1
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Access to n-pentenyl tetra- and pentasaccharide analogues of the antitumor drug PI-88 based on 1,2-methyl orthoester glycosyl donors. Carbohydr Res 2022; 516:108557. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2022.108557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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2
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Yasuo N, Ishida T, Sekijima M. Computer aided drug discovery review for infectious diseases with case study of anti-Chagas project. Parasitol Int 2021; 83:102366. [PMID: 33915269 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2021.102366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) are parasitic and bacterial infections that are widespread, especially in the tropics, and cause health problems for about one billion people over 149 countries worldwide. However, in terms of therapeutic agents, for example, nifurtimox and benznidazole were developed in the 1960s to treat Chagas disease, but new drugs are desirable because of their side effects. Drug discovery takes 12 to 14 years and costs $2.6 billon dollars, and hence, computer aided drug discovery (CADD) technology is expected to reduce the time and cost. This paper describes our methods and results based on CADD, mainly for NTDs. An overview of databases, molecular simulation and pharmacophore modeling, contest-based drug discovery, and machine learning and their results are presented herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuaki Yasuo
- Academy for Convergence of Materials and Informatics (TAC-MI), Tokyo Institute of Technology, S6-23, 2-12-1, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Takashi Ishida
- Department of Computer Science, School of Computing, Tokyo Institute of Technology, W8-85, 2-12-1, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Masakazu Sekijima
- Department of Computer Science, School of Computing, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-J3-23, Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan.
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3
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo A. Kashiwagi
- Centro de Investigaciones en Hidratos de Carbono (CIHIDECAR)CONICET- Universidad de Buenos Aires Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Pabellón II 3°Piso, Ciudad Universitaria C1428EHA Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires Argentina
- Departamento de QuímicaUniversidad Nacional del Oeste Belgrano 369 San Antonio de Padua Provincia de Buenos Aires Argentina
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4
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Schröder SP, Kallemeijn WW, Debets MF, Hansen T, Sobala LF, Hakki Z, Williams SJ, Beenakker TJM, Aerts JMFG, van der Marel GA, Codée JDC, Davies GJ, Overkleeft HS. Spiro-epoxyglycosides as Activity-Based Probes for Glycoside Hydrolase Family 99 Endomannosidase/Endomannanase. Chemistry 2018; 24:9983-9992. [PMID: 29797675 PMCID: PMC6055899 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201801902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
N-Glycans direct protein function, stability, folding and targeting, and influence immunogenicity. While most glycosidases that process N-glycans cleave a single sugar residue at a time, enzymes from glycoside hydrolase family 99 are endo-acting enzymes that cleave within complex N-glycans. Eukaryotic Golgi endo-1,2-α-mannosidase cleaves glucose-substituted mannose within immature glucosylated high-mannose N-glycans in the secretory pathway. Certain bacteria within the human gut microbiota produce endo-1,2-α-mannanase, which cleaves related structures within fungal mannan, as part of nutrient acquisition. An unconventional mechanism of catalysis was proposed for enzymes of this family, hinted at by crystal structures of imino/azasugars complexed within the active site. Based on this mechanism, we developed the synthesis of two glycosides bearing a spiro-epoxide at C-2 as electrophilic trap, to covalently bind a mechanistically important, conserved GH99 catalytic residue. The spiro-epoxyglycosides are equipped with a fluorescent tag, and following incubation with recombinant enzyme, allow concentration, time and pH dependent visualization of the bound enzyme using gel electrophoresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sybrin P. Schröder
- Department of Bioorganic ChemistryLeiden Institute of ChemistryEinsteinweg 552333 CCLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Wouter W. Kallemeijn
- Department of Medical BiochemistryLeiden Institute of ChemistryEinsteinweg 552333 CCLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Marjoke F. Debets
- Department of Bioorganic ChemistryLeiden Institute of ChemistryEinsteinweg 552333 CCLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Thomas Hansen
- Department of Bioorganic ChemistryLeiden Institute of ChemistryEinsteinweg 552333 CCLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Lukasz F. Sobala
- Department of Chemistry, York Structural Biology LaboratoryUniversity of YorkHeslingtonYorkYO10 5DDUK
| | - Zalihe Hakki
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology InstituteUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Spencer J. Williams
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology InstituteUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Thomas J. M. Beenakker
- Department of Bioorganic ChemistryLeiden Institute of ChemistryEinsteinweg 552333 CCLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Johannes M. F. G. Aerts
- Department of Medical BiochemistryLeiden Institute of ChemistryEinsteinweg 552333 CCLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Gijsbert A. van der Marel
- Department of Bioorganic ChemistryLeiden Institute of ChemistryEinsteinweg 552333 CCLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Jeroen D. C. Codée
- Department of Bioorganic ChemistryLeiden Institute of ChemistryEinsteinweg 552333 CCLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Gideon J. Davies
- Department of Chemistry, York Structural Biology LaboratoryUniversity of YorkHeslingtonYorkYO10 5DDUK
| | - Herman S. Overkleeft
- Department of Bioorganic ChemistryLeiden Institute of ChemistryEinsteinweg 552333 CCLeidenThe Netherlands
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Vincent SP, Tikad A. β-Selective One-Pot Fluorophosphorylation ofd,d-Heptosylglycals Mediated by Selectfluor. Isr J Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201400148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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6
