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Guo X, Liu L, Feng H, Li D, Xia Z, Yang R. Flame Retardancy of Nylon 6 Fibers: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15092161. [PMID: 37177307 PMCID: PMC10181247 DOI: 10.3390/polym15092161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
As synthetic fibers with superior performances, nylon 6 fibers are widely used in many fields. Due to the potential fire hazard caused by flammability, the study of the flame retardancy of nylon 6 fibers has been attracting more and more attention. The review has summarized the present research status of flame-retarded nylon 6 fibers from three aspects: intrinsic flame-retarded nylon 6, nylon 6 composites, and surface strategies of nylon 6 fibers/fabrics. The current main focus is still how to balance the application performances, flame retardancy, and production cost. Moreover, melt dripping during combustion remains a key challenge for nylon 6 fibers, and the further developing trend is to study novel flame retardants and new flame-retardancy technologies for nylon 6 fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocheng Guo
- National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Linjing Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Kingfa Sci. & Tech. Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510663, China
| | - Haisheng Feng
- National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Dinghua Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhonghua Xia
- National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Rongjie Yang
- National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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2
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Vothi H, Kim C, Nguyen T, Lee J, Nguyen LAT, Suhr J. Thermal degradation and flame retardancy of nylon 6/aluminum methylmethoxy phosphonate composites. RSC Adv 2023; 13:5219-5227. [PMID: 36777944 PMCID: PMC9910282 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07297a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
An aluminum methylmethoxyphosphonate (AlPo)-based flame retardant (FR) was synthesized. Thermal degradation and flame retardancy of nylon 6 (PA6)/AlPo composites were examined and compared with PA6/commercial aluminum diethylphosphinate (AlPi) composites. The PA6/AlPo composite achieved a V-0 rating at 20 wt% loading during the UL-94 test, and it exhibited the formation of a charred layer that protected the polymer from burning and reduced the release of gases during the combustion of PA6. AlPo demonstrated exceptional performance in gaseous and condensed phases in the PA6 matrix, whereas AlPi only worked in the gaseous phase. The differences between the thermal degradation mechanisms and flame retardancies of AlPi and AlPo were investigated via Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and cone calorimetry. A suitable degradation mechanism was proposed to aid the development of flame retardants in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Vothi
- Center for Composite Materials & Concurrent Design, Research & Business Foundation, Sungkyunkwan University Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea +84339949314
- University of Science Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Chowon Kim
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea +821077087847
| | - TanBinh Nguyen
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea +821077087847
| | - Jinwoo Lee
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea +821077087847
| | - Lan-Anh T Nguyen
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghwan Suhr
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea +821077087847
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
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3
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Yargici Kovanci C, Nofar M, Ghanbari A. Synergistic Enhancement of Flame Retardancy Behavior of Glass-Fiber Reinforced Polylactide Composites through Using Phosphorus-Based Flame Retardants and Chain Modifiers. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14235324. [PMID: 36501718 PMCID: PMC9739078 DOI: 10.3390/polym14235324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Flame retardancy properties of neat PLA can be improved with different phosphorus-based flame retardants (FRs), however, developing flame retardant PLA-based engineering composites with maintained mechanical performance is still a challenge. This study proposes symbiosis approaches to enhance the flame retardancy behavior of polylactide (PLA) composites with 20 wt% short glass fibers (GF). This was first implemented by exploring the effects of various phosphorus-based FRs up to 5 wt% in neat PLA samples. Among the used phosphorus-based FRs, the use of only 3 wt% of diphosphoric acid-based FR (P/N), melamine coated ammonium polyphosphate (APPcoated), and APP with melamine synergist (APP/Mel) resulted in achieving the V0 value in a vertical burning test in the neat PLA samples. In addition to their superior efficiency in improving the flame retardancy of neat PLA, P/N had the least negative effect on the final mechanical performance of PLA samples. When incorporated in PLA composites