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Sehnert B, Valero-Esquitino V, Schett G, Unger T, Steckelings UM, Voll RE. Angiotensin AT2 Receptor Stimulation Alleviates Collagen-Induced Arthritis by Upregulation of Regulatory T Cell Numbers. Front Immunol 2022; 13:921488. [PMID: 35874732 PMCID: PMC9304956 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.921488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The angiotensin AT2 receptor (AT2R) is a main receptor of the protective arm of the renin-angiotensin system and exerts for instance anti-inflammatory effects. The impact of AT2R stimulation on autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is not yet known. We investigated the therapeutic potential of AT2R-stimulation with the selective non-peptide AT2R agonist Compound 21 (C21) in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), an animal model for inflammatory arthritis. Arthritis was induced by immunization of DBA/1J mice with collagen type II (CII). Prophylactic and therapeutic C21 treatment alleviates arthritis severity and incidence in CIA. Joint histology revealed significantly less infiltrates of IL-1 beta and IL-17A expressing cells and a well-preserved articular cartilage in C21- treated mice. In CIA, the number of CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells significantly increased upon C21 treatment compared to vehicle. T cell differentiation experiments demonstrated increased expression of FoxP3 mRNA, whereas IL-17A, STAT3 and IFN-gamma mRNA expression were reduced upon C21 treatment. In accordance with the mRNA data, C21 upregulated the percentage of CD4+FoxP3+ cells in Treg polarizing cultures compared to medium-treated controls, whereas the percentage of CD4+IL-17A+ and CD4+IFN-gamma+ T cells was suppressed. To conclude, C21 exerts beneficial effects on T cell-mediated experimental arthritis. We found that C21-induced AT2R-stimulation promotes the expansion of CD4+ regulatory T cells and suppresses IL-17A production. Thus, AT2R-stimulation may represent an attractive treatment strategy for arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Sehnert
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Bettina Sehnert, ; Reinhard Edmund Voll,
| | | | - Georg Schett
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Unger
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Ulrike Muscha Steckelings
- Institute of Molecular Medicine (IMM) – Department of Cardiovascular & Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Reinhard Edmund Voll
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI) Freiburg, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Bettina Sehnert, ; Reinhard Edmund Voll,
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Wu L, Hou Z, Zheng L, Gu Z. Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells (BMSCs) Transplantation Ameliorates Joint Severity and Inflammation in Rats with Arthritis. J BIOMATER TISS ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1166/jbt.2022.2995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study analyzed the action of Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) transplantation on arthritis rat model. Arthritis rat model was established using bovine type II collagen and CFA. BMSCs phenotype was assessed by flow cytometry and pathological changes was analyzed by H&E
staining along with analysis of joint severity by AI score, inflammation by ELISA as well as level of NPY, MMP-2, and MMP-9. The form of passaged BMSCs was spindle shaped with positive expression of CD29 and CD44. The structure of articular cavity in arthritis rats was disordered with infiltration
of inflammatory cells which were ameliorated by BMSCs transplantation. In addition, BMSCs treatment also significantly reduced AI value, the level of VEGF, IL-17 and TNF-α as well as decreased RANK/RANKL expression and increased OPG level. In conclusion, BMSCs transplantation
ameliorates inflammation and severity in arthritis rats possibly through regulation of RANK/OPG, indicating that it might be used for the treatment of arthritis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangbang Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The 903 Hospital of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, 310004, China
| | - Zhenhai Hou
- Department of Orthopaedics, The 903 Hospital of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, 310004, China
| | - Longbao Zheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, The 903 Hospital of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, 310004, China
| | - Zenghui Gu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The 903 Hospital of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, 310004, China
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Jang S, Kwon EJ, Lee JJ. Rheumatoid Arthritis: Pathogenic Roles of Diverse Immune Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020905. [PMID: 35055087 PMCID: PMC8780115 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, systemic autoimmune disease associated with synovial tissue proliferation, pannus formation, cartilage destruction, and systemic complications. Currently, advanced understandings of the pathologic mechanisms of autoreactive CD4+ T cells, B cells, macrophages, inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and autoantibodies that cause RA have been achieved, despite the fact that much remains to be elucidated. This review provides an updated pathogenesis of RA which will unveil novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunhee Jang
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea; (S.J.); (E.-J.K.)
- Yonsei Hangang Hospital, 25 Mapodaero, Mapogu, Seoul 04167, Korea
| | - Eui-Jong Kwon
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea; (S.J.); (E.-J.K.)
- Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear (CBRN) Defense Research Institute, Armed Forces CBRN Defense Command, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Jennifer Jooha Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea; (S.J.); (E.-J.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-2258-6010; Fax: +82-2-2258-2022
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Escobar G, Mangani D, Anderson AC. T cell factor 1: A master regulator of the T cell response in disease. Sci Immunol 2021; 5:5/53/eabb9726. [PMID: 33158974 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abb9726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances have redefined a role for T cell factor 1 (TCF1) that goes beyond T cell development and T memory formation and encompasses new functions in the regulation of T cell biology. Here, we discuss the multifaceted and context-dependent role of TCF1 in peripheral T cells, particularly during disease-induced inflammatory states such as autoimmunity, cancer, and chronic infections. Understanding how TCF1 fine-tunes peripheral T cell biology holds the potential to tailor improved immune-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Escobar
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases and Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital Mass General Brigham, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Davide Mangani
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases and Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital Mass General Brigham, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ana C Anderson
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases and Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital Mass General Brigham, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Seiringer P, Garzorz-Stark N, Eyerich K. T-Cell‒Mediated Autoimmunity: Mechanisms and Future Directions. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 142:804-810. [PMID: 34538423 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
T cells are key drivers of autoimmunity in numerous noncommunicable inflammatory skin diseases by directly harming host tissue or through helping B cells in producing autoantibodies. Technological advances have contributed to identifying autoantigens, the Holy Grail of autoimmunity, in many inflammatory disorders of the skin. Novel therapeutic approaches such as chimeric (auto)antibody receptor T cells are a milestone on the way to finding individualized, well-tolerated, targeted therapies. This review summarizes the current knowledge on pathogenesis, immune response pattern‒related ontology, diagnostic approaches, and treatment options of autoimmune skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Seiringer
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Helmholtz Center and Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Natalie Garzorz-Stark
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for molecular medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Unit of Dermatology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kilian Eyerich
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for molecular medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Unit of Dermatology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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TonEBP in dendritic cells mediates pro-inflammatory maturation and Th1/Th17 responses. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:421. [PMID: 32499518 PMCID: PMC7272407 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2632-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent antigen-presenting cells that link the innate and adaptive immune responses; as such they play pivotal roles in initiation and progression of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Here, we report that the tonicity-responsive enhancer-binding protein (TonEBP or NFAT5), a Rel family protein involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease and inflammation, is required for maturation and function of DCs. Myeloid cell-specific TonEBP deletion reduces disease severity in a murine model of collagen-induced arthritis; it also inhibits maturation of DCs and differentiation of pathogenic Th1 and Th17 cells in vivo. Upon stimulation by TLR4, TonEBP promotes surface expression of major histocompatibility complex class II and co-stimulatory molecules via p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. This is followed by DC-mediated differentiation of pro-inflammatory Th1 and Th17 cells. Taken together, these findings provide mechanistic basis for the pathogenic role of TonEBP in RA and possibly other autoimmune diseases.
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7
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Siouti E, Andreakos E. The many facets of macrophages in rheumatoid arthritis. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 165:152-169. [PMID: 30910693 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are central to the pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). They constitute the main source of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines such as TNF and IL-1β, they activate a wide range of immune and non-immune cells, and they secrete diverse tissue degrading enzymes driving chronic pro-inflammatory, tissue destructive and pain responses in RA. However, they can also produce anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10, secrete inhibitors of tissue degrading enzymes and promote immunoregulatory and protective responses, suggesting the existence of macrophages with distinct and diverse functional activities. Although the underlying basis of this phenomenon has remained obscure for years, emerging evidence has now provided insight into the mechanisms and molecular processes involved. Here, we review current knowledge on the biology of macrophages in RA, and highlight recent literature on the heterogeneity, origins and ontogeny of macrophages as part of the mononuclear phagocyte system. We also discuss their plasticity in the context of the M1/M2 paradigm, and the emerging theme of metabolic rewiring as a major mechanism for programming macrophage functions and pro-inflammatory activities. This sheds light into the many facets of macrophages in RA, their molecular regulation and their translational potential for developing novel protective and therapeutic strategies in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Siouti
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelos Andreakos
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, Imperial College London, London W2 1NY, United Kingdom.