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Lee AMM, Painter GF, Compton BJ, Larsen DS. Resolution of orthogonally protected myo-inositols with novozym 435 providing an enantioconvergent pathway to Ac2PIM1. J Org Chem 2014; 79:10916-31. [PMID: 25338261 DOI: 10.1021/jo5019188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Orthogonally protected chiral myo-inositol derivatives are important intermediates for higher order myo-inositol-containing compounds. Here, the use of the immobilized enzyme Novozym 435 to efficiently catalyze the acetylation of the 5R configured enantiomer of racemic 1,2-O-isopropylidene-myo-inositols possessing chemically and sterically diverse protecting groups at O-3 and O-6 is described. The resolutions were successful with allyl, benzyl, 4-bromo-, 4-methoxy-, 4-nitro-, and 4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)benzyl, propyl, and propargyl protection at O-6 in combination with either allyl or benzyl groups at O-3. Bulky protecting groups slow the rate of acetylation. No reaction was observed for 3,6-di-O-triisopropylsilyl-1,2-O-isopropylidene-myo-inositol. The utility of this methodology was demonstrated by the first reported synthesis of an Ac2PIM1 (9), which used both enantiomers of the resolved 3-O-allyl-6-O-benzyl-1,2-O-isopropylidene-myo-inositol in a convergent synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair M M Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago , P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Kumar V, Taxak N, Jangir R, Bharatam PV, Kartha KPR. In(III) triflate-mediated solvent-free synthesis and activation of thioglycosides by ball milling and structural analysis of long chain alkyl thioglycosides by TEM and quantum chemical methods. J Org Chem 2014; 79:3427-39. [PMID: 24669760 DOI: 10.1021/jo5001753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Conventional solution-phase synthesis of thioglycosides from glycosyl acetates and thiols in the presence of In(III) triflate as reported for benzyl thioglucoside failed when applied to the synthesis of phenolic and alkyl thioglycosides. But, it was achieved in high efficiency and diastereospecificity with ease by solvent-free grinding in a ball mill. The acetates in turn were also obtained by the homogenization of free sugars with stoichiometric amounts of acetic anhydride and catalytic In(OTf)3 in the mill as neat products. Per-O-benzylated thioglycosides on grinding with an acceptor sugar in the presence of In(OTf)3 yield the corresponding O-glycosides efficiently. The latter in the case of a difficult secondary alcohol was nearly exclusive (>98%) in 1,2-cis-selectivity. In contrast, the conventional methods for this purpose require use of a coreagent such as NIS along with the Lewis acid to help generate the electrophilic species that actually is responsible for the activation of the thioglycoside donor in situ. The distinctly different self-assembling features of the peracetylated octadecyl 1-thio-α- and β-D-galactopyranosides observed by TEM could be rationalized by molecular modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vajinder Kumar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research , S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab 160062, India
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8
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Tikad A, Vincent SP. Constrained 3,6-Anhydro-Heptosides: Synthesis by a DAST-Induced Debenzylative Reaction, and Reactivity Profile. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201301071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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9
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Johnson CL, Guo Z. Synthesis of Novel, Fluorescently Tagged Analogs of Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) Anchors. J Carbohydr Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/07328303.2013.826671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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10
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Swarts BM. Recent Advances in the Chemical Synthesis of Glycosylphosphatidylinositols (GPIs): Expanding Synthetic Versatility for Investigating GPI Biology. J Carbohydr Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/07328303.2013.831435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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11
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Poláková M, Jankovič Ľ, Kucková L, Kožíšek J. Application of oxone immobilized on montmorillonite for an efficient oxidation of mannose thioglycoside. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-013-0964-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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12
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Chiodi CG, Verli H. Structural characterization of NETNES glycopeptide from Trypanosoma cruzi. Carbohydr Res 2013; 373:28-34. [PMID: 23578542 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2013.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi is a protozoan, responsible for Chagas disease, that parasites triatomines and some vertebrates, mainly Homo sapiens. In 2010, nearly 10 million people in whole world, most from Latin America, had Chagas disease, which is an illness of high morbidity, low mortality, and serious problems of quality of life. The available treatment has high toxicity and low efficacy at chronic phase. Some of the protozoan antigenic or virulence factors include complex carbohydrate structures that, due to their uniqueness, may constitute potential selective targets for the development of new treatments. One example of such structures is NETNES, a low abundance T. cruzi glycopeptide, comprising 13 amino acid residues, one or two N-glycosylation chains, a GPI anchor and two P-glycosylations. In this context, the current work aims to obtain an atomic model for NETNES, including its glycan chains and membrane attachment, in order to contribute in the characterization of its structure and dynamics. Based on POPC and GPI models built in agreement with experimental data, our results indicate that, in the first third of the simulation, NETNES peptide is very flexible in solution, bending itself between asparagine residues and lying down on some carbohydrates and membrane, exposing amino acid residues and some other glycans, mainly terminal mannoses, to the extracellular medium, remaining in this position until the end of simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla G Chiodi
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91500-970, RS, Brazil.
