRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanyi Chen
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
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32
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Deepe GS, McGuinness M. Interleukin-1 and host control of pulmonary histoplasmosis. J Infect Dis 2006; 194:855-64. [PMID: 16941354 PMCID: PMC1634801 DOI: 10.1086/506946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2005] [Accepted: 05/09/2006] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
We found that interleukin (IL)-1beta levels were elevated in the lungs of mice infected with Histoplasma capsulatum. Hence, we examined the influence that IL-1beta and IL-1 signaling has on host defenses against pulmonary histoplasmosis. In IL-1 receptor 1 knockout (IL-1R(-/-)) mice challenged intratracheally, fungal recovery on day 7 after infection exceeded that in wild-type (WT) mice. Antibody neutralization of IL-1beta also exacerbated infection. For both groups of mice, the absence of bioactive cytokine led to a failure to control infection in a high proportion of mice. The absence of signaling had a modest effect on host resistance in mice with secondary histoplasmosis. Several perturbations in host defense mechanisms were detected in the lungs of IL-1R(-/-) mice. The number of CD4+ cells was decreased, and transcription of the gene for inducible nitric oxide synthase was depressed transiently. IL-4 and IL-10 levels were elevated in the lungs of IL-1R(-/-) mice, compared with those in the lungs of WT mice. Conversely, interferon- gamma levels were decreased. Thus, IL-1 contributes to host resistance to infection with H. capsulatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- George S Deepe
- Cincinnati Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0560, USA.
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33
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Kostka SL, Knop J, Konur A, Udey MC, von Stebut E. Distinct Roles for IL-1 Receptor Type I Signaling in Early Versus Established Leishmania major Infections. J Invest Dermatol 2006; 126:1582-9. [PMID: 16645594 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
IL-1alpha/beta released by infected dendritic cells (DC) plays a critical role in the development of protective immunity against Leishmania major. Previous studies demonstrated that treatment of susceptible BALB/c mice with IL-1alpha during T-cell priming (days 1-3 post-infection) induced T helper (Th)1-mediated protection. In contrast, we now demonstrate that prolonged treatment with IL-1alpha (for 3 weeks) worsened disease outcome. To characterize the receptor involved, L. major infections in IL-1 receptor type I (IL-1RI) knockout mice were studied. In C57BL/6 IL-1RI-/- mice, the IL-1alpha-mediated protective effect was abrogated. The course of high-dose infection (2 x 10(5) parasites) in IL-1RI-/- mice was not different from controls. Surprisingly, in low-dose infections (10(3) parasites), IL-1RI-/- mice developed approximately 50% smaller lesions compared to wild types, decreased parasite loads and increased IFNgamma/IL-4 ratios. Interestingly, naive Th0 and Th2, but not Th1, cells expressed IL-1RI ex vivo. We conclude that IL-1RI mediates the effect of IL-1alpha in leishmaniasis in C57BL/6 mice. In addition, IL-1 appears to play distinct roles in Th education and maintenance. In early phases of physiologically relevant, low-dose L. major infections, IL-1 facilitates Th1 development from Th0 cells, whereas later on IL-1RI signaling promotes Th2 expansion and worsens disease outcome. Effects of IL-1 on disease outcome may be related to levels of IL-1RI on Th subpopulations.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD4 Antigens/analysis
- Disease Progression
- Gene Expression Regulation/physiology
- Interferon-gamma/analysis
- Interleukin-1/pharmacology
- Interleukin-1/physiology
- Interleukin-4/analysis
- L-Selectin/analysis
- Leishmania major/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/pathology
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/physiopathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, Interleukin-1/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-1/physiology
- Receptors, Interleukin-1 Type I
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/chemistry
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/pathology
- Th1 Cells/chemistry
- Th1 Cells/pathology
- Th1 Cells/physiology
- Th2 Cells/chemistry
- Th2 Cells/pathology
- Th2 Cells/physiology
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34
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Helmby H, Grencis RK. Interleukin 1 plays a major role in the development of Th2-mediated immunity. Eur J Immunol 2005; 34:3674-81. [PMID: 15549727 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200425452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Expulsion of the gastrointestinal nematode Trichuris muris is mediated by a T helper (Th)2-type response, involving interleukin (IL)-4, IL-9 and IL-13. Here, we show that Th2 response-associated resistance is dependent on the presence of IL-1alpha and IL-1beta. When lymph node cells from naive IL-1alpha- or IL-1beta-deficient mice were subjected to Th2 polarization in vitro, they failed to polarize in the presence of IL-4 alone, but required the addition of exogenous IL-1alpha or IL-1beta. Furthermore, we demonstrate that both IL-1alpha- and IL-1beta-deficient mice are susceptible to chronic T. muris infection and that the inability to expel the worms is associated with a defect in the development of a Th2 response in the mesenteric lymph nodes. These results provide the first demonstration of the critical role of IL-1 in regulating Th2 responses during gastrointestinal nematode infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Helmby