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8
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Muhlenbeck JA, Olson JM, Hughes AB, Cook ME. Conjugated Linoleic Acid Isomers Trans-10, Cis-12 and Cis-9, Trans-11 Prevent Collagen-Induced Arthritis in a Direct Comparison. Lipids 2018; 53:689-698. [PMID: 30259981 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Mixed-isomer conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and the individual isomers, trans-10, cis-12 (CLAt10c12) and cis-9, trans-11 (CLAc9t11), decrease severity of collagen-induced arthritis (CA) when consumed after disease onset. Few studies have been conducted exploring the role of CLA in the prevention of autoimmune diseases. These studies suggest that isomer-specific effects may be occurring; however, a direct comparison of CLAt10c12 and CLAc9t11 has yet to be conducted. A study to compare the ability of CLAt10c12 and CLAc9t11 to prevent CA and assess their effects on early inflammation was performed. DBA/1 mice were fed a semipurified diet containing 6% corn oil (CO), 5.5% CO and 0.5% CLAt10c12, or 5.5% CO and 0.5% CLAc9t11 (n = 27 per diet) starting three weeks before CA primary immunization. Effects on disease incidence and severity, anticollagen antibodies, plasma and paw cytokines, and hepatic fatty acids were measured. Arthritis incidence was reduced by a minimum of 34% in mice fed either CLA isomer compared to those fed CO diet (p = 0.06). In mice that did develop arthritis (n = 9-12 mice per treatment), CLAt10c12 reduced arthritic severity to a greater extent than CLAc9t11 and CO (p = 0.03). CLA isomer treatment attenuated the increased hepatic arachidonic acid (ARA; 20:4n-6) observed with arthritis at one-week postonset (p = 0.03), while no differences in anticollagen antibodies or cytokines were observed between dietary treatments. These results suggest that CLA isomers may be effective at preventing specific immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, in part, through modulation of the ARA cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Muhlenbeck
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1400 University Ave Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Jake M Olson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, 1675 Observatory Drive, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Anna B Hughes
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, 1675 Observatory Drive, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Mark E Cook
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1400 University Ave Madison, WI, 53706, USA.,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, 1675 Observatory Drive, WI, 53706, USA
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9
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Chong WP, van Panhuys N, Chen J, Silver PB, Jittayasothorn Y, Mattapallil MJ, Germain RN, Caspi RR. NK-DC crosstalk controls the autopathogenic Th17 response through an innate IFN-γ-IL-27 axis. J Exp Med 2015; 212:1739-52. [PMID: 26347474 PMCID: PMC4577839 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20141678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
IFN-γ is a pathogenic cytokine involved in inflammation. Paradoxically, its deficiency exacerbates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, uveitis, and arthritis. Here, we demonstrate using IFN-γ(-/-) mice repleted with IFN-γ +/+: NK cells that innate production of IFN-γ from NK cells is necessary and sufficient to trigger an endogenous regulatory circuit that limits autoimmunity. After immunization, DCs recruited IFN-γ-producing NK cells to the draining lymph node and interacted with them in a CXCR3-dependent fashion. The interaction caused DCs to produce IL-27, which in turn enhanced IFN-γ production by NK cells, forming a self-amplifying positive feedback loop. IL-10, produced by the interacting cells themselves, was able to limit this process. The NK-DC-dependent IL-27 inhibited development of the adaptive pathogenic IL-17 response and induced IL-10-producing Tr1-like cells, which ameliorated disease in an IL-10-dependent manner. Our data reveal that an early NK-DC interaction controls the adaptive Th17 response and limits tissue-specific autoimmunity through an innate IFN-γ-IL-27 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Po Chong
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Nicholas van Panhuys
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmical Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Phyllis B Silver
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Yingyos Jittayasothorn
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Mary J Mattapallil
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Ronald N Germain
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Rachel R Caspi
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Mellado M, Martínez-Muñoz L, Cascio G, Lucas P, Pablos JL, Rodríguez-Frade JM. T Cell Migration in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Front Immunol 2015; 6:384. [PMID: 26284069 PMCID: PMC4515597 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation in joints, associated with synovial hyperplasia and with bone and cartilage destruction. Although the primacy of T cell-related events early in the disease continues to be debated, there is strong evidence that autoantigen recognition by specific T cells is crucial to the pathophysiology of rheumatoid synovitis. In addition, T cells are key components of the immune cell infiltrate detected in the joints of RA patients. Initial analysis of the cytokines released into the synovial membrane showed an imbalance, with a predominance of proinflammatory mediators, indicating a deleterious effect of Th1 T cells. There is nonetheless evidence that Th17 cells also play an important role in RA. T cells migrate from the bloodstream to the synovial tissue via their interactions with the endothelial cells that line synovial postcapillary venules. At this stage, selectins, integrins, and chemokines have a central role in blood cell invasion of synovial tissue, and therefore in the intensity of the inflammatory response. In this review, we will focus on the mechanisms involved in T cell attraction to the joint, the proteins involved in their extravasation from blood vessels, and the signaling pathways activated. Knowledge of these processes will lead to a better understanding of the mechanism by which the systemic immune response causes local joint disorders and will help to provide a molecular basis for therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Mellado
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones , Madrid , Spain
| | - Laura Martínez-Muñoz
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones , Madrid , Spain
| | - Graciela Cascio
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones , Madrid , Spain
| | - Pilar Lucas
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones , Madrid , Spain
| | - José L Pablos
- Grupo de Enfermedades Inflamatorias y Autoinmunes, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital , Madrid , Spain
| | - José Miguel Rodríguez-Frade
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones , Madrid , Spain
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Burkett PR, Meyer zu Horste G, Kuchroo VK. Pouring fuel on the fire: Th17 cells, the environment, and autoimmunity. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:2211-9. [PMID: 25961452 DOI: 10.1172/jci78085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines play a critical role in controlling the differentiation of CD4 Th cells into distinct subsets, including IL-17-producing Th17 cells. Unfortunately, the incidence of a number of autoimmune diseases, particularly those in which the IL-23/IL-17 axis has been implicated, has risen in the last several decades, suggesting that environmental factors can promote autoimmunity. Here we review the role of cytokines in Th17 differentiation, particularly the role of IL-23 in promoting the differentiation of a pathogenic subset of Th17 cells that potently induce autoimmune tissue inflammation. Moreover, we highlight emerging data that indicate that environmental factors, including the intestinal microbiota and changes in diet, can alter normal cytokine regulation with potent effects on Th17 differentiation and thus promote autoimmunity, which has strong implications for human disease.
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12
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Olalekan SA, Cao Y, Finnegan A. Tissue specific CD4+ T cell priming determines the requirement for interleukin-23 in experimental arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2014; 16:440. [PMID: 25253467 PMCID: PMC4203961 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-014-0440-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease with striking heterogeneity in (i) clinical presentation, (ii) autoantibody profiles and (iii) responses to treatment suggesting that distinct molecular mechanisms may underlie the disease process. Proteoglycan-induced arthritis (PGIA) is induced by two pathways either by intraperitoneal (i.p.) or subcutaneous (s.c.) exposure to PG. CD4+ T cells primed by the i.p. route are T helper (Th)1 cells expressing interferon gamma (IFN-γ) whereas CD4+ T cells primed by the s.c. route are Th17 cells expressing interleukin (IL)-17. IL-23 is necessary for maintaining the phenotype of Th17 cells; however, IL-23 is inflammatory independent of IL-17. The aim of this study was to determine if PGIA induced by different routes of immunization is dependent on IL-23. METHODS BALB/c wild type (WT), IL-12p40-/- and IL-23p19-/- littermate mice were immunized with recombinant G1 (rG1) domain of human PG in adjuvant either i.p. or s.c. and development of arthritis monitored. Joint histology was assessed. CD4+ T cell cytokines in spleen, lymph node (LN), and joint were assessed by intracellular staining and cytokine enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RNA transcripts for cytokines and transcription factors were examined. RESULTS PGIA was suppressed in the p40-/- and p19-/- mice immunized by the s.c. route but only inhibited in p40-/- mice by the i.p. route. The joints of s.c. but not i.p. sensitized mice contained a population of CD4+ T cells expressing single positive IFN-γ and IL-17 and double positive IFN-γ/IL-17 which were dependent on IL-23 expression. The IFN-γ and IL-17 response in spleen and inguinal LN was inhibited in p19-/- mice and p40-/- mice after s.c. immunization, whereas in i.p. immunized p19-/- mice, IL-17 but not IFN-γ was reduced. Inguinal LN CD11c+ dendritic cells (DC) from s.c. immunized, but not spleen DC from i.p. immunized mice, produced IL-23, IL-1β, and IL-6 and activated T cells to produce IL-17. CONCLUSION IL-23 is necessary for the activity of Th17 after s.c. immunization and does not play a role independent of IL-17 after i.p. immunization. These data demonstrate that the molecular pathways IL-23/17 and IL-12/IFN-γ may represent subtypes of arthritis determined by the mode of induction.