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13
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Tsai YH, Götze S, Vilotijevic I, Grube M, Silva DV, Seeberger PH. A general and convergent synthesis of diverse glycosylphosphatidylinositol glycolipids. Chem Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2sc21515b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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14
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Swarts BM, Guo Z. Chemical synthesis of glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors. Adv Carbohydr Chem Biochem 2012; 67:137-219. [PMID: 22794184 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-396527-1.00004-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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15
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Tsai YH, Liu X, Seeberger PH. Chemical biology of glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:11438-56. [PMID: 23086912 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201203912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositols (GPIs) are complex glycolipids that are covalently linked to the C-terminus of proteins as a posttranslational modification. They anchor the attached protein to the cell membrane and are essential for normal functioning of eukaryotic cells. GPI-anchored proteins are structurally and functionally diverse. Many GPIs have been structurally characterized but comprehension of their biological functions, beyond the simple physical anchoring, remains largely speculative. Work on functional elucidation at a molecular level is still limited. This Review focuses on the roles of GPI unraveled by using synthetic molecules and summarizes the structural diversity of GPIs, as well as their biological and chemical syntheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsuan Tsai
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
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16
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Tsai YH, Liu X, Seeberger PH. Chemische Biologie der Glycosylphosphatidylinosit-Anker. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201203912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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17
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Uriel C, Ventura J, Gómez AM, López JC, Fraser-Reid B. Methyl 1,2-Orthoesters as Useful Glycosyl Donors in Glycosylation Reactions: A Comparison with n-Pent-4-enyl 1,2-Orthoesters. European J Org Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201200089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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18
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Waschke D, Leshch Y, Thimm J, Himmelreich U, Thiem J. Synthesis of Fluorinated Ketoheptoses as Specific Diagnostic Agents. European J Org Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201101238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Santra
- a Bose Institute, Division of Molecular Medicine , P-1/12, C.I.T. Scheme VII-M, Kolkata, 700054, India
| | - Abhijit Sau
- a Bose Institute, Division of Molecular Medicine , P-1/12, C.I.T. Scheme VII-M, Kolkata, 700054, India
| | - Anup Kumar Misra
- a Bose Institute, Division of Molecular Medicine , P-1/12, C.I.T. Scheme VII-M, Kolkata, 700054, India
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20
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Richichi B, Luzzatto L, Notaro R, Marca GL, Nativi C. Synthesis of the essential core of the human glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor. Bioorg Chem 2011; 39:88-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2010.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Revised: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Swarts BM, Guo Z. Chemical synthesis and functionalization of clickable glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors. Chem Sci 2011; 2:2342-2352. [PMID: 22163072 PMCID: PMC3233219 DOI: 10.1039/c1sc00440a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchorage is a common posttranslational modification of eukaryotic proteins. Chemical synthesis of structurally defined GPIs and GPI derivatives is a necessary step toward understanding the properties and functions of these molecules in biological systems. In this work, the synthesis of several functionalized GPI anchors was accomplished using the para-methoxybenzyl (PMB) group for permanent hydroxyl protection, which allowed the incorporation of functionalities that are incompatible with permanent protecting groups traditionally used in carbohydrate synthesis. A flexible convergent-divergent assembly strategy enabled efficient access to a diverse set of target structures, including "clickable" Alkynyl-GPIs 1 and 2 and Azido-GPI 3. For global deprotection, a one-pot reaction was employed to afford the target GPIs in excellent yields (85-97%). Fully deprotected clickable GPIs 2 and 3 were readily conjugated to imaging and affinity probes via Cu(I)-catalyzed and Cu-free strain-promoted [3+2] cycloaddition, respectively, resulting in GPI-Fluor 4 and GPI-Biotin 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M. Swarts
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA. Fax: 1-313-577-8822; Tel: 1-313-577-2557
| | - Zhongwu Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA. Fax: 1-313-577-8822; Tel: 1-313-577-2557
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22
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Hecht ML, Tsai YH, Liu X, Wolfrum C, Seeberger PH. Synthetic inositol phosphoglycans related to GPI lack insulin-mimetic activity. ACS Chem Biol 2010; 5:1075-86. [PMID: 20825209 DOI: 10.1021/cb1002152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Insulin signaling has been suggested, at least in part, to be affected by an insulin-mimetic species of low molecular weight. These inositol phosphoglycans (IPGs) are generated upon growth hormone/cytokine stimulation and control the activity of a multitude of insulin effector enzymes. The minimal structural requirements of IPGs for insulin-mimetic action have been debated. Two types of IPGs were suggested, and the IPG-A type resembles the core glycan of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchors. In fact, purified GPI-anchors of lower eukaryotic origin have been shown to influence glucose homeostasis. To elucidate active IPGs, a collection of synthetic IPGs designed on the basis of previous reports of activity were tested for their insulin-mimetic activity. In vitro and ex vivo assays in rodent adipose tissue as well as in vivo analyses in mice were employed to test the synthetic IPGs. None of the IPGs we tested mimic insulin actions as determined by PKB/Akt phosphorylation and quantification of glucose transport and lipogenesis. Furthermore, none of the IPGs had any effect in in vivo insulin tolerance assays. In stark contrast to previous claims, we conclude that neither of the compounds tested is insulin-mimetic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Lyn Hecht