with 20 wt% GF, however, even with the use of 30 wt% P/N, the V0 value could not be obtained due to the candlewick effect. To resolve this issue, the synergistic effect of P/N and aromatic polycarbodiimide (PCDI) cross-linker or Joncryl epoxy-based chain-extender (CE) on the flame retardancy characteristics of composites was examined. Due to the further chain modification, which also enhances the melt strength of PLA, the dripping of composites in the vertical burning test terminated and the V0 value could be reached when using only 1 wt% PCDI or CE. According to the scanning electron microscopic analysis, the use of noted chain modifiers further homogenized the distribution and refined the particle size of P/N within the PLA matrix. Hence this could synergistically contribute to the enhancements of the fire resistance performance of the PLA composites. Such incorporation of P/N and chain modifiers further leads to the enhancement of the mechanical performance of PLA composites and hence the resultant product can be proposed as a promising durable bioplastic engineering product where fire risk exists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceren Yargici Kovanci
- Polymer Science and Technology Program, Institute of Science and Technology, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul 34469, Turkey
- Arcelik A.S. Central R&D Department, Polymer & Chemical, Tuzla, Istanbul 34950, Turkey
| | - Mohammadreza Nofar
- Polymer Science and Technology Program, Institute of Science and Technology, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul 34469, Turkey
- Sustainable & Green Plastics Laboratory, Metallurgical & Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul 34469, Turkey
- Correspondence:
| | - Abbas Ghanbari
- National Research Council Canada, 2690 Red Fife Rd., Rosser, MB R0H 1E0, Canada
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4
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Malkappa K, Bandyopadhyay J, Ojijo V, Ray SS. Superior flame retardancy, antidripping, and thermomechanical properties of polyamide nanocomposites with graphene‐based hybrid flame retardant. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kuruma Malkappa
- Centre for Nanostructures and Advanced Materials DSI‐CSIR Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Pretoria South Africa
| | - Jayita Bandyopadhyay
- Centre for Nanostructures and Advanced Materials DSI‐CSIR Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Pretoria South Africa
| | - Vincent Ojijo
- Centre for Nanostructures and Advanced Materials DSI‐CSIR Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Pretoria South Africa
| | - Suprakas Sinha Ray
- Centre for Nanostructures and Advanced Materials DSI‐CSIR Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Pretoria South Africa
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Johannesburg Johannesburg South Africa
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5
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Kulkarni S, Xia Z, Yu S, Kiratitanavit W, Morgan AB, Kumar J, Mosurkal R, Nagarajan R. Bio-Based Flame-Retardant Coatings Based on the Synergistic Combination of Tannic Acid and Phytic Acid for Nylon-Cotton Blends. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:61620-61628. [PMID: 34908405 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c16474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Natural and synthetic polymeric fibers are used extensively in making fabrics for a variety of civilian and military applications. Due to the durability and comfort, nyco, a 50-50% blend of nylon 66 and cotton, is used as the material of choice in many applications including military uniforms. This fabric is flammable due to the presence of cotton and nylon but has good mechanical properties and is comfortable to wear. Here, we report a novel surface functionalization method that utilizes a synergistic combination of bio-based materials, tannic acid (TA) and phytic acid (PA), to impart flame-retardant (FR) properties to the nyco fabric. TA and PA were sequentially attached to nylon and cotton fibers through hydrogen bonding interactions and phosphorylation, respectively. The surface functionalization of the treated fabrics was confirmed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Thermogravimetric analysis, microscale combustion calorimetry, cone calorimetry, and vertical flame testing were employed to study the effect of the functionalization on the thermal stability and flammability of the nyco fabric. Though reasonable durable functionalization is observed from elemental analysis, it is not enough to impart wash-durable FR treatment. These results indicate that flame retardancy is enabled through the enhanced char formation provided by the combination of TA and PA. The TA-PA system applied to nyco shows great promise as a bio-based FR system. This study for the first time also provides evidence for the selectivity of TA in imparting FR characteristics for nylon and PA in imparting FR properties for cotton. The combination of TA and PA provides promising FR characteristics to nyco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourabh Kulkarni
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