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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35
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Gumy A, Louis JA, Launois P. The murine model of infection with Leishmania major and its importance for the deciphering of mechanisms underlying differences in Th cell differentiation in mice from different genetic backgrounds. Int J Parasitol 2004; 34:433-44. [PMID: 15013733 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2003.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2003] [Revised: 11/03/2003] [Accepted: 11/05/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Mice from the majority of inbred strains are resistant to infection by Leishmania major, an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite of macrophages in the mammalian host. In contrast, mice from BALB strains are unable to control infection and develop progressive disease. In this model of infection, genetically determined resistance and susceptibility have been clearly shown to result from the appearance of parasite-specific CD4+ T helper 1 or T helper 2 cells, respectively. This murine model of infection is considered as one of the best experimental systems for the study of the mechanisms operating in vivo at the initiation of polarised T helper 1 and T helper 2 cell maturation. Among the several factors influencing Th cell development, cytokines themselves critically regulate this process. The results accumulated during the last years have clarified some aspects of the role played by cytokines in Th cell differentiation. They are providing critical information that may ultimately lead to the rational devise of means by which to tailor immune responses to the effector functions that are most efficient in preventing and/or controlling infections with pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Gumy
- World Health Organization Immunology Research and Training Centre, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Boveresses 155, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
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36
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Dumas C, Muyombwe A, Roy G, Matte C, Ouellette M, Olivier M, Papadopoulou B. Recombinant Leishmania major secreting biologically active granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor survives poorly in macrophages in vitro and delays disease development in mice. Infect Immun 2003; 71:6499-509. [PMID: 14573672 PMCID: PMC219543 DOI: 10.1128/iai.71.11.6499-6509.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania is an intracellular pathogen that replicates inside macrophages. Activated macrophages produce a specific subset of cytokines that play an important role in the control of Leishmania infections. As part of our interest in developing suicide parasites that produce abortive infections for the purposes of vaccination, we engineered recombinant Leishmania major strains producing biologically active granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). We showed that GM-CSF is being produced in the phagosomes of infected macrophages and that it can be detected in the culture supernatants of both infected macrophages and extracellular parasites. Our data support the notion that GM-CSF secreted by both developmental forms of recombinant L. major can activate macrophages to produce high levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), IL-6, and IL-18 and various chemokines including RANTES/CCL5, MIP-1alpha/CCL3, MIP-1beta/CCL4, MIP-2/CXCL2, and MCP-1/CCL2, which enhance parasite killing. Indeed, GM-CSF-expressing parasites survive poorly in macrophages in vitro and produce delayed lesion development in susceptible BALB/c mice in vivo. Selective killing of intracellular Leishmania expressing cytokine genes capable of activating cellular responses may constitute a promising strategy to control and/or prevent parasitic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Dumas
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
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37
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Iwasaki A. The importance of CD11b+ dendritic cells in CD4+ T cell activation in vivo: with help from interleukin 1. J Exp Med 2003; 198:185-90. [PMID: 12860934 PMCID: PMC2194080 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20030737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Iwasaki
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, 60 College St., LEPH 716, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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38