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Competence Center for Systems Physiology and Metabolic Diseases, Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yu-Hsuan Tsai
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Wolfrum
- Competence Center for Systems Physiology and Metabolic Diseases, Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter H. Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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Swarts BM, Guo Z. Synthesis of a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor bearing unsaturated lipid chains. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:6648-50. [PMID: 20423078 PMCID: PMC2873617 DOI: 10.1021/ja1009037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A GPI anchor bearing unsaturated fatty acid lipid chains (1) was synthesized by a highly convergent strategy employing the para-methoxybenzyl group for permanent hydroxyl protection. The final global deprotection was achieved by an efficient three-step, one-pot procedure to give an 81% isolated yield of the target structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M. Swarts
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Zhongwu Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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24
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Parkan K, Werner L, Lövyová Z, Prchalová E, Kniežo L. An approach to stereoselective preparation of 3-C-glycosylated d- and l-glucals. Carbohydr Res 2010; 345:352-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2009.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2009] [Accepted: 11/18/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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25
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Selection of protecting groups and synthesis of a β-1,4-GlcNAc-β-1,4-GlcN unit. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-009-0172-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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26
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Yu F, Guo Z. Efficient syntheses of chiral myo-inositol derivatives—key intermediates in glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) syntheses. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:3852-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.03.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2009] [Revised: 03/30/2009] [Accepted: 03/31/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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27
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Goel M, Azev VN, d’Alarcao M. The biological activity of structurally defined inositol glycans. Future Med Chem 2009; 1:95-118. [PMID: 20390053 PMCID: PMC2853056 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.09.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The inositol glycans (IGs) are glycolipid-derived carbohydrates produced by insulin-sensitive cells in response to insulin treatment. IGs exhibit an array of insulin-like activities including stimulation of lipogenesis, glucose transport and glycogen synthesis, suggesting that they may be involved in insulin signal transduction. However, because the natural IGs are structurally heterogeneous and difficult to purify to homogeneity, an understanding of the relationship between structure and biological activity has relied principally on synthetic IGs of defined structure. DISCUSSION: This article briefly describes what is known about the role of IGs in signal transduction and reviews the specific biological activities of the structurally defined IGs synthesized and tested to date. CONCLUSION: A pharmacophore for IG activity begins to emerge from the reviewed data and the structural elements necessary for activity are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Goel
- Department of Chemistry, San José State University, One Washington Square, San José, CA 95192-90101, USA
| | - Viatcheslav N Azev
- AN Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova Str. 28, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marc d’Alarcao
- Department of Chemistry, San José State University, One Washington Square, San José, CA 95192-90101, USA
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28
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Belén Cid M, Alfonso F, Alonso I, Martín-Lomas M. On the origin of the regioselectivity in glycosylation reactions of 1,2-diols. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 7:1471-81. [DOI: 10.1039/b819452a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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29
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Becker C, Liu X, Olschewski D, Castelli R, Seidel R, Seeberger P. Semisynthesis of a Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-Anchored Prion Protein. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:8215-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200802161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Becker C, Liu X, Olschewski D, Castelli R, Seidel R, Seeberger P. Semisynthese eines Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-verankerten Prionproteins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200802161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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31
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Reina JJ, Díaz I, Nieto PM, Campillo NE, Páez JA, Tabarani G, Fieschi F, Rojo J. Docking, synthesis, and NMR studies of mannosyl trisaccharide ligands for DC-SIGN lectin. Org Biomol Chem 2008; 6:2743-54. [PMID: 18633532 DOI: 10.1039/b802144a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