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Avau A, Mitera T, Put S, Put K, Brisse E, Filtjens J, Uyttenhove C, Van Snick J, Liston A, Leclercq G, Billiau AD, Wouters CH, Matthys P. Systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis-like syndrome in mice following stimulation of the immune system with Freund's complete adjuvant: regulation by interferon-γ. Arthritis Rheumatol 2014; 66:1340-51. [PMID: 24470407 DOI: 10.1002/art.38359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is unique among the rheumatic diseases of childhood, given its distinctive systemic inflammatory character. Inappropriate control of innate immune responses following an initially harmless trigger is thought to account for the excessive inflammatory reaction. The aim of this study was to generate a similar systemic inflammatory syndrome in mice by injecting a relatively innocuous, yet persistent, immune system trigger: Freund's complete adjuvant (CFA), containing heat-killed mycobacteria. METHODS Given the central role of interferon-γ (IFNγ) in immune regulation, we challenged wild-type (WT) and IFNγ-knockout (KO) BALB/c mice with CFA, and analyzed their clinical symptoms and biologic characteristics. The production of cytokines and the effects of anticytokine antibodies were investigated. RESULTS In WT mice, CFA injection resulted in splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, neutrophilia, thrombocytosis, and increased cytokine expression. In the absence of IFNγ, these symptoms were more pronounced and were accompanied by weight loss, arthritis, anemia, hemophagocytosis, abundance of immature blood cells, and increased levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), all of which are reminiscent of the symptoms of systemic JIA. CFA-challenged IFNγ-KO mice showed increased expression of IL-17 by CD4+ T cells and by innate γ/δ T cells. Inflammatory and hematologic changes were prevented by treatment with anti-IL-12/IL-23p40 and anti-IL-17 antibodies. CONCLUSION Immune stimulation of IFNγ-KO mice with CFA produces a systemic inflammatory syndrome reflecting the clinical, biologic, and histopathologic picture of systemic JIA. The protective function of IFNγ in preventing anemia and overall systemic inflammation is a striking observation. The finding that both adaptive and innate T cells are important sources of IL-17 may be of relevance in the pathogenesis of systemic JIA.
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Inhibition of IL-12/IL-23 signaling reduces Alzheimer's disease-like pathology and cognitive decline. Nat Med 2012. [PMID: 23178247 DOI: 10.1038/nm.2965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The pathology of Alzheimer's disease has an inflammatory component that is characterized by upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines, particularly in response to amyloid-β (Aβ). Using the APPPS1 Alzheimer's disease mouse model, we found increased production of the common interleukin-12 (IL-12) and IL-23 subunit p40 by microglia. Genetic ablation of the IL-12/IL-23 signaling molecules p40, p35 or p19, in which deficiency of p40 or its receptor complex had the strongest effect, resulted in decreased cerebral amyloid load. Although deletion of IL-12/IL-23 signaling from the radiation-resistant glial compartment of the brain was most efficient in mitigating cerebral amyloidosis, peripheral administration of a neutralizing p40-specific antibody likewise resulted in a reduction of cerebral amyloid load in APPPS1 mice. Furthermore, intracerebroventricular delivery of antibodies to p40 significantly reduced the concentration of soluble Aβ species and reversed cognitive deficits in aged APPPS1 mice. The concentration of p40 was also increased in the cerebrospinal fluid of subjects with Alzheimer's disease, which suggests that inhibition of the IL-12/IL-23 pathway may attenuate Alzheimer's disease pathology and cognitive deficits.
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Kim HS, Chung DH. TLR4-mediated IL-12 production enhances IFN-γ and IL-1β production, which inhibits TGF-β production and promotes antibody-induced joint inflammation. Arthritis Res Ther 2012; 14:R210. [PMID: 23036692 PMCID: PMC3580522 DOI: 10.1186/ar4048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Toll-like receptor (TLR)4 promotes joint inflammation in mice. Despite that several studies report a functional link between TLR4 and interleukin-(IL-)1β in arthritis, TLR4-mediated regulation of the complicated cytokine network in arthritis is poorly understood. To address this, we investigated the mechanisms by which TLR4 regulates the cytokine network in antibody-induced arthritis. Methods To induce arthritis, we injected mice with K/BxN serum. TLR4-mediated pathogenesis in antibody-induced arthritis was explored by measuring joint inflammation, cytokine levels and histological alteration. Results Compared to wild type (WT) mice, TLR4-/- mice showed attenuated arthritis and low interferon (IFN)-γ, IL-12p35 and IL-1β transcript levels in the joints, but high transforming growth factor (TGF)-β expression. Injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) enhanced arthritis and exaggerated joint cytokine alterations in WT, but not TLR4-/- or IL-12p35-/- mice. Moreover, STAT4 phosphorylation in joint cells and intracellular IL-12p35 expression in macrophages, mast cells and Gr-1+ cells were detected in WT mice with arthritis and enhanced by LPS injection. Therefore, IL-12p35 appears to act downstream of TLR4 in antibody-induced arthritis. TLR4-mediated IL-12 production enhanced IFN-γ and IL-1β production via T-bet and pro-IL-1β production. Recombinant IL-12, IFN-γ and IL-1β administration restored arthritis, but reduced joint TGF-β levels in TLR4-/- mice. Moreover, a TGF-β blockade restored arthritis in TLR4-/- mice. Adoptive transfer of TLR4-deficient macrophages and mast cells minimally altered joint inflammation and cytokine levels in macrophage- and mast cell-depleted WT mice, respectively, whereas transfer of WT macrophages or mast cells restored joint inflammation and cytokine expression. Gr-1+ cell-depleted splenocytes partially restored arthritis in TLR4-/- mice. Conclusion TLR4-mediated IL-12 production by joint macrophages, mast cells and Gr-1+ cells enhances IFN-γ and IL-1β production, which suppresses TGF-β production, thereby promoting antibody-induced arthritis.
