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Almahayni K, Spiekermann M, Fiore A, Yu G, Pedram K, Möckl L. Small molecule inhibitors of mammalian glycosylation. Matrix Biol Plus 2022; 16:100108. [PMID: 36467541 PMCID: PMC9713294 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbplus.2022.100108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycans are one of the fundamental biopolymers encountered in living systems. Compared to polynucleotide and polypeptide biosynthesis, polysaccharide biosynthesis is a uniquely combinatorial process to which interdependent enzymes with seemingly broad specificities contribute. The resulting intracellular cell surface, and secreted glycans play key roles in health and disease, from embryogenesis to cancer progression. The study and modulation of glycans in cell and organismal biology is aided by small molecule inhibitors of the enzymes involved in glycan biosynthesis. In this review, we survey the arsenal of currently available inhibitors, focusing on agents which have been independently validated in diverse systems. We highlight the utility of these inhibitors and drawbacks to their use, emphasizing the need for innovation for basic research as well as for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Almahayni
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Malte Spiekermann
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Antonio Fiore
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Guoqiang Yu
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Kayvon Pedram
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA,Corresponding authors.
| | - Leonhard Möckl
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, 91058 Erlangen, Germany,Corresponding authors.
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2
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Abstract
Iminosugars are naturally occurring carbohydrate analogues known since 1967. These natural compounds and hundreds of their synthetic derivatives prepared over five decades have been mainly exploited to inhibit the glycosidases, the enzymes catalysing the glycosidic bond cleavage, in order to find new drugs for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and other diseases. However, iminosugars are also inhibitors of glycosyltransferases, the enzymes responsible for the synthesis of oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates. The selective inhibition of specific glycosyltransferases involved in cancer or bacterial infections could lead to innovative therapeutic agents. The synthesis and biological properties of all the iminosugars assayed to date as glycosyltransferase inhibitors are reviewed in the present article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Conforti
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, 8 Rue de l'Ecole Normale, 34296 Montpellier cedex 5, France.
| | - Alberto Marra
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, 8 Rue de l'Ecole Normale, 34296 Montpellier cedex 5, France.
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3
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Tan X, Wang Y, Liu Z, Liu L, Yu M, Ding G. Systematical NMR analysis of swainsonine, a mycotoxin from endophytic fungus Alternaria oxytropis. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2021; 59:16-22. [PMID: 32910519 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.5098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Swainsonine (SW, 1), a unique indolizine with poly-hydroxyl groups, was re-isolated from the plant endophytic fungus Alternaria oxytropis. The structure (including planar structure and relative configuration) was systematically elucidated by NMR spectra (including 1 H, 13 C, 1 H-1 H COSY, HMQC, HMBC, and NOESY spectra in DMSO-d6 and in CD3 OD); 1 H NMR spectra of the modified Mosher's products were first used to determine the absolute configuration of SW. More importantly, the complex coupled features of H-7α, H-7β, and H-6α in the 1 H NMR spectrum of (1) were analyzed in details, which will provide aids for the planar and relative configuration determination of analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangmei Tan
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yanduo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenliang Liu
- College of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Taishan Medical University, Tai'an, China
| | - Liliang Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Taishan Medical University, Tai'an, China
| | - Meng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Ding
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Chao Q, Ding Y, Chen ZH, Xiang MH, Wang N, Gao XD. Recent Progress in Chemo-Enzymatic Methods for the Synthesis of N-Glycans. Front Chem 2020; 8:513. [PMID: 32612979 PMCID: PMC7309569 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Asparagine (N)-linked glycosylation is one of the most common co- and post-translational modifications of both intra- and extracellularly distributing proteins, which directly affects their biological functions, such as protein folding, stability and intercellular traffic. Production of the structural well-defined homogeneous N-glycans contributes to comprehensive investigation of their biological roles and molecular basis. Among the various methods, chemo-enzymatic approach serves as an alternative to chemical synthesis, providing high stereoselectivity and economic efficiency. This review summarizes some recent advances in the chemo-enzymatic methods for the production of N-glycans, including the preparation of substrates and sugar donors, and the progress in the glycosyltransferases characterization which leads to the diversity of N-glycan synthesis. We discuss the bottle-neck and new opportunities in exploiting the chemo-enzymatic synthesis of N-glycans based on our research experiences. In addition, downstream applications of the constructed N-glycans, such as automation devices and homogeneous glycoproteins synthesis are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Chao