- The HEROES Initiative, Center for Advanced Materials, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
| | - Zhiyu Xia
- Department of Plastics Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
- The HEROES Initiative, Center for Advanced Materials, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
| | - Shiran Yu
- Department of Plastics Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
- The HEROES Initiative, Center for Advanced Materials, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
| | - Weeradech Kiratitanavit
- Department of Plastics Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
| | - Alexander B Morgan
- Center for Flame Retardant Materials Science, University of Dayton Research Institute, Dayton, Ohio 45469, United States
| | - Jayant Kumar
- Department of Physics & Applied Physics, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
- The HEROES Initiative, Center for Advanced Materials, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
| | - Ravi Mosurkal
- Protection Materials Division, U.S. Army DEVCOM Soldier Center, Natick, Massachusetts 01760, United States
- The HEROES Initiative, Center for Advanced Materials, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
| | - Ramaswamy Nagarajan
- Department of Plastics Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
- The HEROES Initiative, Center for Advanced Materials, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
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6
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7
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High‐efficiency
ammonium polyphosphate intumescent encapsulated polypropylene flame retardant. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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8
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Marset D, Dolza C, Fages E, Gonga E, Gutiérrez O, Gomez-Caturla J, Ivorra-Martinez J, Sanchez-Nacher L, Quiles-Carrillo L. The Effect of Halloysite Nanotubes on the Fire Retardancy Properties of Partially Biobased Polyamide 610. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3050. [PMID: 33352673 PMCID: PMC7765851 DOI: 10.3390/polym12123050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The main objective of the work reported here was the analysis and evaluation of halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) as natural flame retardancy filler in partially biobased polyamide 610 (PA610), with 63% of carbon from natural sources. HNTs are naturally occurring clays with a nanotube-like shape. PA610 compounds containing 10%, 20%, and 30% HNT were obtained in a twin-screw co-rotating extruder. The resulting blends were injection molded to create standard samples for fire testing. The incorporation of the HNTs in the PA610 matrix leads to a reduction both in the optical density and a significant reduction in the number of toxic gases emitted during combustion. This improvement in fire properties is relevant in applications where fire safety is required. With regard to calorimetric cone results, the incorporation of 30% HNTs achieved a significant reduction in terms of the peak values obtained of the heat released rate (HRR), changing from 743 kW/m2 to about 580 kW/m2 and directly modifying the shape of the characteristic curve. This improvement in the heat released has produced a delay in the mass transfer of the volatile decomposition products, which are entrapped inside the HNTs' lumen, making it difficult for the sample to burn. However, in relation to the ignition time of the samples (TTI), the incorporation of HNTs reduces the ignition start time about 20 s. The results indicate that it is possible to obtain polymer formulations with a high renewable content such as PA610, and a natural occurring inorganic filler in the form of a nanotube, i.e., HNTs, with good flame retardancy properties in terms of toxicity, optical density and UL94 test.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Marset
- Textile Industry Research Association (AITEX), Plaza Emilio Sala 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (D.M.); (C.D.); (E.F.); (E.G.); (O.G.)
| | - Celia Dolza
- Textile Industry Research Association (AITEX), Plaza Emilio Sala 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (D.M.); (C.D.); (E.F.); (E.G.); (O.G.)
| | - Eduardo Fages
- Textile Industry Research Association (AITEX), Plaza Emilio Sala 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (D.M.); (C.D.); (E.F.); (E.G.); (O.G.)
| | - Eloi Gonga
- Textile Industry Research Association (AITEX), Plaza Emilio Sala 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (D.M.); (C.D.); (E.F.); (E.G.); (O.G.)
| | - Oscar Gutiérrez
- Textile Industry Research Association (AITEX), Plaza Emilio Sala 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (D.M.); (C.D.); (E.F.); (E.G.); (O.G.)
| | - Jaume Gomez-Caturla
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (J.G.-C.); (L.S.-N.)
| | - Juan Ivorra-Martinez
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (J.G.-C.); (L.S.-N.)
| | - Lourdes Sanchez-Nacher
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (J.G.-C.); (L.S.-N.)
| | - Luis Quiles-Carrillo
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (J.G.-C.); (L.S.-N.)