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Jin Y, Lin Y, Lin L, Zheng C. IL-17/IFN-γ interactions regulate intestinal inflammation in TNBS-induced acute colitis. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2012; 32:548-56. [PMID: 23030668 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2012.0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Colonic administration of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) induced acute colitis in mice and elicited a Th1 immune response. Th17 cells are believed to play a major role in TNBS-induced colitis. The aim of this study is to investigate the roles of interleukin (IL)-17 and interferon (IFN)-γ in the pathogenesis of TNBS-induced acute colitis. We assessed the inflammation scores of TNBS-induced acute colitis in wild-type (WT), IL-17 knockout (KO), and IFN-γ KO mice and measured the levels of inflammatory cytokines using real-time PCR and ELISAs. Histology data showed that IL-17 KO mice with TNBS-induced colitis had significantly lower neutrophil infiltration and inflammatory macroscopic scores compared to the IFN-γ KO mice and WT mice. Intraperitoneal injection of anti-IL-17 monoclonal antibody confirmed a specific role for IL-17 in TNBS-induced acute colitis in the 3 strains of mice. The severity of colitis was higher in IFN-γ KO mice and lower in IL-17 KO mice compared to WT mice. Our data suggested that IL-17 signaling plays a critical role in the local inflammation of TNBS-induced colitis, while IFN-γ was not an important mediator of the local inflammation response. IL-17 may represent a target for therapeutic intervention in inflammatory bowel disease patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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Abstract
A number of autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis, are mediated by self-reactive T cells that have escaped the deletional mechanisms of central tolerance. Usually, these T cells are kept at bay through peripheral tolerance mechanisms, including regulation through coinhibitory receptors and suppression by regulatory T cells. However, if these mechanisms fail, self-reactive T cells are activated and autoimmune responses ensue. This review outlines how the coinhibitory receptors CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4), PD-1 (programed death-1), Tim-3 (T-cell immunoglobulin- and mucin domain-containing molecule 3), and TIGIT (T-cell immunoreceptor with immunoglobulin and ITIM domains) act at different checkpoints to inhibit autoreactive T cells and suppress the development of central nervous system autoimmunity. Loss of each of these receptors predisposes to autoimmunity, indicating a non-redundant role in maintaining peripheral tolerance. At the same time, their functional patterns seem to overlap to a large degree. Therefore, we propose that only the concerted action of a combination of inhibitory receptors is able to maintain peripheral tolerance and prevent autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Joller
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Anneli Peters
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Ana C. Anderson
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Vijay K. Kuchroo
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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Sonobe Y, Li H, Jin S, Kishida S, Kadomatsu K, Takeuchi H, Mizuno T, Suzumura A. Midkine inhibits inducible regulatory T cell differentiation by suppressing the development of tolerogenic dendritic cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:2602-11. [PMID: 22323540 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Midkine (MK), a heparin-binding growth factor, reportedly contributes to inflammatory diseases, including Crohn's disease and rheumatoid arthritis. We previously showed that MK aggravates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) by decreasing regulatory CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) T cells (Tregs), a population that regulates the development of autoimmune responses, although the precise mechanism remains uncertain. In this article, we show that MK produced in inflammatory conditions suppresses the development of tolerogenic dendritic cells (DCregs), which drive the development of inducible Treg. MK suppressed DCreg-mediated expansion of the CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) Treg population. DCregs expressed significantly higher levels of CD45RB and produced significantly less IL-12 compared with conventional dendritic cells. However, MK downregulated CD45RB expression and induced IL-12 production by reducing phosphorylated STAT3 levels via src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase-2 in DCreg. Inhibiting MK activity with anti-MK RNA aptamers, which bind to the targeted protein to suppress the function of the protein, increased the numbers of CD11c(low)CD45RB(+) dendritic cells and Tregs in the draining lymph nodes and suppressed the severity of EAE, an animal model of multiple sclerosis. Our results also demonstrated that MK was produced by inflammatory cells, in particular, CD4(+) T cells under inflammatory conditions. Taken together, these results suggest that MK aggravates EAE by suppressing DCreg development, thereby impairing the Treg population. Thus, MK is a promising therapeutic target for various autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Sonobe
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
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Le Buanec H, Bensussan A, Bagot M, Gallo RC, Zagury D. Active and passive anticytokine immune therapies: current status and development. Adv Immunol 2012; 115:187-227. [PMID: 22608260 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394299-9.00007-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Anticytokine (AC) immune therapies derived from vaccine procedures aim at enhancing natural immune defense mechanisms ineffective to contain abnormally produced cytokines and counteract their pathogenic effects. Given their short half-life, cytokines, the production of which by effector immune cells (T and B lymphocytes, antigen-presenting cells (APCs), natural killer (NK) and endothelial cells) is inducible and controlled by negative feedback regulation, (1) exert locally their signaling to paracrine/autocrine target responder cells carrying high-affinity membrane receptors and (2) are commonly present at minimal concentration in the body fluid (lymph, serum). Aberrant signaling triggered by cytokines, uncontrolly released by effector immune cells or produced by cancer and other pathologic cells, contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic diseases including cancer, viral infections, allergy, and autoimmunity. To block these ectopic cytokine signaling and prevent their pathogenic effects, AC Abs supplied either by injections (passive AC immune therapy) or elicited by immunization with cytokine-derived immunogenes called Kinoids (active AC immune therapy) proved to be experimentally effective and safe. In this review, we detailed the rationale and the requirements for the use of AC immunotherapies in humans, the proof of efficacy of these medications in animal disease models, and their current clinical development and outcome, including adverse side effects they may generate. We particularly show that, to date, the benefit:risk ratio of AC immune therapies is highly positive.
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Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system that is induced in laboratory animals by the generation of an immune response against myelin epitopes. It has been used as a prototype of Th1- and/or Th17-driven, organ-specific autoimmunity and as a model for the human disease, multiple sclerosis. In this chapter we describe two classic protocols for EAE induction (active immunization and adoptive transfer of Th1- or Th17-polarized cells) in Subheadings 3.1 and 3.2, respectively. Subheading 3.3 describes methods for rating clinical disease in symptomatic animals. Subheading 3.4 includes instructions for the isolation of mononuclear cells from the inflamed spinal cords of mice with EAE. Subheading 3.5 describes a method for performing the enzyme-linked immunospot assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Rao
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Multiple Sclerosis Center and Holtom-Garrett Program in Neuroimmunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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21
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IL-23R rs11209026 polymorphism modulates IL-17A expression in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Genes Immun 2011; 13:282-7. [PMID: 22130325 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2011.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The interleukin (IL)-17/IL-23 axis is an important pro-inflammatory pathway in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). IL-23 maintains CD4(+) T-helper 17 (Th(17)) cells, whereas IL-12 negates IL-17A production by promoting Th(1)-cell differentiation. We sought evidence for any effect of polymorphisms within the interleukin-23 receptor (IL-23R), IL-12 or IL-21 genes on serum cytokine concentrations in 81 patients with RA. Serum cytokines were measured using bead-based multiplex assays. Targeted cytokines were detected in up to 66% of samples. A subgroup of 48 patients had detectable serum IL-17A. Within this subgroup, patients, homozygous for the IL-23R rs11209026 major allele had significantly higher serum IL-17A concentrations compared with patients with the minor allele (394.51 ± 529.72 pg ml(-1) vs 176.11 ± 277.32 pg ml(-1); P = 0.017). There was no significant difference in any of the cytokine concentrations examined in patients positive for the minor allele vs homozygosity for the major allele of IL-12B rs3213337, IL-12Bpro rs17860508 and IL-21 rs6822844. Our results suggest the IL-23R Arg381Gln substitution may influence serum IL-17A concentrations. In patients with the 381Gln allele higher IL-23 concentrations may be needed to produce similar IL-17A concentrations to those in patients with the 381Arg allele. This suggests altered IL-23R function in patients with the minor allele and warrants further functional studies.
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Ohl K, Tenbrock K. Inflammatory cytokines in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2011:432595. [PMID: 22028588 PMCID: PMC3196871 DOI: 10.1155/2011/432595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease of unknown origin affecting virtually all organ systems. Beyond genetic and environmental factors, cytokine imbalances contribute to immune dysfunction, trigger inflammation, and induce organ damage. The key cytokine that is involved in SLE pathogenesis is interferon alpha. Interferon secretion is induced by immune complexes and leads to upregulation of several inflammatory proteins, which account for the so-called IFN signature that can be found in the majority of SLE PBMCs. Additionally IL-6 and IFN-y as well as T-cell-derived cytokines like IL-17, IL-21, and IL-2 are dysregulated in SLE. The latter induce a T-cell phenotype that is characterized by enhanced B-cell help and enhanced secretion of proinflammatory cytokines but reduced induction of suppressive T cells and activation-induced cell death. This paper will focus on these cytokines and highlights pathophysiological approaches and therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Ohl
- Division of Pediatric Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Klaus Tenbrock
- Division of Pediatric Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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Collagen-induced arthritis and related animal models: How much of their pathogenesis is auto-immune, how much is auto-inflammatory? Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2011; 22:339-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2011.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Peters A, Lee Y, Kuchroo VK. The many faces of Th17 cells. Curr Opin Immunol 2011; 23:702-6. [PMID: 21899997 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2011.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Th17 cells have been shown to be strong inducers of tissue inflammation and autoimmune diseases. However, not all Th17 cells are pathogenic and increasing data suggest that Th17 cells may come in different flavors. Thus, Th17 cells cannot be described using a narrow schematic, but instead Th17 cells comprise a wide spectrum with a range of effector phenotypes. Here, we review the key factors that generate such diversity, as well as the cytokines and transcription factors that are differentially expressed in pathogenic and nonpathogenic Th17 cells. This new knowledge can be used to identify molecules that make Th17 cells pathogenic and determine how these cells could be targeted to suppress autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneli Peters