DC-SIGN, a lectin, which presents at the surface of immature dendritic cells, constitutes nowadays a promising target for the design of new antiviral drugs. This lectin recognizes highly glycosylated proteins present at the surface of several pathogens such as HIV, Ebola virus, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, etc. Understanding the binding mode of this lectin is a topic of tremendous interest and will permit a rational design of new and more selective ligands. Here, we present computational and experimental tools to study the interaction of di- and trisaccharides with DC-SIGN. Docking analysis of complexes involving mannosyl di- and trisaccharides and the carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) of DC-SIGN have been performed. Trisaccharides Manalpha1,2[Manalpha1,6]Man 1 and Manalpha1,3[Manalpha1,6]Man 2 were synthesized from an orthogonally protected mannose as a common intermediate. Using these ligands and the soluble extracellular domain (ECD) of DC-SIGN, NMR experiments based on STD and transfer-NOE were performed providing additional information. Conformational analysis of the mannosyl ligands in the free and bound states was done. These studies have demonstrated that terminal mannoses at positions 2 or 3 in the trisaccharides are the most important moiety and present the strongest contact with the binding site of the lectin. Multiple binding modes could be proposed and therefore should be considered in the design of new ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- José J Reina
- Grupo de Carbohidratos, Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas, CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, Américo Vespucio 49, Seville, Spain
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Euzen R, Guégan JP, Ferrières V, Plusquellec D. First O-Glycosylation from Unprotected 1-Thioimidoyl Hexofuranosides Assisted by Divalent Cations. J Org Chem 2007; 72:5743-7. [PMID: 17602592 DOI: 10.1021/jo070741j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The preparation of O-hexofuranosides was accomplished from unprotected 1-thioimidoyl furanosides as donors. The present methodology was first used for the synthesis of octyl galactofuranoside and further extended to D-galactofuranose-containing disaccharides. Within this study, we emphasized the need for additional complexing cations to maintain the furanose ring in its initial size. After experimentation, calcium ion was first used concomitantly with trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate, the latter being able to activate the thioimidate and the former being likely to inhibit ring expansion. Moreover, an improvement was performed by using copper(II) trifluoromethanesulfonate which could then meet the requirements as both promoter and complexing agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan Euzen
- Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, Avenue du Général Leclerc, F-35700 Rennes, France
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Mukherjee C, Misra AK. Odorless Preparation of Thioglycosides and Thio‐Michael Adducts of Carbohydrate Derivatives. J Carbohydr Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/07328300701410635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chinmoy Mukherjee
- a Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division , Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow, India
| | - Anup Kumar Misra
- a Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division , Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow, India
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Euzen R, Ferrières V, Plusquellec D. Synthesis of galactofuranose-containing disaccharides using thioimidoyl-type donors. Carbohydr Res 2006; 341:2759-68. [PMID: 17056021 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2006.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2006] [Revised: 09/28/2006] [Accepted: 10/02/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Four galactofuranose-containing disaccharides have been prepared utilising various thioimidates [Galf-SC(NR)XR'] and suitably protected acceptors as key precursors. We observed that the efficiency of the coupling reactions was particularly dependent on the aglycon present on the furanosyl donor when copper(II) ions were used as the promoter, and that activation could be correlated with the nature of the third heteroatom, X.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan Euzen
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, UMR CNRS 6226, Avenue du Général Leclerc, F-35700 Rennes, France
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35
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Daniellou R, Palmer DRJ. Appel–Lee synthesis of glycosyl inositols, substrates for inositol dehydrogenase from Bacillus subtilis. Carbohydr Res 2006; 341:2145-50. [PMID: 16729989 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2006.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2006] [Revised: 05/02/2006] [Accepted: 05/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported that inositol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.18) from Bacillus subtilis can catalyze the highly stereoselective oxidation of 1l-4-O-substituted myo-inositol derivatives, as well as disaccharides melibiose and isomaltose, but not gentiobiose or maltose, consistent with the requirement of an alpha-(1-->6) linkage. We believed that the enzyme might therefore catalyze efficient stereoselective oxidation of the appropriate alpha-linked glycosyl inositols. We have synthesized alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->4)-(DL)-myo-inositol and alpha-d-galactopyranosyl-(1-->4)-(DL)-myo-inositol using the Appel-Lee protocol to couple benzyl-protected glycosyl donors to protected inositols. This method failed in our hands using glycosyl donors derived from D-mannose and 2-azido-2-deoxy-D-glucose. When myo-inositol 1,3,5-monoorthoformate is used as the acceptor, the reaction is regiospecific for the 4/6-position. We report here the mildest conditions known for the removal of the orthoformate group. 2-Azido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->4)-(DL)-myo-inositol was synthesized using the trichloroacetimidate derivative as the donor, and all three pseudo-disaccharides were substrates for inositol dehydrogenase. The glucopyranosyl and galactopyranosyl derivatives displayed apparent second-order rate constants comparable to that of myo-inositol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Daniellou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5C9