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9
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Flame retardancy and mechanical properties of polyamide 6 modified by multiple reactions with furan-phosphamide. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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An inherently flame-retardant polyamide 6 containing a phosphorus group prepared by transesterification polymerization. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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11
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Kundu CK, Li Z, Song L, Hu Y. An overview of fire retardant treatments for synthetic textiles: From traditional approaches to recent applications. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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12
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13
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Turski Silva Diniz A, Huth C, Schartel B. Dripping and decomposition under fire: Melamine cyanurate vs. glass fibres in polyamide 6. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.109048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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14
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Wang F, Shi W, Mai Y, Liao B. Effect of Thermal Conductive Fillers on the Flame Retardancy, Thermal Conductivity, and Thermal Behavior of Flame-Retardant and Thermal Conductive Polyamide 6. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12244114. [PMID: 31818046 PMCID: PMC6947611 DOI: 10.3390/ma12244114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In this work, polyamide 6 (PA6) composites with improved flame retardancy and thermal conductivity were prepared with different thermal conductive fillers (TC fillers) such as aluminum nitride (AlN) and boron nitride (BN) in a PA6 matrix with aluminum diethylphosphinate (AlPi) as a fire retardant. The resultant halogen-free flame retardant (HFFR) and thermal conductive (TC) PA6 (HFFR-TC-PA6) were investigated in detail with a mechanical property test, a limiting oxygen index (LOI), the vertical burning test (UL-94), a cone calorimeter, a thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The morphology of the impact fracture surface and char residue of the composites were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was found that the thermal conductivity of the HFFR-TC-PA6 composite increased with the amount of TC fillers. The TC fillers exerted a positive effect for flame retardant PA6. For example, the HFFR-TC-PA6 composites with the thickness of 1.6 mm successfully passed the UL-94 V-0 rating with an LOI of more than 29% when the loading amount of AlN-550RFS, BN-SW08 and BN-NW04 was 30 wt%. The morphological structures of the char residues revealed that TC fillers formed a highly integrated char layer surface (without holes) during the combustion process, as compared to that of flame retardant PA6/AlPi composites. In addition, the thermal stability and crystallization behavior of the composites were studied.
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15
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Mourgas G, Giebel E, Bauch V, Schneck T, Unold J, Buchmeiser MR. Synthesis of intrinsically flame‐retardant copolyamides and their employment in PA6‐fibers. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Mourgas
- German Institutes of Textile and Fiber Research Körschtalstr 26, D‐73770 Denkendorf Germany
| | - Elisabeth Giebel
- German Institutes of Textile and Fiber Research Körschtalstr 26, D‐73770 Denkendorf Germany
| | - Volker Bauch
- German Institutes of Textile and Fiber Research Körschtalstr 26, D‐73770 Denkendorf Germany
| | - Tanja Schneck
- German Institutes of Textile and Fiber Research Körschtalstr 26, D‐73770 Denkendorf Germany
- Institute of Polymer ChemistryUniversity of Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 55 D‐70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Joerg Unold
- German Institutes of Textile and Fiber Research Körschtalstr 26, D‐73770 Denkendorf Germany
| | - Michael R. Buchmeiser
- German Institutes of Textile and Fiber Research Körschtalstr 26, D‐73770 Denkendorf Germany
- Institute of Polymer ChemistryUniversity of Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 55 D‐70569 Stuttgart Germany
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16
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Savas LA, Dogan M. Flame retardant effect of zinc borate in polyamide 6 containing aluminum hypophosphite. Polym Degrad Stab 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Garth K, Döring M, Kraemer R, Roth M, Thomas C. Novel phosphinate-containing zinc polyacrylate and its utilization as flame retardant for polyamides. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kim Garth
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF; Schlossgartenstr. 6, 64289, Darmstadt Germany
| | - Manfred Döring
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF; Schlossgartenstr. 6, 64289, Darmstadt Germany
| | - Roland Kraemer
- BASF SE; Carl-Bosch-Str. 38, 67063, Ludwigshafen am Rhein Germany
| | - Michael Roth
- BASF SE; Carl-Bosch-Str. 38, 67063, Ludwigshafen am Rhein Germany
| | - Carsten Thomas
- BASF SE; Carl-Bosch-Str. 38, 67063, Ludwigshafen am Rhein Germany
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashid Nazir