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Pot C, Apetoh L, Awasthi A, Kuchroo VK. Induction of regulatory Tr1 cells and inhibition of T(H)17 cells by IL-27. Semin Immunol 2011; 23:438-45. [PMID: 21893418 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2011.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that IL-27, a member of the IL-12 family of cytokines, alleviates the severity of autoimmune diseases in both mice and men. The IL-27-induced activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat)1 and Stat3 promotes the generation of IL-10- producing type 1 regulatory T (Tr1) cells that inhibit effector T cells. In addition, IL-27 also suppresses the development of pathogenic IL-17-producing CD4(+) T cells (T(H)17) cells suggesting that pharmacological manipulations of IL-27 signaling pathway could be exploited therapeutically in regulating tissue inflammation. Here, we review how IL-27 controls inflammation through the regulation of Tr1 and T(H)17 responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Pot
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Switzerland
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Jäger A, Kuchroo VK. Effector and regulatory T-cell subsets in autoimmunity and tissue inflammation. Scand J Immunol 2010; 72:173-84. [PMID: 20696013 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2010.02432.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Many autoimmune diseases are driven by self-reactive T helper cells. Until recently, organ-specific autoimmune diseases were primarily associated with Th1 cells but not Th2 cells. However, the discovery of a number of new effector T-cell subsets, like Th17 and Th9 cells, and regulatory T cells, like Tregs and Tr1 cells, has changed the way we view and understand autoimmunity at cellular and molecular levels. In recent years, IL-17-producing Th17 cells have emerged as major players in autoimmunity. The complicated relationship between Th1 and Th17 cells, as well as the intricate balance between Tregs and Th17 cells, provides a basis for understanding the immunological mechanisms that induce and regulate autoimmunity. Here, we give an overview of the interplay between different effector T-cell subsets and regulatory T-cell subsets, and how they contribute to the development of autoimmunity and tissue inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jäger
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Park Y, Kim HS, Ahn JY, Yun D, Cho ML, Hong S, Kim HY, Chung DH. IL-12p35 Promotes Antibody-Induced Joint Inflammation by Activating NKT Cells and Suppressing TGF-β. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:1476-84. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Ryan C, Thrash B, Warren RB, Menter A. The use of ustekinumab in autoimmune disease. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2010; 10:587-604. [DOI: 10.1517/14712591003724670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Abstract
Autoreactive effector CD4+ T cells have been associated with the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders. Early studies implicated the interferon (IFN)-gamma-producing T helper (Th)1 subset of CD4+ cells as the causal agents in the pathogenesis of autoimmunity. However, further studies have suggested a more complex story. In models thought to be driven by Th1 cells, mice lacking the hallmark Th1 cytokine IFN-gamma were not protected but tended to have enhanced susceptibility to disease. Identification of the IL-17-producing CD4+ effector cell lineage (Th17) has helped shed light on this issue. Th17 effector cells are induced in parallel to Th1, and, like Th1, polarized Th17 cells have the capacity to cause inflammation and autoimmune disease. This, together with the finding that deficiency of the Th17-related cytokine IL-23 but not the Th1-related cytokine IL-12 causes resistance, led to the notion that Th17 cells are the chief contributors to autoimmune tissue inflammation. Nevertheless, mice lacking IL-17 are not protected from disease and display elevated numbers of IFN-gamma-producing CD4+ T cells, and, in some cases, lack of IFN-gamma does confer resistance. Recent studies report overlapping as well as differential roles of these cells in tissue inflammation, which suggests the existence of a more complex relationship between these two effector T-cell subsets than has hitherto been suspected. This review will attempt to bring together current information regarding interaction, balance, and collaborative potential between the Th1 and Th17 effector lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse M Damsker
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1857, USA
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Glatigny S, Blaton MA, Mencher SK, Mistou S, Lucas B, Fournier C, Wang LG, Chiocchia G. Treatment of collagen-induced arthritis by Natura-alpha via regulation of Th-1/Th-17 responses. Eur J Immunol 2010; 40:460-9. [PMID: 20077403 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200939566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines and CD4(+) Th cells play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Among the Th populations, Th-1 and Th-17 have been described as pathogenic in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) whereas Th-2 and Treg were found to have protective effects. The objective of this study was to examine the affect of Natura-alpha, a newly developed cytokine regulator, on CIA and on Th cell development. Natura-alpha treatment was administered before or during arthritis induction. Anti-type II collagen antibodies and cytokine expression were evaluated by ELISA. Emergence of CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) T cells was assessed by flow cytometry. Th-17 differentiation of naive CD4 T cells was assessed in cultures with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28. We showed that Natura-alpha both prevented and treated CIA. We further demonstrated that in vivo treatment with Natura-alpha inhibited IL-17 production and anti-type II collagen IgG development. We showed in vitro, using an APC-free system, that Natura-alpha acted directly on differentiating T cells and inhibiting the formation of Th-1 and Th-17 cells but did not affect Th-2 cells. Since Natura-alpha inhibits a large spectrum of important pathogenic factors in CIA, it may provide a new and powerful approach to the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Glatigny
- Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes CNRS (UMR 8104), Paris, France
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Awasthi A, Murugaiyan G, Kuchroo VK. Interplay between effector Th17 and regulatory T cells. J Clin Immunol 2008; 28:660-70. [PMID: 18810613 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-008-9239-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2008] [Accepted: 07/24/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Over two decades ago, T helper cells were classified into its functional subsets. Soon after the classical observation of Mosmann et al., immunologists agreed to accept the Th1/Th2 paradigm of the T helper subsets. Each subset is not only characterized by its specific cytokines pattern and effector functions but also by their properties to counter regulate each other's functions. This classification helped to understand the complex principles of T helper cell biology and allowed us to comprehend different immune reactions in context of Th1 and Th2 subsets. DISCUSSION Although Th1 subsets thought to be the crucial player for most of the organ-specific autoimmune diseases like multiple sclerosis and type-1 diabetes but the loss of Th1 dominant cytokine, IFN-gamma did not prevent the development of autoimmunity which raised the possibility of involvement of other Th subsets, different from Th1 cells in the induction of autoimmunity. CONCLUSION Recently, a new subset of Th cells that predominantly produce IL-17 and induce autoimmunity has been discovered, and it is believed that this subset may be the major cell type involved in orchestrating tissue inflammation and autoimmunity. Recent data propose that the differentiation factors of Th17 cells reveal a link with induction of Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells. Here, we review the interplay between Th17 and Foxp3(+) T-reg cells and Tr1 cells during autoimmune inflammatory reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Awasthi
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, HIM 780, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Singh N. Novel immune regulatory pathways and their role in immune reconstitution syndrome in organ transplant recipients with invasive mycoses. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2008; 27:403-8. [PMID: 18214557 PMCID: PMC2702776 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-008-0461-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2007] [Accepted: 01/01/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Immune regulatory pathways involving the newly discovered T regulatory (Treg) and Th17 cells are amongst the principal targets of immunosuppressive agents employed in transplant recipients and key mediators of host inflammatory responses in fungal infections. These novel signaling pathways, in concert with or independent of Th1/Th2 responses, have potentially important implications for yielding valuable insights into the pathogenesis of immune reconstitution syndrome (IRS) in transplant recipients, for aiding the diagnosis of this entity, and for achieving a balance of immune responses that enhance host immunity while curbing unfettered inflammation in IRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Singh
- Infectious Diseases Section, VA Medical Center, University Drive C, Pittsburgh, PA 15240, USA.
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Dardalhon V, Korn T, Kuchroo VK, Anderson AC. Role of Th1 and Th17 cells in organ-specific autoimmunity. J Autoimmun 2008; 31:252-6. [PMID: 18502610 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2008.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+) IFN-gamma-producing Th1 cells have long been associated with the pathogenesis of many organ-specific autoimmune diseases; however, the observation of disease in mice deficient in molecules involved in Th1 cell differentiation raised the possibility that other effector T cells were responsible for inducing autoimmunity. Recently, a new CD4(+) effector T cell subset that produces IL-17 (Th17) has emerged. The fact that Th17 cells are highly auto-pathogenic has fueled a debate as to what role, if any, Th1 cells play in the induction of tissue inflammation and autoimmune disease. This review will discuss the respective roles of the Th1 and Th17 subsets in organ-specific autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Dardalhon
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Regulatory mechanisms of helper T cell differentiation: new lessons learned from interleukin 17 family cytokines. Pharmacol Ther 2008; 117:374-84. [PMID: 18280574 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2007] [Accepted: 12/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin 17 (IL-17) family consists of six cytokines in mammals. Among them, IL-17 and IL-17F are expressed by a novel subset of CD4+ helper T (Th) cells and play critical function in inflammation and autoimmunity. On the other hand, IL-17E, also called IL-25, has been associated with allergic responses. Here we summarize recent work by us as well as other investigators in understanding the regulation and function of these three cytokines. From these studies, IL-17 family cytokines may serve as novel targets for pharmaceutical intervention of immune and inflammatory diseases.
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Abstract
Recently, a paradigm shift has emerged in T-cell-mediated adaptive immunity. On the heels of the discovery of T cells with immunosuppressive function, so-called regulatory T cells (Tregs), the diversity of effector cells has expanded to include a third helper T cell, termed Th17. The appreciation that Th17 cells are products of a distinct effector pathway depended critically on observations made during investigations of mouse models of autoimmunity, advanced by discovery of the cytokines IL-17 and IL-23. These studies understandably led investigators to highlight the role played by Th17 cells in autoimmunity. Yet while the dysfunctional behavior of this phenotype as a contributor to inflammatory disease remains a central issue, this pathway evolved to meet a need for host protection against potential pathogens. It has become apparent that the Th17 pathway promotes host defense against certain extracellular bacteria and fungi, but more recent studies also implicate a role in protection against some protozoa and viruses. Here we review the experimental history that ultimately uncovered the existence and nature of Th17 cells, and then turn the reader's attention to what is currently known about Th17 cells as a bulwark against pathogens.
