1
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Maschio L, Back CR, Alnawah J, Bowen JI, Johns ST, Mbatha SZ, Han LC, Lees NR, Zorn K, Stach JEM, Hayes MA, van der Kamp MW, Pudney CR, Burston SG, Willis CL, Race PR. Delineation of the complete reaction cycle of a natural Diels-Alderase. Chem Sci 2024; 15:11572-11583. [PMID: 39055018 PMCID: PMC11268479 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc02908a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The Diels-Alder reaction is one of the most effective methods for the synthesis of substituted cyclohexenes. The development of protein catalysts for this reaction remains a major priority, affording new sustainable routes to high value target molecules. Whilst a small number of natural enzymes have been shown capable of catalysing [4 + 2] cycloadditions, there is a need for significant mechanistic understanding of how these prospective Diels-Alderases promote catalysis to underpin their development as biocatalysts for use in synthesis. Here we present a molecular description of the complete reaction cycle of the bona fide natural Diels-Alderase AbyU, which catalyses formation of the spirotetronate skeleton of the antibiotic abyssomicin C. This description is derived from X-ray crystallographic studies of AbyU in complex with a non-transformable synthetic substrate analogue, together with transient kinetic analyses of the AbyU catalysed reaction and computational reaction simulations. These studies reveal the mechanistic intricacies of this enzyme system and establish a foundation for the informed reengineering of AbyU and related biocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Maschio
- School of Biochemistry, University Walk, University of Bristol BS8 1TD UK
| | - Catherine R Back
- School of Biochemistry, University Walk, University of Bristol BS8 1TD UK
| | - Jawaher Alnawah
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Cantock's Close BS8 1TS UK
- Department of Chemistry, King Faisal University, College of Science Al-Ahsa 31982 Saudi Arabia
| | - James I Bowen
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Cantock's Close BS8 1TS UK
| | - Samuel T Johns
- School of Biochemistry, University Walk, University of Bristol BS8 1TD UK
| | | | - Li-Chen Han
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Cantock's Close BS8 1TS UK
| | - Nicholas R Lees
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Cantock's Close BS8 1TS UK
| | - Katja Zorn
- Discovery Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca Pepparedsleden 1 431 83 Mölndal Sweden
| | - James E M Stach
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University NE1 7RU UK
| | - Martin A Hayes
- Discovery Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca Pepparedsleden 1 431 83 Mölndal Sweden
| | | | - Christopher R Pudney
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath Claverton Down BA2 7AY UK
| | - Steven G Burston
- School of Biochemistry, University Walk, University of Bristol BS8 1TD UK
| | | | - Paul R Race
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University NE1 7RU UK
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2
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Lin Q, Zhang H, Lv X, Xie R, Chen BH, Lai YW, Chen L, Teng H, Cao H. A systematic study on the chemical model of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons formation from nutrients (glucose, amino acids, fatty acids) in food. Food Chem 2024; 446:138849. [PMID: 38460280 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), prominent carcinogens formed during food processing, pose health risks through long-term consumption. This study focuses on 16 priority PAHs in the European Union, investigating their formation during pyrolysis. Glucose, amino acids and fatty acids are important food nutrients. To further explore whether these nutrients in food form PAHs during heating, a single chemical model method was used to heat these nutrients respectively, and GC-MS/MS was used to identify and quantify the obtained components. Glucose is the most basic nutrient in food, so the influence of water, pH, temperature and other factors on the formation of PAHs was studied in the glucose model. At the same time, the models of amino acids and fatty acids were used to assist in improving the entire nutrient research system. According to our results, some previously reported mechanisms of PAHs formation by fatty acids heating were confirmed. In addition, glucose and amino acids could also produce many PAHs after heating, and some conclusions were improved by comparing the intermediates of PAHs from three types of nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyi Lin
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean university, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
| | - Haolin Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China.
| | - Xiaomei Lv
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean university, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
| | - Ruiwei Xie
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean university, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
| | - Bing-Huei Chen
- Department of Food Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan, China.
| | - Yu-Wen Lai
- Department of Food Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan, China.
| | - Lei Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean university, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
| | - Hui Teng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean university, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
| | - Hui Cao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean university, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
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3
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Gao L, Ding Q, Lei X. Hunting for the Intermolecular Diels-Alderase. Acc Chem Res 2024. [PMID: 38994670 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.4c00315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
ConspectusThe Diels-Alder reaction is well known as a concerted [4 + 2] cycloaddition governed by the Woodward-Hoffmann rules. Since Prof. Otto Diels and his student Kurt Alder initially reported the intermolecular [4 + 2] cycloaddition between cyclopentadiene and quinone in 1928, it has been recognized as one of the most powerful chemical transformations to build C-C bonds and construct cyclic structures. This named reaction has been widely used in synthesizing natural products and drug molecules. Driven by the synthetic importance of the Diels-Alder reaction, identifying the enzyme that stereoselectively catalyzes the Diels-Alder reaction has become an intriguing research area in natural product biosynthesis and biocatalysis. With significant progress in sequencing and bioinformatics, dozens of Diels-Alderases have been characterized in microbial natural product biosynthesis. However, few are evolutionally dedicated to catalyzing an intermolecular Diels-Alder reaction with a concerted mechanism.This Account summarizes our endeavors to hunt for the naturally occurring intermolecular Diels-Alderase from plants. Our research journey started from the biomimetic syntheses of D-A-type terpenoids and flavonoids, showing that plants use both nonenzymatic and enzymatic intermolecular [4 + 2] cycloadditions to create complex molecules. Inspired by the biomimetic syntheses, we identify an intermolecular Diels-Alderase hidden in the biosynthetic pathway of mulberry Diels-Alder-type cycloadducts using a biosynthetic intermediate probe-based target identification strategy. This enzyme, MaDA, is an endo-selective Diels-Alderase and is then functionally characterized as a standalone intermolecular Diels-Alderase with a concerted but asynchronous mechanism. We also discover the exo-selective intermolecular Diels-Alderases in Morus plants. Both the endo- and exo-selective Diels-Alderases feature a broad substrate scope, but their mechanisms for controlling the endo/exo pathway are different. These unique intermolecular Diels-Alderases phylogenetically form a subgroup of FAD-dependent enzymes that can be found only in moraceous plants, explaining why this type of [4 + 2] cycloadduct is unique to moraceous plants. Further studies of the evolutionary mechanism reveal that an FAD-dependent oxidocyclase could acquire the Diels-Alderase activity via four critical amino acid mutations and then gradually lose its original oxidative activity to become a standalone Diels-Alderase during the natural evolution. Based on these insights, we designed new Diels-Alderases and achieved the diversity-oriented chemoenzymatic synthesis of D-A products using either naturally occurring or engineered Diels-Alderases.Overall, this Account describes our decade-long efforts to discover the intermolecular Diels-Alderases in Morus plants, particularly highlighting the importance of biomimetic synthesis and chemical proteomics in discovering new intermolecular Diels-Alderases from plants. Meanwhile, this Account also covers the evolutionary and catalytic mechanism study of intermolecular Diels-Alderases that may provide new insights into how to discover and design new Diels-Alderases as powerful biocatalysts for organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qi Ding
