1
|
Dubey AK, Sardana D, Verma T, Alam P, Chattopadhyay A, Nandini SS, Khamari B, Bulagonda EP, Sen S, Nandi D. Quantifying Membrane Alterations with Tailored Fluorescent Dyes: A Rapid Antibiotic Resistance Profiling Methodology. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:2836-2859. [PMID: 39024306 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.4c00249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Accurate detection of bacterial antibiotic sensitivity is crucial for theranostics and the containment of antibiotic-resistant infections. However, the intricate task of detecting and quantifying the antibiotic-induced changes in the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane, and their correlation with other metabolic pathways leading to antibiotic resistance, poses significant challenges. Using a novel class of 4-aminophthalimide (4AP)-based fluorescent dyes with precisely tailored alkyl chains, namely 4AP-C9 and 4AP-C13, we quantify stress-mediated alterations in E. coli membranes. Leveraging the unique depth-dependent positioning and environment-sensitive fluorescence properties of these dyes, we detect antibiotic-induced membrane damage through single-cell imaging and monitoring the fluorescence peak maxima difference ratio (PMDR) of the dyes within the bacterial membrane, complemented by other methods. The correlation between the ROS-induced cytoplasmic membrane damage and the PMDR of dyes quantifies sensitivity against bactericidal antibiotics, which correlates to antibiotic-induced lipid peroxidation. Significantly, our findings largely extend to clinical isolates of E. coli and other ESKAPE pathogens like K. pneumoniae and Enterobacter subspecies. Our data reveal that 4AP-Cn probes can potentially act as precise scales to detect antibiotic-induced membrane damage ("thinning") occurring at a subnanometer scale through the quantification of dyes' PMDR, making them promising membrane dyes for rapid detection of bacterial antibiotic resistance, distinguishing sensitive and resistant infections with high specificity in a clinical setup.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashim Kumar Dubey
- Undergraduate Programme, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, Karnataka, India
| | - Deepika Sardana
- School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Taru Verma
- Centre for BioSystems, Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, Karnataka, India
| | - Parvez Alam
- School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Avik Chattopadhyay
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, Karnataka, India
| | - Santhi Sanil Nandini
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, Karnataka, India
| | - Balaram Khamari
- Department of Biosciences, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Puttaparthi 515134, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Eswarappa Pradeep Bulagonda
- Department of Biosciences, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Puttaparthi 515134, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Sobhan Sen
- School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Dipankar Nandi
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Goldman C, Kareva T, Sarrafha L, Schuldt BR, Sahasrabudhe A, Ahfeldt T, Blanchard JW. Genetically Encoded and Modular SubCellular Organelle Probes (GEM-SCOPe) reveal lysosomal and mitochondrial dysfunction driven by PRKN knockout. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.21.594886. [PMID: 38979135 PMCID: PMC11230217 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.21.594886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Cellular processes including lysosomal and mitochondrial dysfunction are implicated in the development of many diseases. Quantitative visualization of mitochondria and lysosoesl is crucial to understand how these organelles are dysregulated during disease. To address a gap in live-imaging tools, we developed GEM-SCOPe (Genetically Encoded and Modular SubCellular Organelle Probes), a modular toolbox of fluorescent markers designed to inform on localization, distribution, turnover, and oxidative stress of specific organelles. We expressed GEM-SCOPe in differentiated astrocytes and neurons from a human pluripotent stem cell PRKN-knockout model of Parkinson's disease and identified disease-associated changes in proliferation, lysosomal distribution, mitochondrial transport and turnover, and reactive oxygen species. We demonstrate GEM-SCOPe is a powerful panel that provide critical insight into the subcellular mechanisms underlying Parkinson's disease in human cells. GEM-SCOPe can be expanded upon and applied to a diversity of cellular models to glean an understanding of the mechanisms that promote disease onset and progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camille Goldman
- Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer’s Disease, Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tatyana Kareva
- Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer’s Disease, Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lily Sarrafha
- Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer’s Disease, Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Braxton R. Schuldt
- Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer’s Disease, Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Abhishek Sahasrabudhe
- Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tim Ahfeldt
- Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer’s Disease, Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joel W. Blanchard
- Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer’s Disease, Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Lead Contact
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Servain-Viel S, Aknin ML, Domenichini S, Perlemuter G, Cassard AM, Schlecht-Louf G, Moal VLL. A flow cytometry method for safe detection of bacterial viability. Cytometry A 2024; 105:146-156. [PMID: 37786349 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Flow cytometry is a relevant tool to meet the requirements of academic and industrial research projects aimed at estimating the features of a bacterial population (e.g., quantity, viability, activity). One of the remaining challenges is now the safe assessment of bacterial viability while minimizing the risks inherent to existing protocols. In our core facility at the Paris-Saclay University, we have addressed this issue with two objectives: measuring bacterial viability in biological samples and preventing bacterial contamination and chemical exposure of the staff and cytometers used on the platform. Here, we report the development of a protocol achieving these two objectives, including a viability labeling step before bacteria fixation, which removes the risk of biological exposure, and the decrease of the use of reagents such as propidium iodide (PI), which are dangerous for health (CMR: carcinogenic, mutagenic, and reprotoxic). For this purpose, we looked for a non-CMR viability dye that can irreversibly label dead bacteria before fixation procedures and maintain intense fluorescence after further staining. We decided to test on the bacteria, eFluor Fixable Viability dyes, which are usually used on eukaryotic cells. Since the bacteria had size and granularity characteristics very similar to those associated with flow cytometry background signals, a step of bacterial DNA labeling with SYTO or DRAQ5 was necessarily added to differentiate them from the background. Three marker combinations (viability-DNA) were tested on LSR Fortessa and validated on pure bacterial populations (Gram+ , Gram- ) and polybacterial cultures. Any of the three methods can be used and adapted to the needs of each project and allow users to adapt the combination according to the configuration of their cytometer. Having been tested on six bacterial populations, validated on two cytometers, and repeated at least two times in each evaluated condition, we consider this method reliable in the context of these conditions. The reliability of the results obtained in flow cytometry was successfully validated by applying this protocol to confocal microscopy, permeabilization, and also to follow cultures over time. This flow cytometry protocol for measuring bacterial viability under safer conditions also opens the prospect of its use for further bacterial characterization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Servain-Viel
- Plateforme CYM - UMS-IPSIT, Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CNRS, Ingénierie et Plateformes au Service de l'Innovation Thérapeutique, Orsay, France
| | - M-L Aknin
- Plateforme CYM - UMS-IPSIT, Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CNRS, Ingénierie et Plateformes au Service de l'Innovation Thérapeutique, Orsay, France
| | - S Domenichini
- Plateforme MIPSIT - UMS-IPSIT, Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CNRS, Ingénierie et Plateformes au Service de l'Innovation Thérapeutique, Orsay, France
| | - G Perlemuter
- Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, UMR-996, Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Orsay, France
- Service d'Hépato-Gastroentérologie Et Nutrition, Hôpital Antoine-Béclère, AP- HP Université Paris-Saclay, Clamart, France
| | - A-M Cassard
- Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, UMR-996, Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Orsay, France
| | - G Schlecht-Louf
- Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, UMR-996, Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Orsay, France
| | - V Lievin-Le Moal
- Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, UMR-996, Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Orsay, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Magalhães F, Andrade C, Simões B, Brigham F, Valente R, Martinez P, Rino J, Sugni M, Coelho AV. Regeneration of starfish radial nerve cord restores animal mobility and unveils a new coelomocyte population. Cell Tissue Res 2023; 394:293-308. [PMID: 37606764 PMCID: PMC10638123 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-023-03818-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