- Additives and Chemistry Group, Advanced FibersEmpa Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology St. Gallen Switzerland
| | - Sabyasachi Gaan
- Additives and Chemistry Group, Advanced FibersEmpa Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology St. Gallen Switzerland
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19
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Liu K, Li Y, Tao L, Liu C, Xiao R. Synthesis and characterization of inherently flame retardant polyamide 6 based on a phosphine oxide derivative. Polym Degrad Stab 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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20
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Mourgas G, Giebel E, Schneck T, Unold J, Buchmeiser MR. Syntheses of intrinsically flame‐retardant polyamide 6 fibers and fabrics. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Mourgas
- German Institutes of Textile and Fiber Research Körschtalstrasse 26, D‐73770 Denkendorf Germany
| | - Elisabeth Giebel
- German Institutes of Textile and Fiber Research Körschtalstrasse 26, D‐73770 Denkendorf Germany
| | - Tanja Schneck
- German Institutes of Textile and Fiber Research Körschtalstrasse 26, D‐73770 Denkendorf Germany
| | - Joerg Unold
- German Institutes of Textile and Fiber Research Körschtalstrasse 26, D‐73770 Denkendorf Germany
| | - Michael R. Buchmeiser
- Institute of Polymer ChemistryUniversity of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D‐70569 Stuttgart Germany
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21
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Polat O, Kaynak C. Effects of Zinc Borate on the Flame Retardancy Performance of Aluminum Diethylphosphinate in Polyamide-6 and its Composites. INT POLYM PROC 2019. [DOI: 10.3139/217.3579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIn this study, the flame retardancy contribution of zinc borate when used together with a traditional flame retardant (aluminum diethylphosphinate compound) was investigated for neat polyamide-6 and for 15 wt% short glass fiber reinforced composite. Melt mixing with twin-screw extrusion was the compounding method while injection and compression molding were the shaping methods of specimens. Three different flammability tests (limiting oxygen index, UL-94 vertical burning, mass loss calorimetry) indicated that many flame retardancy parameters could be improved significantly by replacing a certain amount of aluminum diethylphosphinate with zinc borate. For example, using aluminum diethylphosphinate alone resulted in only 32 % suppression in the value of the peak heat release rate for neat polyamide-6, while it was 82 % (more than two-fold) when used together with zinc borate. It was revealed by evolved gas analyses, char analyses, x-ray diffraction and thermogravimetry that the main contribution of zinc borate to aluminum diethylphosphinate was in terms of a barrier mechanism via formation of additional boron phosphate inorganic content in the barrier layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. Polat
- 1Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - C. Kaynak
- 1Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
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22
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Wang N, Teng H, Li L, Zhang J, Kang P. Synthesis of Phosphated K-Carrageenan and Its Application for Flame-Retardant Waterborne Epoxy. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10111268. [PMID: 30961193 PMCID: PMC6401681 DOI: 10.3390/polym10111268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, phosphated K-carrageenan (P-KC) was obtained by reacting POCl3 with the renewable source K-carrageenan (KC). P-KC and 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) were added into waterborne epoxy (EP) to improve its flame retardancy. The structure of P-KC was studied comprehensively using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), showing the successful synthesis of P-KC. The flame retardancy of the EP was evaluated by the cone calorimeter test. The results showed that different mass ratios of DOPO and P-KC affected the flame retardancy of EP. When the mass ratio of DOPO and P-KC was 2:1, total heat release (THR) and total smoke production (TSP) decreased by 48.7% and 37.4%, respectively. The microstructures of residue char were observed by FTIR and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), indicating that the flame-retardant waterborne epoxy (FR-EP) system held a more cohesive and denser char structure. The char inhibited the diffusion of heat and oxygen, which played a key role in the flame retardancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Wang
- Sino-Spanish Advanced Materials Institute, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China.
- Advanced Manufacturing Institute of Polymer Industry (AMIPI), Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China.
| | - Haiwei Teng
- Sino-Spanish Advanced Materials Institute, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China.
| | - Long Li
- Sino-Spanish Advanced Materials Institute, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China.
| | - Jing Zhang
- Sino-Spanish Advanced Materials Institute, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China.
| | - Ping Kang
- Sino-Spanish Advanced Materials Institute, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China.