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36
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Chevalier F, Lopez-Prados J, Groves P, Perez S, Martín-Lomas M, Nieto PM. Structure and dynamics of the conserved protein GPI anchor core inserted into detergent micelles. Glycobiology 2006; 16:969-80. [PMID: 16774909 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwl015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A suitable approach which combines nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have been used to study the structure and the dynamics of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor Manalphal-2Manalpha1-6Manalphal -4GlcNalpha1-6myo-inositol-1-OPO(3)-sn-1,2-dimyristoylglycerol (1) incorporated into dodecylphosphatidylcholine (DPC) micelles. The results have been compared to those previously obtained for the products obtainable from (1) after phospholipase cleavage, in aqueous solution. Relaxation and diffusion NMR experiments were used to establish the formation of stable aggregates and the insertion of (1) into the micelles. MD calculations were performed including explicit water, sodium and chloride ions and using the Particle Mesh Ewald approach for the evaluation of the electrostatic energy term. The MD predicted three dimensional structure and dynamics were substantiated by nuclear overhauser effect (NOE) measurements and relaxation data. The pseudopentasaccharide structure, which was not affected by incorporation of (1) into the micelle, showed a complex dynamic behaviour with a faster relative motion at the terminal mannopyranose unit and decreased mobility close to the micelle. This motion may be better described as an oscillation relative to the membrane rather than a folding event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Chevalier
- Grupo de Carbohidratos, Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas, CSIC, Isla de la Cartuja, Seville, Spain
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37
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Bonilla JB, Cid MB, Contreras FX, Goñi FM, Martín-Lomas M. Phospholipase cleavage of D- and L-chiro-glycosylphosphoinositides asymmetrically incorporated into liposomal membranes. Chemistry 2006; 12:1513-28. [PMID: 16315198 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200500833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The nature of chiro-inositol-containing inositolphosphoglycans (IPGs), reported to be putative insulin mediators, was studied by examination of the substrate specificities of the phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) and the glycosylphosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase D (GPI-PLD) by using a series of synthetic D- and L-chiro-glycosylphosphoinositides. 3-O-alpha-D-Glucosaminyl- (3) and -galactosaminyl-2-phosphatidyl-L-chiro-inositol (4), which show the maximum stereochemical similarity to the 6-O-alpha-D-glucosaminylphosphatidylinositol pseudodisaccharide motifs of GPI anchors, were synthesized and asymmetrically incorporated into phospholipid bilayers in the form of large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs). Similarly, 2-O-alpha-D-glucosaminyl- (5) and -galactosaminyl-1-phosphatidyl-D-chiro-inositol (6), which differ from the corresponding pseudodisaccharide motif of the GPI anchors only in the axial orientation of the phosphatidyl moiety, were also synthesized and asymmetrically inserted into LUVs. The cleavage of these synthetic molecules in the liposomal constructs by PI-PLC from Bacillus cereus and by GPI-PLD from bovine serum was studied with the use of 6-O-alpha-D-glucosaminylphosphatidylinositol (7) and the conserved GPI anchor structure (8) as positive controls. Although PI-PLC cleaved 3 and 4 with about the same efficiency as 7 and 8, this enzyme did not accept 5 or 6. GPI-PLD accepted both the L-chiro- (3 and 4) and the D-chiro- (5 and 6) glycosylinositolphosphoinositides. Therefore, IPGs containing L-chiro-inositol only are expected to be released from chiro-inositol-containing GPIs if the cleavage is effected by a PI-PLC, whereas GPI-PLD cleavage could result in both L-chiro- and D-chiro-inositol-containing IPGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia B Bonilla
- Grupo de Carbohidratos, Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas, CSIC, Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
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38
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Synthesis of thio- and selenoglycosides by cleavage of dichalconides in the presence of zinc/zinc chloride and reaction with glycosyl bromides. Tetrahedron Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2005.11.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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39
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Kumar R, Tiwari P, Maulik PR, Misra AK. A Generalized Procedure for the One-Pot Preparation of Glycosyl Azides and Thioglycosides Directly from Unprotected Reducing Sugars under Phase-Transfer Reaction Conditions. European J Org Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200500646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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40
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Chakraborty N, d'Alarcao M. An anionic inositol phosphate glycan pseudotetrasaccharide exhibits high insulin-mimetic activity in rat adipocytes. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:6732-41. [PMID: 16115771 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2005] [Revised: 07/20/2005] [Accepted: 07/20/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Inositol phosphate glycan pseudotetrasaccharides consisting of man-(alpha1-6)-man-(alpha1-4)-glcN-(alpha,beta1-6)-myo-inositol-1,2-cyclic phosphate possessing a sulfate group at either O-6 (compounds 3alpha,beta) or O-2 (compounds 4alpha,beta) of the terminal mannose have been prepared. Compound 4alpha was able to stimulate lipogenesis in native rat adipocytes to 78% of the maximal insulin response (MIR) with an EC50 of 1.1 microM. The other compounds exhibited lower maximal stimulations (47-63% MIR) and higher EC50 values (9.5-10.6 microM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilanjana Chakraborty