The potential to regenerate a damaged body part is expressed to a different extent in animals. Echinoderms, in particular starfish, are known for their outstanding regenerating potential. Differently, humans have restricted abilities to restore organ systems being dependent on limited sources of stem cells. In particular, the potential to regenerate the central nervous system is extremely limited, explaining the lack of natural mechanisms that could overcome the development of neurodegenerative diseases and the occurrence of trauma. Therefore, understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms of regeneration in starfish could help the development of new therapeutic approaches in humans. In this study, we tackle the problem of starfish central nervous system regeneration by examining the external and internal anatomical and behavioral traits, the dynamics of coelomocyte populations, and neuronal tissue architecture after radial nerve cord (RNC) partial ablation. We noticed that the removal of part of RNC generated several anatomic anomalies and induced behavioral modifications (injured arm could not be used anymore to lead the starfish movement). Those alterations seem to be related to defense mechanisms and protection of the wound. In particular, histology showed that tissue patterns during regeneration resemble those described in holothurians and in starfish arm tip regeneration. Flow cytometry coupled with imaging flow cytometry unveiled a new coelomocyte population during the late phase of the regeneration process. Morphotypes of these and previously characterized coelomocyte populations were described based on IFC data. Further studies of this new coelomocyte population might provide insights on their involvement in radial nerve cord regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Magalhães
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Claúdia Andrade
- NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Beatriz Simões
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Fredi Brigham
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ruben Valente
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Pedro Martinez
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA (Institut Català de Recerca i Estudis Avancats), Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Rino
- Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Michela Sugni
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Center for Complexity and Biosystems, Department of Physics, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Ana Varela Coelho
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Viushkov VS, Lomov NA, Rubtsov MA, Vassetzky YS. Visualizing the Genome: Experimental Approaches for Live-Cell Chromatin Imaging. Cells 2022; 11:cells11244086. [PMID: 36552850 PMCID: PMC9776900 DOI: 10.3390/cells11244086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the years, our vision of the genome has changed from a linear molecule to that of a complex 3D structure that follows specific patterns and possesses a hierarchical organization. Currently, genomics is becoming "four-dimensional": our attention is increasingly focused on the study of chromatin dynamics over time, in the fourth dimension. Recent methods for visualizing the movements of chromatin loci in living cells by targeting fluorescent proteins can be divided into two groups. The first group requires the insertion of a special sequence into the locus of interest, to which proteins that recognize the sequence are recruited (e.g., FROS and ParB-INT methods). In the methods of the second approach, "programmed" proteins are targeted to the locus of interest (i.e., systems based on CRISPR/Cas, TALE, and zinc finger proteins). In the present review, we discuss these approaches, examine their strengths and weaknesses, and identify the key scientific problems that can be studied using these methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir S. Viushkov
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikolai A. Lomov
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail A. Rubtsov
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Industrial Technologies and Entrepreneurship, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yegor S. Vassetzky
- CNRS UMR9018, Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Troshev D, Blokhin V, Ukrainskaya V, Kolacheva A, Ugrumov M. Isolation of living dopaminergic neurons labeled with a fluorescent ligand of the dopamine transporter from mouse substantia nigra as a new tool for basic and applied research. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:1020070. [PMID: 36568278 PMCID: PMC9780273 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1020070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopaminergic neurons (DNs) of the nigrostriatal system control the motor function, and their degeneration leads to the development of Parkinson's disease (PD). A stumbling block in the study of DNs in the whole substantia nigra (SN) is the lack of tools to analyze the expression of most of the genes involved in neurotransmission, neurodegeneration, and neuroplasticity, since they are also expressed in other cells of the SN. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a fluorescence-activated cell sorting method for isolating living DNs from the SN of wild-type mice using two fluorescent dyes, DRAQ5 (nuclear stain) and a dopamine uptake inhibitor GBR 12909 coupled to a fluorophore (DN stain). We have developed a method for selecting a population of DNs from the SN of mice, as evidenced by: (i) immunopositivity of 95% of the sorted cells for tyrosine hydroxylase, the first enzyme of dopamine synthesis; (ii) the sorted cells expressing the genes for specific proteins of the dopaminergic phenotype, tyrosine hydroxylase, the dopamine transporter, and vesicular monoamine transporter 2 and non-specific proteins, such as aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase, non-specific enzyme of dopamine synthesis. We then compared the changes in gene expression found in the sorted DNs and in the SN homogenate in a PD model we developed, reproduced in mice by treatment with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Using quantitative PCR, we obtained evidence of the same changes in the expression of specific genes in the sorted DNs of SN and in the SN homogenate of a MPTP mouse model of PD, compared with the control. The undoubted advantage of our approach is the possibility of obtaining a large amount of readily available and relatively cheap primary material (SN) from wild-type mice, which can be used to solve both research and applied problems. In addition, this method can be easily adapted to the isolation of DNs from the SN in other animal species, including non-human primates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Troshev
- Laboratory of Neural and Neuroendocrine Regulations, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Victor Blokhin
- Laboratory of Neural and Neuroendocrine Regulations, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Valeria Ukrainskaya
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis, Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Kolacheva
- Laboratory of Neural and Neuroendocrine Regulations, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Michael Ugrumov
- Laboratory of Neural and Neuroendocrine Regulations, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia,*Correspondence: Michael Ugrumov,
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wlodkowic D, Jansen M. High-throughput screening paradigms in ecotoxicity testing: Emerging prospects and ongoing challenges. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 307:135929. [PMID: 35944679 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The rapidly increasing number of new production chemicals coupled with stringent implementation of global chemical management programs necessities a paradigm shift towards boarder uses of low-cost and high-throughput ecotoxicity testing strategies as well as deeper understanding of cellular and sub-cellular mechanisms of ecotoxicity that can be used in effective risk assessment. The latter will require automated acquisition of biological data, new capabilities for big data analysis as well as computational simulations capable of translating new data into in vivo relevance. However, very few efforts have been so far devoted into the development of automated bioanalytical systems in ecotoxicology. This is in stark contrast to standardized and high-throughput chemical screening and prioritization routines found in modern drug discovery pipelines. As a result, the high-throughput and high-content data acquisition in ecotoxicology is still in its infancy with limited examples focused on cell-free and cell-based assays. In this work we outline recent developments and emerging prospects of high-throughput bioanalytical approaches in ecotoxicology that reach beyond in vitro biotests. We discuss future importance of automated quantitative data acquisition for cell-free, cell-based as well as developments in phytotoxicity and in vivo biotests utilizing small aquatic model organisms. We also discuss recent innovations such as organs-on-a-chip technologies and existing challenges for emerging high-throughput ecotoxicity testing strategies. Lastly, we provide seminal examples of the small number of successful high-throughput implementations that have been employed in prioritization of chemicals and accelerated environmental risk assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donald Wlodkowic
- The Neurotox Lab, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3083, Australia.