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Sahnoune M, Taguet A, Otazaghine B, Kaci M, Lopez-Cuesta JM. Fire retardancy effect of phosphorus-modified halloysite on polyamide-11 nanocomposites. POLYM ENG SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Sahnoune
- Laboratoire des Matériaux Polymères Avancés (LMPA); Université de Bejaia; 06000, Algeria
- Centre des Matériaux des Mines d'Alès (C2MA); IMT Mines d'Alès, 6 avenue de Clavières, 30319 Alès cedex France
| | - Aurélie Taguet
- Centre des Matériaux des Mines d'Alès (C2MA); IMT Mines d'Alès, 6 avenue de Clavières, 30319 Alès cedex France
| | - Belkacem Otazaghine
- Centre des Matériaux des Mines d'Alès (C2MA); IMT Mines d'Alès, 6 avenue de Clavières, 30319 Alès cedex France
| | - Mustapha Kaci
- Laboratoire des Matériaux Polymères Avancés (LMPA); Université de Bejaia; 06000, Algeria
| | - José-Marie Lopez-Cuesta
- Centre des Matériaux des Mines d'Alès (C2MA); IMT Mines d'Alès, 6 avenue de Clavières, 30319 Alès cedex France
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Šehić A, Vasiljević J, Demšar A, Leskovšek M, Bukošek V, Medved J, Čolović M, Jerman I, Simončič B. Polyamide 6 composite fibers with incorporated mixtures of melamine cyanurate, carbon nanotubes, and carbon black. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alisa Šehić
- AquafilSLO d.o.o.; Letališka 15, 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Jelena Vasiljević
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering; University of Ljubljana; Aškerčeva 12, 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Andrej Demšar
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering; University of Ljubljana; Aškerčeva 12, 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Mirjam Leskovšek
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering; University of Ljubljana; Aškerčeva 12, 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Vili Bukošek
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering; University of Ljubljana; Aškerčeva 12, 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Jožef Medved
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering; University of Ljubljana; Aškerčeva 12, 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Marija Čolović
- National Institute of Chemistry; Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Ivan Jerman
- National Institute of Chemistry; Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Barbara Simončič
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering; University of Ljubljana; Aškerčeva 12, 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
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New Polymer Syntheses Part 60: A Facile Synthetic Route to Polyamides Based on Thieno[2,3-b]thiophene and Their Corrosion Inhibition Behavior. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-018-2101-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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27
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Huang W, He W, Long L, Yan W, He M, Qin S, Yu J. Highly efficient flame-retardant glass-fiber-reinforced polyamide 6T system based on a novel DOPO-based derivative: Flame retardancy, thermal decomposition, and pyrolysis behavior. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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28
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Casetta M, Michaux G, Ohl B, Duquesne S, Bourbigot S. Key role of magnesium hydroxide surface treatment in the flame retardancy of glass fiber reinforced polyamide 6. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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29
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He W, Zhu H, Xiang Y, Long L, Qin S, Yu J. Enhancement of flame retardancy and mechanical properties of polyamide 6 by incorporating an aluminum salt of diisobutylphosphinic combined with organoclay. Polym Degrad Stab 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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30
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Liu J, Guan H, Song D. Preparation and characterization of microcapsulated red phosphorus and kinetic analysis of its thermal oxidation. KINETICS AND CATALYSIS 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s0023158417020070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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31
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Effects of α-ZrP on Crystallinity and Flame-Retardant Behaviors of PA6/MCA Composites. INT J POLYM SCI 2017. [DOI: 10.1155/2017/6034741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel flame-retardant Polyamide6/Melamine cyanurate-alpha-zirconium phosphate (PA6/MCA-α-ZrP) composites were prepared via the incorporation of the modified MCA (MCA-α-ZrP) into PA6. MCA-α-ZrP were synthesized through the self-assembly of α-ZrP, Melamine (ME), and cyanuric acid (CA) molecules. The results of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed that the incorporation of enough α-ZrP (30 wt% MCA) caused the increased crystallinity of PA6 and tended to form γ phase. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and heat distortion temperature (HDT) test illustrated that the α-ZrP could increase the residue and HDT values of PA6/MCA and showed a synergistic effect with MCA. The combination of MCA and α-ZrP caused the enhancement of vertical burning test (UL-94) rating. Cone calorimeter test (CCT) gave clear evidences that PA6/MCA-10α-ZrP composites with low heat release rate (HRR), low total heat release (THR), and high amounts of char residues after combustion compared with PA6/MCA and PA6/MCA-30α-ZrP. What is more, excellent mechanical properties were kept even though MCA and α-ZrP were dispersed not as good as expected.