- Michael Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
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41
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López‐Prados J, Martín‐Lomas M. Inositolphosphoglycan Mediators: An Effective Synthesis of the Conserved Linear GPI Anchor Structure*. J Carbohydr Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1081/car-200066956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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42
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Chevalier F, Lopez-Prados J, Perez S, Martín-Lomas M, Nieto PM. Conformational Study of GPI Anchors: the Common Oligosaccharide GPI Anchor Backbone. European J Org Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200500171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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43
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Kwon YU, Soucy RL, Snyder DA, Seeberger PH. Assembly of a Series of Malarial Glycosylphosphatidylinositol Anchor Oligosaccharides. Chemistry 2005; 11:2493-504. [PMID: 15729674 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200400934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We report an efficient and convergent synthesis of a series of oligosaccharides comprised of the malaria GPI glycan (2a), a promising anti-malaria vaccine candidate currently in preclinical trials and several related oligosaccharide sequences (3-8) that are possible biosynthetic precursors of the malarial GPI. A flexible synthetic strategy is disclosed that relies on a late-stage coupling between oligomannosides of varying length and pseudo-disaccharide glycosyl acceptor 11 to readily access various malarial GPI structures. Phosphorylation was accomplished by mild and efficient H-phosphonate chemistry before the final deprotection was carried out by using sodium in ammonia. The direct connection of a thiol group via a phosphate diester linkage to the inositol moiety provides a handle for easy conjugation of the GPI glycan to carrier proteins, immobilization on carbohydrate microarrays and photo-affinity labels identification. These synthetic oligosaccharides will serve as molecular probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Uk Kwon
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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44
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López-Prados J, Cuevas F, Reichardt NC, de Paz JL, Morales EQ, Martín-Lomas M. Design and synthesis of inositolphosphoglycan putative insulin mediators. Org Biomol Chem 2005; 3:764-86. [PMID: 15731862 DOI: 10.1039/b418041k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The binding modes of a series of molecules, containing the glucosamine (1-->6) myo-inositol structural motif, into the ATP binding site of the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) have been analysed using molecular docking. These calculations predict that the presence of a phosphate group at the non-reducing end in pseudodisaccharide and pseudotrisaccharide structures properly orientate the molecule into the binding site and that pseudotrisaccharide structures present the best shape complementarity. Therefore, pseudodisaccharides and pseudotrisaccharides have been synthesised from common intermediates using effective synthetic strategies. On the basis of this synthetic chemistry, the feasibility of constructing small pseudotrisaccharide libraries on solid-phase using the same intermediates has been explored. The results from the biological evaluation of these molecules provide additional support to an insulin-mediated signalling system which involves the intermediacy of inositolphosphoglycans as putative insulin mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier López-Prados
- Grupo de Carbohidratos, Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas, CSIC, Américo Vespucio s/n, 41092, Sevilla, Spain
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45
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Kwon YU, Liu X, Seeberger PH. Total syntheses of fully lipidated glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors of Toxoplasma gondii. Chem Commun (Camb) 2005:2280-2. [PMID: 15856122 DOI: 10.1039/b501373a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Modular syntheses of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors of Toxoplasma gondii using a highly convergent strategy are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Uk Kwon
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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46
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Cid MB, Alfonso F, Martín-Lomas M. A Study on the Influence of the Structure of the Glycosyl Acceptors on the Stereochemistry of the Glycosylation Reactions with 2-Azido-2-Deoxy-Hexopyranosyl Trichloroacetimidates. Chemistry 2004; 11:928-38. [PMID: 15593131 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200400746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The stereochemical outcome of glycosylations with 2-azido-2-deoxy-D-gluco- and D-galactopyranosyl trichloroacetimidates as glycosyl donors has been investigated by using a series of chiro-inositol derivatives as glycosyl acceptors. The influence of the absolute configuration, the conformation and the conformational flexibility of the glycosyl acceptor has been studied by using different glycosyl donors under similar pre-established experimental conditions. Although the structure of the acceptor may play a role in governing the stereochemistry of these glycosylations, the results show that, in general terms, the relative influence of these factors is difficult to evaluate. For a given set of experimental conditions, the stereochemical course of these glycosylations depends on structural features of both glycosyl donor and glycosyl acceptor. It is a balance of these factors, where the structure of the glycosyl donor always plays a major role, which determines the stereochemistry of the coupling reaction. Therefore, the examples reported in the literature in which the structure of the glycosyl acceptor appears to be crucial in determining the stereochemistry of the reaction constitute particularly favorable cases which do not presently allow any further generalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Belén Cid
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Cantoblanco, Spain.