| | - Marcus Jansen
- LemnaTec GmbH, Nerscheider Weg 170, 52076, Aachen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Troshev D, Bannikova A, Blokhin V, Kolacheva A, Pronina T, Ugrumov M. Striatal Neurons Partially Expressing a Dopaminergic Phenotype: Functional Significance and Regulation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911054. [PMID: 36232359 PMCID: PMC9570204 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of striatal neurons expressing dopamine-synthesizing enzymes, researchers have attempted to identify their phenotype and functional significance. In this study, it was shown that in transgenic mice expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) under the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) gene promoter, (i) there are striatal neurons expressing only TH, only aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC), or both enzymes of dopamine synthesis; (ii) striatal neurons expressing dopamine-synthesizing enzymes are not dopaminergic since they lack a dopamine transporter; (iii) monoenzymatic neurons expressing individual complementary dopamine-synthesizing enzymes produce this neurotransmitter in cooperation; (iv) striatal nerve fibers containing only TH, only AADC, or both enzymes project into the lateral ventricles, providing delivery pathways for L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine and dopamine to the cerebrospinal fluid; and (v) striatal GFP neurons express receptor genes for various signaling molecules, i.e., classical neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, and steroids, indicating fine regulation of these neurons. Based on our data, it is assumed that the synthesis of dopamine by striatal neurons is a compensatory response to the death of nigral dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson’s disease, which opens broad prospects for the development of a fundamentally novel antiparkinsonian therapy.
Collapse
|
9
|
Dunbar T, Tsakirpaloglou N, Septiningsih EM, Thomson MJ. Carbon Nanotube-Mediated Plasmid DNA Delivery in Rice Leaves and Seeds. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084081. [PMID: 35456898 PMCID: PMC9028948 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
CRISPR-Cas gene editing technologies offer the potential to modify crops precisely; however, in vitro plant transformation and regeneration techniques present a bottleneck due to the lengthy and genotype-specific tissue culture process. Ideally, in planta transformation can bypass tissue culture and directly lead to transformed plants, but efficient in planta delivery and transformation remains a challenge. This study investigates transformation methods that have the potential to directly alter germline cells, eliminating the challenge of in vitro plant regeneration. Recent studies have demonstrated that carbon nanotubes (CNTs) loaded with plasmid DNA can diffuse through plant cell walls, facilitating transient expression of foreign genetic elements in plant tissues. To test if this approach is a viable technique for in planta transformation, CNT-mediated plasmid DNA delivery into rice tissues was performed using leaf and excised-embryo infiltration with reporter genes. Quantitative and qualitative data indicate that CNTs facilitate plasmid DNA delivery in rice leaf and embryo tissues, resulting in transient GFP, YFP, and GUS expression. Experiments were also initiated with CRISPR-Cas vectors targeting the phytoene desaturase (PDS) gene for CNT delivery into mature embryos to create heritable genetic edits. Overall, the results suggest that CNT-based delivery of plasmid DNA appears promising for in planta transformation, and further optimization can enable high-throughput gene editing to accelerate functional genomics and crop improvement activities.
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
The defining characteristic of eukaryotic cells is the segregation of critical cellular functions within various membrane bound cellular organelles, including the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and mitochondria. Cell biologists therefore have extensively utilized organelle specific counterstains to help identify the localization of specific proteins or other targets of interest in order to garner an understanding of either their potential functions or their effects on the cell. There currently is a wide array of fluorescent dyes and reagents that can be utilized in live and fixed cells to identify organelles, thereby creating challenges in both choosing between the plethora of options and optimizing their use. Here we present a discussion of commonly utilized commercially available organelle dyes and summarize the factors that influence selection of the various dyes for: a given organelle; live versus fixed cellular conditions; adaptation to a specific protocol; spectral multiplexing; or matching excitation/emission spectra to available imaging equipment. Also presented are recommended protocols for a typical example reagent that can be reliably utilized to visualize its target cellular organelle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Paul Foster
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Clemente-Moragón A, Martínez-Milla J, Oliver E, Santos A, Flandes J, Fernández I, Rodríguez-González L, Serrano Del Castillo C, Ioan AM, López-Álvarez M, Gómez-Talavera S, Galán-Arriola C, Fuster V, Pérez-Calvo C, Ibáñez B. Metoprolol in Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19. J Am Coll Cardiol 2021; 78:1001-1011. [PMID: 34474731 PMCID: PMC8404624 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) can progress to an acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which involves alveolar infiltration by activated neutrophils. The beta-blocker metoprolol has been shown to ameliorate exacerbated inflammation in the myocardial infarction setting. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of metoprolol on alveolar inflammation and on respiratory function in patients with COVID-19-associated ARDS. METHODS A total of 20 COVID-19 patients with ARDS on invasive mechanical ventilation were randomized to metoprolol (15 mg daily for 3 days) or control (no treatment). All patients underwent bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) before and after metoprolol/control. The safety of metoprolol administration was evaluated by invasive hemodynamic and electrocardiogram monitoring and echocardiography. RESULTS Metoprolol administration was without side effects. At baseline, neutrophil content in BAL did not differ between groups. Conversely, patients randomized to metoprolol had significantly fewer neutrophils in BAL on day 4 (median: 14.3 neutrophils/µl [Q1, Q3: 4.63, 265 neutrophils/µl] vs median: 397 neutrophils/µl [Q1, Q3: 222, 1,346 neutrophils/µl] in the metoprolol and control groups, respectively; P = 0.016). Metoprolol also reduced neutrophil extracellular traps content and other markers of lung inflammation. Oxygenation (PaO2:FiO2) significantly improved after 3 days of metoprolol treatment (median: 130 [Q1, Q3: 110, 162] vs median: 267 [Q1, Q3: 199, 298] at baseline and day 4, respectively; P = 0.003), whereas it remained unchanged in control subjects. Metoprolol-treated patients spent fewer days on invasive mechanical ventilation than those in the control group (15.5 ± 7.6 vs 21.9 ± 12.6 days; P = 0.17). CONCLUSIONS In this pilot trial, intravenous metoprolol administration to patients with COVID-19-associated ARDS was safe, reduced exacerbated lung inflammation, and improved oxygenation. Repurposing metoprolol for COVID-19-associated ARDS appears to be a safe and inexpensive strategy that can alleviate the burden of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan Martínez-Milla
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain; Cardiology Department, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Oliver
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Arnoldo Santos
- Intensive Care Unit, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Flandes
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Iker Fernández
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lorena Rodríguez-González
- Pathology Department, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain; Biobank Patform-PT20/00141, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Ana-María Ioan
- Intensive Care Unit, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - María López-Álvarez
- Cardiology Department, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Gómez-Talavera
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain; Cardiology Department, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Galán-Arriola
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Valentín Fuster