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yi Ding
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Zheng-Hui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Meng-Hai Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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Okada T, Ozaki T, Kato A, Adachi I, Toyooka N. A divergent entry to 1,2,3,9-tetrahydroxyquinolizidines. Tetrahedron Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2020.152030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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6
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Zayed A, Ulber R. Fucoidan production: Approval key challenges and opportunities. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 211:289-297. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.01.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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8
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Lim W, Rhee YH. A concise synthetic method towards (−)-swainsonine and its 8-epimer by using palladium-catalyzed asymmetric hydroamination of alkoxyallene as the key strategy. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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9
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Vasconcelos-Dos-Santos A, Oliveira IA, Lucena MC, Mantuano NR, Whelan SA, Dias WB, Todeschini AR. Biosynthetic Machinery Involved in Aberrant Glycosylation: Promising Targets for Developing of Drugs Against Cancer. Front Oncol 2015; 5:138. [PMID: 26161361 PMCID: PMC4479729 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells depend on altered metabolism and nutrient uptake to generate and keep the malignant phenotype. The hexosamine biosynthetic pathway is a branch of glucose metabolism that produces UDP-GlcNAc and its derivatives, UDP-GalNAc and CMP-Neu5Ac and donor substrates used in the production of glycoproteins and glycolipids. Growing evidence demonstrates that alteration of the pool of activated substrates might lead to different glycosylation and cell signaling. It is already well established that aberrant glycosylation can modulate tumor growth and malignant transformation in different cancer types. Therefore, biosynthetic machinery involved in the assembly of aberrant glycans are becoming prominent targets for anti-tumor drugs. This review describes three classes of glycosylation, O-GlcNAcylation, N-linked, and mucin type O-linked glycosylation, involved in tumor progression, their biosynthesis and highlights the available inhibitors as potential anti-tumor drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isadora A Oliveira
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brasil
| | - Miguel Clodomiro Lucena
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brasil
| | - Natalia Rodrigues Mantuano
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brasil
| | - Stephen A Whelan
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Proteomics Center, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Wagner Barbosa Dias
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brasil
| | - Adriane Regina Todeschini
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brasil
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10
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Brockhausen I. Crossroads between Bacterial and Mammalian Glycosyltransferases. Front Immunol 2014; 5:492. [PMID: 25368613 PMCID: PMC4202792 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial glycosyltransferases (GT) often synthesize the same glycan linkages as mammalian GT; yet, they usually have very little sequence identity. Nevertheless, enzymatic properties, folding, substrate specificities, and catalytic mechanisms of these enzyme proteins may have significant similarity. Thus, bacterial GT can be utilized for the enzymatic synthesis of both bacterial and mammalian types of complex glycan structures. A comparison is made here between mammalian and bacterial enzymes that synthesize epitopes found in mammalian glycoproteins, and those found in the O antigens of Gram-negative bacteria. These epitopes include Thomsen–Friedenreich (TF or T) antigen, blood group O, A, and B, type 1 and 2 chains, Lewis antigens, sialylated and fucosylated structures, and polysialic acids. Many different approaches can be taken to investigate the substrate binding and catalytic mechanisms of GT, including crystal structure analyses, mutations, comparison of amino acid sequences, NMR, and mass spectrometry. Knowledge of the protein structures and functions helps to design GT for specific glycan synthesis and to develop inhibitors. The goals are to develop new strategies to reduce bacterial virulence and to synthesize vaccines and other biologically active glycan structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inka Brockhausen
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University , Kingston, ON , Canada ; Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University , Kingston, ON , Canada