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Filippi C, Hugues S, Cazareth J, Julia V, Glaichenhaus N, Ugolini S. CD4+ T cell polarization in mice is modulated by strain-specific major histocompatibility complex-independent differences within dendritic cells. J Exp Med 2003; 198:201-9. [PMID: 12860929 PMCID: PMC2194066 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20021893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance and susceptibility to Leishmania major in mice are determined by multiple genes and correlate with the preferential development of Th1 and Th2 responses, respectively. Here, we found that CD11b+ dendritic cells (DCs) prime parasite-specific CD4+ T cells in both susceptible BALB/c (H2-d) and resistant B10.D2 (H2-d) mice. However, BALB/c and B10.D2 DCs from L. major-infected mice differ in their ability to polarize naive T cells into Th1 or Th2 effector cells. This difference is cell-intrinsic, is not restricted to H2-d mice, and is observed with both parasite-specific and allospecific CD4+ T cells. Thus, strain-specific differences within CD11b+ DCs influence the ability of inbred mice to mount polarized CD4+ T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Filippi
- E03-44, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 660 Route des Lucioles, 06560 Valbonne, France
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39
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Von Stebut E, Ehrchen JM, Belkaid Y, Kostka SL, Molle K, Knop J, Sunderkotter C, Udey MC. Interleukin 1alpha promotes Th1 differentiation and inhibits disease progression in Leishmania major-susceptible BALB/c mice. J Exp Med 2003; 198:191-9. [PMID: 12860932 PMCID: PMC2194079 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20030159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Protective immunity against pathogens such as Leishmania major is mediated by interleukin (IL)-12-dependent Th1-immunity. We have shown previously that skin-dendritic cells (DCs) from both resistant C57BL/6 and susceptible BALB/c mice release IL-12 when infected with L. major, and infected BALB/c DCs effectively vaccinate against leishmaniasis. To determine if cytokines other than IL-12 might influence disease outcome, we surveyed DCs from both strains for production of a variety of cytokines. Skin-DCs produced significantly less IL-1alpha in response to lipopolysaccharide/interferon gamma or L. major when expanded from BALB/c as compared with C57BL/6 mice. In addition, IL-1alpha mRNA accumulation in lymph nodes of L. major-infected BALB/c mice was approximately 3-fold lower than that in C57BL/6 mice. Local injections of IL-1alpha during the first 3 d after infection led to dramatic, persistent reductions in lesion sizes. In L. major-infected BALB/c mice, IL-1alpha administration resulted in increased Th1- and strikingly decreased Th2-cytokine production. IL-1alpha and IL-12 treatments were similarly effective, and IL-1alpha efficacy was strictly IL-12 dependent. These data indicate that transient local administration of IL-1alpha acts in conjunction with IL-12 to influence Th-development in cutaneous leishmaniasis and prevents disease progression in susceptible BALB/c mice, perhaps by enhancing DC-induced Th1-education. Differential production of IL-1 by C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice may provide a partial explanation for the disparate outcomes of infection in these mouse strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Von Stebut
- Department of Dermatology, University of Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
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40
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Brown GR, Lee EL, Thiele DL. TNF enhances CD4+ T cell alloproliferation, IFN-gamma responses, and intestinal graft-versus-host disease by IL-12-independent mechanisms. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 170:5082-8. [PMID: 12734353 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.10.5082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of TNF/TNFR2 interactions ameliorates intestinal graft-vs-host disease (GVHD) and Th1 cytokine responses induced by transfer of B6 CD4(+) spleen cells into irradiated MHC class II disparate B6.C-H-2(bm12) (bm12) x B6 F(1) recipients. The present studies examined whether these effects of TNF are IL-12 dependent. T cell proliferative responses of B6.129S1-IL-12rb2(tm1Jm) (B6.IL-12R(-/-)) responder spleen cells were found to be comparable to those of control B6 spleen cells. TNF inhibition reduced T cell proliferation and IFN-gamma production in supernatants of MLC using either B6.IL-12R(-/-) or control B6 responder cells. GVHD induced wasting disease in recipients of B6.IL-12R(-/-) CD4(+) spleen cells that received a TNF inhibitor-encoding adenovirus (5.4 +/- 6.5% weight loss (n = 7)) was significantly reduced compared with levels of weight loss observed in recipients that had received a control adenovirus (25.7 +/- 12.2% weight loss (n = 11), p = 0.001). Furthermore, TNF inhibition was associated with a reduction in colonic GVHD scores (p = 0.039) and in the percentage of the splenic CD4(+) T cells that expressed IFN-gamma (16 vs 6%). These findings indicate that TNF promotes CD4(+) T cell alloproliferation, IFN-gamma responses, and intestinal GVHD by IL-12-independent mechanisms.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bone Marrow Transplantation/immunology
- Bone Marrow Transplantation/pathology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/transplantation
- Cells, Cultured
- Colonic Diseases/genetics
- Colonic Diseases/immunology
- Colonic Diseases/pathology
- Colonic Diseases/prevention & control
- Down-Regulation/genetics
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Female
- Graft vs Host Disease/genetics
- Graft vs Host Disease/immunology
- Graft vs Host Disease/pathology
- Graft vs Host Disease/prevention & control
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/genetics
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/pharmacology
- Interferon-gamma/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-12/physiology