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain; Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - César Pérez-Calvo
- Intensive Care Unit, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Borja Ibáñez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain; Cardiology Department, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Andrade C, Oliveira B, Guatelli S, Martinez P, Simões B, Bispo C, Ferrario C, Bonasoro F, Rino J, Sugni M, Gardner R, Zilhão R, Coelho AV. Characterization of Coelomic Fluid Cell Types in the Starfish Marthasterias glacialis Using a Flow Cytometry/Imaging Combined Approach. Front Immunol 2021; 12:641664. [PMID: 33815394 PMCID: PMC8013778 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.641664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Coelomocytes is the generic name for a collection of cellular morphotypes, present in many coelomate animals, and highly variable among echinoderm classes. The roles attributed to the major types of these free circulating cells present in the coelomic fluid of echinoderms include immune response, phagocytic digestion and clotting. Our main aim in this study was to characterize coelomocytes found in the coelomic fluid of Marthasterias glacialis (class Asteroidea) by using a combination of flow cytometry (FC), imaging flow cytometry (IFC) and fluorescence plus transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Two coelomocyte populations (P1 and P2) identified through flow cytometry were subsequently studied in terms of abundance, morphology, ultrastructure, cell viability and cell cycle profiles. Ultrastructurally, P2 diploid cells were present as two main morphotypes, similar to phagocytes and vertebrate thrombocytes, whereas the smaller P1 cellular population was characterized by low mitotic activity, a relatively undifferentiated cytotype and a high nucleus/cytoplasm ratio. In the present study we could not rule out possible similarities between haploid P1 cells and stem-cell types in other animals. Additionally, we report the presence of two other morphotypes in P2 that could only be detected by fluorescence microscopy, as well as a morphotype revealed via combined microscopy/FC. This integrative experimental workflow combined cells physical separation with different microscopic image capture technologies, enabling us to better tackle the characterization of the heterogeneous composition of coelomocytes populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claúdia Andrade
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Medicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Flow Cytometry SRL, Instituto Gulbenkian Ciencia, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Bárbara Oliveira
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Silvia Guatelli
- GAIA 2050 Center, Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Pedro Martinez
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA (Institut Català de Recerca i Estudis Avancats), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Simões
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Claúdia Bispo
- Flow Cytometry SRL, Instituto Gulbenkian Ciencia, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Cinzia Ferrario
- GAIA 2050 Center, Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Center for Complexity and Biosystems, Department of Physics, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Bonasoro
- GAIA 2050 Center, Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - José Rino
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Michela Sugni
- GAIA 2050 Center, Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Center for Complexity and Biosystems, Department of Physics, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Rui Gardner
- Flow Cytometry SRL, Instituto Gulbenkian Ciencia, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Rita Zilhão
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Centro de Ecologia, Evolução e Alterações Ambientais, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Varela Coelho
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Polyphosphate Reverses the Toxicity of the Quasi-Enzyme Bleomycin on Alveolar Endothelial Lung Cells In Vitro. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040750. [PMID: 33670189 PMCID: PMC7916961 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The anti-cancer antitumor antibiotic bleomycin(s) (BLM) induces athyminic sites in DNA after its activation, a process that results in strand splitting. Here, using A549 human lung cells or BEAS-2B cells lunc cells, we show that the cell toxicity of BLM can be suppressed by addition of inorganic polyphosphate (polyP), a physiological polymer that accumulates and is released from platelets. BLM at a concentration of 20 µg ml-1 causes a decrease in cell viability (by ~70%), accompanied by an increased DNA damage and chromatin expansion (by amazingly 6-fold). Importantly, the BLM-caused effects on cell growth and DNA integrity are substantially suppressed by polyP. In parallel, the enlargement of the nuclei/chromatin in BLM-treated cells (diameter, 20-25 µm) is normalized to ~12 µm after co-incubation of the cells with BLM and polyP. A sequential application of the drugs (BLM for 3 days, followed by an exposure to polyP) does not cause this normalization. During co-incubation of BLM with polyP the gene for the BLM hydrolase is upregulated. It is concluded that by upregulating this enzyme polyP prevents the toxic side effects of BLM. These data might also contribute to an application of BLM in COVID-19 patients, since polyP inhibits binding of SARS-CoV-2 to cellular ACE2.
Collapse
|
14
|
Chen Y, Huo J, Liu Y, Zeng Z, Zhu X, Chen X, Wu R, Zhang L, Chen J. Development of a novel flow cytometry-based approach for reticulocytes micronucleus test in rat peripheral blood. J Appl Toxicol 2020; 41:595-606. [PMID: 33067908 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The micronucleus test (MNT) is the most widely applied short-term assay to detect clastogens or spindle disruptors. The use of flow cytometry (FCM) has been reported for micronucleated erythrocytes scoring in peripheral blood. The aim of this study was to develop a novel and practical protocol for MNT in rat peripheral blood by FCM, with the method validation. CD71-fluorescein isothiocyanate and DRAQ5 were adopted for the fluorescent staining of proteins and DNA, respectively, to detect micronuclei. To validate the method, groups of male Sprague-Dawley rats (five per group) received two oral gavage doses at 0 and 24 h of six chemicals (four positive mutagens: ethyl methanesulphonate [EMS], cyclophosphamide [CP], colchicine [COL], and ethyl nitrosourea [ENU]; two nongenotoxic chemicals: sodium saccharin and eugenol). Blood samples were collected from the tail vein before and on the five continuous days after treatments; all of which were analyzed for micronuclei presence by both the manual (Giemsa staining) and FCM methods. The FCM-based method consistently demonstrated highly sensitive responses for micronucleus detection at all concentrations and all time points for EMS, CP, COL, and ENU. Sodium saccharin and eugenol could be identified as negative in this protocol. Results obtained with the FCM-based method correlated well with the micronucleus frequencies (r = 0.659-0.952), and the proportion of immature erythrocytes (r = 0.915-0.981) tested by Giemsa staining. The method reported here, with easy operation, low background, and requirement for a regular FCM, could be an efficient system for micronucleus scoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiyi Chen
- Department of Nutrition, Food Safety and Toxicology, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiao Huo
- Department of Nutrition, Food Safety and Toxicology, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China
| | - Yunjie Liu
- Graduate Department, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhu Zeng
- Department of Nutrition, Food Safety and Toxicology, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuejiao Zhu
- Department of Nutrition, Food Safety and Toxicology, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuxi Chen
- Department of Nutrition, Food Safety and Toxicology, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rui Wu
- Department of Nutrition, Food Safety and Toxicology, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lishi Zhang
- Department of Nutrition, Food Safety and Toxicology, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinyao Chen