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11
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Hyperthermophilic aldolases as biocatalyst for C–C bond formation: rhamnulose 1-phosphate aldolase from Thermotoga maritima. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 99:3057-68. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6123-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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12
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Ayuso-Fernández I, Galmés MA, Bastida A, García-Junceda E. Aryl Sulfotransferase from Haliangium ochraceum
: A Versatile Tool for the Sulfation of Small Molecules. ChemCatChem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201300853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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13
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Gómez L, Garrabou X, Joglar J, Bujons J, Parella T, Vilaplana C, Cardona PJ, Clapés P. Chemoenzymatic synthesis, structural study and biological activity of novel indolizidine and quinolizidine iminocyclitols. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:6309-21. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob25943e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Schmaltz
- The Department of Chemistry and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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15
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García-García JF, Corrales G, Casas J, Fernández-Mayoralas A, García-Junceda E. Synthesis and evaluation of xylopyranoside derivatives as “decoy acceptors” of human β-1,4-galactosyltransferase 7. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2011; 7:1312-21. [DOI: 10.1039/c0mb00206b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Iturrate L, Sánchez-Moreno I, Oroz-Guinea I, Pérez-Gil J, García-Junceda E. Preparation and Characterization of a Bifunctional Aldolase/Kinase Enzyme: A More Efficient Biocatalyst for CC Bond Formation. Chemistry 2010; 16:4018-30. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200903096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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17
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Concise and divergent total synthesis of swainsonine, 7-alkyl swainsonines, and 2,8a-diepilentiginosine via a chiral heterocyclic enaminoester intermediate. Tetrahedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.03.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Azzouz R, Fruit C, Bischoff L, Marsais F. A Concise Synthesis of Lentiginosine Derivatives Using a Pyridinium Formation via the Mitsunobu Reaction. J Org Chem 2008; 73:1154-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jo702141b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rabah Azzouz
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Fine et Hétérocyclique, CNRS UMR 6014, IRCOF-INSA, Université de Rouen, B.P. 08, 76131 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France ;
| | - Corinne Fruit
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Fine et Hétérocyclique, CNRS UMR 6014, IRCOF-INSA, Université de Rouen, B.P. 08, 76131 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France ;
| | - Laurent Bischoff
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Fine et Hétérocyclique, CNRS UMR 6014, IRCOF-INSA, Université de Rouen, B.P. 08, 76131 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France ;
| | - Francis Marsais
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Fine et Hétérocyclique, CNRS UMR 6014, IRCOF-INSA, Université de Rouen, B.P. 08, 76131 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France ;
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Doyagüez EG, Calderón F, Sánchez F, Fernández-Mayoralas A. Asymmetric Aldol Reaction Catalyzed by a Heterogenized Proline on a Mesoporous Support. The Role of the Nature of Solvents. J Org Chem 2007; 72:9353-6. [DOI: 10.1021/jo070992s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa G. Doyagüez
- Instituto de Química Orgánica General, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Félix Calderón
- Instituto de Química Orgánica General, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Félix Sánchez
- Instituto de Química Orgánica General, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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20
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Torres-Sánchez MI, Borrachero P, Cabrera-Escribano F, Gómez-Guillén M, Angulo-Álvarez M, Álvarez E, Favre S, Vogel P. Efficient synthesis of 2,6,7,8-tetrahydroxyindolizidines (castanospermine analogues) via the dipolar cycloadditions of N-benzyl-C-(tetrofuranos-4-yl)nitrones to methyl acrylate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2007.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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Calderón F, Doyagüez EG, Fernandez-Mayoralas A. Synthesis of azasugars through a proline-catalyzed reaction. J Org Chem 2007; 71:6258-61. [PMID: 16872215 DOI: 10.1021/jo060568b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report an efficient route to obtain azasugars from the enantiomerically pure L- and D-diethyltartrate. The key step is a proline-catalyzed aldol condensation, in which both enantiomers of proline have been used as catalyst, affording complementary anti-aldol products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Calderón
- Instituto de Química Organica General, C/Juan de la Cierva, 3. 28006, Spain
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22