- Interleukin-18/biosynthesis
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Lymphocyte Culture Test, Mixed/methods
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Receptors, Interleukin/deficiency
- Receptors, Interleukin/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin/physiology
- Receptors, Interleukin-12
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/physiology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/pharmacology
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/metabolism
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/antagonists & inhibitors
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Geri R Brown
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, and Dallas Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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41
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Muraille E, De Trez C, Brait M, De Baetselier P, Leo O, Carlier Y. Genetically resistant mice lacking MyD88-adapter protein display a high susceptibility to Leishmania major infection associated with a polarized Th2 response. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 170:4237-41. [PMID: 12682257 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.8.4237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Host resistance to the intracellular protozoan Leishmania major is highly dependent on IL-12 production by APCs. Genetically resistant C57BL/6 mice develop IL-12-mediated Th1 immune response dominated by IFN-gamma and exhibit only small cutaneous lesions that resolve spontaneously. In contrast, because of several genetic differences, BALB/c mice develop an IL-4-mediated Th2 immune response and a chronic mutilating disease. Myeloid differentiation marker 88 (MyD88) is an adaptator protein that links the IL-1/Toll-like receptor family to IL-1R-associated protein kinase. Toll-like receptors recognize pathogen associated molecular patterns and are crucially implicated in the induction of IL-12 secretion by APC. The role of MyD88 protein in the development of protective immune response against parasites is largely unknown. Following inoculation of L. major, MyD88(-/-) C57BL/6 mice presented large footpad lesions containing numerous infected cells and frequent mutilations. In response to soluble Leishmania Ag, cells from lesion-draining lymph node showed a typical Th2 profile, similar to infected BALB/c mice. IL-12p40 plasma level collapses in infected MyD88(-/-) mice compared with infected wild-type C57BL/6 mice. Importantly, administration of exogenous IL-12 rescues L. major-infected MyD88(-/-) mice, demonstrating that the susceptibility of these mice is a direct consequence of IL-12 deficiency. In conclusion, MyD88-dependent pathways appear essential for the development of the protective IL-12-mediated Th1 response against the Leishmania major parasite. In absence of MyD88 protein, infected mice develop a nonprotective Th2 response.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation/physiology
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Crosses, Genetic
- Female
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-12/administration & dosage
- Interleukin-4/biosynthesis
- Leishmania major/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/genetics
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88
- Receptors, Immunologic/deficiency
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/physiology
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Th2 Cells/cytology
- Th2 Cells/immunology
- Th2 Cells/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Muraille
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Erasme, Belgium
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Iwakura Y. Roles of IL-1 in the development of rheumatoid arthritis: consideration from mouse models. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2002; 13:341-55. [PMID: 12220548 DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6101(02)00021-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Expression of inflammatory cytokines is augmented in the joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We found that cytokine levels are also elevated in the joints of a mouse arthritis model, human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) transgenic (Tg) mouse. Depletion of IL-1 by gene targeting greatly reduced the incidence of the disease, indicating the importance of this cytokine in the development of arthritis. Furthermore, IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra)-deficient mice develop autoimmunity and arthritis spontaneously. These observations suggest that excess IL-1 signaling the causes autoimmunity. We show that IL-1 activates the immune system non-specifically by inducing CD40L and OX40 co-signaling molecules on T cells. In this review, the roles of IL-1 in the development of autoimmunity and arthritis in mouse models will be discussed.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Arthritis/genetics
- Arthritis/virology
- Arthritis, Experimental/genetics
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/etiology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology
- Autoantibodies/biosynthesis
- Autoimmune Diseases/etiology
- Autoimmune Diseases/immunology
- Autoimmunity/physiology
- CD40 Antigens/physiology
- CD40 Ligand/biosynthesis
- CD40 Ligand/genetics
- Crosses, Genetic
- Cytokines/physiology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Gene Targeting
- Genes, Viral
- Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/genetics
- Humans
- Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein
- Interleukin-1/deficiency
- Interleukin-1/genetics
- Interleukin-1/physiology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Mice, Transgenic
- Models, Immunological
- OX40 Ligand
- Receptors, OX40
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor
- Sialoglycoproteins/deficiency
- Sialoglycoproteins/genetics
- Sialoglycoproteins/physiology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 7/biosynthesis
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 7/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichiro Iwakura
- Center for Experimental Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
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Schultz MJ, Rijneveld AW, Florquin S, Edwards CK, Dinarello CA, van der Poll T. Role of interleukin-1 in the pulmonary immune response during Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2002; 282:L285-90. [PMID: 11792633 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00461.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumonia is associated with elevated concentrations of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-1 in the pulmonary compartment. To study the role of IL-1 in the pathogenesis of Pseudomonas pneumonia, IL-1 receptor type 1 gene-deficient (IL-1R -/-) mice and wild-type mice were intranasally inoculated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The absence of the IL-1 signal attenuated the outgrowth of Pseudomonas in lungs, as reflected by an increasing number of colony-forming units (cfu) during Pseudomonas pneumonia in wild-type mice and a concurrently decreasing number of cfu during pulmonary infection in IL-1R -/- mice (P < 0.05, IL-1R -/- mice vs. wild-type mice). Influx of neutrophils was decreased in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids in IL-1R -/- mice compared with wild-type mice. Similarly, lung levels of cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IL-6) and chemokines (macrophage inflammatory protein-2 and KC) were lower in IL-1R -/- mice 24 h postinoculation. Consistent with results obtained in IL-1R -/- mice, treatment of wild-type mice with IL-1R antagonist also diminished outgrowth of Pseudomonas when compared with wild-type mice treated with vehicle (P < 0.05). These results demonstrate that an absence or reduction in endogenous IL-1 activity improves host defense against Pseudomonas pneumonia while suppressing the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc J Schultz
- Department of Experimental Internal Medicine, Tropical Medicine, and AIDS, Academic Medical Center of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Saijo S, Asano M, Horai R, Yamamoto H, Iwakura Y. Suppression of autoimmune arthritis in interleukin-1-deficient mice in which T cell activation is impaired due to low levels of CD40 ligand and OX40 expression on T cells. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2002; 46:533-44. [PMID: 11840457 DOI: 10.1002/art.10172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To elucidate the roles of interleukin-1 (IL-1) in the development of 2 etiologically different rheumatoid arthritis (RA) models: the type II collagen (CII)-induced arthritis (CIA) model and the human T cell leukemia virus type I transgenic (HTLV-I Tg) mouse model. METHODS For the CIA model, DBA/1J-background IL-1alpha-/-, IL-1beta-/-, IL-1alpha/beta-/-, and wild-type littermate mice were immunized with CII. For the HTLV-I Tg model, BALB/c IL-1beta-/- or IL-1alpha/beta-/- mice were crossed with HTLV-I Tg mice. The effects of IL-1 deficiency were assessed as follows: Development of arthritis was assessed both macroscopically and microscopically. Serum antibody titer was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Proliferative response of lymph node cells was assayed by measurement of (3)H-thymidine incorporation. Expression of T cell surface molecule CD40 ligand (CD40L) and OX40 was determined by multicolor flow cytometric analysis. RESULTS The development of arthritis was markedly suppressed in IL-1alpha/beta-/- mice in both models, although the effect was less prominent in HTLV-I Tg mice. Deficiency of only IL-1alpha or only IL-1beta was also associated with disease suppression. Antibody production after immunization with CII was normal in IL-1alpha/beta-/- mice, while autoantibody production was suppressed in IL-1alpha/beta-/- HTLV-I Tg mice. In IL-1alpha/beta-/- mice, the T cell proliferative response against CII was greatly reduced in both the CIA and the HTLV-I Tg models, suggesting inefficiency of T cell activation. Furthermore, expression of CD40L and OX40 on T cells was greatly reduced in IL-1alpha/beta-/- mice. CONCLUSION These observations suggest that T cell activation by IL-1 is important for the development of autoimmunity and arthritis in these mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinobu Saijo
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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45