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Irmler IM, Gajda M, Bräuer R. Exacerbation of antigen-induced arthritis in IFN-gamma-deficient mice as a result of unrestricted IL-17 response. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:6228-36. [PMID: 17947698 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.9.6228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Proinflammatory Th1 responses are believed to be involved in the induction and perpetuation of rheumatoid arthritis. However, the role of IFN-gamma, the major cytokine produced by Th1 cells, is still incompletely defined. In the present study, we investigated the effects of IFN-gamma deficiency (IFN-gamma(-/-)) on the course of experimental murine Ag-induced arthritis (AIA). In the acute stage of disease, IFN-gamma(-/-) AIA mice showed significantly increased inflammatory responses compared with wild-type C57BL/6 AIA mice, i.e., exacerbated joint swelling, increased delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction, and increased histopathological scores of arthritis. Intraarticular administration of exogenous IFN-gamma at induction of AIA significantly suppressed these acute aggravation effects. Stimulated cells isolated from lymph nodes and spleen of IFN-gamma(-/-) AIA mice showed increased production of IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, but most prominently of IL-17. These elevations were paralleled by decreased humoral immune responses, with low serum levels of total and Ag-specific IgG (IgG1, IgG2a(b), IgG2b, IgG3). At immunohistology, the knee joints of IFN-gamma(-/-) AIA mice showed massive neutrophil granulocyte infiltration. Treatment with mAbs neutralizing IL-17 diminished the acute inflammation. In vitro, Th cell expansion and production of IL-17 upon restimulation were effectively and dose dependently inhibited by IFN-gamma. These results clearly demonstrate that IFN-gamma has anti-inflammatory properties during the initial phase of AIA, and indicate that IFN-gamma deficiency exerts disease-promoting effects, preferentially via IL-17-modulated pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo M Irmler
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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Coppieters K, Van Beneden K, Jacques P, Dewint P, Vervloet A, Vander Cruyssen B, Van Calenbergh S, Chen G, Franck RW, Verbruggen G, Deforce D, Matthys P, Tsuji M, Rottiers P, Elewaut D. A Single Early Activation of Invariant NK T Cells Confers Long-Term Protection against Collagen-Induced Arthritis in a Ligand-Specific Manner. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:2300-9. [PMID: 17675491 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.4.2300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The glycosphingolipid alpha-galactosylceramide (alpha-GalCer) has been shown to be a potent activator of invariant NKT (iNKT) cells, rapidly inducing large amounts of both Th1 and Th2 cytokines upon injection in mice. The C-glycoside analog of alpha-GalCer (alpha-C-GalCer), by contrast, results in an enhanced Th1-type response upon activation of iNKT cells. We administered a single dose of these Ags to DBA/1 mice during the early induction phase of collagen-induced arthritis and demonstrated therapeutic efficacy of alpha-GalCer when administered early rather than late during the disease. Surprisingly, the Th1-polarizing analog alpha-C-GalCer also conferred protection. Furthermore, a biphasic role of IFN-gamma in the effect of iNKT cell stimulation was observed. Whereas in vivo neutralization of IFN-gamma release induced by either alpha-GalCer or alpha-C-GalCer early during the course of disease resulted in partial improvement of clinical arthritis symptoms, blockade of IFN-gamma release later on resulted in a more rapid onset of arthritis. Although no phenotypic changes in conventional T cells, macrophages, or APCs could be detected, important functional differences in T cell cytokine production in serum were observed upon polyclonal T cell activation, 2 wk after onset of arthritis. Whereas alpha-GalCer-treated mice produced significantly higher amounts of IL-10 upon systemic anti-CD3 stimulation compared with PBS controls, T cells from alpha-C-GalCer-treated mice, by contrast, produced substantially lower levels of cytokines, suggesting the involvement of different protective mechanisms. In conclusion, these findings suggest long-term, ligand-specific, time-dependent, and partially IFN-gamma-dependent immunomodulatory effects of iNKT cells in collagen-induced arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Coppieters
- Laboratory for Molecular Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Rheumatology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Weaver CT, Hatton RD, Mangan PR, Harrington LE. IL-17 family cytokines and the expanding diversity of effector T cell lineages. Annu Rev Immunol 2007; 25:821-52. [PMID: 17201677 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.25.022106.141557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1386] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Since its conception two decades ago, the Th1-Th2 paradigm has provided a framework for understanding T cell biology and the interplay of innate and adaptive immunity. Naive T cells differentiate into effector T cells with enhanced functional potential for orchestrating pathogen clearance largely under the guidance of cytokines produced by cells of the innate immune system that have been activated by recognition of those pathogens. This secondary education of post-thymic T cells provides a mechanism for appropriately matching adaptive immunity to frontline cues of the innate immune system. Owing in part to the rapid identification of novel cytokines of the IL-17 and IL-12 families using database searches, the factors that specify differentiation of a new effector T cell lineage-Th17-have now been identified, providing a new arm of adaptive immunity and presenting a unifying model that can explain many heretofore confusing aspects of immune regulation, immune pathogenesis, and host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey T Weaver
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA.
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Afzali B, Lombardi G, Lechler RI, Lord GM. The role of T helper 17 (Th17) and regulatory T cells (Treg) in human organ transplantation and autoimmune disease. Clin Exp Immunol 2007; 148:32-46. [PMID: 17328715 PMCID: PMC1868863 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2007.03356.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 553] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Uncommitted (naive) murine CD4+ T helper cells (Thp) can be induced to differentiate towards T helper 1 (Th1), Th2, Th17 and regulatory (Treg) phenotypes according to the local cytokine milieu. This can be demonstrated most readily both in vitro and in vivo in murine CD4+ T cells. The presence of interleukin (IL)-12 [signalling through signal transduction and activator of transcription (STAT)-4] skews towards Th1, IL-4 (signalling through STAT-6) towards Th2, transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta towards Treg and IL-6 and TGF-beta towards Th17. The committed cells are characterized by expression of specific transcription factors, T-bet for Th1, GATA-3 for Th2, forkhead box P3 (FoxP3) for Tregs and RORgammat for Th17 cells. Recently, it has been demonstrated that the skewing of murine Thp towards Th17 and Treg is mutually exclusive. Although human Thp can also be skewed towards Th1 and Th2 phenotypes there is as yet no direct evidence for the existence of discrete Th17 cells in humans nor of mutually antagonistic development of Th17 cells and Tregs. There is considerable evidence, however, both in humans and in mice for the importance of interferon (IFN)-gamma and IL-17 in the development and progression of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases (AD). Unexpectedly, some models of autoimmunity thought traditionally to be solely Th1-dependent have been demonstrated subsequently to have a non-redundant requirement for Th17 cells, notably experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and collagen-induced arthritis. In contrast, Tregs have anti-inflammatory properties and can cause quiescence of autoimmune diseases and prolongation of transplant function. As a result, it can be proposed that skewing of responses towards Th17 or Th1 and away from Treg may be responsible for the development and/or progression of AD or acute transplant rejection in humans. Blocking critical cytokines in vivo, notably IL-6, may result in a shift from a Th17 towards a regulatory phenotype and induce quiescence of AD or prevent transplant rejection. In this paper we review Th17/IL-17 and Treg biology and expand on this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Afzali
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation, King's College London, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital, UK
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Gottenberg JE, Chiocchia G. Dendritic cells and interferon-mediated autoimmunity. Biochimie 2007; 89:856-71. [PMID: 17562353 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2007.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2007] [Accepted: 04/23/2007] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are central cells of the immune responses. They can be considered as the most influential antigen-presenting cells in the body because of their unique role in initiating immunity against most types of antigens. Recent studies have clearly established that the state of maturation of DC can be crucial for the ability of these antigen-presenting cells to inhibit or induce T-cell-mediated autoimmune diseases. Type I interferon has been shown to be produced at very high amounts by a specific type of DC (pDC). In recent years, the study of multiple autoimmune diseases has pointed to a central role for type I interferon (IFN-I) in disease pathogenesis, in particular through the IFN-molecular signature deciphered in some of these diseases. One hypothesis would be that IFN directly affects multiple actors of the immune reaction such as T cells and B cells and that it can induce the unabated activation of peripheral dendritic cells. On the other hand, type II IFN has been considered as pathogenic in multiple autoimmune diseases leading to the paradigm of TH-1 type autoimmune diseases. The discovery of the TH-17 type of cells and the protective role IFN-gamma can exert on particular phases of these diseases urge one to re-evaluate this assumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques-Eric Gottenberg