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Calderón F, Fernández R, Sánchez F, Fernández-Mayoralas A. Asymmetric Aldol Reaction Using Immobilized Proline on Mesoporous Support. Adv Synth Catal 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200505058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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23
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Dondoni A, Giovannini PP, Perrone D. Cross-Metathesis of C-Allyl Iminosugars with Alkenyl Oxazolidines as a Key Step in the Synthesis of C-Iminoglycosyl α-Amino Acids.1 A Route to Iminosugar Containing C-Glycopeptides. J Org Chem 2005; 70:5508-18. [PMID: 15989332 DOI: 10.1021/jo050494o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[structures: see text] A general access to a novel class of sugar alpha-amino acids composed of iminofuranose and iminopyranose residues anomerically linked to the glycinyl group through an alkyl chain is described. A set of eight compounds was prepared by the same reaction sequence involving as an initial step the Grubbs Ru-carbene-catalyzed cross-metathesis (CM) of various N-Cbz-protected allyl C-iminoglycosides with N-Boc-vinyl- and N-Boc-allyloxazolidine. The isolated yields of the CM products (mixtures of E- and Z-alkenes) varied in the range 40-70%. Each mixture was elaborated by first reducing the carbon-carbon double bond using in situ generated diimide and then unveiling the N-Boc glycinyl group [CH(BocNH)CO2H] by oxidative cleavage of the oxazolidine ring by the Jones reagent. All amino acids were characterized as their methyl esters. The insertion of a model C-iminoglycosyl-2-aminopentanoic acid into a tripeptide via sequential carboxylic and amino group coupling with L-phenylalanine derivatives was carried out as a demonstration of the potential of these sugar amino acids in designed glycopeptide synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Dondoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Laboratorio di Chimica Organica, Università di Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44100-Ferrara, Italy.
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24
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García-Junceda E, García-García JF, Bastida A, Fernández-Mayoralas A. Enzymes in the synthesis of bioactive compounds: the prodigious decades. Bioorg Med Chem 2004; 12:1817-34. [PMID: 15051051 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2004.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2003] [Accepted: 01/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The growing demand for enantiomerically pure pharmaceuticals has impelled research on enzymes as catalysts for asymmetric synthetic transformations. However, the use of enzymes for this purpose was rather limited until the discovery that enzymes can work in organic solvents. Since the advent of the PCR the number of available enzymes has been growing rapidly and the tailor-made biocatalysts are becoming a reality. Thus, it has been possible the use of enzymes for the synthesis of new innovative medicines such as carbohydrates and their incorporation to modern methods for drug development, such as combinatorial chemistry. Finally, the genomic research is allowing the manipulation of whole genomes opening the door to the combinatorial biosynthesis of compounds. In this review, our intention is to highlight the main landmarks that have led to transfer the chemical efficiency shown by the enzymes in the cell to the synthesis of bioactive molecules in the lab during the last 20 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo García-Junceda
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Biológica, Instituto de Química Orgánica General, CSIC, C/ Juan de la Cierva 3. Madrid 28006, Spain.
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25
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Dhavale DD, Matin MM, Sharma T, Sabharwal SG. N-hydroxyethyl-piperidine and -pyrrolidine homoazasugars: preparation and evaluation of glycosidase inhibitory activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2003; 11:3295-305. [PMID: 12837540 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(03)00231-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
An efficient and practical strategy for the synthesis of N-hydroxyethyl-1-deoxy-homonojirimycins 4 and 5 and N-hydroxyethyl-pyrrolidine homoazasugars 6 and 7 with full stereocontrol is being reported. The key step involved is the intermolecular Michael addition of benzylamine to D-glucose derived alpha,beta-unsaturated ester 8 followed by N-alkylation with ethyl bromoacetate. Reduction with LAH, acetylation, hydrogenation and protection with -Cbz group afforded compounds 14a and 14b. Removal of 1,2-acetonide functionality, hydrogenation and deacetylation afforded N-hydroxyethyl-D-gluco-1-deoxyhomonojirimycin (4) and N-hydroxyethyl-L-ido-1-deoxyhomonojirimycin (5), respectively. Compounds 14a and 14b on acetylation followed by removal of 1,2-acetonide functionality, sodium metaperiodate oxidation, hydrogenation and deacetylation gave 1,4,5-trideoxy-1,4-imino-N-hydroxyethyl-D-arabino-hexitol (6) and 1,4,5-trideoxy-1,4-imino-N-hydroxyethyl-L-xylo-hexitol (7), respectively. The glycosidase inhibition activity of compounds 4, 5, 6, 7, 16a and 16b was evaluated using sweet almond seed as a rich source of different glycosidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilip D Dhavale
- Department of Chemistry, Garware Research Centre, University of Pune, Pune-411 007, India.