- School of Life Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaoguang Lei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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4
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Zheng Y, Sakai K, Watanabe K, Takagi H, Sato-Shiozaki Y, Misumi Y, Miyanoiri Y, Kurisu G, Nogawa T, Takita R, Takahashi S. Iron-sulphur protein catalysed [4+2] cycloadditions in natural product biosynthesis. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5779. [PMID: 38987535 PMCID: PMC11236979 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50142-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
To the best of our knowledge, enzymes that catalyse intramolecular Diels-Alder ([4+2] cycloaddition) reactions are frequently reported in natural product biosynthesis; however, no native enzymes utilising Lewis acid catalysis have been reported. Verticilactam is a representative member of polycyclic macrolactams, presumably produced by spontaneous cycloaddition. We report that the intramolecular [4+2] cycloadditions can be significantly accelerated by ferredoxins (Fds), a class of small iron-sulphur (Fe-S) proteins. Through iron atom substitution by Lewis acidic gallium (Ga) iron and computational calculations, we confirm that the ubiquitous Fe-S cluster efficiently functions as Lewis acid to accelerate the tandem [4+2] cycloaddition and Michael addition reactions by lowering free energy barriers. Our work highlights Nature's ingenious strategy to generate complex molecule structures using the ubiquitous Fe-S protein. Furthermore, our study sheds light on the future design of Fd as a versatile Lewis acid catalyst for [4+2] cycloaddition reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zheng
- Natural Product Biosynthesis Research Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Sakai
- Natural Product Biosynthesis Research Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kohei Watanabe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takagi
- Natural Product Biosynthesis Research Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yumi Sato-Shiozaki
- Natural Product Biosynthesis Research Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yuko Misumi
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yohei Miyanoiri
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Genji Kurisu
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Nogawa
- Molecular Structure Characterization Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Ryo Takita
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Shunji Takahashi
- Natural Product Biosynthesis Research Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
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Liu S, Zhang Q, Ma J, Huo X, Ji L, He B, Chai G, Shi Q, Mao J, Xi H, Fan W, Li S. Highly Regio- and Stereoselective Dehydration of Allylic Alcohols to Conjugated Dienes via 1,4- syn-Elimination with H 2 Evolution. Org Lett 2024; 26:5306-5311. [PMID: 38869452 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Dehydration of alcohols is one of the most fundamental transformations in the organic chemistry class and one of the most widely used methods for producing alkenes in synthetic research. Numerous methods and reagents have been developed to control the regio- and stereoselectivity as well as the dehydration efficiency of normal alcohols. Despite these achievements, regio- and stereoselective and predictable dehydration of allylic alcohol has seldom been reported, except for limited substrates with a native preferred elimination position, as a result of the challenges that many potential dienes could be formed via 1,2- or 1,4-syn- or anti-elimination. Here, we report a tBuOK/potassium 2,2-difluoroacetate-mediated 1,4-syn-dehydration of allylic alcohol for the synthesis of regio- and stereodefined conjugated dienes via an in situ generated directing group strategy. This reaction exhibits a broad substrate scope and good functional group compatibility for primary-tertiary alcohols. The simple and scalable (up to 0.6 mol) procedure with readily available and inexpensive reagents makes it a practical method for conjugated diene synthesis. Mechanistic studies reveal that an acetate with tert-butoxide and allyloxide acetal moiety is formed as an intermediate, in which the acetate and the acetal act as the directing group for the base-promoted elimination. An unusual H2 evolution is also involved in the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Liu
- School of Chemistry, IGCME, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Qidong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Flavor Basic Research, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji Ma
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Flavor Basic Research, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiankuan Huo
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Flavor Basic Research, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingbo Ji
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Flavor Basic Research, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Baojiang He
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Flavor Basic Research, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Guobi Chai
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Flavor Basic Research, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingzhao Shi
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Flavor Basic Research, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Mao
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Flavor Basic Research, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Xi
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Flavor Basic Research, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Wu Fan
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Flavor Basic Research, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Suhua Li
- School of Chemistry, IGCME, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, People's Republic of China
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6
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Wei XP, Wang XC, Ma T, Qiao XX, Li G, He Y, Zhao XJ. B(C 6F 5) 3/CPA-Catalyzed Aza-Diels-Alder Reaction of 3,3-Difluoro-2-Aryl-3H-indoles and Unactivated Dienes. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401008. [PMID: 38624085 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Here we report B(C6F5)3/CPA-catalyzed enantioselective aza-Diels-Alder reaction of 3,3-difluoro-2-Aryl-3H-indoles with unactivated dienes to access chiral 10,10-difluoro-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]indoles. This protocol allows the formation of pyrazole-based C2-quaternary indolin-3-ones with high enantioselectivities and regioselectivities. Moreover, gram-scale synthesis of the 10,10-difluoro-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]indole skeleton was successfully achieved without any reduction in both yield and enantioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Pin Wei
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory of Natural Products Synthetic Biology of Ethnic Medicinal, Endophytes, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Xin-Chun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory of Natural Products Synthetic Biology of Ethnic Medicinal, Endophytes, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Tao Ma
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory of Natural Products Synthetic Biology of Ethnic Medicinal, Endophytes, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Xiu-Xiu Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory of Natural Products Synthetic Biology of Ethnic Medicinal, Endophytes, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Ganpeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory of Natural Products Synthetic Biology of Ethnic Medicinal, Endophytes, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Yonghui He