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Nakae S, Asano M, Horai R, Iwakura Y. Interleukin-1 beta, but not interleukin-1 alpha, is required for T-cell-dependent antibody production. Immunology 2001; 104:402-9. [PMID: 11899425 PMCID: PMC1783318 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2001.01337.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-1 (IL-1) consists of two molecules, IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta, and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) is a natural inhibitor of these molecules. Although the adjuvant effects of exogenously administered IL-1 in the humoral immune response are well known, the roles of endogenous IL-1 and the functional discrimination between IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta have not been elucidated completely. In this report, we investigated the role of IL-1 in the humoral immune response using gene-targeted mice. Both primary and secondary antibody production against T-dependent antigen, sheep red blood cells (SRBC), was significantly reduced in IL-1 alpha/beta-/- mice, and was enhanced in IL-1Ra-/- mice. The intrinsic functions of B cells, such as antibody production against type 1 T-independent antigen, trinitrophenyl-lipopolysaccharide and proliferative responses against mitogenic stimuli, were normal in IL-1 alpha/beta-/- mice. The proliferative response of T cells and cytokine production upon stimulation with anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody were also normal, as was the phagocytotic ability of antigen-presenting cells (APCs). However, SRBC-specific proliferative response and cytokine production of T cells through the interaction with APCs were markedly impaired in IL-1 alpha/beta-/- mice, and enhanced in IL-1Ra-/- mice. Moreover, we show that SRBC-specific antibody production was reduced in IL-1 beta-/- mice, but not in IL-1 alpha-/- mice. These results show that endogenous IL-1 beta, but not IL-1 alpha, is involved in T-cell-dependent antibody production, and IL-1 promotes the antigen-specific T-cell helper function through the T-cell-APC interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nakae
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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46
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Schnare M, Barton GM, Holt AC, Takeda K, Akira S, Medzhitov R. Toll-like receptors control activation of adaptive immune responses. Nat Immunol 2001; 2:947-50. [PMID: 11547333 DOI: 10.1038/ni712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1009] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Mechanisms that control the activation of antigen-specific immune responses in vivo are poorly understood. It has been suggested that the initiation of adaptive immune responses is controlled by innate immune recognition. Mammalian Toll-like receptors play an essential role in innate immunity by recognizing conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns and initiating the activation of NF-kappaB and other signaling pathways through the adapter protein, MyD88. Here we show that MyD88-deficient mice have a profound defect in the activation of antigen-specific T helper type 1 (TH1) but not TH2 immune responses. These results suggest that distinct pathways of the innate immune system control activation of the two effector arms of adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schnare
- Section of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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47
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Abstract
The cytokine IL-12, a product of dendritic cells (DC), plays a major role in cellular immunity, notably by inducing lymphocytes to produce IFN-gamma. Microbial products, T cell signals and cytokines induce the production of IL-12. Here, IL-1 beta is identified as a new IL-12-inducing agent, acting conjointly with CD40 ligand (CD40L) on human monocyte-derived DC in vitro. The effects of IL-1 beta were dose dependent, specifically blocked by neutralizing antibodies, and were observed both in immature and mature DC. Immature DC secreted more IL-12 than mature DC, but the effects of IL-1 beta were not due to a block of DC maturation as determined by analysis of DC surface markers. The mechanisms of action of IL-1 beta could be contrasted to that of other inducers of IL-12 such as IFN-gamma and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Either IL-1 beta or IFN-gamma co-induced IL-12 with CD40L but conjointly, IL-1 beta, CD40L and IFN-gamma synergized, inducing very high levels of IL-12. The effects of IL-1 beta differed from those of LPS in that IL-1 beta, unlike LPS, could not induce IL-12 solely after IFN-gamma priming; and when combined with CD40L, IL-1 beta, unlike LPS, induced little IL-10. The mechanism of action of IL-1 beta involves IL-12 alpha mRNA up-regulation, and we show that the combination of CD40L and IL-1 beta induces high levels of IL-12 alpha and IL-12 beta mRNA in DC. Altogether, these results delineate a new mechanism linking adaptive and innate immune responses for the regulation of IL-12 production in DC and for the role of IL-1 beta in the development of cellular immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Wesa
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute of Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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48