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26
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Bastida A, Latorre M, García-Junceda E. In vivo chaperone-assisted folding of alpha-1,6-fucosyltransferase from Rhizobium sp. Chembiochem 2003; 4:531-3. [PMID: 12794864 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200200514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Agatha Bastida
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Biológica Instituto de Química Orgánica General CSIC, C/Juan de la Cierva 3, Madrid 28006, Spain
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Godin G, Compain P, Masson G, Martin OR. A general strategy for the practical synthesis of nojirimycin C-glycosides and analogues. Extension to the first reported example of an iminosugar 1-phosphonate. J Org Chem 2002; 67:6960-70. [PMID: 12353989 DOI: 10.1021/jo0203903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An efficient and versatile strategy for the synthesis of nojirimycin C-glycosides and related compounds with full stereocontrol is reported. The key steps of the process are the addition of organometallic reagents onto an L-sorbose-derived imine (13) followed by an internal reductive amination. The addition step, which controls the alpha- vs beta-configuration at the pseudoanomeric center in the final product, is highly diastereoselective (re-face addition), and the stereoselectivity can be effectively inverted by adding an external monodentate Lewis acid (si-face addition). The complete synthesis could be achieved in 10 steps only from commercially available 2,3;4,6-di-O-isopropylidene-alpha-L-sorbofuranose and provided alpha- or beta-1-C-substituted 1-deoxynojirimycin derivatives in 27-52% overall yield. The strategy was successfully extended to the first example of an iminosugar 1-phosphonate. The methodology provides access to a wide range of biologically relevant glycoconjugate mimetics in which the glycosidic function is replaced by an imino-C-glycosidic linkage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Godin
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique, CNRS - Université d'Orléans, BP 6759, 45067 Orléans, France
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Bastida A, Fernández-Mayoralas A, García-Junceda E. C-terminal truncation of alpha 1,6-fucosyltransferase from Rhizobium sp. does not annul the transferase activity of the enzyme. Bioorg Med Chem 2002; 10:737-42. [PMID: 11814863 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(01)00327-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Recently we have over-expressed the enzyme alpha 1,6-fucosyltransferase from Rhizobium sp. in Escherichia coli. In this heterologous system the enzyme was mainly expressed as inclusion bodies and the one that was expressed soluble showed a short-lasting activity in solution due to precipitation of the protein. A structural analysis of the sequence using the TMpred program predicted a highly hydrophobic region of 19 aa close to the C-terminal of the protein. In order to investigate the influence of this region on the formation of inclusion bodies and the precipitation from solution, we cloned a truncated version of the protein where a C-terminal fragment of 65 aa, including the predicted transmembrane-like region, was removed. The resulting protein was expressed in a soluble form without formation of inclusion bodies. The truncated protein catalyzed the transfer of a fucopyranosyl moiety from GDP-beta-L-Fucose to chitobiose. Comparison of the acceptor specificity between the truncated alpha 1,6-fucosyltransferase and the wild-type enzyme, showed a similar behavior for both enzymes. Our results indicate that the active center is not located in the C-terminal extreme of the protein in contrast to the case of the mammalian glycosyltransferases. Also, these results indicate that the alpha-6-motif III is not directly involved in the catalytic activity of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agatha Bastida
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Biológica, Instituto de Química Orgánica General, CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain
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