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory of Natural Products Synthetic Biology of Ethnic Medicinal, Endophytes, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory of Natural Products Synthetic Biology of Ethnic Medicinal, Endophytes, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, 650500, China
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7
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de la Vega-Hernández K, Suero MG, Ballester P. Investing in entropy: the strategy of cucurbit[ n]urils to accelerate the intramolecular Diels-Alder cycloaddition reaction of tertiary furfuryl amines. Chem Sci 2024; 15:8841-8849. [PMID: 38873069 PMCID: PMC11168187 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01816h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Cucurbit[n]urils, renowned for their host-guest chemistry, are becoming versatile biomimetic receptors. Herein, we report that cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]) accelerates the intramolecular Diels-Alder (IMDA) reaction for previously elusive and unreactive tertiary N-methyl-N-(homo)allyl-2-furfurylamines by up to 4 orders of magnitude under mild conditions. Using 1H NMR titrations and ITC experiments, we characterize the dissimilar thermodynamic and kinetic properties of the complexes. We also determine the activation parameters (ΔG ≠, ΔH ≠ and ΔS ≠) leading to the transition state of the IMDA reactions, both in the bulk and included in CB[7], to shed light on the key role of the receptor on the acceleration observed. CB[7] acts as an "entropy trap" utilizing guest binding to primarily pay the entropy penalty for reorganizing the substrate in a high-energy reactive conformation that resembles the geometry of the highly ordered transition state required for the IMDA reaction. This study underscores the potential of cucurbit[n]urils as artificial active sites, emulating specific aspects of enzymatic catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen de la Vega-Hernández
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST) Avgda. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Marcos G Suero
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST) Avgda. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
- ICREA Passeig Lluís Companys, 23 08018 Barcelona Spain
| | - Pablo Ballester
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST) Avgda. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
- ICREA Passeig Lluís Companys, 23 08018 Barcelona Spain
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8
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Horváth Á, Benkő Z. Phthalazine as a Diene in Diels-Alder Reactions With P- and As-Containing Anionic Dienophiles: Comparison of Possible Reaction Channels. Chempluschem 2024:e202400140. [PMID: 38819996 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202400140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Phthalazine can behave as a diene in Diels-Alder (DA) cycloadditions, typically at the pyridazine ring, however, its application is somewhat limited because these reactions usually require harsh conditions or sophisticated catalysts. As an unconventional example, phthalazine was reported to undergo cycloaddition with the [PCO]- anion without any catalyst. In this computational study, we scrutinise the mechanism of the DA reactions between phthalazine and the so far known [ECX]- (E: P, As; X: O, S, Se) anions as dienophiles. In principle, the attack of an [ECX]- anion may occur at two different sites of phthalazine, either at the benzene or the pyridazine ring, and both of these possible reaction channels were juxtaposed on the basis of energetic aspects. In all of the investigated cases, the analysis of the energy profiles reveals a clear regioselectivity that favours the attack at the pyridazine ring. As a result, so far unprecedented 2-pnictanaphth-3-olate analogues seem achievable as final products. Comparing the characteristics of these pathways allowed us to clarify the source of this regioselectivity: The pyridazine ring of phthalazine exhibits lower aromaticity than the benzene subring; therefore, in the DA step, the former ring shows a higher affinity toward a dienophile than the latter, leading to lower activation barriers. To further map the electronic and structural features of the cycloaddition steps, the local interactions evolving in the transition states were analysed and compared using global and local descriptors. In most aspects, the characteristics of both pathways were found to be rather similar, in contrast to the markedly differing activation barriers on the two routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ádám Horváth
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp 3., H-1111, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Benkő
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp 3., H-1111, Budapest, Hungary
- HUN-REN-BME Computation Driven Chemistry Research Group, Műegyetem rkp 3., H-1111, Budapest, Hungary
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9
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Kweon B, Blank L, Soika J, Messara A, Daniliuc CG, Gilmour R. Regio- and Stereo-Selective Isomerization of Borylated 1,3-Dienes Enabled by Selective Energy Transfer Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202404233. [PMID: 38545942 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202404233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Configurationally-defined dienes are pervasive across the bioactive natural product spectrum, where they typically manifest themselves as sorbic acid-based fragments. These C5 motifs reflect the biosynthesis algorithms that facilitate their construction. To complement established biosynthetic paradigms, a chemical platform to facilitate the construction of stereochemically defined, functionalizable dienes by light-enabled isomerization has been devised. Enabled by selective energy transfer catalysis, a variety of substituted β-boryl sorbic acid derivatives can be isomerized in a regio- and stereo-selective manner (up to 97 : 3). Directionality is guided by a stabilizing nO→pB interaction in the product: this constitutes a formal anti-hydroboration of the starting alkyne. This operationally simple reaction employs low catalyst loadings (1 mol %) and is complete in 1 h. X-ray analysis supports the hypothesis that the nO→pB interaction leads to chromophore bifurcation: this provides a structural foundation for selective energy transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeongseok Kweon
- University of Münster, Institute for Organic Chemistry, Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Lukas Blank
- University of Münster, Institute for Organic Chemistry, Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Julia Soika
- University of Münster, Institute for Organic Chemistry, Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Amélia Messara
- University of Münster, Institute for Organic Chemistry, Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Constantin G Daniliuc
- University of Münster, Institute for Organic Chemistry, Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Ryan Gilmour
- University of Münster, Institute for Organic Chemistry, Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
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10
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Ikeuchi K, Hirokawa Y, Sasage T, Fujii R, Yoshitani A, Suzuki T, Tanino K. Unique Reactivity of the 1,4-Bis(silyloxy)-1,3-cyclopentadiene Moiety: Application to the Synthesis of 7-Norbornanone Derivatives. Chemistry 2024:e202401908. [PMID: 38770667 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
We describe a method for the synthesis of various 2-silyloxy-2-norbornen-7-ones by exploiting the specific reactivity of the 1,4-bis(silyloxy)-1,3-cyclopentadiene framework, which is generated by the silylation of a 2,2-disubstituted-1,3-cyclopentanedione bearing a picolinoyloxy group at the 2' position of its C-2 side chain. The release of the acyloxy group during the reaction generates carbocations that are then attacked by silyloxy-substituted carbons in the 1,4-bis(silyloxy)-1,3-cyclopentadiene moiety skeleton, forming a 4,5-cis-fused ring skeleton. Skeletal rearrangement of the bicyclic core results in the formation of the corresponding 2-silyloxy-2-norbornen-7-one. This novel transformation of 1,3-cyclopentanedione moieties can be used to synthesise other cyclopentenone-fused bicyclic frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutada Ikeuchi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Yoshito Hirokawa