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Negrell C, Frénéhard O, Sonnier R, Dumazert L, Briffaud T, Flat JJ. Self-extinguishing bio-based polyamides. Polym Degrad Stab 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2016.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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33
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Šehić A, Tomšič B, Jerman I, Vasiljević J, Medved J, Simončič B. Synergistic inhibitory action of P- and Si-containing precursors in sol–gel coatings on the thermal degradation of polyamide 6. Polym Degrad Stab 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2016.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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34
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Leistner M, Haile M, Rohmer S, Abu-Odeh A, Grunlan JC. Water-soluble polyelectrolyte complex nanocoating for flame retardant nylon-cotton fabric. Polym Degrad Stab 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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36
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Ge H, Tang G, Hu WZ, Wang BB, Pan Y, Song L, Hu Y. Aluminum hypophosphite microencapsulated to improve its safety and application to flame retardant polyamide 6. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2015; 294:186-194. [PMID: 25867591 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum hypophosphite (AHP) is an effective phosphorus-containing flame retardant. But AHP also has fire risk that it will decompose and release phosphine which is spontaneously flammable in air and even can form explosive mixtures with air in extreme cases. In this paper, AHP has been microencapsulated by melamine cyanurate (MCA) to prepare microencapsulated aluminum hypophosphite (MCAHP) with the aim of enhancing the fire safety in the procedure of production, storage and use. Meanwhile, MCA was a nitrogen-containing flame retardant that can work with AHP via the nitrogen-phosphorus synergistic effect to show improved flame-retardant property than other capsule materials. After microencapsulation, MCA presented as a protection layer inhibit the degradation of AHP and postpone the generation of phosphine. Furthermore, the phosphine concentration could be effectively diluted by inert decomposition products of MCA. These nonflammable decomposition products of MCA could separate phosphine from air delay the oxidizing reaction with oxygen and decrease the heat release rate, which imply that the fire safety of AHP has been improved. Furthermore, MCAHP was added into polyamide 6 to prepare flame retardant polyamide 6 composites (FR-PA6) which show good flame retardancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Gang Tang
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, 59 Hudong Road, Ma'anshan, Anhui 243002, PR China
| | - Wei-Zhao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Bi-Bo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Ying Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Lei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China.
| | - Yuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China; Suzhou Key Laboratory of Urban Public Safety, Suzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Science and Technology of China, 166 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China.
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37
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Effect of Meltable Triazine-DOPO Additive on Rheological, Mechanical, and Flammability Properties of PA6. Polymers (Basel) 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/polym7081469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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38
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Zhan Z, Xu M, Li B. Synergistic effects of sepiolite on the flame retardant properties and thermal degradation behaviors of polyamide 66/aluminum diethylphosphinate composites. Polym Degrad Stab 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2015.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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39
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Sahyoun J, Bounor-Legaré V, Ferry L, Sonnier R, Bonhommé A, Cassagnau P. Influence of organophosphorous silica precursor on the thermal and fire behaviour of a PA66/PA6 copolymer. Polym Degrad Stab 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2015.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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40
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Flame Retardancy of PA6 Using a Guanidine Sulfamate/Melamine Polyphosphate Mixture. Polymers (Basel) 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/polym7020316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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41
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Battegazzore D, Alongi J, Fontaine G, Frache A, Bourbigot S, Malucelli G. Bulk vs. surface flame retardancy of fully bio-based polyamide 10,10. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra04149j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PA 10,10 can be flame retarded either by melt-blending the polymer with intumescent formulations or by coating it with UV-curable mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Battegazzore
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia
- Politecnico di Torino
- Sede di Alessandria
- 15121 Alessandria
- Italy
| | - Jenny Alongi
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia
- Politecnico di Torino
- Sede di Alessandria
- 15121 Alessandria
- Italy
| | - Gaelle Fontaine
- Unité Matériaux et Transformations (UMET) – CNRS UMR 8207
- R2Fire Group–Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Lille
- F-59652 Villeneuve d'Ascq
- France
| | - Alberto Frache
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia
- Politecnico di Torino
- Sede di Alessandria
- 15121 Alessandria
- Italy
| | - Serge Bourbigot
- Unité Matériaux et Transformations (UMET) – CNRS UMR 8207
- R2Fire Group–Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Lille
- F-59652 Villeneuve d'Ascq
- France
| | - Giulio Malucelli
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia
- Politecnico di Torino
- Sede di Alessandria
- 15121 Alessandria
- Italy
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42