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47
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Cid MB, Alfonso F, Martín-Lomas M. Synthesis of fagopyritols A1 and B1 from d-chiro-inositol. Carbohydr Res 2004; 339:2303-7. [PMID: 15337459 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2004.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2004] [Accepted: 06/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Fagopyritol A1 (3-O-alpha-d-galactopyranosyl-d-chiro-inositol) and fagopyritol B1 (2-O-alpha-d-galactopyranosyl-d-chiro-inositol) have been synthesized by glycosylation of the diequatorial diol 1,4,5,6-tetra-O-benzoyl-d-chiro-inositol, readily obtained from d-chiro-inositol, with 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzyl-d-galactopyranosyl trichloroacetimidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Belén Cid
- Grupo de Carbohidratos, Instituto de Investigaciones Quimicas, CSIC, Américo Vespucio s/n, Isla de La Cartuja, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
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48
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwu Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106−7078, USA, Fax: (internat.) +1‐216‐368‐3006
| | - Lee Bishop
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106−7078, USA, Fax: (internat.) +1‐216‐368‐3006
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49
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Elased KM, Gumaa KA, de Souza JB, Playfair JHL, Rademacher TW. Improvement of glucose homeostasis in obese diabetic db/db mice given Plasmodium yoelii glycosylphosphatidylinositols. Metabolism 2004; 53:1048-53. [PMID: 15281017 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2004.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported that infection with Plasmodium yoelii, Plasmodium chabaudi, or injection of extracts from malaria-parasitized red blood cells induces hypoglycemia in normal mice and normalizes the hyperglycemia in streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic mice. P yoelii glycosylphosphatidylinositols (GPIs) were extracted in chloroform:methanol:water (CMW) (10:10:3), purified by high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) and tested for their insulin-mimetic activities. The effects of P yoelii GPIs on blood glucose were investigated in insulin-resistant C57BL/ks-db/db diabetic mice. A single intravenous injection of GPIs (9 and 30 nmol/mouse) induced a significant dose-related decrease in blood glucose (P < .001), but insignificantly increased plasma insulin concentrations. A single oral dose of 2.7 micromol GPIs per db/db mouse significantly lowered blood glucose (P < .01). P yoelii GPIs in vitro (0.062 to 1 micromol/L) significantly stimulated lipogenesis in rat adipocytes in a dose-dependent manner both in the presence and absence of 10(-8) mol/L insulin (P < .01). P yoelii GPIs stimulated pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase (PDH-Pase) and inhibited both cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase A and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase). P yoelii GPIs had no effect on the activity of the gluconeogenic enzymes fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK). This is the first report of the hypoglycemic effect of P yoelii GPIs in murine models of type 2 diabetes. In conclusion, P yoelii GPIs demonstrated acute antidiabetic effects in db/db mice and in vitro. We suggest that P yoelii GPIs, when fully characterized, may provide structural information for the synthesis of new drugs for the management of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Elased
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Pathology, Royal Free and University College London Medical School, Windeyer Institute of Medical Sciences, UK
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50
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Abstract
The structure of covalently-linked glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors of membrane proteins displayed on the cell surface is described. Evidence of how the GPI-anchors are sorted into membrane rafts in the plasma membrane is reviewed. Proteins are released by hydrolysis of the linkage to the GPI anchor and phospholipases from different sources involved in this process are characterised. The regulation of protein conformation and function resulting from phospholipase cleavage of the GPI anchor is discussed in the context of its role in signal transduction by insulin. In this signalling system, re-distribution of critical membrane components, including GPI-anchored proteins and non-receptor tyrosine kinases, between different raft domains appears to play a central role in the signal transduction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances J Sharom
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1 Canada
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