- Département d'Immunologie, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS (UMR 8104), Paris, France
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Reddy M, Davis C, Wong J, Marsters P, Pendley C, Prabhakar U. Modulation of CLA, IL-12R, CD40L, and IL-2Rα expression and inhibition of IL-12- and IL-23-induced cytokine secretion by CNTO 1275. Cell Immunol 2007; 247:1-11. [PMID: 17761156 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2007.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2007] [Revised: 06/25/2007] [Accepted: 06/25/2007] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-23 are implicated in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. IL-12 causes differentiation of CD4+ T cells to interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)-producing T helper 1 (Th1) cells, while IL-23 induces differentiation to IL-17-producing pathogenic Th17 cells. The effects of the monoclonal antibody to IL-12/23 p40 subunit (CNTO 1275) on IL-12 receptor (IL-12R) expression, markers associated with skin homing, activation, and cytokine secretion were investigated in vitro using human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy donors. PBMCs were activated in the presence or absence of recombinant human (rh) IL-12 or rhIL-23, with or without CNTO 1275. CNTO 1275 inhibited upregulation of CLA, IL-12R, IL-2Ralpha and CD40L expression and also inhibited IL-12- and IL-23-induced IFN-gamma, IL-17A, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, IL-2, and IL-10 secretion. Thus, the therapeutic effect of CNTO 1275 may be attributed to the IL-12/23 neutralization, resulting in decreased expression of skin homing and activation markers, and IL-12- and IL-23-induced cytokine secretion.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte
- Antigens, Neoplasm/drug effects
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD40 Ligand/drug effects
- CD40 Ligand/metabolism
- Cell Culture Techniques
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Down-Regulation
- Humans
- Immunologic Factors/metabolism
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interleukin-12/genetics
- Interleukin-12/immunology
- Interleukin-12 Receptor beta 1 Subunit/genetics
- Interleukin-12 Receptor beta 1 Subunit/metabolism
- Interleukin-12 Receptor beta 2 Subunit/genetics
- Interleukin-12 Receptor beta 2 Subunit/metabolism
- Interleukin-12 Subunit p40/metabolism
- Interleukin-17/genetics
- Interleukin-17/metabolism
- Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit/genetics
- Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit/metabolism
- Interleukin-23 Subunit p19/metabolism
- Interleukins/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Membrane Glycoproteins/drug effects
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin/drug effects
- Receptors, Interleukin/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-12/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-12/metabolism
- Th1 Cells/drug effects
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
- Ustekinumab
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjula Reddy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Medicine, Centocor, Inc., Malvern, PA, USA.
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Wada Y, Lu R, Zhou D, Chu J, Przewloka T, Zhang S, Li L, Wu Y, Qin J, Balasubramanyam V, Barsoum J, Ono M. Selective abrogation of Th1 response by STA-5326, a potent IL-12/IL-23 inhibitor. Blood 2006; 109:1156-64. [PMID: 17053051 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-04-019398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The interleukin-12 (IL-12) cytokine induces the differentiation of naive T cells to the T helper cell type 1 (Th1) phenotype and is integral to the pathogenesis of Th1-mediated immunologic disorders. A more recently discovered IL-12 family member, IL-23, shares the p40 protein subunit with IL-12 and plays a critical role in the generation of effector memory T cells and IL-17-producing T cells. We introduce a novel compound, STA-5326, that down-regulates both IL-12 p35 and IL-12/IL-23 p40 at the transcriptional level, and inhibits the production of both IL-12 and IL-23 cytokines. Oral administration of STA-5326 led to a suppression of the Th1 but not Th2 immune response in mice. In vivo studies using a CD4+CD45Rbhigh T-cell transfer severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mouse inflammatory bowel disease model demonstrated that oral administration of STA-5326 markedly reduced inflammatory histopathologic changes in the colon. A striking decrease in interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) production was observed in ex vivo culture of lamina propria cells harvested from animals treated with STA-5326, indicating a down-regulation of the Th1 response by STA-5326. These results suggest that STA-5326 has potential for use in the treatment of Th1-related autoimmune or immunologic disorders. STA-5326 currently is being evaluated in phase 2 clinical trials in patients with Crohn disease and rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Wada
- Synta Pharmaceuticals Corp, Lexington, MA 02421, USA.
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Toichi E, Torres G, McCormick TS, Chang T, Mascelli MA, Kauffman CL, Aria N, Gottlieb AB, Everitt DE, Frederick B, Pendley CE, Cooper KD. An Anti-IL-12p40 Antibody Down-Regulates Type 1 Cytokines, Chemokines, and IL-12/IL-23 in Psoriasis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:4917-26. [PMID: 16982934 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.7.4917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis is characterized by activation of T cells with a type 1 cytokine profile. IL-12 and IL-23 produced by APCs are essential for inducing Th1 effector cells. Promising clinical results of administration of an Ab specific for the p40 subunit of IL-12 and IL-23 (anti-IL-12p40) have been reported recently. This study evaluated histological changes and mRNA expression of relevant cytokines and chemokines in psoriatic skin lesions following a single administration of anti-IL-12p40, using immunohistochemistry and real-time RT-PCR. Expression levels of type 1 cytokine (IFN-gamma) and chemokines (IL-8, IFN-gamma-inducible protein-10, and MCP-1) were significantly reduced at 2 wk posttreatment. The rapid decrease of these expression levels preceded clinical response and histologic changes. Interestingly, the level of an anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10, was also significantly reduced. Significant reductions in TNF-alpha levels and infiltrating T cells were observed in high responders (improvement in clinical score, > or =75% at 16 wk), but not in low responders. Of importance, the levels of APC cytokines, IL-12p40 and IL-23p19, were significantly decreased in both responder populations, with larger decreases in high responders. In addition, baseline levels of TNF-alpha significantly correlated with the clinical improvement at 16 wk, suggesting that these levels may predict therapeutic responsiveness to anti-IL-12p40. Thus, in a human Th1-mediated disease, blockade of APC cytokines by anti-IL-12p40 down-regulates expression of type 1 cytokines and chemokines that are downstream of IL-12/IL-23, and also IL-12/IL-23 themselves, with a pattern indicative of coordinated deactivation of APCs and Th1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiko Toichi
- Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals of Cleveland, 2109 Adelbert Road, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Weaver CT, Harrington LE, Mangan PR, Gavrieli M, Murphy KM. Th17: an effector CD4 T cell lineage with regulatory T cell ties. Immunity 2006; 24:677-688. [PMID: 16782025 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2006.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1025] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The naive CD4 T cell is a multipotential precursor with defined antigen recognition specificity but substantial plasticity for development down distinct effector or regulatory lineages, contingent upon signals from cells of the innate immune system. The range of identified effector CD4 T cell lineages has recently expanded with description of an IL-17-producing subset, called Th17, which develops via cytokine signals distinct from, and antagonized by, products of the Th1 and Th2 lineages. Remarkably, Th17 development depends on the pleiotropic cytokine TGF-beta, which is also linked to regulatory T cell development and function, providing a unique mechanism for matching CD4 T cell effector and regulatory lineage specification. Here, we review Th17 lineage development, emphasizing similarities and differences with established effector and regulatory T cell developmental programs that have important implications for immune regulation, immune pathogenesis, and host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey T Weaver
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294; Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294.