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Tomonari Sasage
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Ryo Fujii
- School of Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Akihiro Yoshitani
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Takahiro Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Keiji Tanino
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
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11
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Zhao Z, Liu Y, Wang Y. Weak Interaction Activates Esters: Reconciling Catalytic Activity and Turnover Contradiction by Tailored Chalcogen Bonding. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:13296-13305. [PMID: 38695301 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c01541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The activation of esters by strong Lewis acids via the formation of covalent adducts is a classic strategy to give reactivity; however, this approach frequently incurs limited turnover due to the low efficiency in the dissociation of catalyst from a stable catalyst-product complex. While the use of some weak interaction catalysts that can easily dissociate from any bonding complexes in the reaction system would solve this catalyst turnover problem, the poor catalytic activity in the ester activation that can be provided by these noncovalent forces in turn sets up a formidable challenge. Herein, we describe the activation and catalytic transformation of esters by weak interactions, which provides a promising platform to reconcile the catalytic activity and turnover problems. Several tailored chalcogen-bonding catalysts were developed for the activation of esters, enabling achieving several inherently low reactive Diels-Alder reactions as well as the ring-opening polymerization of lactones through weak chalcogen bonding interactions. This supramolecular catalysis approach is particularly highlighted by its capability to promote some uncommon Diels-Alder reactions involving using dienes bearing electron-withdrawing groups coupled by α,β-unsaturated ester as dienophiles and substrate incorporating competitive Lewis basic sites, in which typical strong Lewis acids showed low catalytic efficiency, while representative hydrogen and halogen bonding catalysts were inactive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqiang Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China
| | - Yi Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China
| | - Yao Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China
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12
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Watanabe K, Pati NN, Inokuma Y. Contracted porphyrins and calixpyrroles: synthetic challenges and ring-contraction effects. Chem Sci 2024; 15:6994-7009. [PMID: 38756809 PMCID: PMC11095365 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc02028f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Ring-contracted porphyrin analogues, such as subporphyrins and calix[3]pyrroles, have recently attracted considerable attention not only as challenging synthetic targets but also as functional macrocyclic compounds. Although canonical porphyrins and calix[4]pyrrole are selectively generated via acid-catalyzed condensation reactions of pyrrole monomers, their tripyrrolic analogues are always missing under similar conditions. Recent progress in synthesis has shown that strain-controlled approaches using boron(iii)-templating, core-modification, or ring tightening provide access to various contracted porphyrins. The tripyrrolic macrocycles are a new class of functional macrocycles exhibiting unique ring-contraction effects, including strong boron chelation and strain-induced ring expansion. This Perspective reviews recent advances in synthetic strategies and the novel ring-contraction effects of subporphyrins, triphyrins(2.1.1), calix[3]pyrroles, and their analogous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Watanabe
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University Kita 13, Nishi 8 Kita-ku Sapporo Hokkaido 060-8628 Japan
| | - Narendra Nath Pati
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-ku Sapporo Hokkaido 001-0021 Japan
| | - Yasuhide Inokuma
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University Kita 13, Nishi 8 Kita-ku Sapporo Hokkaido 060-8628 Japan
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-ku Sapporo Hokkaido 001-0021 Japan
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13
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Chen PJ, Cusumano AQ, Flesch KN, Strong CS, Goddard WA, Stoltz BM. Molecular Dynamics Investigations of Dienolate [4 + 2] Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:12758-12765. [PMID: 38682865 PMCID: PMC11082897 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
We report quantum mechanics calculations and quasiclassical trajectory simulations of [4 + 2] reactions using three common dienolate substrates: siloxy dienes, Li dienolates, and conjugated Pd enolates. Asynchronous transition structures and unequal bond formation were invariably found, with average time gaps of developing bonds ranging from 26.5 to >251.0 fs. The results display a spectrum of dynamically concerted and stepwise [4 + 2] reactions, offering insights into the origin of the stereochemical outcomes of such reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Jui Chen
- The
Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Alexander Q. Cusumano
- The
Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Kaylin N. Flesch
- The
Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Christian Santiago Strong
- The
Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - William A. Goddard
- Materials
and Process Simulation Center, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Brian M. Stoltz
- The
Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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14
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Sakamoto T, Toh K, Matsui K, Hatano M, Ishihara K. Effect of the U-Shaped Cavity of Conformationally Flexible Chiral Lewis-Acidic Boron-Based Catalysts in Multiselective Diels-Alder Reactions. Org Lett 2024; 26:3607-3611. [PMID: 38634522 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
The effect of the U-shaped cavity of conformationally flexible chiral Lewis acidic boron-based catalysts in multiselective Diels-Alder reactions was investigated. The U-shaped catalysts can recognize substituents at the terminal acetylene moiety of propynal based on steric factors and can also recognize alkyne and alkene substrates based on the match/mismatch between the catalysts and substrates. Moreover, even in a mixture of different catalysts and substrates, the desired competitive reactions can proceed multiselectively. This proof-of-concept study should contribute to the development of artificial enzyme-like catalysis in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuhiro Sakamoto
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Kohei Toh
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Kai Matsui
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Manabu Hatano
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1, Motoyamakita-machi, Higashinada, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Ishihara
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
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15