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Nakae S, Asano M, Horai R, Sakaguchi N, Iwakura Y. IL-1 enhances T cell-dependent antibody production through induction of CD40 ligand and OX40 on T cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:90-7. [PMID: 11418636 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.1.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-1 is a proinflammatory cytokine that plays pleiotropic roles in host defense mechanisms. We investigated the role of IL-1 in the humoral immune response using gene-targeted mice. Ab production against SRBC was significantly reduced in IL-1alpha/beta-deficient (IL-1(-/-)) mice and enhanced in IL-1R antagonist(-/-) mice. The intrinsic functions of T, B, and APCs were normal in IL-1(-/-) mice. However, we showed that IL-1(-/-) APCs did not fully activate DO11.10 T cells, while IL-1R antagonist (-/-) APCs enhanced the reaction, indicating that IL-1 promotes T cell priming through T-APC interaction. The function of IL-1 was CD28-CD80/CD86 independent. We found that CD40 ligand and OX40 expression on T cells was affected by the mutation, and the reduced Ag-specific B cell response in IL-1(-/-) mice was recovered by the treatment with agonistic anti-CD40 mAb both in vitro and in vivo. These observations indicate that IL-1 enhances T cell-dependent Ab production by augmenting CD40 ligand and OX40 expression on T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nakae
- Center for Experimental Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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49
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Boelens JJ, van der Poll T, Zaat SA, Murk JL, Weening JJ, Dankert J. Interleukin-1 receptor type I gene-deficient mice are less susceptible to Staphylococcus epidermidis biomaterial-associated infection than are wild-type mice. Infect Immun 2000; 68:6924-31. [PMID: 11083815 PMCID: PMC97800 DOI: 10.1128/iai.68.12.6924-6931.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2000] [Accepted: 08/24/2000] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated concentrations of interleukin-1 (IL-1) were found in tissue surrounding biomaterials infected with Staphylococcus epidermidis. To determine the role of IL-1 in biomaterial-associated infection (BAI), IL-1 receptor type I-deficient (IL-1R(-/-)) and wild-type mice received subcutaneous implants of silicon elastomer (SE) or polyvinylpyrrolidone-grafted SE (SEpvp), combined with an injection of 10(6) CFU of S. epidermidis or sterile saline. Neither mouse strain was susceptible to BAI around SE. IL-1R(-/-) mice with SEpvp implants had a no abscess formation and a reduced susceptibility to persistent S. epidermidis infection. The normal foreign body response, characterized by giant-cell formation and encapsulation, was delayed around SEpvp in wild-type mice but not in IL-1R(-/-) mice. This coincided with enhanced local IL-4 production in IL-1R(-/-) mice. These data suggest that inhibition of local IL-1 activity may be beneficial for the outcome of BAI.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Boelens
- Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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50
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Okano M, Satoskar AR, Abe M, Harn DA, Okano M, Nishizaki K, Takeda Y, Yoshino T, Brombacher F, Satoskar AA. Interleukin-4-independent production of Th2 cytokines by nasal lymphocytes and nasal eosinophilia in murine allergic rhinitis. Allergy 2000; 55:723-31. [PMID: 10955698 DOI: 10.1034/j.1398-9995.2000.00429.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin (IL)-4 is believed to play an important role in the atopic pathogenesis. However, the precise role of IL-4 in the in vivo initiation of allergic rhinitis is not fully understood. We have recently found that BALB/c mice sensitized intranasally with Schistosoma mansoni egg antigen (SEA) mount a Th2 response that initiates allergic rhinitis. Thus, we sought to determine the role of IL-4 in the initiation of allergic rhinitis in vivo with this model. METHODS IL-4 gene-deficient (IL-4 -/-) BALB/c and wild-type (IL-4 +/+) control mice were sensitized by intranasal SEA administration, and their immunologic responses were examined both in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS IL-4 +/+ mice sensitized with SEA displayed significantly higher titers of SEA-specific IgG1 and IgE antibodies than IL-4-/- mice, while the latter produced significantly more SEA-specific IgG2a. Antigen-stimulated nasal lymphocytes from SEA-sensitized IL-4 -/- and IL-4 +/+ mice produced similar amounts of IL-5 and IL-10, but neither produced IFN-gamma. Furthermore, the severity of nasal eosinophilia was similar in both groups. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that although IL-4 is necessary for the production of Th2-associated antibodies--in particular, IgE--it is not required for either the production of the Th2-associated cytokines IL-5 and IL-10, or the induction of nasal eosinophilia.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Helminth/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Helminth/pharmacology
- Cells, Cultured
- Eosinophilia/physiopathology
- Female
- Immunoglobulin E/biosynthesis
- Immunoglobulin G/biosynthesis
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-10/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-4/genetics
- Interleukin-4/physiology
- Interleukin-5/biosynthesis
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Knockout
- Nasal Mucosa/cytology
- Nasal Mucosa/drug effects
- Nasal Mucosa/immunology
- Nasal Mucosa/metabolism
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial/immunology
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial/metabolism
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial/pathology
- Schistosoma mansoni/immunology
- Th2 Cells/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- M Okano
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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