| | - Laurie E Harrington
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Paul R Mangan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Maya Gavrieli
- Department of Pathology and Center for Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Kenneth M Murphy
- Department of Pathology and Center for Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
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47
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Kreymborg K, Böhlmann U, Becher B. IL-23: changing the verdict on IL-12 function in inflammation and autoimmunity. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2006; 9:1123-36. [PMID: 16300465 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.9.6.1123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
IL-12 and IL-23 are molecules mainly produced by activated accessory and antigen-presenting cells. The tools for studying the biology of IL-12 in man and laboratory rodents have greatly advanced our appreciation of the central role of this molecule in cell-mediated immunity and inflammation. In particular, IL-12 is thought to be the prime-regulator of TH1 development. Targeting what was thought to be IL-12 function in vivo, resulted in drastic amelioration of inflammation and autoimmunity firmly linking TH1 polarisation to autoimmune development. Upon discovery of IL-23 and the fact that the large subunit of IL-23 is shared by IL-12, the research community only begins to grasp that the features attributed to IL-12 and TH1 development in inflammation are, in fact, dependent on IL-23 and not on IL-12. Hence, the perception of IL-12 biology is, to a large extent, based on a mistaken identity. In this review, the authors provide an overview of their current understanding of IL-12 and IL-23 biology in inflammation and autoimmunity, and how this viewpoint has been readjusted over the past 15 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Kreymborg
- Department of Neurology, Universitätsspital/University of Zürich, Frauenklinikstrasse 10, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
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48
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Yen D, Cheung J, Scheerens H, Poulet F, McClanahan T, Mckenzie B, Kleinschek MA, Owyang A, Mattson J, Blumenschein W, Murphy E, Sathe M, Cua DJ, Kastelein RA, Rennick D. IL-23 is essential for T cell-mediated colitis and promotes inflammation via IL-17 and IL-6. J Clin Invest 2006; 116:1310-6. [PMID: 16670770 PMCID: PMC1451201 DOI: 10.1172/jci21404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1179] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2004] [Accepted: 02/07/2006] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Uncontrolled mucosal immunity in the gastrointestinal tract of humans results in chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), such as Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis. In early clinical trials as well as in animal models, IL-12 has been implicated as a major mediator of these diseases based on the ability of anti-p40 mAb treatment to reverse intestinal inflammation. The cytokine IL-23 shares the same p40 subunit with IL-12, and the anti-p40 mAbs used in human and mouse IBD studies neutralized the activities of both IL-12 and IL-23. IL-10-deficient mice spontaneously develop enterocolitis. To determine how IL-23 contributes to intestinal inflammation, we studied the disease susceptibility in the absence of either IL-23 or IL-12 in this model, as well as the ability of recombinant IL-23 to exacerbate IBD induced by T cell transfer. Our study shows that in these models, IL-23 is essential for manifestation of chronic intestinal inflammation, whereas IL-12 is not. A critical target of IL-23 is a unique subset of tissue-homing memory T cells, which are specifically activated by IL-23 to produce the proinflammatory mediators IL-17 and IL-6. This pathway may be responsible for chronic intestinal inflammation as well as other chronic autoimmune inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Yen
- Department of Discovery Research, Schering-Plough Biopharma, Palo Alto, California, USA.
Schering-Plough Research Institute, Lafayette, New Jersey, USA.
Department of Experimental Pathology and Pharmacology, Schering-Plough Biopharma, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Jeanne Cheung
- Department of Discovery Research, Schering-Plough Biopharma, Palo Alto, California, USA.
Schering-Plough Research Institute, Lafayette, New Jersey, USA.
Department of Experimental Pathology and Pharmacology, Schering-Plough Biopharma, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Heleen Scheerens
- Department of Discovery Research, Schering-Plough Biopharma, Palo Alto, California, USA.
Schering-Plough Research Institute, Lafayette, New Jersey, USA.
Department of Experimental Pathology and Pharmacology, Schering-Plough Biopharma, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Frédérique Poulet
- Department of Discovery Research, Schering-Plough Biopharma, Palo Alto, California, USA.
Schering-Plough Research Institute, Lafayette, New Jersey, USA.
Department of Experimental Pathology and Pharmacology, Schering-Plough Biopharma, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Terrill McClanahan
- Department of Discovery Research, Schering-Plough Biopharma, Palo Alto, California, USA.
Schering-Plough Research Institute, Lafayette, New Jersey, USA.
Department of Experimental Pathology and Pharmacology, Schering-Plough Biopharma, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Brent Mckenzie
- Department of Discovery Research, Schering-Plough Biopharma, Palo Alto, California, USA.
Schering-Plough Research Institute, Lafayette, New Jersey, USA.
Department of Experimental Pathology and Pharmacology, Schering-Plough Biopharma, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Melanie A. Kleinschek
- Department of Discovery Research, Schering-Plough Biopharma, Palo Alto, California, USA.
Schering-Plough Research Institute, Lafayette, New Jersey, USA.
Department of Experimental Pathology and Pharmacology, Schering-Plough Biopharma, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Alex Owyang
- Department of Discovery Research, Schering-Plough Biopharma, Palo Alto, California, USA.
Schering-Plough Research Institute, Lafayette, New Jersey, USA.
Department of Experimental Pathology and Pharmacology, Schering-Plough Biopharma, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Jeanine Mattson
- Department of Discovery Research, Schering-Plough Biopharma, Palo Alto, California, USA.
Schering-Plough Research Institute, Lafayette, New Jersey, USA.
Department of Experimental Pathology and Pharmacology, Schering-Plough Biopharma, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Wendy Blumenschein
- Department of Discovery Research, Schering-Plough Biopharma, Palo Alto, California, USA.
Schering-Plough Research Institute, Lafayette, New Jersey, USA.
Department of Experimental Pathology and Pharmacology, Schering-Plough Biopharma, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Erin Murphy
- Department of Discovery Research, Schering-Plough Biopharma, Palo Alto, California, USA.
Schering-Plough Research Institute, Lafayette, New Jersey, USA.
Department of Experimental Pathology and Pharmacology, Schering-Plough Biopharma, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Manjiri Sathe
- Department of Discovery Research, Schering-Plough Biopharma, Palo Alto, California, USA.
Schering-Plough Research Institute, Lafayette, New Jersey, USA.
Department of Experimental Pathology and Pharmacology, Schering-Plough Biopharma, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Daniel J. Cua
- Department of Discovery Research, Schering-Plough Biopharma, Palo Alto, California, USA.
Schering-Plough Research Institute, Lafayette, New Jersey, USA.
Department of Experimental Pathology and Pharmacology, Schering-Plough Biopharma, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Robert A. Kastelein
- Department of Discovery Research, Schering-Plough Biopharma, Palo Alto, California, USA.
Schering-Plough Research Institute, Lafayette, New Jersey, USA.
Department of Experimental Pathology and Pharmacology, Schering-Plough Biopharma, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Donna Rennick
- Department of Discovery Research, Schering-Plough Biopharma, Palo Alto, California, USA.
Schering-Plough Research Institute, Lafayette, New Jersey, USA.
Department of Experimental Pathology and Pharmacology, Schering-Plough Biopharma, Palo Alto, California, USA
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Harrington LE, Mangan PR, Weaver CT. Expanding the effector CD4 T-cell repertoire: the Th17 lineage. Curr Opin Immunol 2006; 18:349-56. [PMID: 16616472 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2006.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 429] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2006] [Accepted: 03/28/2006] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Th1/Th2 paradigm has provided the framework for understanding CD4 T-cell biology and the interplay between innate and adaptive immunity for almost two decades. Recent studies have defined a previously unknown arm of the CD4 T-cell effector response--the Th17 lineage--that promises to change our understanding of immune regulation, immune pathogenesis and host defense. The factors that specify differentiation of IL-17-producing effector T-cells from naïve T-cell precursors are being rapidly discovered and are providing insights into mechanisms by which signals from cells of the innate immune system guide alternative pathways of Th1, Th2 or Th17 development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie E Harrington
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 845 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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50
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Ohmura K, Nguyen LT, Locksley RM, Mathis D, Benoist C. Interleukin-4 can be a key positive regulator of inflammatory arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 52:1866-75. [PMID: 15934072 DOI: 10.1002/art.21104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Development of arthritis in the K/BxN mouse model depends on the induction of high titers of antibodies against the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI), promoted by CD4(+) T cells expressing a GPI-specific transgenic T cell receptor (TCR). This study was undertaken to determine whether this strong autoantibody response depends on T cell differentiation to the Th1 or Th2 phenotype. METHODS The roles of Th cell-biasing cytokines were investigated by introducing the interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-12-specific subunit p35 (IL-12p35)-knockout mutations into the K/BxN model and evaluating the impact of these deficiencies on disease. The IL-4-expressing cell types in K/BxN mice were revealed by crossing in a knockin alteration, which resulted in green fluorescent protein expression controlled by endogenous IL-4 gene-regulatory elements. Transfer experiments permitted the identification of the IL-4-producing cell type required for arthritis, and quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction allowed for determination of the cytokine profile of K/BxN T cells. RESULTS While IL-12p35 appeared dispensable for the development of arthritis, IL-4 was crucial for full development of disease. The GPI-reactive TCR of standard K/BxN mice induced the transcriptional activation of the IL-4 locus in CD4(+) T cells and eosinophils, and CD4(+) T cells were the obligatory source of IL-4 for disease. However, the cytokine profile of K/BxN T cells revealed that K/BxN arthritis is not a "pure" Th2 disease. CONCLUSION The K/BxN model, although not a classic Th2 disease, depends critically on IL-4. The potential of IL-4 to promote inflammatory arthritis should be considered when proposing therapies for rheumatoid arthritis aimed at biasing T cells toward IL-4 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Ohmura
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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