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Meng Q, Guo J, Lv K, Liu Y, Zhang J, Li M, Cheng X, Chen S, Huo X, Zhang Q, Chen Y, Li J. 5 S-Heudelotinone alleviates experimental colitis by shaping the immune system and enhancing the intestinal barrier in a gut microbiota-dependent manner. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:2153-2176. [PMID: 38799623 PMCID: PMC11120280 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2024.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Aberrant changes in the gut microbiota are implicated in many diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Gut microbes produce diverse metabolites that can shape the immune system and impact the intestinal barrier integrity, indicating that microbe-mediated modulation may be a promising strategy for preventing and treating IBD. Although fecal microbiota transplantation and probiotic supplementation are well-established IBD therapies, novel chemical agents that are safe and exert strong effects on the gut microbiota are urgently needed. Herein, we report the total synthesis of heudelotinone and the discovery of 5S-heudelotinone (an enantiomer) as a potent agent against experimental colitis that acts by modulating the gut microbiota. 5S-Heudelotinone alters the diversity and composition of the gut microbiota and increases the concentration of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs); thus, it regulates the intestinal immune system by reducing proinflammatory immune cell numbers, and maintains intestinal mucosal integrity by modulating tight junctions (TJs). Moreover, 5S-heudelotinone (2) ameliorates colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC) in an azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced in situ carcinoma model. Together, these findings reveal the potential of a novel natural product, namely, 5S-heudelotinone, to control intestinal inflammation and highlight that this product is a safe and effective candidate for the treatment of IBD and CAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, China
| | - Jianshuang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, China
| | - Ke Lv
- College of Chemistry and Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, China
| | - Mingyue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, China
| | - Xirui Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, China
| | - Shenghua Chen
- College of Chemistry and Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | | | - Quan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, China
| | - Yue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, China
- College of Chemistry and Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, China
- College of Chemistry and Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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16
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de Carvalho RL, Wood JM, Almeida RG, Berry NG, da Silva Júnior EN, Bower JF. The Synthesis and Reactivity of Naphthoquinonynes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400188. [PMID: 38445547 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
The first systematic exploration of the synthesis and reactivity of naphthoquinonynes is described. Routes to two regioisomeric Kobayashi-type naphthoquinonyne precursors have been developed, and the reactivity of the ensuing 6,7- and 5,6-aryne intermediates has been investigated. Remarkably, these studies have revealed that a broad range of cycloadditions, nucleophile additions and difunctionalizations can be achieved while maintaining the integrity of the highly sensitive quinone unit. The methodologies offer a powerful diversity oriented approach to C6 and C7 functionalized naphthoquinones, which are typically challenging to access. From a reactivity viewpoint, the study is significant because it demonstrates that aryne-based functionalizations can be utilized strategically in the presence of highly reactive and directly competing functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato L de Carvalho
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, 31270-901, Belo, Horizonte - MG, Brazil
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - James M Wood
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
- The Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, 6012, New Zealand
| | - Renata G Almeida
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, 31270-901, Belo, Horizonte - MG, Brazil
| | - Neil G Berry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Eufrânio N da Silva Júnior
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, 31270-901, Belo, Horizonte - MG, Brazil
| | - John F Bower
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
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17
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Long A, Oswood CJ, Kelly CB, Bryan MC, MacMillan DWC. Couple-close construction of polycyclic rings from diradicals. Nature 2024; 628:326-332. [PMID: 38480891 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07181-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Heteroarenes are ubiquitous motifs in bioactive molecules, conferring favourable physical properties when compared to their arene counterparts1-3. In particular, semisaturated heteroarenes possess attractive solubility properties and a higher fraction of sp3 carbons, which can improve binding affinity and specificity. However, these desirable structures remain rare owing to limitations in current synthetic methods4-6. Indeed, semisaturated heterocycles are laboriously prepared by means of non-modular fit-for-purpose syntheses, which decrease throughput, limit chemical diversity and preclude their inclusion in many hit-to-lead campaigns7-10. Herein, we describe a more intuitive and modular couple-close approach to build semisaturated ring systems from dual radical precursors. This platform merges metallaphotoredox C(sp2)-C(sp3) cross-coupling with intramolecular Minisci-type radical cyclization to fuse abundant heteroaryl halides with simple bifunctional feedstocks, which serve as the diradical synthons, to rapidly assemble a variety of spirocyclic, bridged and substituted saturated ring types that would be extremely difficult to make by conventional methods. The broad availability of the requisite feedstock materials allows sampling of regions of underexplored chemical space. Reagent-controlled radical generation leads to a highly regioselective and stereospecific annulation that can be used for the late-stage functionalization of pharmaceutical scaffolds, replacing lengthy de novo syntheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Long
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | | | - Christopher B Kelly
- Discovery Process Research, Janssen Research and Development LLC, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Marian C Bryan
- Therapeutics Discovery, Janssen Research and Development LLC, Spring House, PA, USA
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18
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Li YH, Chen JH, Yang Z. Exo-Selective Diels-Alder Reactions. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202304371. [PMID: 38412422 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202304371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
The Diels-Alder reaction stands as one of the most pivotal transformations in organic chemistry. Its efficiency, marked by the formation of two carbon-carbon bonds and up to four new stereocenters in a single step, underscores its versatility and indispensability in synthesizing natural products and pharmaceuticals. The most significant stereoselectivity feature is the "endo rule". While this rule underpins the predictability of the stereochemical outcomes, it also underscores the challenges in achieving the opposite diastereoselectivity, making the exo-Diels-Alder reactions often considered outliers. This review delves into recent examples of exo-Diels-Alder reactions, shedding light on the factors inverting the intrinsic tendency. We explore the roles of steric, electrostatic, and orbital interactions, as well as thermodynamic equilibriums in influencing exo/endo selectivity. Furthermore, we illustrate strategies to manipulate these factors, employing approaches such as bulky substituents, s-cis conformations, transient structural constraints, and innovative control physics. Through these analyses, our aim is to provide a comprehensive understanding of how to predict and design exo-Diels-Alder reactions, paving the way for new diastereoselective catalyst systems and expanding the chemical scope of Diels-Alder reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-He Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jia-Hua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518067, China
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19