- Department of Nutrition, Food Safety and Toxicology, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Smith PJ, Darzynkiewicz Z, Errington RJ. Nuclear cytometry and chromatin organization. Cytometry A 2018; 93:771-784. [PMID: 30144297 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear-targeting chemical probe, for the detection and quantification of DNA within cells, has been a mainstay of cytometry-from the colorimetric Feulgen stain to smart fluorescent agents with tuned functionality. The level of nuclear structure and function at which the probe aims to readout, or indeed at which a DNA-targeted drug acts, is shadowed by a wide range of detection modalities and analytical methods. These methods are invariably limited in terms of the resolution attainable versus the volume occupied by targeted chromatin structures. The scalar challenge arises from the need to understand the extent and different levels of compaction of genomic DNA and how such structures can be re-modeled, reported, or even perturbed by both probes and drugs. Nuclear cytometry can report on the complex levels of chromatin order, disorder, disassembly, and even active disruption by probes and drugs. Nuclear probes can report defining features of clinical and therapeutic interest as in NETosis and other cell death processes. New cytometric approaches continue to bridge the scalar challenges of analyzing chromatin organization. Advances in super-resolution microscopy address the resolution and depth of analysis issues in cellular systems. Typical of recent insights into chromatin organization enabled by exploiting a DNA interacting probe is ChromEM tomography (ChromEMT). ChromEMT uses the unique properties of the anthraquinone-based cytometric dye DRAQ5™ to reveal that local and global 3D chromatin structures effect differences in compaction. The focus of this review is nuclear and chromatin cytometry, with linked reference to DNA targeting probes and drugs as exemplified by the anthracenediones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Smith
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Zbigniew Darzynkiewicz
- Department of Pathology, Brander Cancer Research Institute, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, 10595
| | - Rachel J Errington
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ou HD, Phan S, Deerinck TJ, Thor A, Ellisman MH, O'Shea CC. ChromEMT: Visualizing 3D chromatin structure and compaction in interphase and mitotic cells. Science 2018; 357:357/6349/eaag0025. [PMID: 28751582 DOI: 10.1126/science.aag0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 505] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The chromatin structure of DNA determines genome compaction and activity in the nucleus. On the basis of in vitro structures and electron microscopy (EM) studies, the hierarchical model is that 11-nanometer DNA-nucleosome polymers fold into 30- and subsequently into 120- and 300- to 700-nanometer fibers and mitotic chromosomes. To visualize chromatin in situ, we identified a fluorescent dye that stains DNA with an osmiophilic polymer and selectively enhances its contrast in EM. Using ChromEMT (ChromEM tomography), we reveal the ultrastructure and three-dimensional (3D) organization of individual chromatin polymers, megabase domains, and mitotic chromosomes. We show that chromatin is a disordered 5- to 24-nanometer-diameter curvilinear chain that is packed together at different 3D concentration distributions in interphase and mitosis. Chromatin chains have many different particle arrangements and bend at various lengths to achieve structural compaction and high packing densities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Horng D Ou
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sébastien Phan
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, Center for Research in Biological Systems, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Thomas J Deerinck
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, Center for Research in Biological Systems, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Andrea Thor
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, Center for Research in Biological Systems, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Mark H Ellisman
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, Center for Research in Biological Systems, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Clodagh C O'Shea
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Tembhare P, Badrinath Y, Ghogale S, Subramanian PG. Method for DNA Ploidy Analysis Along with Immunophenotyping for Rare Populations in a Sample using FxCycle Violet. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 80:6.38.1-6.38.15. [DOI: 10.1002/cpcy.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Tembhare
- Hematopathology Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre Navi Mumbai India
| | - Yajamanam Badrinath
- Hematopathology Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre Navi Mumbai India
| | - Sitaram Ghogale
- Hematopathology Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre Navi Mumbai India
| | - Papagudi Ganesan Subramanian
- Hematopathology Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre Navi Mumbai India
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Elfer KN, Sholl AB, Wang M, Tulman DB, Mandava SH, Lee BR, Brown JQ. DRAQ5 and Eosin ('D&E') as an Analog to Hematoxylin and Eosin for Rapid Fluorescence Histology of Fresh Tissues. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165530. [PMID: 27788264 PMCID: PMC5082869 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Real-time on-site histopathology review of biopsy tissues at the point-of-procedure has great potential for significant clinical value and improved patient care. For instance, on-site review can aid in rapid screening of diagnostic biopsies to reduce false-negative results, or in quantitative assessment of biospecimen quality to increase the efficacy of downstream laboratory and histopathology analysis. However, the only currently available rapid pathology method, frozen section analysis (FSA), is too time- and labor-intensive for use in screening large quantities of biopsy tissues and is too destructive for maximum tissue conservation in multiple small needle core biopsies. In this work we demonstrate the spectrally-compatible combination of the nuclear stain DRAQ5 and the anionic counterstain eosin as a dual-component fluorescent staining analog to hematoxylin and eosin intended for use on fresh, unsectioned tissues. Combined with optical sectioning fluorescence microscopy and pseudo-coloring algorithms, DRAQ5 and eosin (“D&E”) enables very fast, non-destructive psuedohistological imaging of tissues at the point-of-acquisition with minimal tissue handling and processing. D&E was validated against H&E on a one-to-one basis on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded and frozen section tissues of various human organs using standard epi-fluorescence microscopy, demonstrating high fidelity of the staining mechanism as an H&E analog. The method was then applied to fresh, whole 18G renal needle core biopsies and large needle core prostate biospecimen biopsies using fluorescence structured illumination optical sectioning microscopy. We demonstrate the ability to obtain high-resolution histology-like images of unsectioned, fresh tissues similar to subsequent H&E staining of the tissue. The application of D&E does not interfere with subsequent standard-of-care H&E staining and imaging, preserving the integrity of the tissue for thorough downstream analysis. These results indicate that this dual-stain pseudocoloring method could provide a real-time histology-like image at the time of acquisition and valuable objective tissue analysis for the clinician at the time of service.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine N. Elfer
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Andrew B. Sholl
- Dept. of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Mei Wang
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - David B. Tulman
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Sree H. Mandava
- Dept. of Urology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Benjamin R. Lee
- Dept. of Urology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - J. Quincy Brown
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Aghaallaei N, Gruhl F, Schaefer CQ, Wernet T, Weinhardt V, Centanin L, Loosli F, Baumbach T, Wittbrodt J. Identification, visualization and clonal analysis of intestinal stem cells in fish. Development 2016; 143:3470-3480. [PMID: 27578784 PMCID: PMC5087619 DOI: 10.1242/dev.134098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Recently, a stochastic model of symmetrical stem cell division followed by neutral drift has been proposed for intestinal stem cells (ISCs), which has been suggested to represent the predominant mode of stem cell progression in mammals. In contrast, stem cells in the retina of teleost fish show an asymmetric division mode. To address whether the mode of stem cell division follows phylogenetic or ontogenetic routes, we analysed the entire gastrointestinal tract of the teleost medaka (Oryzias latipes). X-ray microcomputed tomography shows a correlation of 3D topography with the functional domains. Analysis of ISCs in proliferation assays and via genetically encoded lineage tracing highlights a stem cell niche in the furrow between the long intestinal folds that is functionally equivalent to mammalian intestinal crypts. Stem cells in this compartment are characterized by the expression of homologs of mammalian ISC markers – sox9, axin2 and lgr5 – emphasizing the evolutionary conservation of the Wnt pathway components in the stem cell niche of the intestine. The stochastic, sparse initial labelling of ISCs ultimately resulted in extended labelled or unlabelled domains originating from single stem cells in the furrow niche, contributing to both homeostasis and growth. Thus, different modes of stem cell division co-evolved within one organism, and in the absence of physical isolation in crypts, ISCs contribute to homeostatic growth. Summary: Adult medaka intestinal stem cells (ISCs) proliferate within a niche functionally equivalent to that in the mammal. Like mammalian ISCs, but unlike medaka retinal stem cells, their mode of division is largely symmetric.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Narges Aghaallaei
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Franziska Gruhl
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Colin Q Schaefer
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tobias Wernet
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany Laboratory for applications of synchrotron radiation, Karslruhe Institute for Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Venera Weinhardt
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany Laboratory for applications of synchrotron radiation, Karslruhe Institute for Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Lázaro Centanin
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Felix Loosli
- Laboratory for applications of synchrotron radiation, Karslruhe Institute for Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Tilo Baumbach
- Laboratory for applications of synchrotron radiation, Karslruhe Institute for Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Joachim Wittbrodt
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Tembhare P, Badrinath Y, Ghogale S, Patkar N, Dhole N, Dalavi P, Kunder N, Kumar A, Gujral S, Subramanian PG. A novel and easy FxCycle™ violet based flow cytometric method for simultaneous assessment of DNA ploidy and six-color immunophenotyping. Cytometry A 2015; 89:281-91. [PMID: 26671309 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal DNA ploidy is a valuable prognostic factor in many neoplasms, especially in hematological neoplasms like B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) and multiple myeloma (MM). Current methods of flow-cytometric (FC) DNA-ploidy evaluation are either technically difficult or limited to three- to four-color immunophenotyping and hence, challenging to evaluate DNA-ploidy in minute tumor population with background rich of its normal counterpart cells and other hematopoietic cells. We standardized a novel sensitive and easy method of simultaneous evaluation of six- to seven-color immunophenotyping and DNA-ploidy using a dye-FxCycle Violet (FCV). Linearity, resolution, and coefficient of variation (CV) for FCV were studied using chicken erythrocyte nuclei. Ploidy results of FCV were compared with Propidium iodide (PI) in 20 samples and intra-assay variation for FCV was studied. Using this six-color immunophenotyping & FCV-protocol DNA-ploidy was determined in bone-marrow samples from 124 B-ALL & 50 MM patients. Dilution experiment was also conducted to determine the sensitivity in detection of aneuploidy in minute tumor population. FCV revealed high linearity and resolution in 450/50 channel. On comparison with PI, CV of Go/G1-peak with FCV (mean-CV 4.1%) was slightly higher than PI (mean-CV 2.9%) but had complete agreement in ploidy results. Dilution experiment showed that aneuploidy could be accurately detected up to the limit of 0.01% tumor cells. Intra-assay variation was very low with CV of 0.005%. In B-ALL, hypodiploidy was noted in 4%, hyperdiploidy in 24%, near-hyperdiploidy in 13% and remaining 59% were diploid. In MM, hypodiploidy was in 2%, hyperdiploidy in 58%, near-hyperdiploidy in 8% and remaining 30% were diploid. FCV-based DNA-ploidy method is a sensitive and easy method for simultaneous evaluation of six-color immunophenotyping and DNA analysis. It is useful in DNA-ploidy evaluation of minute tumor population in cases like minimal residual disease and MM precursor conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Tembhare
- Hematopathology Laboratory, Tata Memorial Center Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, India
| | - Yajamanam Badrinath
- Hematopathology Laboratory, Tata Memorial Center Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, India
| | - Sitaram Ghogale
- Hematopathology Laboratory, Tata Memorial Center Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, India
| | - Nikhil Patkar
- Hematopathology Laboratory, Tata Memorial Center Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, India
| | - Nilesh Dhole
- Hematopathology Laboratory, Tata Memorial Center Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, India
| | - Pooja Dalavi
- Hematopathology Laboratory, Tata Memorial Center Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, India
| | - Nikesh Kunder
- Hematopathology Laboratory, Tata Memorial Center Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Hematopathology Laboratory, Tata Memorial Center Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, India
| | - Sumeet Gujral
- Hematopathology Laboratory, Tata Memorial Center Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, India
| | - P G Subramanian
- Hematopathology Laboratory, Tata Memorial Center Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, India
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Neufurth M, Wang X, Tolba E, Dorweiler B, Schröder HC, Link T, Diehl-Seifert B, Müller WEG. Modular Small Diameter Vascular Grafts with Bioactive Functionalities. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133632. [PMID: 26204529 PMCID: PMC4512703 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the fabrication of a novel type of artificial small diameter blood vessels, termed biomimetic tissue-engineered blood vessels (bTEBV), with a modular composition. They are composed of a hydrogel scaffold consisting of two negatively charged natural polymers, alginate and a modified chitosan, N,O-carboxymethyl chitosan (N,O-CMC). Into this biologically inert scaffold two biofunctionally active biopolymers are embedded, inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) and silica, as well as gelatin which exposes the cell recognition signal, Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD). These materials can be hardened by exposure to Ca(2+) through formation of Ca(2+) bridges between the polyanions, alginate, N,O-CMC, and polyP (alginate-Ca(2+)-N,O-CMC-polyP). The bTEBV are formed by pressing the hydrogel through an extruder into a hardening solution, containing Ca(2+). In this universal scaffold of the bTEBV biomaterial, polycations such as poly(L-Lys), poly(D-Lys) or a His/Gly-tagged RGD peptide (three RGD units) were incorporated, which promote the adhesion of endothelial cells to the vessel surface. The mechanical properties of the biopolymer material (alginate-Ca(2+)-N,O-CMC-polyP-silica) revealed a hardness (elastic modulus) of 475 kPa even after a short incubation period in CaCl2 solution. The material of the artificial vascular grafts (bTEBVs with an outer size 6 mm and 1.8 mm, and an inner diameter 4 mm and 0.8 mm, respectively) turned out to be durable in 4-week pulsatile flow experiments at an alternating pressure between 25 and 100 mbar (18.7 and 75.0 mm Hg). The burst pressure of the larger (smaller) vessels was 850 mbar (145 mbar). Incorporation of polycationic poly(L-Lys), poly(D-Lys), and especially the His/Gly-tagged RGD peptide, markedly increased the adhesion of human, umbilical vein/vascular endothelial cells, EA.HY926 cells, to the surface of the hydrogel. No significant effect of the polyP samples on the clotting of human plasma is measured. We propose that the metabolically degradable polymeric scaffold bTEBV is a promising biomaterial for future prosthetic vascular grafts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meik Neufurth
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Emad Tolba
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Bernhard Dorweiler
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstraße 1, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Heinz C. Schröder
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Thorben Link
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Werner E. G. Müller
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Wang S, Wang X, Draenert FG, Albert O, Schröder HC, Mailänder V, Mitov G, Müller WEG. Bioactive and biodegradable silica biomaterial for bone regeneration. Bone 2014; 67:292-304. [PMID: 25088401 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2014.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 07/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Biosilica, a biocompatible, natural inorganic polymer that is formed by an enzymatic, silicatein-mediated reaction in siliceous sponges to build up their inorganic skeleton, has been shown to be morphogenetically active and to induce mineralization of human osteoblast-like cells (SaOS-2) in vitro. In the present study, we prepared beads (microspheres) by encapsulation of β-tricalcium phosphate [β-TCP], either alone (control) or supplemented with silica or silicatein, into the biodegradable copolymer poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) [PLGA]. Under the conditions used, ≈5% β-TCP, ≈9% silica, and 0.32μg/mg of silicatein were entrapped into the PLGA microspheres (diameter≈800μm). Determination of the biocompatibility of the β-TCP microspheres, supplemented with silica or silicatein, revealed no toxicity in the MTT based cell viability assay using SaOS-2 cells. The adherence of SaOS-2 cells to the surface of silica-containing microspheres was higher than for microspheres, containing only β-TCP. In addition, the silica-containing β-TCP microspheres and even more pronounced, a 1:1 mixture of microspheres containing β-TCP and silica, and β-TCP and silicatein, were found to strongly enhance the mineral deposition by SaOS-2 cells. Using these microspheres, first animal experiments with silica/biosilica were performed in female, adult New Zealand White rabbits to study the effect of the inorganic polymer on bone regeneration in vivo. The microspheres were implanted into 5mm thick holes, drilled into the femur of the animals, applying a bilateral comparison study design (3 test groups with 4-8 animals each). The control implant on one of the two hind legs contained microspheres with only β-TCP, while the test implant on the corresponding leg consisted either of microspheres containing β-TCP and silica, or a 1:1 mixture of microspheres, supplemented with β-TCP and silica, and β-TCP and silicatein. The results revealed that tissue/bone sections of silica containing implants and implants, composed of a 1:1 mixture of silica-containing microspheres and silicatein-containing microspheres, show an enhanced regeneration of bone tissue around the microspheres, compared to the control implants containing only β-TCP. The formation of new bone induced by the microspheres is also evident from measurements of the stiffness/reduced Young's modulus of the regenerated bone tissue. The reduced Young's modulus of the regenerating bone tissue around the implants was markedly higher for the silica-containing microspheres (1.1MPa), and even more for the 1:1 mixture of the silica- and silicatein-containing microspheres (1.4MPa), compared to the β-TCP microsphere controls (0.4MPa). We propose that based on their morphogenetic activity on bone-forming cells in vitro and the results of the animal experiments presented here, silica/biosilica-based scaffolds are promising materials for bone repair/regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shunfeng Wang
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany; National Research Center for Geoanalysis, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, 26 Baiwanzhuang Dajie, CN-Beijing 100037, China.
| | - Florian G Draenert
- Clinic for Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Marburg, Baldingerstr., D-35033 Marburg, Germany
| | - Olga Albert
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Heinz C Schröder
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Volker Mailänder
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55129 Mainz, Germany; Medical Clinic, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Gergo Mitov
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical University Medical Faculty, Zdrave 2 str., BG-1431 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Werner E G Müller
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Neufurth M, Wang X, Schröder HC, Feng Q, Diehl-Seifert B, Ziebart T, Steffen R, Wang S, Müller WEG. Engineering a morphogenetically active hydrogel for bioprinting of bioartificial tissue derived from human osteoblast-like SaOS-2 cells. Biomaterials 2014; 35:8810-8819. [PMID: 25047630 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Sodium alginate hydrogel, stabilized with gelatin, is a suitable, biologically inert matrix that can be used for encapsulating and 3D bioprinting of bone-related SaOS-2 cells. However, the cells, embedded in this matrix, remain in a non-proliferating state. Here we show that addition of an overlay onto the bioprinted alginate/gelatine/SaOS-2 cell scaffold, consisting of agarose and the calcium salt of polyphosphate [polyP·Ca(2+)-complex], resulted in a marked increase in cell proliferation. In the presence of 100 μm polyP·Ca(2+)-complex, the cells proliferate with a generation time of approximately 47-55 h. In addition, the hardness of the alginate/gelatin hydrogel substantially increases in the presence of the polymer. The reduced Young's modulus for the alginate/gelatin hydrogel is approximately 13-14 kPa, and this value drops to approximately 0.5 kPa after incubation of the cell containing scaffolds for 5 d. In the presence of 100 μm polyP·Ca(2+)-complex, the reduced Young's modulus increases to about 22 kPa. The hardness of the polyP·Ca(2+)-complex containing hydrogel remains essentially constant if cells are absent in the matrix, but it drops to 3.2 kPa after a 5 d incubation period in the presence of SaOS-2 cells, indicating that polyP·Ca(2+)-complex becomes metabolized, degraded, by the cells. The alginate/gelatine-agarose system with polyP·Ca(2+)-complex cause a significant increase in the mineralization of the cells. SEM analyses revealed that the morphology of the mineral nodules formed on the surface of the cells embedded in the alginate/gelatin hydrogel do not significantly differ from the nodules on cells growing in monolayer cultures. The newly developed technique, using cells encapsulated into an alginate/gelatin hydrogel and a secondary layer containing the morphogenetically active, growth promoting polymer polyP·Ca(2+)-complex opens new possibilities for the application of 3D bioprinting in bone tissue engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meik Neufurth
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at The Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of The Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at The Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of The Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Heinz C Schröder
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at The Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of The Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Qingling Feng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | | | - Thomas Ziebart
- Department of Oral and Maxillifacial Surgery, University Medicine Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Renate Steffen
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at The Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of The Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Shunfeng Wang
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at The Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of The Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Werner E G Müller
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at The Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of The Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Maiti A, Jiranek WA. Inhibition of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-induced cytokines mRNA production in human bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. BMC Cell Biol 2014; 15:11. [PMID: 24661536 PMCID: PMC3987888 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-15-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is the predominant cause of bone infection. Toll like receptors (TLRs) are an important segments of host response to infection and are expressed by a variety of cells including human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). The active form of Vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) has potent immunoregulatory properties, but the mechanism remains poorly understood. The genomic action of 1,25(OH)2D3 is mediated by vitamin D receptor (VDR), hormone-regulated transcription factor. VDR interacts with co-activators and co-repressors are associated with chromatin histone modifications and transcriptional regulation. The aim of our study is to explore MRSA-induced TLRs-mediated pro-inflammatory cytokines expression in hMSCs. Further, we hypothesized that 1,25(OH)2D3 inhibits MRSA-induced cytokines synthesis in hMSCs via inhibition of NF-кB transcription factor. Finally, we explored the regulatory role of 1,25(OH)2D3 in MRSA-mediated global epigenetic histone H3 mark, such as, trimethylated histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9me3), which is linked to gene silencing. Results Quantitative PCR data revealed that MRSA-infection predominantly induced expression of TLRs 1, 2, 6, NR4A2, and inflammatory cytokines IL-8, IL-6, TNFα in hMSCs. MRSA-mediated TLR ligands reduced osteoblast differentiation and increased hMSCs proliferation, indicating the disrupted multipotency function of hMSCs. Pretreatment of 1,25(OH)2D3 followed by MRSA co-culture inhibited nuclear translocation of NF-кB-p65, reduced expression of NR4A2 and pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-8, IL-6, and TNFα in hMSCs. Further, NF-κB-p65, VDR, and NR4A2 were present in the same nuclear protein complex, indicating that VDR is an active part of the nuclear protein complexes for transcriptional regulation. Finally, 1,25(OH)2D3 activated VDR, restores the global level of H3K9me3, to repress MRSA-stimulated inflammatory cytokine IL-8 expression. Pretreatment of 5-dAZA, DNA methylatransferases (Dnmts) inhibitor, dramatically re-expresses 1,25(OH)2D3-MRSA-mediated silenced IL-8 gene. Conclusions This data indicates that TLR 1, 2, and 6 can be used as markers for localized S. aureus bone infection. 1,25(OH)2D3-VDR may exhibits its anti-inflammatory properties in MRSA-stimulated infection by inhibiting nuclear translocation of NF-kB-p65 and transcripts of IL-8, IL-6, TNFα, and NR4A2 in hMSCs. Finally, 1,25(OH)2D3-activated VDR, acting as an epigenetic regulator, inhibits synthesis of cytokines in MRSA-stimulated infection by restoring the global level of H3K9me3, a histone H3 mark for gene silencing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Maiti
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, 1112 East Clay Street, Richmond, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Markakis MN, Boron AK, Van Loock B, Saini K, Cirera S, Verbelen JP, Vissenberg K. Characterization of a small auxin-up RNA (SAUR)-like gene involved in Arabidopsis thaliana development. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82596. [PMID: 24312429 PMCID: PMC3842426 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The root of Arabidopsis thaliana is used as a model system to unravel the molecular nature of cell elongation and its arrest. From a micro-array performed on roots that were treated with aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), the precursor of ethylene, a Small auxin-up RNA (SAUR)-like gene was found to be up regulated. As it appeared as the 76th gene in the family, it was named SAUR76. Root and leaf growth of overexpression lines ectopically expressing SAUR76 indicated the possible involvement of the gene in the division process. Using promoter::GUS and GFP lines strong expression was seen in endodermal and pericycle cells at the end of the elongation zone and during several stages of lateral root primordia development. ACC and IAA/NAA were able to induce a strong up regulation of the gene and changed the expression towards cortical and even epidermal cells at the beginning of the elongation zone. Confirmation of this up regulation of expression was delivered using qPCR, which also indicated that the expression quickly returned to normal levels when the inducing IAA-stimulus was removed, a behaviour also seen in other SAUR genes. Furthermore, confocal analysis of protein-GFP fusions localized the protein in the nucleus, cytoplasm and plasma membrane. SAUR76 expression was quantified in several mutants in ethylene and auxin-related pathways, which led to the conclusion that the expression of SAUR76 is mainly regulated by the increase in auxin that results from the addition of ACC, rather than by ACC itself.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bram Van Loock
- Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Kumud Saini
- Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Susanna Cirera
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Basic Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | | | - Kris Vissenberg
- Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Subirá D, Serrano C, Castañón S, Gonzalo R, Illán J, Pardo J, Martínez-García M, Millastre E, Aparisi F, Navarro M, Dómine M, Gil-Bazo I, Pérez Segura P, Gil M, Bruna J. Role of flow cytometry immunophenotyping in the diagnosis of leptomeningeal carcinomatosis. Neuro Oncol 2011; 14:43-52. [PMID: 21993441 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nor172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore the contribution of flow cytometry immunophenotyping (FCI) in detecting leptomeningeal disease in patients with solid tumors. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from 78 patients who received a diagnosis of epithelial-cell solid tumors and had clinical data suggestive of leptomeningeal carcinomatosis (LC) were studied. A novel FCI protocol was used to identify cells expressing the epithelial cell antigen EpCAM and their DNA content. Accompanying inflammatory cells were also described. FCI results (positive or negative for malignancy) were compared with those from CSF cytology and with the diagnosis established by the clinicians: patients with LC (n = 49), without LC (n = 26), and undetermined (n = 3). RESULTS FCI described a wide range of EpCAM-positive cells with a hyperdiploid DNA content in the CSF of patients with LC. Compared with cytology, FCI showed higher sensitivity (75.5 vs 65.3) and negative predictive value (67.6 vs 60.5), and similar specificity (96.1 vs 100) and positive predictive value (97.4 vs 100). Concordance between cytology and FCI was high (Kp = 0.83), although misdiagnosis of LC did not show differences between evaluating the CSF with 1 or 2 techniques (P = .06). Receiver-operator characteristic curve analyses showed that lymphocytes and monocytes had a different distribution between patients with and without LC. CONCLUSION FCI seems to be a promising new tool for improving the diagnostic examination of patients with suspicion of LC. Detection of epithelial cells with a higher DNA content is highly specific of LC, but evaluation of the nonepithelial cell compartment of the CSF might also be useful for supporting this diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dolores Subirá
- Department of Hematology, Hospital de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Silva F, Lourenço O, Pina-Vaz C, Rodrigues AG, Queiroz JA, Domingues FC. The use of DRAQ5 to monitor intracellular DNA in Escherichia coli by flow cytometry. J Fluoresc 2010; 20:907-14. [PMID: 20352307 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-010-0636-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2009] [Accepted: 03/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Flow cytometry provides a rapid and high-content multiparameter analysis of individual microorganisms within a population. In the past years, several fluorescent stains were developed in order to monitor DNA content distribution and cell-cycle phases, mainly in eukaryotic cells. Recently, due to its low detection limits, several of these fluorescent stains were also applied to prokaryotic cells. In this study, the ability of a novel far-red fluorescent stain DRAQ5 in assessing intracellular DNA content distribution in Escherichia coli DH5alpha was evaluated. The results showed that a DRAQ5-labelled live E. coli suspension can be obtained by incubation of 1 x 10(6) cells/mL with 5 microM DRAQ5 in PBS buffer supplemented with EDTA (pH = 7.4) during 30 min at 37 degrees C. Flow cytometric analysis of fixed E. coli cells revealed that ethanol should be used in detriment of glutaraldehyde for DRAQ5 labelling. After the analysis of RNase and DNase digested samples, DRAQ5 was proven to be a specific DNA labelling stain. The present study demonstrates that the use of DRAQ5 as a DNA-labelling stain provides an easy assessment of intracellular DNA content and cell-cycle phases in gram-negative bacteria such as E. coli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filomena Silva
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Avenida Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|