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Synthesis, characterization and corrosion inhibitive properties of new thiazole based polyamides containing diarylidenecyclohexanone moiety. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-015-1569-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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43
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Karamipour SH, Ebadi-Dehaghani H, Hajari M, Akbarzadeh M, Ashouri D, Mousavian S. Comparing the Effect of Micro- and Nano-Scale Silica on the Rheological, Dynamic Mechanical Properties and Flame Resistance of Nylon 6,6. J MACROMOL SCI B 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00222348.2014.912514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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44
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Buczko A, Stelzig T, Bommer L, Rentsch D, Heneczkowski M, Gaan S. Bridged DOPO derivatives as flame retardants for PA6. Polym Degrad Stab 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2014.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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45
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Sha K, Hu YL, Wang YH, Xiao R. Preparation of flame retardant polyamide 6/melamine cyanurate via in situ polymerisation and its characterisation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1179/1432891714z.000000000804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Sha
- State Key Lab for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer MaterialsCollege of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Y. L. Hu
- State Key Lab for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer MaterialsCollege of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Y. H. Wang
- State Key Lab for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer MaterialsCollege of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - R. Xiao
- State Key Lab for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer MaterialsCollege of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
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46
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Coquelle M, Duquesne S, Casetta M, Sun J, Zhang S, Bourbigot S. Investigation of the decomposition pathway of polyamide 6/ammonium sulfamate fibers. Polym Degrad Stab 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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47
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Jian RK, Chen L, Zhao B, Yan YW, Li XF, Wang YZ. Acrylonitrile–Butadiene–Styrene Terpolymer with Metal Hypophosphites: Flame Retardance and Mechanism Research. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ie403726m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Kun Jian
- Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials,
College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering,
National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-friendly Polymeric Materials
(Sichuan), Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Li Chen
- Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials,
College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering,
National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-friendly Polymeric Materials
(Sichuan), Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials,
College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering,
National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-friendly Polymeric Materials
(Sichuan), Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yuan-Wei Yan
- Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials,
College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering,
National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-friendly Polymeric Materials
(Sichuan), Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xiao-Fan Li
- Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials,
College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering,
National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-friendly Polymeric Materials
(Sichuan), Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yu-Zhong Wang
- Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials,
College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering,
National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-friendly Polymeric Materials
(Sichuan), Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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48
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Naik AD, Fontaine G, Samyn F, Delva X, Louisy J, Bellayer S, Bourgeois Y, Bourbigot S. Mapping the multimodal action of melamine-poly(aluminium phosphate) in the flame retardancy of polyamide 66. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra02005g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Multimodal action and synergism of melamine poly(aluminum phosphate) in the flame retardancy of polyamide 66.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil D. Naik
- ISP/UMET – UMR/CNRS 8207
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Lille (ENSCL)
- 59652 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - Gaëlle Fontaine
- ISP/UMET – UMR/CNRS 8207
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Lille (ENSCL)
- 59652 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - Fabienne Samyn
- ISP/UMET – UMR/CNRS 8207
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Lille (ENSCL)
- 59652 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | | | | | - Séverine Bellayer
- ISP/UMET – UMR/CNRS 8207
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Lille (ENSCL)
- 59652 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | | | - Serge Bourbigot
- ISP/UMET – UMR/CNRS 8207
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Lille (ENSCL)
- 59652 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
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49
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Melamine integrated metal phosphates as non-halogenated flame retardants: Synergism with aluminium phosphinate for flame retardancy in glass fiber reinforced polyamide 66. Polym Degrad Stab 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2013.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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50
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