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Ishihara J. Progress in Lewis-Acid-Templated Diels-Alder Reactions. Molecules 2024; 29:1187. [PMID: 38474699 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29051187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of natural products with complicated architectures often requires the use of segments with functional groups that can be structurally transformed with the desired stereogenic centers. Bicyclic 𝛾-lactones have great potential as a suitable segment for natural product synthesis. However, the stereoselective construction of such functionalized bicyclic 𝛾-lactones is not as straightforward as one might expect. The template-mediated Diels-Alder reaction is one of the most powerful and versatile methods for providing bicyclic 𝛾-lactones with high regioselectivity and stereoselectivity. In this reaction, the diene is linked to the dienophile by a temporary tether, allowing the reaction to proceed efficiently, yielding a product that can be used for natural product synthesis. This review describes some important instances of the template-mediated Diels-Alder reaction and its application to the synthesis of biologically active compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ishihara
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 853-8521, Japan
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20
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You X, Yao Y, Liu P, Chen L, Xie Y, Li G, Hong L. Synthesis of Isoquinuclidines via Dearomative Diels-Alder Reaction of Cyclic Amidines with Indoles. J Org Chem 2024; 89:3635-3643. [PMID: 38359465 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The development and utilization of new dienes and dienophiles for the controlled synthesis of isoquinuclidines is highly appealing. Herein, we describe a novel strategy for diastereoselective synthesis of indoline-fused isoquinuclidines via copper-catalyzed dearomative Diels-Alder reaction of cyclic amidines with indoles. This protocol avoids the use of unstable DHPs and activated alkenes, offering a more efficient and selective approach to synthesize isoquinuclidines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin You
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ying Yao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Pengyutian Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lu Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yubao Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Guofeng Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Liang Hong
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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21
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Martínez-Núñez C, Velasco N, Sanz R, Suárez-Pantiga S. Synthesis of highly substituted 1,3-dienes through halonium promoted 1,2-sulfur migration of propargylic thioethers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:1794-1797. [PMID: 38258886 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc06194a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Conjugated 1-bromo or 1-iodo-1,3-dienes bearing a sulfide substituent have been synthesized via 1,2-sulfur migration from propargylic thioethers upon activation with NIS or NBS. The reaction generally proceeds with high control over the regio- and diastereoselectivity. Highly substituted thiophenes and selenophenes are easily obtained from the generated dienes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Martínez-Núñez
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, Pza. Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001-Burgos, Spain.
| | - Noelia Velasco
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, Pza. Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001-Burgos, Spain.
| | - Roberto Sanz
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, Pza. Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001-Burgos, Spain.
| | - Samuel Suárez-Pantiga
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, Pza. Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001-Burgos, Spain.
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22
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Wang T, Gao D, Yin H, Zhao J, Wang X, Niu H. Kinetic Study of the Diels-Alder Reaction between Maleimide and Furan-Containing Polystyrene Using Infrared Spectroscopy. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:441. [PMID: 38337328 DOI: 10.3390/polym16030441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The Diels-Alder (D-A) reaction between furan and maleimide is a thermally reversible reaction that has become a vital chemical technique for designing polymer structures and functions. The kinetics of this reaction, particularly in polymer bulk states, have significant practical implications. In this study, we investigated the feasibility of utilizing infrared spectroscopy to measure the D-A reaction kinetics in bulk-state polymer. Specifically, we synthesized furan-functionalized polystyrene and added a maleimide small-molecule compound to form a D-A adduct. The intensity of the characteristic absorption peak of the D-A adduct was quantitatively measured by infrared spectroscopy, and the dependence of conversion of the D-A reaction on time was obtained at different temperatures. Subsequently, the D-A reaction apparent kinetic coefficient kapp and the Arrhenius activation energy Ea,D-A were calculated. These results were compared with those determined from 1H-NMR in the polymer solution states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongtong Wang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Dali Gao
- SINOPEC (Beijing) Research Institute of Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Beijing 100013, China
| | - Hua Yin
- SINOPEC (Beijing) Research Institute of Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Beijing 100013, China
| | - Jiawei Zhao
- SINOPEC (Beijing) Research Institute of Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Beijing 100013, China
| | - Xingguo Wang
- SINOPEC (Beijing) Research Institute of Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Beijing 100013, China
| | - Hui Niu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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23
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Pan J, Ho TO, Chen YC, Yang BM, Zhao Y. Enantioselective Construction of Eight-Membered N-Heterocycles from Simple 1,3-Dienes via Pd(0) Lewis Base Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202317703. [PMID: 38100515 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
We report herein an unprecedented enantioselective (4+4) cycloaddition of simple 1,3-dienes with azadienes for the construction of fused eight-membered N-heterocycles. In this transformation, the π-Lewis basic Pd(0) catalyst achieves activation of 1,3-dienes to induce nucleophilic addition to azadienes followed by ring cyclization via a selective terminal allylic substitution. Furthermore, highly efficient and diastereoselective derivatizations of the eight-membered rings provide a facile access to diverse enantiopure fused tetra- to hexacyclic compounds with potential application in medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaoting Pan
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University Binhai New City, Fuzhou, 350207, China
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Takumi Ogawa Ho
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Ying-Chun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Ministry of Education and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Bin-Miao Yang
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University Binhai New City, Fuzhou, 350207, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University Binhai New City, Fuzhou, 350207, China
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
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24
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Wang Y, Deng J, Ressler AJ, Lin S. Electroreductive Radical Addition-Polar Cyclization Cascade to Access Cycloalkanes. Org Lett 2024; 26:116-121. [PMID: 38157449 PMCID: PMC11192528 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Compared with flat aromatic scaffolds, three-dimensional aliphatic ring systems feature high structural complexity and topological diversity and, thus, have received increasing attention in drug discovery. Herein, we describe a mild and general electrochemical method for the modular synthesis of structurally distinct cyclic compounds, including monocyclic alkanes, benzo-fused ring systems, and spirocycles, from readily available alkenes and alkyl halides via a radical-polar crossover mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, New York 14853, United States
| | - Jiachen Deng
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, New York 14853, United States
| | - Andrew J. Ressler
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, New York 14853, United States
| | - Song Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, New York 14853, United States
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25
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Inunnguaq Jessen N, Izzo JA, Modlinski MS, Bertuzzi G, Anker Jørgensen K. On the Number of π-Electrons Involved in Stepwise Cycloaddition Reactions. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202303299. [PMID: 37851861 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
The development of higher-order cycloadditions has mainly been restricted by the requisite usage of highly conjugated and reactive π-systems. Recent years have witnessed organocatalysis as a potent mediator for several of the challenges associated herein, rendering higher-order cycloadditions a legitimate option for achieving the selective construction of specific molecular scaffolds. These developments reinvigorate the efforts to try to understand the underlying principles for cycloadditions involving a higher number of π-electrons than the "classical" cycloadditions; how do we properly address the impact which the addition of further π-electrons have on the reactivity of a system? Herein, computational investigations of two model higher-order cycloaddition systems have been performed to try to provide insights on changes in energetic barriers induced by the presence of benzofusions in a position which is unobstructive to the reactivity. With experimental substantiation as support, these studies might open up for a discussion on whether the π-electrons of benzofused systems simply act as spectator electrons, or play a tangible role on the observed reactivity to an extent where a distinct nomenclature is meritable.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph A Izzo
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Marek S Modlinski
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Giulio Bertuzzi
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Karl Anker Jørgensen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
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26
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Liu J, Du C, Huang W, Lei Y. Injectable smart stimuli-responsive hydrogels: pioneering advancements in biomedical applications. Biomater Sci 2023; 12:8-56. [PMID: 37969066 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm01352a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels have established their significance as prominent biomaterials within the realm of biomedical research. However, injectable hydrogels have garnered greater attention compared with their conventional counterparts due to their excellent minimally invasive nature and adaptive behavior post-injection. With the rapid advancement of emerging chemistry and deepened understanding of biological processes, contemporary injectable hydrogels have been endowed with an "intelligent" capacity to respond to various endogenous/exogenous stimuli (such as temperature, pH, light and magnetic field). This innovation has spearheaded revolutionary transformations across fields such as tissue engineering repair, controlled drug delivery, disease-responsive therapies, and beyond. In this review, we comprehensively expound upon the raw materials (including natural and synthetic materials) and injectable principles of these advanced hydrogels, concurrently providing a detailed discussion of the prevalent strategies for conferring stimulus responsiveness. Finally, we elucidate the latest applications of these injectable "smart" stimuli-responsive hydrogels in the biomedical domain, offering insights into their prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiacheng Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Orthopedic Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Chengcheng Du
- Department of Orthopedics, Orthopedic Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, Orthopedic Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Yiting Lei
- Department of Orthopedics, Orthopedic Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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27
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Morozova SM, Korzhikova-Vlakh EG. Fibrillar Hydrogel Based on Cellulose Nanocrystals Crosslinked via Diels-Alder Reaction: Preparation and pH-Sensitive Release of Benzocaine. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4689. [PMID: 38139941 PMCID: PMC10748274 DOI: 10.3390/polym15244689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A fibrillar hydrogel was obtained by covalent crosslinking via Diels-Alder reaction of two types of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) with furan and maleimide groups. Gelation has been studied at various ratios of components and temperatures in the range from 20 to 60 °C. It was shown that the rheological properties of the hydrogel can be optimized by varying the concentration and ratio of components. Due to the rigid structure of the CNCs, the hydrogel could be formed at a concentration of at least 5 wt%; however, it almost does not swell either in water with pH 5 or 7 or in the HBSS buffer. The introduction of aldehyde groups into the CNCs allows for the conjugation of physiologically active molecules containing primary amino groups due to the formation of imine bonds. Here, we used benzocaine as a model drug for conjugation with CNC hydrogel. The resulting drug-conjugated hydrogel demonstrated the stability of formulation at pH 7 and a pH-sensitive release of benzocaine due to the accelerated hydrolytic cleavage of the imine bond at pH < 7. The developed drug-conjugated hydrogel is promising as wound dressings for local anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia M. Morozova
- Center of Fluid Physics and Soft Matter, N.E. Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 2nd Baumanskaya St. 5/1, 105005 Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgenia G. Korzhikova-Vlakh
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoy pr. 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia;
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28
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Guo W, Hori M, Ogura Y, Nishimura K, Oki K, Ikai T, Yashima E, Ishihara K. Tandem Isomerization/α,β-Site-Selective and Enantioselective Addition Reactions of N-(3-Butynoyl)-3,5-dimethylpyrazole Induced by Chiral π-Cu(II) Catalysts. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:27080-27088. [PMID: 38032102 PMCID: PMC10722507 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Allenes are important building blocks, and derivatization of products via cycloadditions of allenes could become a powerful strategy for constructing carbocyclic and heterocyclic rings. However, the development of catalytic site-selective and enantioselective cycloaddition reactions of allenes still presents significant challenges. Here, we report chiral π-Cu(II)-complex-catalyzed isomerization of N-(3-butynoyl)-3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazole to generate N-allenoylpyrazole in situ and subsequent α,β-site-selective and enantioselective [3 + 2], [4 + 2], or [2 + 2] cycloaddition or conjugate addition reactions. The asymmetric environment created by the intramolecular π-Cu(II) interactions provides the corresponding adducts in moderate to high yield with excellent enantioselectivity. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first successful method for chiral-Lewis-acid-catalyzed tandem isomerization/α,β-site-selective and enantioselective cycloaddition or conjugate addition reactions of latent non-γ-substituted allenoyl derivative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Guo
- Graduate
School of Engineering, Nagoya University, B2-3(611) Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Masahiro Hori
- Graduate
School of Engineering, Nagoya University, B2-3(611) Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ogura
- Graduate
School of Engineering, Nagoya University, B2-3(611) Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Kazuki Nishimura
- Graduate
School of Engineering, Nagoya University, B2-3(611) Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Kosuke Oki
- Graduate
School of Engineering, Nagoya University, B2-3(611) Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Ikai
- Graduate
School of Engineering, Nagoya University, B2-3(611) Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Eiji Yashima
- Graduate
School of Engineering, Nagoya University, B2-3(611) Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Ishihara
- Graduate
School of Engineering, Nagoya University, B2-3(611) Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
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29
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Lee H, Lee Y, Lee Y, Kamranifard T, Lee Y, Jung B. Cu-Catalyzed Synthesis of 2-Silyl-1,3-butadienes from Allenols and Applications to One-Pot Synthesis of Tetrasubstituted Arylsilanes. Org Lett 2023. [PMID: 38049370 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
A copper-catalyzed chemo- and stereoselective method for the synthesis of (E)-2-silyl-1,3-butadienes from a broad range of allenols using mild Si-B reagents is reported in this study. Our protocol required a short reaction time at ambient temperature to produce the desired dienes in high yields. Synthetic applications are highlighted by the one-pot synthesis of tetrasubstituted arylsilanes from allenols as well as the further functionalization of C-Si bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwiwoong Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Yurim Lee
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonjoo Lee
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Telma Kamranifard
- Department of Chemistry, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunmi Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Byunghyuck Jung
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
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30
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Zhao W, Zhang D, Wang Y, Yang M. Total Syntheses of Rhodomollins A and B. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 38016018 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
The first and asymmetric total syntheses of rhodomollins A and B, two rhodomollane type grayanoids featuring a d-homograyanane carbon skeleton and an oxa-bicyclo[3.2.1] core, were accomplished via a convergent strategy. A Stille coupling and a lithium-halogen exchange/intramolecular nucleophilic addition to the aldehyde sequence were employed to assemble two enantioenriched fragments. The oxa-bicyclo[3.2.1] core was achieved through an intramolecular SN2 substitution of cyclic sulfate of 1,2-diols (Williamson ether synthesis). The A ring oxidation states were adjusted by a Payne/Meinwald rearrangement sequence and subsequent redox transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730000, China
| | - Duo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730000, China
| | - Yuran Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730000, China
| | - Ming Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730000, China
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31
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Liu Y, Brown MK. Photosensitized [2 + 2]-Cycloadditions of Dioxaborole: Reactivity Enabled by Boron Ring Constraint Strategy. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:25061-25067. [PMID: 37939224 PMCID: PMC11041673 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
A strategy to achieve photosensitized [2 + 2] cycloadditions by means of temporary ring constraint is reported. Specifically, a dioxaborole is prepared that undergoes [2 + 2] cycloadditions with a wide variety of alkenes. This strategy overcomes some challenges with the cycloaddition of acyclic substrates. The products can be easily transformed into cyclobutyl diols or 1,4-dicarbonyl compounds; the latter represents a formal alkene vicinal diacylation. The synthetic utility of this method is shown in the synthesis of valuable heterocycles and biatriosporin D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyao Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - M Kevin Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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32
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Qin H, Guo T, Lin K, Li G, Lu H. Synthesis of dienes from pyrrolidines using skeletal modification. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7307. [PMID: 37951966 PMCID: PMC10640553 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43238-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Saturated N-heterocyclic pyrrolidines are common in natural products, medicinal compounds and agrochemicals. However, reconstruction of their skeletal structures creating new chemical space is a challenging task, and limited methods exist for this purpose. In this study, we report a skeletal modification strategy for conversion of polar cyclic pyrrolidines into nonpolar linear dienes through a N-atom removal and deconstruction process. This involves N-sulfonylazidonation followed by rearrangement of the resulting sulfamoyl azide intermediates. This can be an energetically unfavorable process, which involves the formation of active C-C π bonds, the consumption of inert C-N and C-C σ bonds and the destruction of stable five-membered rings, but we have used it here to produce versatile conjugated and nonconjugated dienes with links of varying lengths. We also studied the application of this method in late-stage skeletal modification of bioactive compounds, formal traceless C(sp2)-H functionalization and formal N-atom deletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Qin
- Institute of Chemistry and BioMedical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Ting Guo
- Institute of Chemistry and BioMedical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Ken Lin
- Institute of Chemistry and BioMedical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Guigen Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409-1061, USA
| | - Hongjian Lu
- Institute of Chemistry and BioMedical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, 241000, China.
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33
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Palai A, Rai P, Maji B. Rejuvenation of dearomative cycloaddition reactions via visible light energy transfer catalysis. Chem Sci 2023; 14:12004-12025. [PMID: 37969572 PMCID: PMC10631258 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04421a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Dearomative cycloaddition is a powerful technique to access sp3-rich three-dimensional structural motifs from simple flat, aromatic feedstock. The building-up of unprecedentedly diverse polycyclic scaffolds with increased saturation and stereochemical information having various applications ranging from pharmaceutical to material sciences, is an essential goal in organic chemistry. However, the requirement of large energy inputs to disrupt the aromaticity of an arene moiety necessitates harsh reaction conditions for ground state dearomative cycloaddition. The photochemical requirement encompasses use of ultraviolet (UV) light to enable the reaction on an excited potential energy surface. The microscopic reversibility under thermal conditions and the use of high energy harmful UV irradiation in photochemical manoeuvres, however, constrain their widespread use from a synthetic point of view. In this context, the recent renaissance of visible light energy transfer (EnT) catalysis has become a powerful tool to initiate dearomative cycloaddition as a greener and more sustainable approach. The excited triplet state population is achieved by triplet energy transfer from the appropriate photosensitizer to the substrate. While employing mild visible light energy as fuel, the process leverages an enormous potential of excited state reactivity. The discovery of an impressive portfolio of organic and inorganic photosensitizers with a range of triplet energies facilitates visible light photosensitized dearomative cycloaddition of various substrates to form sp3-rich fused polycyclic architectures with diverse applications. The tutorial review comprehensively surveys the reawakening of dearomative cycloadditions via visible light-mediated energy transfer catalysis in the past five years. The progress ranges from intra- and intermolecular [2π + 2π] to [4π + 2π], and ends at intermolecular [2π + 2σ] cycloadditions. Furthermore, the review provides potential possibilities for future growth in the growing field of visible light energy transfer catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angshuman Palai
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata Mohanpur 741246 West Bengal India
| | - Pramod Rai
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata Mohanpur 741246 West Bengal India
| | - