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Brownlie RJ, Salmond RJ. Regulation of T Cell Signaling and Immune Responses by PTPN22. Mol Cell Biol 2024; 44:443-452. [PMID: 39039893 DOI: 10.1080/10985549.2024.2378810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) play central roles in the regulation of cell signaling, organismal development, cellular differentiation and proliferation, and cancer. In the immune system, PTPs regulate the activation, differentiation and effector function of lymphocytes and myeloid cells whilst single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in PTP-encoding genes have been identified as risk factors for the development of autoimmunity. In this review we describe the roles for PTP nonreceptor type 22 (PTPN22) in the regulation of T lymphocyte signaling and activation in autoimmunity, infection and cancer. We summarize recent progress in our understanding of the regulation of PTPN22 activity, the impact of autoimmune disease-associated PTPN22 SNPs on T cell responses and describe approaches to harness PTPN22 as a target to improve T cell-based immunotherapies in cancer.
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Poirier A, Ormonde JVS, Aubry I, Abidin BM, Feng CH, Martinez-Cordova Z, Hincapie AM, Wu C, Pérez-Quintero LA, Wang CL, Gingras AC, Madrenas J, Tremblay ML. The induction of SHP-1 degradation by TAOK3 ensures the responsiveness of T cells to TCR stimulation. Sci Signal 2024; 17:eadg4422. [PMID: 38166031 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.adg4422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Thousand-and-one-amino acid kinase 3 (TAOK3) is a serine and threonine kinase that belongs to the STE-20 family of kinases. Its absence reduces T cell receptor (TCR) signaling and increases the interaction of the tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1, a major negative regulator of proximal TCR signaling, with the kinase LCK, a component of the core TCR signaling complex. Here, we used mouse models and human cell lines to investigate the mechanism by which TAOK3 limits the interaction of SHP-1 with LCK. The loss of TAOK3 decreased the survival of naïve CD4+ T cells by dampening the transmission of tonic and ligand-dependent TCR signaling. In mouse T cells, Taok3 promoted the secretion of interleukin-2 (IL-2) in response to TCR activation in a manner that depended on Taok3 gene dosage and on Taok3 kinase activity. TCR desensitization in Taok3-/- T cells was caused by an increased abundance of Shp-1, and pharmacological inhibition of Shp-1 rescued the activation potential of these T cells. TAOK3 phosphorylated threonine-394 in the phosphatase domain of SHP-1, which promoted its ubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation. The loss of TAOK3 had no effect on the abundance of SHP-2, which lacks a residue corresponding to SHP-1 threonine-394. Modulation of SHP-1 abundance by TAOK3 thus serves as a rheostat for TCR signaling and determines the activation threshold of T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Poirier
- Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montréal, H3A 1A3 Québec, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - João Vitor Silva Ormonde
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, Center for Research in Energy and Materials (LNBio - CNPEM), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isabelle Aubry
- Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montréal, H3A 1A3 Québec, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Belma Melda Abidin
- Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montréal, H3A 1A3 Québec, Canada
| | - Chu-Han Feng
- Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montréal, H3A 1A3 Québec, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Zuzet Martinez-Cordova
- Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montréal, H3A 1A3 Québec, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Ana Maria Hincapie
- Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montréal, H3A 1A3 Québec, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Chenyue Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Chia-Lin Wang
- NYU Langone Medical Center, 660 1st Ave, Fl 5, New York City, NY 10016, USA
| | - Anne Claude Gingras
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Joaquín Madrenas
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 40095, USA
| | - Michel L Tremblay
- Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montréal, H3A 1A3 Québec, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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3
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Sudholz H, Delconte RB, Huntington ND. Interleukin-15 cytokine checkpoints in natural killer cell anti-tumor immunity. Curr Opin Immunol 2023; 84:102364. [PMID: 37451129 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2023.102364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Over recent years, the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) has progressed to first and second-line treatments in several cancer types, transforming patient outcomes. While these treatments target T cell checkpoints, such as PD-1, LAG3 and CTLA-4, their efficacy can be compromised through adaptive resistance whereby tumors acquire mutations in genes regulating neoantigen presentation by MHC-I [93]. ICI-responsive tumor types such as advanced metastatic melanoma typically have a high mutational burden and immune infiltration; however, most patients still do not benefit from ICI monotherapy for a number of reasons [94]. This highlights the need for novel immunotherapy strategies that evoke the immune control of tumor cells with low neoantigen/MHC-I expression, overcome immune suppressive tumor microenvironments and promote tumor inflammation. In this regard, targeting natural killer (NK) cells may offer a solution to some of these bottlenecks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harrison Sudholz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Rebecca B Delconte
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York 10065, USA
| | - Nicholas D Huntington
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; oNKo-Innate Pty Ltd, Moonee Ponds, Victoria 3039, Australia.
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Laletin V, Bernard PL, Costa da Silva C, Guittard G, Nunes JA. Negative intracellular regulators of T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling as potential antitumor immunotherapy targets. J Immunother Cancer 2023; 11:e005845. [PMID: 37217244 PMCID: PMC10231026 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2022-005845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy strategies aim to mobilize immune defenses against tumor cells by targeting mainly T cells. Co-inhibitory receptors or immune checkpoints (ICPs) (such as PD-1 and CTLA4) can limit T cell receptor (TCR) signal propagation in T cells. Antibody-based blocking of immune checkpoints (immune checkpoint inhibitors, ICIs) enable escape from ICP inhibition of TCR signaling. ICI therapies have significantly impacted the prognosis and survival of patients with cancer. However, many patients remain refractory to these treatments. Thus, alternative approaches for cancer immunotherapy are needed. In addition to membrane-associated inhibitory molecules, a growing number of intracellular molecules may also serve to downregulate signaling cascades triggered by TCR engagement. These molecules are known as intracellular immune checkpoints (iICPs). Blocking the expression or the activity of these intracellular negative signaling molecules is a novel field of action to boost T cell-mediated antitumor responses. This area is rapidly expanding. Indeed, more than 30 different potential iICPs have been identified. Over the past 5 years, several phase I/II clinical trials targeting iICPs in T cells have been registered. In this study, we summarize recent preclinical and clinical data demonstrating that immunotherapies targeting T cell iICPs can mediate regression of solid tumors including (membrane associated) immune-checkpoint inhibitor refractory cancers. Finally, we discuss how these iICPs are targeted and controlled. Thereby, iICP inhibition is a promising strategy opening new avenues for future cancer immunotherapy treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Laletin
- Immunity and Cancer, Cancer Research Centre Marseille, Marseille, France
- Onco-hematology and immuno-oncology (OHIO), Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Pierre-Louis Bernard
- Immunity and Cancer, Cancer Research Centre Marseille, Marseille, France
- Onco-hematology and immuno-oncology (OHIO), Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Cathy Costa da Silva
- Immunity and Cancer, Cancer Research Centre Marseille, Marseille, France
- Onco-hematology and immuno-oncology (OHIO), Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Geoffrey Guittard
- Immunity and Cancer, Cancer Research Centre Marseille, Marseille, France
- Onco-hematology and immuno-oncology (OHIO), Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Jacques A Nunes
- Immunity and Cancer, Cancer Research Centre Marseille, Marseille, France
- Onco-hematology and immuno-oncology (OHIO), Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Marseille, France
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Chen L, Chau WY, Yuen HT, Liu XH, Qi RZ, Lung ML, Lung HL. THY1 (CD90) Maintains the Adherens Junctions in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma via Inhibition of SRC Activation. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15072189. [PMID: 37046850 PMCID: PMC10093038 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15072189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
We had previously shown that THY1 (CD90) is a tumor suppressor in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and that its down-regulation and loss of expression are associated with tumor metastasis, yet the mechanism leading to such effects remains unknown. In this study we show that tumor invasion could be suppressed by THY1 via adherens junction formation in a few NPC cell lines, and knockdown of THY1 would disrupt this cell-cell adhesion phenotype. Mechanistically, the activity of the SRC family kinase (SFK) member, SRC, and canonical Wnt signaling were dramatically reduced when THY1 was constitutively expressed. Previous studies by others have found that high levels of SRC activity in NPCs are associated with EMT and a poor prognosis. We hypothesized that THY1 can suppress tumor invasion in NPC via inhibition of SRC. By gene silencing of SRC, we found that the in vitro NPC cell invasion was significantly reduced and adherens junctions were restored. Through proteomic analysis, we identified that platelet-derived growth factor receptor β (PDGF-Rβ) and protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor type 22 (PTPN22) are novel and potential binding partners of THY1, which were subsequently verified by co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) analysis. The ligand of PDGF-Rβ (PDGF-BB) could highly induce SRC activation and NPC cell invasion, which could be almost completely suppressed by THY1 expression. On the other hand, the PTPN22 siRNA could enhance both the SRC activities and the cell invasion and could also disrupt the adherens junctions in the THY1-expressing NPC cells; the original THY1-induced phenotypes were reverted when the PTPN22 expression was reduced. Together, our results identified that PTPN22 is essential for THY1 to suppress cell invasion and SRC activity, maintain tight adherens junctions, and prevent NPC metastasis. These results suggested that PDGF-Rβ and SRC can be used as drug targets for suppressing NPC metastasis. Indeed, our in vivo assay using the SRC inhibitor KX2-391, clearly showed that inhibition of SRC signaling can prevent the metastasis of NPC, indicating that targeting SRC can be a promising approach to control the NPC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luo Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Wai Yin Chau
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Hei Tung Yuen
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Xiao Han Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Robert Zhong Qi
- Bioscience and Biomedical Engineering Thrust, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511400, China
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Maria Li Lung
- Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Hong Lok Lung
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, China
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Álvarez L, Marín-García PJ, Llobat L. Immunological and genomic characterization of Ibizan Hound dogs in an endemic Leishmania infantum region. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:445. [DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05504-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The Ibizan Hound is a canine breed native to the Mediterranean region, where leishmaniosis is an endemic zoonosis. Several studies indicate low prevalence of this disease in these dogs but the underlying molecular mechanism remains unknown.
Methods
In this study, qualitative immunological and genomic profiles of this breed have been analyzed.
Results
Our analysis shows relevant differences between the cytokine serum profile of Ibizan Hound dogs and previously published data from other canine strains. Additionally, several genetic risk variants related to the immune response, regulation of the immune system, and genes encoding cytokines and their receptors have been studied. The most relevant genes that presented such fixed polymorphisms were IFNG and IL6R. Other variants with frequencies ≥ 0.7 were found in the genes ARHGAP18, DAPK1, GNAI2, MITF, IL12RB1, LTBP1, SCL28A3, SCL35D2, PTPN22, CIITA, THEMIS, and CD180. Epigenetic regulatory genes such as HEY2 and L3MBTL3 showed also intronic polymorphisms.
Conclusions
Our analysis and results indicate that the regulation of immune responses is different in Ibizan Hounds compared to other breeds. Future studies are needed to elucidate whether these differences are related to the low prevalence of L. infantum infection in the Ibizan Hound.
Graphical Abstract
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Jassim BA, Lin J, Zhang ZY. PTPN22: Structure, Function, and Developments in Inhibitor Discovery with Applications for Immunotherapy. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2022; 17:825-837. [PMID: 35637605 PMCID: PMC9378720 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2022.2084607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION While immunotherapy strategies such as immune checkpoint inhibition and adoptive T cell therapy have become commonplace in cancer therapy, they suffer from limitations, including lack of patient response and toxicity. To wield the maximum potential of the immune system, cancer immunotherapy must integrate novel targets and therapeutic strategies with potential to augment clinical efficacy of currently utilized immunotherapies. PTPN22, a member of the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) superfamily that downregulates T cell signaling and proliferation, has recently emerged as a systemically druggable and novel immunotherapy target. AREAS COVERED This review describes the basics of PTPN22 structure and function and provides comprehensive insight into recent advances in small molecule PTPN22 inhibitor development and the immense potential of PTPN22 inhibition to synergize with current immunotherapies. EXPERT OPINION It is apparent that small molecule PTPN22 inhibitors have enormous potential to augment efficacy of current immunotherapy strategies such as checkpoint inhibition and adoptive cell transfer. Nevertheless, several constraints must be overcome before these inhibitors can be applied as useful therapeutics, namely selectivity, potency, and in vivo efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenson A Jassim
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, West Lafayette
| | - Jianping Lin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, West Lafayette
| | - Zhong-Yin Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, West Lafayette
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8
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Brian BF, Sjaastad FV, Freedman TS. SH3-domain mutations selectively disrupt Csk homodimerization or PTPN22 binding. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5875. [PMID: 35393453 PMCID: PMC8989918 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09589-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The kinase Csk is the primary negative regulator of the Src-family kinases (SFKs, e.g., Lck, Fyn, Lyn, Hck, Fgr, Blk, Yes), phosphorylating a tyrosine on the SFK C-terminal tail that mediates autoinhibition. Csk also binds phosphatases, including PTPN12 (PTP-PEST) and immune-cell PTPN22 (LYP/Pep), which dephosphorylate the SFK activation loop to promote autoinhibition. Csk-binding proteins (e.g., CBP/PAG1) oligomerize within membrane microdomains, and high local concentration promotes Csk function. Purified Csk homodimerizes in solution through an interface that overlaps the phosphatase binding footprint. Here we demonstrate that Csk can homodimerize in Jurkat T cells, in competition with PTPN22 binding. We designed SH3-domain mutations in Csk that selectively impair homodimerization (H21I) or PTPN22 binding (K43D) and verified their kinase activity in solution. Disruption of either interaction in cells, however, decreased the negative-regulatory function of Csk. Csk W47A, a substitution previously reported to block PTPN22 binding, had a secondary effect of impairing homodimerization. Csk H21I and K43D will be useful tools for dissecting the protein-specific drivers of autoimmunity mediated by the human polymorphism PTPN22 R620W, which impairs interaction with Csk and with the E3 ubiquitin ligase TRAF3. Future investigations of Csk homodimer activity and phosphatase interactions may reveal new facets of SFK regulation in hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben F Brian
- Graduate Program in Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.,Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94170, USA
| | - Frances V Sjaastad
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.,Department of Cardiac Rhythm Management, Medtronic, Mounds View, MN, 55112, USA
| | - Tanya S Freedman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA. .,Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA. .,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA. .,Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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9
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The Immunogenetics of Systemic Sclerosis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1367:259-298. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-92616-8_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Elhassan RM, Hou X, Fang H. Recent advances in the development of allosteric protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitors for drug discovery. Med Res Rev 2021; 42:1064-1110. [PMID: 34791703 DOI: 10.1002/med.21871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) superfamily catalyzes tyrosine de-phosphorylation which affects a myriad of cellular processes. Imbalance in signal pathways mediated by PTPs has been associated with development of many human diseases including cancer, metabolic, and immunological diseases. Several compelling evidence suggest that many members of PTP family are novel therapeutic targets. However, the clinical development of conventional PTP-based active-site inhibitors originally was hampered by the poor selectivity and pharmacokinetic properties. In this regard, PTPs has been widely dismissed as "undruggable." Nonetheless, allosteric modulation has become increasingly an influential and alternative approach that can be exploited for drug development against PTPs. Unlike active-site inhibitors, allosteric inhibitors exhibit a remarkable target-selectivity, drug-likeness, potency, and in vivo activity. Intriguingly, there has been a high interest in novel allosteric PTPs inhibitors within the last years. In this review, we focus on the recent advances of allosteric inhibitors that have been explored in drug discovery and have shown an excellent result in the development of PTPs-based therapeutics. A special emphasis is placed on the structure-activity relationship and molecular mechanistic studies illustrating applications in chemical biology and medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reham M Elhassan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xuben Hou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Hao Fang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Kubanov AA, Karamova AE, Chikin VV, Verbenko DA, Znamenskaya LF, Artamonova OG. Genetic markers for psoriatic arthritis in patients with psoriasis. Part I: non-HLA genes. VESTNIK DERMATOLOGII I VENEROLOGII 2021. [DOI: 10.25208/vdv1260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriatic arthritis often develops in patients with psoriasis and can lead to joint deformity, stiffness, dysfunction, and disability. Psoriatic arthritis is a polygenic disease. and the issue of personalizing the prognosis of its development can only be resolved taking into account the variability of plenty genomic loci associated with the development of the disease. The personification of the prognosis of the disease can be solved taking into account the variability of the set of genomic loci with which its development is associated. The review examines genomic polymorphisms associated with the development of psoriatic arthritis not psoriasis, except of HLA polymorphisms. Genome regions containing polymorphisms, allelic variants of which are associated both with the development of psoriatic arthritis and reducing the likelihood of its occurrence, are described. It has been reported that the predisposition to the development of psoriatic arthritis in patients with psoriasis is determined by genes encoding proteins involved in inflammation and bone metabolism.
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12
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Shaw AM, Qasem A, Naser SA. Modulation of PTPN2/22 Function by Spermidine in CRISPR-Cas9-Edited T-Cells Associated with Crohn's Disease and Rheumatoid Arthritis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8883. [PMID: 34445589 PMCID: PMC8396355 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Crohn's Disease (CD) and Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) share some single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor types 2 and 22 (PTPN2/22). Recently, we reported that clinical samples from CD and RA patients associated with PTPN2:rs478582 or PTPN22:rs2476601 genotypes were linked to overactive immune response and exacerbation of inflammation. Here, we investigated in vitro the effects of these SNPs in Jurkat T-cells using CRISPR-Cas9. All cells were evaluated for PTPN22/22 loss of function and effects on cell response. We measured gene expression via RT-qPCR and cytokines by ELISA. We also measured cell proliferation using a BrdU labeling proliferation ELISA, and T-cell activation using CD-25 fluorescent immunostaining. In PTPN2 SNP-edited cells, PTPN2 expression decreased by 3.2-fold, and proliferation increased by 10.2-fold compared to control. Likewise, expression of PTPN22 decreased by 2.4-fold and proliferation increased by 8.4-fold in PTPN22 SNP-edited cells. IFN-γ and TNF-α secretions increased in both edited cell lines. CD25 expression (cell activation) was 80.32% in PTPN2 SNP-edited cells and 85.82% in PTPN22 SNP-edited cells compared to 70.48% in unedited Jurkat T-cells. Treatment of PTPN2 and PTPN22-edited cells with a maximum 20 μM spermidine restored PTPN2/22 expression and cell response including cell proliferation, activation, and cytokines secretion. Most importantly, the effect of spermidine on edited cells restored normal expression and secretion of IFN-γ and TNF-α. The data clearly demonstrated that edited SNPs in PTPN2 or PTPN22 were associated with reduced gene expression, which resulted in an increase in cell proliferation and activation and overactive immune response. The data validated our earlier observations in CD and RA clinical samples. Surprisingly, spermidine restored PTPN2/22 expression in edited Jurkat T-cells and the consequent beneficial effect on cell response and inflammation. The study supports the use of polyamines dietary supplements for management of CD and in RA patients.
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MESH Headings
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/genetics
- CRISPR-Cas Systems
- Crohn Disease/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic/drug effects
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Humans
- Jurkat Cells
- Leukemia, T-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, T-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, T-Cell/pathology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 2/genetics
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 2/metabolism
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 22/antagonists & inhibitors
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 22/genetics
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 22/metabolism
- Spermidine/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Saleh A. Naser
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, 4110 Libra Drive, Orlando, FL 32816, USA; (A.M.S.); (A.Q.)
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13
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Tizaoui K, Terrazzino S, Cargnin S, Lee KH, Gauckler P, Li H, Shin JI, Kronbichler A. The role of PTPN22 in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases: A comprehensive review. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2021; 51:513-522. [PMID: 33866147 DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2021.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of autoimmune diseases is increasing worldwide, thus stimulating studies on their etiopathogenesis, derived from a complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors. Genetic association studies have shown the PTPN22 gene as a shared genetic risk factor with implications in multiple autoimmune disorders. By encoding a protein tyrosine phosphatase expressed by the majority of cells belonging to the innate and adaptive immune systems, the PTPN22 gene may have a fundamental role in the development of immune dysfunction. PTPN22 polymorphisms are associated with rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes, systemic lupus erythematosus, and many other autoimmune conditions. In this review, we discuss the progress in our understanding of how PTPN22 impacts autoimmunity in both humans and animal models. In addition, we highlight the pathogenic significance of the PTPN22 gene, with particular emphasis on its role in T and B cells, and its function in innate immune cells, such as monocytes, dendritic and natural killer cells. We focus particularly on the complexity of PTPN22 interplay with biological processes of the immune system. Findings highlight the importance of studying the function of disease-associated PTPN22 variants in different cell types and open new avenues of investigation with the potential to drive further insights into mechanisms of PTPN22. These new insights will reveal important clues to the molecular mechanisms of prevalent autoimmune diseases and propose new potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalthoum Tizaoui
- Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Histology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis 1068, Tunisia
| | - Salvatore Terrazzino
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Interdepartmental Research Center of Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics (CRIFF), University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Sarah Cargnin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Interdepartmental Research Center of Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics (CRIFF), University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Keum Hwa Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Philipp Gauckler
- Department of Internal Medicine IV (Nephrology and Hypertension), Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Han Li
- University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States
| | - Jae Il Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Andreas Kronbichler
- Department of Internal Medicine IV (Nephrology and Hypertension), Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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14
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Armitage LH, Wallet MA, Mathews CE. Influence of PTPN22 Allotypes on Innate and Adaptive Immune Function in Health and Disease. Front Immunol 2021; 12:636618. [PMID: 33717184 PMCID: PMC7946861 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.636618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 22 (PTPN22) regulates a panoply of leukocyte signaling pathways. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in PTPN22, rs2476601, is associated with increased risk of Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) and other autoimmune diseases. Over the past decade PTPN22 has been studied intensely in T cell receptor (TCR) and B cell receptor (BCR) signaling. However, the effect of the minor allele on PTPN22 function in TCR signaling is controversial with some reports concluding it has enhanced function and blunts TCR signaling and others reporting it has reduced function and increases TCR signaling. More recently, the core function of PTPN22 as well as functional derangements imparted by the autoimmunity-associated variant allele of PTPN22 have been examined in monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils. In this review we will discuss the known functions of PTPN22 in human cells, and we will elaborate on how autoimmunity-associated variants influence these functions across the panoply of immune cells that express PTPN22. Further, we consider currently unresolved questions that require clarification on the role of PTPN22 in immune cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas H. Armitage
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Mark A. Wallet
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Immuno-Oncology at Century Therapeutics, LLC, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Clayton E. Mathews
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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15
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Li S, Wang X, Zhao Y, Yang J, Cui T, Zhao ZJ, Chen Y, Zheng Z. Association of PTPN22-C1858T Polymorphism With Susceptibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium leprae Infection: A Meta-Analysis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:592841. [PMID: 33717071 PMCID: PMC7950544 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.592841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It was previously published that single-nucleotide polymorphism rs2476601 (PTPN22 [protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 22]-C1858T) might be related to increased sensibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. leprae infection. However, the results were inconclusive despite a high degree of similarity between both parameters. Herein, we carried out this meta-analysis to systematically summarize and articulate the correlation between PTPN22-C1858T polymorphism and mycobacterial infection. The susceptibility of PTPN22-C1858T carriers with autoimmune conditions receiving immunosuppressive therapy to M. tuberculosis and M. leprae infection was determined. A systematic retrieval of studies on relevance of PTPN22-C1858T polymorphism to susceptibility of M. tuberculosis or M. leprae infection was performed in Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, PubMed and Embase databases. We regarded Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) as the determined effect size. Finally, four and two case-control studies on tuberculosis and leprosy, respectively, were included. In all genetic models, without indicated association between PTPN22-C1858T polymorphism and tuberculosis’s susceptibility. [C versus T: OR = 0.22 (95% CI: 0.09–0.50, PH = 0.887); CT versus CC: OR = 0.21 (95% CI: 0.09–0.49, PH = 0.889); TT+CT versus CC: OR = 0.21 (95% CI: 0.09–0.49, PH = 0.889)]. A significantly increased risk of leprosy was perceived in patients with the PTPN22-C1858T polymorphism [C versus T: OR = 2.82 (95% CI: 1.02–7.81, PH = 0.108)]. While the PTPN22-C1858T polymorphism is irrelevant to higher susceptibility to the infection of M. tuberculosis in Caucasians and Asians, it is relevant to increased susceptibility to the infection of M. leprae. However, the results of M. leprae are supposed to interpreted with prudence owing to the limited quantity of studies and heterogeneity. Further well-designed studies with sufficient populations are required to verify our conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuping Li
- Department of Nephrology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China.,Center of Nephrology and Urology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaohua Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China.,Center of Nephrology and Urology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuming Zhao
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Juan Yang
- Department of Nephrology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China.,Center of Nephrology and Urology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tianjiao Cui
- Department of Nephrology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China.,Center of Nephrology and Urology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhizhuang Joe Zhao
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yun Chen
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhihua Zheng
- Department of Nephrology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China.,Center of Nephrology and Urology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
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16
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Multi-color Molecular Visualization of Signaling Proteins Reveals How C-Terminal Src Kinase Nanoclusters Regulate T Cell Receptor Activation. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108523. [PMID: 33357425 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Elucidating the mechanisms that controlled T cell activation requires visualization of the spatial organization of multiple proteins on the submicron scale. Here, we use stoichiometrically accurate, multiplexed, single-molecule super-resolution microscopy (DNA-PAINT) to image the nanoscale spatial architecture of the primary inhibitor of the T cell signaling pathway, Csk, and two binding partners implicated in its membrane association, PAG and TRAF3. Combined with a newly developed co-clustering analysis framework, we find that Csk forms nanoscale clusters proximal to the plasma membrane that are lost post-stimulation and are re-recruited at later time points. Unexpectedly, these clusters do not co-localize with PAG at the membrane but instead provide a ready pool of monomers to downregulate signaling. By generating CRISPR-Cas9 knockout T cells, our data also identify that a major risk factor for autoimmune diseases, the protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 22 (PTPN22) locus, is essential for Csk nanocluster re-recruitment and for maintenance of the synaptic PAG population.
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17
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Castro-Sanchez P, Teagle AR, Prade S, Zamoyska R. Modulation of TCR Signaling by Tyrosine Phosphatases: From Autoimmunity to Immunotherapy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:608747. [PMID: 33425916 PMCID: PMC7793860 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.608747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Early TCR signaling is dependent on rapid phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of multiple signaling and adaptor proteins, leading to T cell activation. This process is tightly regulated by an intricate web of interactions between kinases and phosphatases. A number of tyrosine phosphatases have been shown to modulate T cell responses and thus alter T cell fate by negatively regulating early TCR signaling. Mutations in some of these enzymes are associated with enhanced predisposition to autoimmunity in humans, and mouse models deficient in orthologous genes often show T cell hyper-activation. Therefore, phosphatases are emerging as potential targets in situations where it is desirable to enhance T cell responses, such as immune responses to tumors. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about tyrosine phosphatases that regulate early TCR signaling and discuss their involvement in autoimmunity and their potential as targets for tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Castro-Sanchez
- Ashworth Laboratories, Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra R Teagle
- Ashworth Laboratories, Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Sonja Prade
- Ashworth Laboratories, Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rose Zamoyska
- Ashworth Laboratories, Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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18
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Liang X, Fu H, Xiao P, Fang H, Hou X. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of imidazolidine-2,4-dione and 2-thioxothiazolidin-4-one derivatives as lymphoid-specific tyrosine phosphatase inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2020; 103:104124. [PMID: 32768742 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lymphoid-specific tyrosine phosphatase (LYP), which exclusively exists in immune cells and down-regulates T cell receptor signaling (TCR), has becoming a potent target for various autoimmune diseases. Herein, we designed and synthesized imidazolidine-2,4-dione and 2-thioxothiazolidin-4-one derivatives as new LYP inhibitors. Among them, the cinnamic acids-based inhibitors (9p and 9r) displayed good LYP inhibitory activities (IC50 = 2.85-6.95 μM). Especially, the most potent inhibitor 9r was identified as competitive inhibitor (Ki = 1.09 μM) and bind LYP reversibly. Meanwhile, 9r exhibited better selectivity over other phosphatases than known LYP inhibitor A15. Furthermore, compound 9r could regulate TCR associated signaling pathway in Jurkat T cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Liang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Science, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Huansheng Fu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Science, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, PR China; The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Peng Xiao
- Key laboratory Experimental Teratology (Ministry of Education), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Hao Fang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Science, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Xuben Hou
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Science, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, PR China.
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19
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Chen J, Zhao X, Yuan Y, Jing JJ. The expression patterns and the diagnostic/prognostic roles of PTPN family members in digestive tract cancers. Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:238. [PMID: 32536826 PMCID: PMC7291430 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01315-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Non-receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPNs) are a set of enzymes involved in the tyrosyl phosphorylation. The present study intended to clarify the associations between the expression patterns of PTPN family members, and diagnosis as well as the prognosis of digestive tract cancers. Methods Oncomine and Ualcan were used to analyze PTPN expressions. Data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) were downloaded through UCSC Xena for validation and to explore the relationship of the PTPN expression with diagnosis, clinicopathological parameters and survival of digestive tract cancers. Gene ontology enrichment analysis was conducted using the DAVID database. The gene–gene interaction network was performed by GeneMANIA and the protein–protein interaction (PPI) network was built using STRING portal coupled with Cytoscape. The expression of differentially expressed PTPNs in cancer cell lines were explored using CCLE. Moreover, by histological verification, the expression of four PTPNs in digestive tract cancers were further analyzed. Results Most PTPN family members were associated with digestive tract cancers according to Oncomine, Ualcan and TCGA data. Several PTPN members were differentially expressed in digestive tract cancers. For esophageal carcinoma (ESCA), PTPN1 and PTPN12 levels were correlated with incidence; PTPN20 was associated with poor prognosis. For stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD), PTPN2 and PTPN12 levels were correlated with incidence; PTPN3, PTPN5, PTPN7, PTPN11, PTPN13, PTPN14, PTPN18 and PTPN23 were correlated with pathological grade; PTPN20 expression was related with both TNM stage and N stage; PTPN22 was associated with T stage and pathological grade; decreased expression of PTPN5 and PTPN13 implied worse overall survival of STAD, while elevated PTPN6 expression indicated better prognosis. For colorectal cancer (CRC), PTPN2, PTPN21 and PTPN22 levels were correlated with incidence; expression of PTPN5, PTPN12, and PTPN14 was correlated with TNM stage and N stage; high PTPN5 or PTPN7 expression was associated with increased hazards of death. CCLE analyses showed that in esophagus cancer cell lines, PTPN1, PTPN4 and PTPN12 were highly expressed; in gastric cancer cell lines, PTPN2 and PTPN12 were highly expressed; in colorectal cancer cell lines, PTPN12 was highly expressed while PTPN22 was downregulated. Results of histological verification experiment showed differential expressions of PTPN22 in CRC, and PTPN12 in GC and CRC. Conclusions Members of PTPN family were differentially expressed in digestive tract cancers. Correlations were found between PTPN genes and clinicopathological parameters of patients. Expression of PTPN12 was upregulated in both STAD and CRC, and thus could be used as a diagnostic biomarker. Differential expression of PTPN12 in GC and CRC, and PTPN22 in CRC were presented in our histological verification experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 North NanjingBei Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001 Liaoning People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Education Department, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001 China.,Key Laboratory of GI Cancer Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001 China
| | - Xu Zhao
- Mathematical Computer Teaching and Research Office, Liaoning Vocational College of Medicine, Shenyang, 110101 China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 North NanjingBei Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001 Liaoning People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Education Department, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001 China.,Key Laboratory of GI Cancer Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001 China
| | - Jing-Jing Jing
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 North NanjingBei Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001 Liaoning People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Education Department, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001 China.,Key Laboratory of GI Cancer Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001 China
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20
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Zhang X, Yu Y, Bai B, Wang T, Zhao J, Zhang N, Zhao Y, Wang X, Wang B. PTPN22 interacts with EB1 to regulate T-cell receptor signaling. FASEB J 2020; 34:8959-8974. [PMID: 32469452 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902811rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The PTPN22 gene encoding the Lyp/Pep protein tyrosine phosphatase is a negative regulator of T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling. Recent studies have shown that phosphorylation of end-binding protein 1 (EB1) is associated with the TCR activation. In this study, using 2-hybrid and mass spectrometry analyses, we identified EB1 as a protein associated with PTPN22. Furthermore, we discovered that EB1 specifically bound to the P1 domain of PTPN22 by competing with CSK, and the variant PTPN22-R620W does not affect the association with EB1, which is instrumental with respect to the regulation of TCR signaling. In addition, PTPN22 dephosphorylates EB1 at tyrosine-247 (Y247), which decreases the expression of the T-cell activation markers CD25 and CD69 and the phosphorylation levels of the TCR molecules ZAP-70, LAT, and Erk, leading to the eventual downregulation of the transcription factor NFAT and reduced the levels of secreted IL-2. The findings of this study provide new insights into the TCR signaling and the T-cell immune response, which are important for clarifying the mechanism of PTPN22-related autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Zhang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Yang Yu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Bin Bai
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Tao Wang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Jiahui Zhao
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Na Zhang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Yanjiao Zhao
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Xipeng Wang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Bing Wang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, P.R. China
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21
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Beyond the Cell Surface: Targeting Intracellular Negative Regulators to Enhance T cell Anti-Tumor Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20235821. [PMID: 31756921 PMCID: PMC6929154 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well established that extracellular proteins that negatively regulate T cell function, such as Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte-Associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) and Programmed Cell Death protein 1 (PD-1), can be effectively targeted to enhance cancer immunotherapies and Chimeric Antigen Receptor T cells (CAR-T cells). Intracellular proteins that inhibit T cell receptor (TCR) signal transduction, though less well studied, are also potentially useful therapeutic targets to enhance T cell activity against tumor. Four major classes of enzymes that attenuate TCR signaling include E3 ubiquitin kinases such as the Casitas B-lineage lymphoma proteins (Cbl-b and c-Cbl), and Itchy (Itch), inhibitory tyrosine phosphatases, such as Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatases (SHP-1 and SHP-2), inhibitory protein kinases, such as C-terminal Src kinase (Csk), and inhibitory lipid kinases such as Src homology 2 (SH2) domain-containing inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase (SHIP) and Diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs). This review describes the mechanism of action of eighteen intracellular inhibitory regulatory proteins in T cells within these four classes, and assesses their potential value as clinical targets to enhance the anti-tumor activity of endogenous T cells and CAR-T cells.
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22
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Chang HH, Ho CH, Tomita B, Silva AA, Sparks JA, Karlson EW, Rao DA, Lee YC, Ho IC. Utilizing a PTPN22 gene signature to predict response to targeted therapies in rheumatoid arthritis. J Autoimmun 2019; 101:121-130. [PMID: 31030958 PMCID: PMC6556429 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2019.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Despite the development of several targeted therapies for rheumatoid arthritis (RA), there is still no reliable drug-specific predictor to assist rheumatologists in selecting the most effective targeted therapy for each patient. Recently, a gene signature caused by impaired induction of PTPN22 in anti-CD3 stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) was observed in healthy at-risk individuals. However, the downstream target genes of PTPN22 and the molecular mechanisms regulating its expression are still poorly understood. Here we report that the PTPN22 gene signature is also present in PBMC from patients with active RA and can be reversed after effective treatment. The expression of PTPN22 correlates with that of more than 1000 genes in Th cells of anti-CD3 stimulated PBMC of healthy donors and is inhibited by TNFα or CD28 signals, but not IL-6, through distinct mechanisms. In addition, the impaired induction of PTPN22 in PBMC of patients with active RA can be normalized in vitro by several targeted therapies. More importantly, the in vitro normalization of PTPN22 expression correlates with clinical response to the targeted therapies in a longitudinal RA cohort. Thus, in vitro normalization of PTPN22 expression by targeted therapies can potentially be used to predict clinical response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Hsin Chang
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ching-Huang Ho
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Beverly Tomita
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Andrea A Silva
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jeffrey A Sparks
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Elizabeth W Karlson
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Deepak A Rao
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Yvonne C Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - I-Cheng Ho
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
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23
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Castro-Sánchez P, Aguilar-Sopeña O, Alegre-Gómez S, Ramirez-Munoz R, Roda-Navarro P. Regulation of CD4 + T Cell Signaling and Immunological Synapse by Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases: Molecular Mechanisms in Autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1447. [PMID: 31297117 PMCID: PMC6607956 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell activation and effector function is mediated by the formation of a long-lasting interaction established between T cells and antigen-presenting cells (APCs) called immunological synapse (IS). During T cell activation, different signaling molecules as well as the cytoskeleton and the endosomal compartment are polarized to the IS. This molecular dynamics is tightly regulated by phosphorylation networks, which are controlled by protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). While some PTPs are known to be important regulators of adhesion, ligand discrimination or the stimulation threshold, there is still little information about the regulatory role of PTPs in cytoskeleton rearrangements and endosomal compartment dynamics. Besides, spatial and temporal regulation of PTPs and substrates at the IS is only barely known. Consistent with an important role of PTPs in T cell activation, multiple mutations as well as altered expression levels or dynamic behaviors have been associated with autoimmune diseases. However, the precise mechanism for the regulation of T cell activation and effector function by PTPs in health and autoimmunity is not fully understood. Herein, we review the current knowledge about the regulatory role of PTPs in CD4+ T cell activation, IS assembly and effector function. The potential molecular mechanisms mediating the action of these enzymes in autoimmune disorders are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Castro-Sánchez
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.,Health Research Institute '12 de Octubre (imas12)', Madrid, Spain
| | - Oscar Aguilar-Sopeña
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.,Health Research Institute '12 de Octubre (imas12)', Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Alegre-Gómez
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.,Health Research Institute '12 de Octubre (imas12)', Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocio Ramirez-Munoz
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.,Health Research Institute '12 de Octubre (imas12)', Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Roda-Navarro
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.,Health Research Institute '12 de Octubre (imas12)', Madrid, Spain
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24
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Mustelin T, Bottini N, Stanford SM. The Contribution of PTPN22 to Rheumatic Disease. Arthritis Rheumatol 2019; 71:486-495. [PMID: 30507064 PMCID: PMC6438733 DOI: 10.1002/art.40790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
One of the unresolved questions in modern medicine is why certain individuals develop a disorder such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or lupus, while others do not. Contemporary science indicates that genetics is partly responsible for disease development, while environmental and stochastic factors also play a role. Among the many genes that increase the risk of autoimmune conditions, the risk allele encoding the W620 variant of protein tyrosine phosphatase N22 (PTPN22) is shared between multiple rheumatic diseases, suggesting that it plays a fundamental role in the development of immune dysfunction. Herein, we discuss how the presence of the PTPN22 risk allele may shape the signs and symptoms of these diseases. Besides the emerging clarity regarding how PTPN22 tunes T and B cell antigen receptor signaling, we discuss recent discoveries of important functions of PTPN22 in myeloid cell lineages. Taken together, these new insights reveal important clues to the molecular mechanisms of prevalent diseases like RA and lupus and may open new avenues for the development of personalized therapies that spare the normal function of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Mustelin
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 750 Republican Street, Room E507, Seattle, WA 99108, phone (206) 616-6130,
| | - Nunzio Bottini
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC0656, La Jolla, CA 92093-0656, phone (858) 246-2398 (N.B.) and (858) 246-2397 (S.M.S.), (N.B.) and (S.M.S.)
| | - Stephanie M. Stanford
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC0656, La Jolla, CA 92093-0656, phone (858) 246-2398 (N.B.) and (858) 246-2397 (S.M.S.), (N.B.) and (S.M.S.)
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25
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Huber M, Cato ACB, Ainooson GK, Freichel M, Tsvilovskyy V, Jessberger R, Riedlinger E, Sommerhoff CP, Bischoff SC. Regulation of the pleiotropic effects of tissue-resident mast cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 144:S31-S45. [PMID: 30772496 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs), which are best known for their detrimental role in patients with allergic diseases, act in a diverse array of physiologic and pathologic functions made possible by the plurality of MC types. Their various developmental avenues and distinct sensitivity to (micro-) environmental conditions convey extensive heterogeneity, resulting in diverse functions. We briefly summarize this heterogeneity, elaborate on molecular determinants that allow MCs to communicate with their environment to fulfill their tasks, discuss the protease repertoire stored in secretory lysosomes, and consider different aspects of MC signaling. Furthermore, we describe key MC governance mechanisms (ie, the high-affinity receptor for IgE [FcεRI]), the stem cell factor receptor KIT, the IL-4 system, and both Ca2+- and phosphatase-dependent mechanisms. Finally, we focus on distinct physiologic functions, such as chemotaxis, phagocytosis, host defense, and the regulation of MC functions at the mucosal barriers of the lung, gastrointestinal tract, and skin. A deeper knowledge of the pleiotropic functions of MC mediators, as well as the molecular processes of MC regulation and communication, should enable us to promote beneficial MC traits in physiology and suppress detrimental MC functions in patients with disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Huber
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Immunology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Andrew C B Cato
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - George K Ainooson
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Marc Freichel
- Institute of Pharmacology, Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Volodymyr Tsvilovskyy
- Institute of Pharmacology, Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rolf Jessberger
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Eva Riedlinger
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Stephan C Bischoff
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.
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26
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Pike KA, Tremblay ML. Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases: Regulators of CD4 T Cells in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2504. [PMID: 30429852 PMCID: PMC6220082 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) play a critical role in co-ordinating the signaling networks that maintain lymphocyte homeostasis and direct lymphocyte activation. By dephosphorylating tyrosine residues, PTPs have been shown to modulate enzyme activity and both mediate and disrupt protein-protein interactions. Through these molecular mechanisms, PTPs ultimately impact lymphocyte responses to environmental cues such as inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, as well as antigenic stimulation. Mouse models of acute and chronic intestinal inflammation have been shown to be exacerbated in the absence of PTPs such as PTPN2 and PTPN22. This increase in disease severity is due in part to hyper-activation of lymphocytes in the absence of PTP activity. In accordance, human PTPs have been linked to intestinal inflammation. Genome wide association studies (GWAS) identified several PTPs within risk loci for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Therapeutically targeting PTP substrates and their associated signaling pathways, such as those implicated in CD4+ T cell responses, has demonstrated clinical efficacy. The current review focuses on the role of PTPs in controlling CD4+ T cell activity in the intestinal mucosa and how disruption of PTP activity in CD4+ T cells can contribute to intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Pike
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Inception Sciences Canada, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Michel L Tremblay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
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27
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Rajendiran KS, Rajappa M, Chandrashekar L, Thappa D. Association of PTPN22 gene polymorphism with non-segmental vitiligo in South Indian Tamils. Postepy Dermatol Alergol 2018; 35:280-285. [PMID: 30008646 PMCID: PMC6041708 DOI: 10.5114/ada.2018.76225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Non-segmental vitiligo (NSV) is a depigmentation skin disease with loss of melanocytes in the skin. AIM To evaluate whether the protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type (PTPN22) single nucleotide polymorphism at +1858C/T had any association with non-segmental vitiligo in South Indian Tamils. MATERIAL AND METHODS Genomic DNA was extracted using the phenol-chloroform method, and PTPN22 +1858C/T polymorphism was assayed by Taqman 5'allele discrimination assay. Protein levels were quantified by ELISA. RESULTS We found that the allelic frequency of variants of PTPN22 (rs2476601) were significantly different between controls and cases showing a vitiligo risk in the South Indian Tamil population. PTPN22 levels were higher in the heterozygous CT genotype in NSV, when compared with that of the major variant CC genotype of rs2476601. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that the heterozygous CT genotype, of the PTPN22 SNP rs2476601, has a strong risk association with non-segmental vitiligo in South Indian Tamils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalai Selvi Rajendiran
- Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - Medha Rajappa
- Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - Laxmisha Chandrashekar
- Department of Dermatology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - D.M. Thappa
- Department of Dermatology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
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28
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Alswat KA, Nasr A, Al Dubayee MS, Talaat IM, Alsulaimani AA, Mohamed IAA, Allam G. The Potential Role of PTPN-22 C1858T Gene Polymorphism in the Pathogenesis of Type 1 Diabetes in Saudi Population. Immunol Invest 2018; 47:521-533. [PMID: 29611765 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2018.1458109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent investigations have reported an association between protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type-22 (PTPN-22) gene polymorphism and susceptibility to the development of type 1 diabetes (T1D) in some populations and not in others. In this study, we aimed to investigate the association of PTPN-22 C1858T polymorphism with T1D in Saudi children. METHODS A cohort of 372 type 1 diabetic children and 372 diabetes-free subjects was enrolled in the current investigation. The PTPN-22 C1858T polymorphism was identified using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. RESULTS Our data showed that the frequency of CT and TT genotypes of PTPN-22 C1858T was higher in T1D children (17.7% and 4.3%, respectively) compared to healthy controls (4.8% and 1.6%, respectively), and both genotypes were statistically associated with T1D patients (OR = 4.4, 95% CI: 2.55-7.58, p < 0.001; and OR = 3.2, 95% CI: 1.23-8.28, p = 0.017, respectively). Moreover, the 1858T allele was significantly associated with T1D patients compared to the C allele (OR = 3.2, 95% CI: 1.59-6.88, p < 0.001). In addition, the T allele was significantly associated with elevated levels of HbA1c, anti-GAD, and anti-insulin antibodies (p < 0.001) and a lower concentration of C-peptide (p < 0.001) in T1D children. CONCLUSION The data presented here suggests that the T allele of PTPN-22 C1858T polymorphism might be a risk factor for T1D development in Saudi children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled A Alswat
- a Department of Internal Medicine , College of Medicine, Taif University , Taif , Saudi Arabia.,b Diabetic Center , Prince Mansour Military Community Hospital , Taif , Saudi Arabia
| | - Amre Nasr
- c King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia.,d King Abdullah International Medical Research Center KAIMRC , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed S Al Dubayee
- c King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia.,d King Abdullah International Medical Research Center KAIMRC , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia.,e King Abdulaziz Medical City , Saudi Arabia
| | - Iman M Talaat
- f Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine , Ain Shams University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Adnan A Alsulaimani
- b Diabetic Center , Prince Mansour Military Community Hospital , Taif , Saudi Arabia.,g Department of Pediatrics , College of Medicine, Taif University , Taif , Saudi Arabia
| | - Imad A A Mohamed
- h Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Zagazig University , Sharkia , Egypt.,i Department of Microbiology and Immunology , College of Medicine, Taif University , Taif , Saudi Arabia
| | - Gamal Allam
- i Department of Microbiology and Immunology , College of Medicine, Taif University , Taif , Saudi Arabia.,j Immunology Section, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science , Beni-Suef University , Beni-Suef , Egypt
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29
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Flores-Mendoza G, Sansón SP, Rodríguez-Castro S, Crispín JC, Rosetti F. Mechanisms of Tissue Injury in Lupus Nephritis. Trends Mol Med 2018. [PMID: 29526595 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Disease heterogeneity remains a major challenge for the understanding of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Recent work has revealed the important role of nonimmune factors in the development of end-organ damage involvement, shifting the current paradigm that views SLE as a disease inflicted by a disturbed immune system on passive target organs. Here, we discuss the pathogenesis of lupus nephritis in a comprehensive manner, by incorporating the role that target organs play by withstanding and modulating the local inflammatory response. Moreover, we consider the effects that genetic variants exert on immune and nonimmune cells in order to shape the phenotype of the disease in each affected individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Flores-Mendoza
- Departamento de Inmunología y Reumatología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Stephanie P Sansón
- Departamento de Inmunología y Reumatología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; Plan de Estudios Combinados en Medicina (PECEM), Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Santiago Rodríguez-Castro
- Departamento de Inmunología y Reumatología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; Plan de Estudios Combinados en Medicina (PECEM), Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José C Crispín
- Departamento de Inmunología y Reumatología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico.
| | - Florencia Rosetti
- Departamento de Inmunología y Reumatología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico.
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30
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Sudres M, Verdier J, Truffault F, Le Panse R, Berrih-Aknin S. Pathophysiological mechanisms of autoimmunity. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2018; 1413:59-68. [PMID: 29377165 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases (AIDs) are chronic disorders characterized by inflammatory reactions against self-antigens that can be either systemic or organ specific. AIDs can differ in their epidemiologic features and clinical presentations, yet all share a remarkable complexity. AIDs result from an interplay of genetic and epigenetic factors with environmental components that are associated with imbalances in the immune system. Many of the pathogenic mechanisms of AIDs are also implicated in myasthenia gravis (MG), an AID in which inflammation of the thymus leads to a neuromuscular disorder. Our goal here is to highlight the similarities and differences between MG and other AIDs by reviewing the common transcriptome signatures and the development of germinal centers and by discussing some unresolved questions about autoimmune mechanisms. This review will propose hypotheses to explain the origin of regulatory T (Treg ) cell defects and the causes of chronicity and specificity of AIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Sudres
- INSERM U974, Paris, France.,UPMC Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France.,AIM, Institut de Myologie, Paris, France
| | - Julien Verdier
- INSERM U974, Paris, France.,UPMC Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France.,AIM, Institut de Myologie, Paris, France
| | - Frédérique Truffault
- INSERM U974, Paris, France.,UPMC Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France.,AIM, Institut de Myologie, Paris, France
| | - Rozen Le Panse
- INSERM U974, Paris, France.,UPMC Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France.,AIM, Institut de Myologie, Paris, France
| | - Sonia Berrih-Aknin
- INSERM U974, Paris, France.,UPMC Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France.,AIM, Institut de Myologie, Paris, France
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31
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Li M, Beauchemin H, Popovic N, Peterson A, d'Hennezel E, Piccirillo CA, Sun C, Polychronakos C. The common, autoimmunity-predisposing 620Arg > Trp variant of PTPN22 modulates macrophage function and morphology. J Autoimmun 2017; 79:74-83. [PMID: 28237724 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The C1858T single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in PTPN22 (protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor 22) leads to the 620 Arg to Trp polymorphism in its encoded human protein LYP. This allelic variant is associated with multiple autoimmune diseases, including type 1 diabetes (T1D), Crohn's disease, rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. However, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. To study how this polymorphism influences the immune system, we generated a mouse strain with a knock-in of the Trp allele, imitating the human disease-associated variant. We did not find significant difference between the polymorphic and the wild type mice on the proportion of total CD4 T cell, CD8 T cell, NK cell, memory T lymphocyte, macrophage, dendritic cells in both peripheral lymph nodes and spleen. However, macrophages from Trp/Trp mice showed altered morphology and enhanced function, including higher expression of MHCII and B7 molecules and increased phagocytic ability, which further leads to a higher T-cell activation by specific antigen. Our model shows no alteration in immune cell profile by the Trp allele, but brings up macrophages as an important player to consider in explaining the PTPN22 Trp allele effect on autoimmune disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meihang Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Child Health and Human Development Program, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Hugues Beauchemin
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Child Health and Human Development Program, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Natalija Popovic
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Child Health and Human Development Program, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Alan Peterson
- Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Eva d'Hennezel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada; Translational Immunology Unit, Program in Infectious Disease and Immunity in Global Health, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Ciriaco A Piccirillo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada; Translational Immunology Unit, Program in Infectious Disease and Immunity in Global Health, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Chao Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Constantin Polychronakos
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Child Health and Human Development Program, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada.
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32
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Prezioso G, Comegna L, Di Giulio C, Franchini S, Chiarelli F, Blasetti A. C1858T Polymorphism of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Non-receptor Type 22 (PTPN22): an eligible target for prevention of type 1 diabetes? Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2016; 13:189-196. [PMID: 27892782 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2017.1266257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In type 1 diabetes (T1D), several genetic factors are associated to β-cell autoimmunity onset and clinical progression. HLA-genes play a major role in susceptibility and initiation of β-cell autoimmunity, whereas non-HLA genes may influence the destruction rate. Areas covered: Our review focuses on the possible role of the PTPN22 C1858 T variant as a prognostic factor, given its influence on disease variability. Moreover, we present the potential role of C1858 T as a target for tertiary prevention trials and new therapeutic strategies, such as the LYP inhibitors. We used PubMed for literature research; key words were 'PTPN22', 'C1858 T polymorphism', 'lymphoid-specific tyrosine phosphatase' and 'type 1 diabetes'. We selected publications between 2000 and 2016. Expert commentary: Current data suggest that PTPN22 can be a promising target for therapeutic interventions and identification of at-risk subjects in autoimmune diseases such as T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Prezioso
- a Department of Pediatrics , 'G. D'Annunzio' University , Chieti , Italy
| | - Laura Comegna
- a Department of Pediatrics , 'G. D'Annunzio' University , Chieti , Italy
| | - Concetta Di Giulio
- a Department of Pediatrics , 'G. D'Annunzio' University , Chieti , Italy
| | - Simone Franchini
- a Department of Pediatrics , 'G. D'Annunzio' University , Chieti , Italy
| | | | - Annalisa Blasetti
- a Department of Pediatrics , 'G. D'Annunzio' University , Chieti , Italy
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Chang HH, Liu GY, Dwivedi N, Sun B, Okamoto Y, Kinslow JD, Deane KD, Demoruelle MK, Norris JM, Thompson PR, Sparks JA, Rao DA, Karlson EW, Hung HC, Holers VM, Ho IC. A molecular signature of preclinical rheumatoid arthritis triggered by dysregulated PTPN22. JCI Insight 2016; 1:e90045. [PMID: 27777982 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.90045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A unique feature of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the presence of anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA). Several risk factors for RA are known to increase the expression or activity of peptidyl arginine deiminases (PADs), which catalyze citrullination and, when dysregulated, can result in hypercitrullination. However, the consequence of hypercitrullination is unknown and the function of each PAD has yet to be defined. Th cells of RA patients are hypoglycolytic and hyperproliferative due to impaired expression of PFKFB3 and ATM, respectively. Here, we report that these features are also observed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy at-risk individuals (ARIs). PBMCs of ARIs are also hypercitrullinated and produce more IL-2 and Th17 cytokines but fewer Th2 cytokines. These abnormal features are due to impaired induction of PTPN22, a phosphatase that also suppresses citrullination independently of its phosphatase activity. Attenuated phosphatase activity of PTPN22 results in aberrant expression of IL-2, ATM, and PFKFB3, whereas diminished nonphosphatase activity of PTPN22 leads to hypercitrullination mediated by PADs. PAD2- or PAD4-mediated hypercitrullination reduces the expression of Th2 cytokines. By contrast, only PAD2-mediated hypercitrullination can increase the expression of Th17 cytokines. Taken together, our data depict a molecular signature of preclinical RA that is triggered by impaired induction of PTPN22.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Hsin Chang
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Guang-Yaw Liu
- Institute of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Nishant Dwivedi
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bo Sun
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yuko Okamoto
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Jennifer D Kinslow
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Kevin D Deane
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - M Kristen Demoruelle
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Jill M Norris
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Paul R Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Sparks
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Deepak A Rao
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elizabeth W Karlson
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hui-Chih Hung
- Department of Life Sciences and.,Agricultural Biotechnology Center and Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - V Michael Holers
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - I-Cheng Ho
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Blasetti A, Di Giulio C, Tumini S, Provenzano M, Rapino D, Comegna L, Prezioso G, Chiuri R, Franchini S, Chiarelli F, Stuppia L. Role of the C1858T polymorphism of protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 22 (PTPN22) in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2016; 17:186-191. [DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2016.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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35
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Salmond RJ, Brownlie RJ, Zamoyska R. Multifunctional roles of the autoimmune disease-associated tyrosine phosphatase PTPN22 in regulating T cell homeostasis. Cell Cycle 2015; 14:705-11. [PMID: 25715232 PMCID: PMC4671365 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1007018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The non-receptor tyrosine phosphatase PTPN22 has a vital function in inhibiting antigen-receptor signaling in T cells, while polymorphisms in the PTPN22 gene are important risk alleles in human autoimmune diseases. We recently reported that a key physiological function of PTPN22 was to prevent naïve T cell activation and effector cell responses in response to low affinity antigens. PTPN22 also has a more general role in limiting T cell receptor-induced proliferation. Here we present new data emphasizing this dual function for PTPN22 in T cells. Furthermore, we show that T cell activation modulates the expression of PTPN22 and additional inhibitory phosphatases. We discuss the implication of these findings for our understanding of the roles of PTPN22 in regulating T cell responses and in autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Salmond
- a Institute of Immunology and Infection Research ; Ashworth Laboratories ; University of Edinburgh ; Edinburgh , UK
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Chang HH, Dwivedi N, Nicholas AP, Ho IC. The W620 Polymorphism in PTPN22 Disrupts Its Interaction With Peptidylarginine Deiminase Type 4 and Enhances Citrullination and NETosis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2015; 67:2323-34. [DOI: 10.1002/art.39215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Hsin Chang
- Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Nishant Dwivedi
- Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Anthony P. Nicholas
- University of Alabama at Birmingham and Birmingham VA Medical Center; Birmingham Alabama
| | - I-Cheng Ho
- Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School; Boston Massachusetts
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Spalinger MR, Scharl M. The role for protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 22 in regulating intestinal homeostasis. United European Gastroenterol J 2015; 4:325-32. [PMID: 27403297 DOI: 10.1177/2050640615600115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease represents a chronic intestinal inflammation. Recent knowledge suggests a crucial role for genetic, immunological and bacterial factors in inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis. Variations within the gene locus encoding PTPN22 have been associated with inflammatory bowel disease. PTPN22 is critically involved in controlling immune cell activation and thereby plays an important role in maintaining intestinal homeostasis. Although in B and T cells the mechanism showing how PTPN22 affects cell signalling pathways is well studied, its role in myeloid cells remains less defined. Regulation of the innate immune system plays an essential role in the intestine, and levels of PTPN22 in myeloid cells are drastically reduced in the intestine of inflammatory bowel disease patients. Therefore, additional studies to define the role of PTPN22 in myeloid cells might clearly enhance our understanding of how PTPN22 contributes to intestinal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne R Spalinger
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Scharl
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Holmes DA, Suto E, Lee WP, Ou Q, Gong Q, Smith HRC, Caplazi P, Chan AC. Autoimmunity-associated protein tyrosine phosphatase PEP negatively regulates IFN-α receptor signaling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 212:1081-93. [PMID: 26077719 PMCID: PMC4493413 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20142130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The protein tyrosine phosphatase PTPN22(C1858T) allelic polymorphism is associated with increased susceptibility for development of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and other autoimmune diseases. PTPN22 (also known as LYP) and its mouse orthologue PEP play important roles in antigen and Toll-like receptor signaling in immune cell functions. We demonstrate here that PEP also plays an important inhibitory role in interferon-α receptor (IFNAR) signaling in mice. PEP co-immunoprecipitates with components of the IFNAR signaling complex. Pep(-/-) hematopoietic progenitors demonstrate increased IFNAR signaling, increased IFN-inducible gene expression, and enhanced proliferation and activation compared to Pep(+/+) progenitors in response to IFN-α. In addition, Pep(-/-) mice treated with IFN-α display a profound defect in hematopoiesis, resulting in anemia, thrombocytopenia, and neutropenia when compared to IFN-α-treated Pep(+/+) mice. As SLE patients carrying the PTPN22(C1858T) risk variant have higher serum IFN-α activity, these data provide a molecular basis for how type I IFNs and PTPN22 may cooperate to contribute to lupus-associated cytopenias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek A Holmes
- Department of Immunology, Department of Translational Immunology, and Department of Pathology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Eric Suto
- Department of Immunology, Department of Translational Immunology, and Department of Pathology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Wyne P Lee
- Department of Immunology, Department of Translational Immunology, and Department of Pathology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Qinglin Ou
- Department of Immunology, Department of Translational Immunology, and Department of Pathology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Qian Gong
- Department of Immunology, Department of Translational Immunology, and Department of Pathology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Hamish R C Smith
- Department of Immunology, Department of Translational Immunology, and Department of Pathology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Patrick Caplazi
- Department of Immunology, Department of Translational Immunology, and Department of Pathology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Andrew C Chan
- Department of Immunology, Department of Translational Immunology, and Department of Pathology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
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Association between a gain-of-function variant of PTPN22 and rejection in liver transplantation. Transplantation 2015; 99:431-7. [PMID: 25073032 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000000313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor 22 gene (PTPN22) encodes a strong T-cell regulator called lymphoid protein tyrosine phosphatase. Previously, PTPN22 was described as a susceptibility gene for autoimmunity because it contains single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with several autoimmune diseases. One SNP (rs2476601; 1858G>A) has emerged as a particularly potent risk factor for autoimmunity. We address the question whether PTPN22 polymorphisms are also associated with acute rejection after liver transplantation. METHODS We investigated the influence of six PTPN22 SNPs on the susceptibility to acute liver allograft rejection. Consequently, we carried out a retrospective study genotyping 345 German liver recipients at six SNP loci, which include rs2488457 (-1123G>C), rs33996649 (788C>T), rs2476601 (1858G>A), rs1310182 (-852A>G), rs1217388 (-2200G>A), rs3789604 (64434T>G). Our study enrolled 165 recipients who did not develop rejection, 123 who showed one rejection episode, and 57 patients who suffered from multiple acute rejections after transplantation. RESULTS The 1858A allele containing genotypes (GA+AA) and the 1858A allele had a significantly higher frequency in the group of patients with multiple rejection episodes (35.1% and 18.4%) compared to rejection-free patients (15.8% and 7.9%; P=0.022 and 0.023). In contrast, we could not detect any association between rejection and the other tested SNPs. Additionally, we identified one haplotype contributing to risk of multiple rejections, however, exhibiting no stronger impact than the 1858A allele alone. CONCLUSION We conclude that the 1858G>A SNP may confer susceptibility to multiple acute liver transplant rejections in the German population.
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Rawlings DJ, Dai X, Buckner JH. The role of PTPN22 risk variant in the development of autoimmunity: finding common ground between mouse and human. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:2977-84. [PMID: 25795788 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1403034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The PTPN22 1858T variant was among the first single nucleotide polymorphisms to be associated with multiple autoimmune diseases. Lymphocyte tyrosine phosphatase, a coding variant within the tyrosine phosphatases, is known to participate in AgR signaling; the impact of this variant on the immune response and its role in the development of autoimmunity have been a focus of study. These studies used a series of approaches, including transfected cell lines, animal models, and primary human lymphocytes, and identified multiple alterations in cell signaling and function linked to the PTPN22 variant. Conflicting findings led to questions of how best to study the role of this variant in human autoimmunity. In this review, we discuss these differences and the factors that may account for them, as well as show how an integrated approach can lead to a more complete understanding of the mechanisms that promote autoimmunity in the context of the PTPN22 1858T risk variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Rawlings
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195; Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195; Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101; and
| | - Xuezhi Dai
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195; Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101; and
| | - Jane H Buckner
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101
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Tomer Y, Dolan LM, Kahaly G, Divers J, D'Agostino RB, Imperatore G, Dabelea D, Marcovina S, Black MH, Pihoker C, Hasham A, Hammerstad SS, Greenberg DA, Lotay V, Zhang W, Monti MC, Matheis N. Genome wide identification of new genes and pathways in patients with both autoimmune thyroiditis and type 1 diabetes. J Autoimmun 2015; 60:32-9. [PMID: 25936594 PMCID: PMC4457545 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD) and Type 1 diabetes (T1D) frequently occur in the same individual pointing to a strong shared genetic susceptibility. Indeed, the co-occurrence of T1D and AITD in the same individual is classified as a variant of the autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 3 (designated APS3v). Our aim was to identify new genes and mechanisms causing the co-occurrence of T1D + AITD (APS3v) in the same individual using a genome-wide approach. For our discovery set we analyzed 346 Caucasian APS3v patients and 727 gender and ethnicity matched healthy controls. Genotyping was performed using the Illumina Human660W-Quad.v1. The replication set included 185 APS3v patients and 340 controls. Association analyses were performed using the PLINK program, and pathway analyses were performed using the MAGENTA software. We identified multiple signals within the HLA region and conditioning studies suggested that a few of them contributed independently to the strong association of the HLA locus with APS3v. Outside the HLA region, variants in GPR103, a gene not suggested by previous studies of APS3v, T1D, or AITD, showed genome-wide significance (p < 5 × 10(-8)). In addition, a locus on 1p13 containing the PTPN22 gene showed genome-wide significant associations. Pathway analysis demonstrated that cell cycle, B-cell development, CD40, and CTLA-4 signaling were the major pathways contributing to the pathogenesis of APS3v. These findings suggest that complex mechanisms involving T-cell and B-cell pathways are involved in the strong genetic association between AITD and T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaron Tomer
- Division of Endocrinology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA.
| | - Lawrence M Dolan
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - George Kahaly
- Thyroid Research Laboratory, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jasmin Divers
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Ralph B D'Agostino
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Giuseppina Imperatore
- Division of Diabetes Translation, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dana Dabelea
- Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Santica Marcovina
- Northwest Lipid Metabolism and Diabetes Research Laboratories, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mary Helen Black
- Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Department of Research and Evaluation, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Catherine Pihoker
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alia Hasham
- Division of Endocrinology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - David A Greenberg
- Battelle Center for Mathematical Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Vaneet Lotay
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Department of Medicine Bioinformatics Core, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Weijia Zhang
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Department of Medicine Bioinformatics Core, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maria Cristina Monti
- Department of Public Health, Neurosciences, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Nina Matheis
- Thyroid Research Laboratory, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
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Fousteri G, Jofra T, Di Fonte R, Gagliani N, Morsiani C, Stabilini A, Battaglia M. Lack of the protein tyrosine phosphatase PTPN22 strengthens transplant tolerance to pancreatic islets in mice. Diabetologia 2015; 58:1319-28. [PMID: 25748328 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-015-3540-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor 22 (PTPN22) plays a central role in T cell, B cell and innate immune cell signalling. A genetic variation in Ptpn22 is considered a major risk factor for the development of type 1 diabetes and has been the subject of extensive study. While several reports have addressed how Ptpn22 might predispose to autoimmunity, its involvement in other immune-mediated diseases, such as allograft rejection, has not been explored. METHODS To address a possible function for Ptpn22 in allograft rejection, we used a mouse model of pancreatic islet transplantation. We performed transplant tolerance experiments and determined how PTPN22 shapes tolerance induction and maintenance. RESULTS Ptpn22 (-/-) recipient mice generate higher numbers of alloreactive T cells after allogeneic pancreatic islet transplantation compared with wild-type (WT) mice, but reject grafts with similar kinetics. This is not only due to their well-documented increase in forkhead box protein P3 (FOXP3)(+) T regulatory (Treg) cells but also to the expansion of T regulatory type 1 (Tr1) cells caused by the lack of PTPN22. In addition, a tolerogenic treatment known to induce transplant tolerance in WT mice via Tr1 cell generation is more effective in Ptpn22 (-/-) mice as a consequence of boosting both Tr1 and FOXP3(+) Treg cells. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION A lack of PTPN22 strengthens transplant tolerance to pancreatic islets by expanding both FOXP3(+) Treg and Tr1 cells. These data suggest that targeting PTPN22 could serve to boost transplant tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Fousteri
- Division of Immunology Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy,
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Liu CC, Lai CY, Yen WF, Lin YH, Chang HH, Tai TS, Lu YJ, Tsao HW, Ho IC, Miaw SC. Reciprocal regulation of C-Maf tyrosine phosphorylation by Tec and Ptpn22. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127617. [PMID: 25993510 PMCID: PMC4439128 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
C-Maf plays an important role in regulating cytokine production in TH cells. Its transactivation of IL-4 is optimized by phosphorylation at Tyr21, Tyr92, and Tyr131. However, the molecular mechanism regulating its tyrosine phosphorylation remains unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that Tec kinase family member Tec, but not Rlk or Itk, is a tyrosine kinase of c-Maf and that Tec enhances c-Maf-dependent IL-4 promoter activity. This effect of Tec is counteracted by Ptpn22, which physically interacts with and facilitates tyrosine dephosphorylation of c-Maf thereby attenuating its transcriptional activity. We further show that phosphorylation of Tyr21/92/131 of c-Maf is also critical for its recruitment to the IL-21 promoter and optimal production of this cytokine by TH17 cells. Thus, manipulating tyrosine phosphorylation of c-Maf through its kinases and phosphatases can have significant impact on TH cell-mediated immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chun Liu
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yen Lai
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Feng Yen
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsien Lin
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Hsin Chang
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Tzong-Shyuan Tai
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yu-Jung Lu
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Wei Tsao
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Cheng Ho
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Shi-Chuen Miaw
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Role of protein tyrosine phosphatases in regulating the immune system: implications for chronic intestinal inflammation. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2015; 21:645-55. [PMID: 25581833 PMCID: PMC4329025 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0000000000000297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Current hypothesis suggests that genetic, immunological, and bacterial factors contribute essentially to the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Variations within the gene loci encoding protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) have been associated with the onset of inflammatory bowel disease. PTPs modulate the activity of their substrates by dephosphorylation of tyrosine residues and are critical for the regulation of fundamental cellular signaling processes. Evidence emerges that expression levels of PTPN2, PTPN11, and PTPN22 are altered in actively inflamed intestinal tissue. PTPN2 seems to be critical for protecting intestinal epithelial barrier function, regulating innate and adaptive immune responses and finally for maintaining intestinal homeostasis. These observations have been confirmed in PTPN2 knockout mice in vivo. Those animals are clearly more susceptible to intestinal and systemic inflammation and feature alterations in innate and adaptive immune responses. PTPN22 controls inflammatory signaling in lymphocytes and mononuclear cells resulting in aberrant cytokine secretion pattern and autophagosome formation. PTPN22 deficiency in vivo results in more severe colitis demonstrating the relevance of PTPN22 for intestinal homeostasis in vivo. Of note, loss of PTPN22 promotes mitogen-activated protein kinase-induced cytokine secretion but limits secretion of nuclear factor κB-associated cytokines and autophagy in mononuclear cells. Loss of PTPN11 is also associated with increased colitis severity in vivo. In summary, dysfunction of those PTPs results in aberrant and uncontrolled immune responses that result in chronic inflammatory conditions. This way, it becomes more and more evident that dysfunction of PTPs displays an important factor in the pathogenesis of chronic intestinal inflammation, in particular inflammatory bowel disease.
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Abstract
For a time, mast cells were viewed as simple granulocytic effector cells that mediate allergic symptoms. More recent discoveries show that mast cells can also function as potent pro- and anti-inflammatory immune regulators in a plethora of human diseases. Much of the current knowledge about mast cell functions comes from studies on rodent models. The membrane receptors for antigen/IgE and growth factors are the core initiators of signaling cascades that trigger various mast cell responses. Yet, the regulation and multifunctionality of key receptor-proximal protein tyrosine phosphorylation events are still not well understood. The roles of the members of the protein tyrosine phosphatase superfamily of enzymes in regulating mast cell development, survival, and immune activation will be reviewed in this chapter.
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46
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Sarmiento J, Wallis RH, Ning T, Marandi L, Chao G, Veillette A, Lernmark Å, Paterson AD, Poussier P. A functional polymorphism of Ptpn22 is associated with type 1 diabetes in the BioBreeding rat. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 194:615-29. [PMID: 25505293 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The R620W variant of PTPN22 is one of the major genetic risk factors for several autoimmune disorders including type 1 diabetes (T1D) in humans. In the BioBreeding T1D-prone (BBDP) rat, a single nucleotide polymorphism in Ptpn22 results in an A629T substitution immediately C-terminal to the aliphatic residues central to the Ptpn22-C-terminal Src kinase interaction. This variant exhibits a 50% decrease in C-terminal Src kinase binding affinity and contributes to T cell hyperresponsiveness. Examination of BBDP sublines congenic for the Iddm26.2 locus that includes Ptpn22 has not only shown an expansion of activated CD4(+)25(+) T lymphocytes in animals homozygous for the BBDP allele, consistent with enhanced TCR-mediated signaling, but also a decrease in their proportion of peripheral Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells. Furthermore, clinical assessment of both an F2(BBDP × ACI.1u.Lyp) cohort and Iddm26.2 congenic BBDP sublines has revealed an association of Ptpn22 with T1D. Specifically, in both cases, T1D risk is significantly greater in BBDP Ptpn22 homozygous and heterozygous animals. These findings are consistent with a role for rat Ptpn22 allelic variation within Iddm26.2 in the regulation of T cell responses, and subsequently the risk for development of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice Sarmiento
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; Biological Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Robert H Wallis
- Biological Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Terri Ning
- Biological Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Leili Marandi
- Biological Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Gary Chao
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; Biological Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - André Veillette
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Åke Lernmark
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, 20502 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Andrew D Paterson
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3M7, Canada; and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Philippe Poussier
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; Biological Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada;
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He RJ, Yu ZH, Zhang RY, Zhang ZY. Protein tyrosine phosphatases as potential therapeutic targets. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2014; 35:1227-46. [PMID: 25220640 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2014.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphorylation is a key regulatory process in virtually all aspects of cellular functions. Dysregulation of protein tyrosine phosphorylation is a major cause of human diseases, such as cancers, diabetes, autoimmune disorders, and neurological diseases. Indeed, protein tyrosine phosphorylation-mediated signaling events offer ample therapeutic targets, and drug discovery efforts to date have brought over two dozen kinase inhibitors to the clinic. Accordingly, protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are considered next-generation drug targets. For instance, PTP1B is a well-known targets of type 2 diabetes and obesity, and recent studies indicate that it is also a promising target for breast cancer. SHP2 is a bona-fide oncoprotein, mutations of which cause juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, and solid tumors. In addition, LYP is strongly associated with type 1 diabetes and many other autoimmune diseases. This review summarizes recent findings on several highly recognized PTP family drug targets, including PTP1B, Src homology phosphotyrosyl phosphatase 2(SHP2), lymphoid-specific tyrosine phosphatase (LYP), CD45, Fas associated phosphatase-1 (FAP-1), striatal enriched tyrosine phosphatases (STEP), mitogen-activated protein kinase/dual-specificity phosphatase 1 (MKP-1), phosphatases of regenerating liver-1 (PRL), low molecular weight PTPs (LMWPTP), and CDC25. Given that there are over 100 family members, we hope this review will serve as a road map for innovative drug discovery targeting PTPs.
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Brzoza Z, Grzeszczak W, Rogala B, Trautsolt W, Moczulski D. Possible contribution of chemokine receptor CCR2 and CCR5 polymorphisms in the pathogenesis of chronic spontaneous autoreactive urticaria. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2014; 42:302-6. [PMID: 23727176 DOI: 10.1016/j.aller.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autoimmune mechanisms play a role in the pathophysiology of chronic urticaria. As the genetic background of autoimmunity is well proven, the role of genetics in chronic urticaria is hypothesised. METHODS 153 unrelated chronic spontaneous urticaria patients with a positive result of autologous serum skin test were included into the study, as were 115 healthy volunteers as control group. In all subjects we analysed CCR2 G190A and CCR5 d32 polymorphisms. RESULTS We noticed higher prevalence of CCR2 A allele as well as lower frequency of CCR5 d32 in chronic urticaria group in comparison to control group, with borderline statistical significance. Additionally, we assumed haplotype Gd statistically significant negative chronic urticaria association with tendency to higher frequency of Aw haplotype in this group. CONCLUSIONS The results of our study imply the role of autoimmune components in chronic urticaria pathogenesis and present chronic urticaria as possibly genetically related disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Brzoza
- Chair and Clinical Department of Internal Diseases, Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland.
| | - W Grzeszczak
- Chair and Clinical Department of Internal Diseases, Diabetology and Nephrology, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - B Rogala
- Chair and Clinical Department of Internal Diseases, Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - W Trautsolt
- Chair and Clinical Department of Internal Diseases, Diabetology and Nephrology, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - D Moczulski
- Chair and Clinical Department of Internal Diseases and Nephrodiabetology, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
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Berrih-Aknin S. Myasthenia Gravis: paradox versus paradigm in autoimmunity. J Autoimmun 2014; 52:1-28. [PMID: 24934596 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Myasthenia Gravis (MG) is a paradigm of organ-specific autoimmune disease (AID). It is mediated by antibodies that target the neuromuscular junction. The purpose of this review is to place MG in the general context of autoimmunity, to summarize the common mechanisms between MG and other AIDs, and to describe the specific mechanisms of MG. We have chosen the most common organ-specific AIDs to compare with MG: type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD), multiple sclerosis (MS), some systemic AIDs (systemic lupus erythematous (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Sjogren's syndrome (SS)), as well as inflammatory diseases of the gut and liver (celiac disease (CeD), Crohn's disease (CD), and primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC)). Several features are similar between all AIDs, suggesting that common pathogenic mechanisms lead to their development. In this review, we address the predisposing factors (genetic, epigenetic, hormones, vitamin D, microbiota), the triggering components (infections, drugs) and their interactions with the immune system [1,2]. The dysregulation of the immune system is detailed and includes the role of B cells, Treg cells, Th17 and cytokines. We particularly focused on the role of TNF-α and interferon type I whose role in MG is very analogous to that in several other AIDS. The implication of AIRE, a key factor in central tolerance is also discussed. Finally, if MG is a prototype of AIDS, it has a clear specificity compared to the other AIDS, by the fact that the target organ, the muscle, is not the site of immune infiltration and B cell expansion, but exclusively that of antibody-mediated pathogenic mechanisms. By contrast, the thymus in the early onset subtype frequently undergoes tissue remodeling, resulting in the development of ectopic germinal centers surrounded by high endothelial venules (HEV), as observed in the target organs of many other AIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Berrih-Aknin
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Myology Research Center UM76, F-75013 Paris, France; INSERM U974, F-75013 Paris, France; CNRS FRE 3617, F-75013 Paris, France; Institute of Myology, F-75013 Paris, France.
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Ahmed VF, Bottini N, Barrios AM. Covalent inhibition of the lymphoid tyrosine phosphatase. ChemMedChem 2014; 9:296-9. [PMID: 24403103 PMCID: PMC4096870 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Covalent inhibitors of lymphoid tyrosine phosphatase (LYP) were identified from a screen of the NIH Molecular Libraries Small Molecules Repository (MLSMR). Both of the two lead compounds identified have phosphotyrosine-mimetic benzoic acid moieties as well as electrophilic acrylonitrile groups. Inhibition kinetics of both compounds are consistent with covalent modification of the enzyme, with nanomolar KI and reciprocal millisecond kinact values, representing the best efficiency ratios (kinact /KI ) among currently reported covalent LYP inhibitors. Covalent inhibitors can provide longer efficacy and better selectivity than more conventional noncovalent inhibitors, and these lead compounds are an important step toward the development of protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP)-targeted covalent therapeutic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa F. Ahmed
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Nunzio Bottini
- Division of Cellular Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Amy M. Barrios
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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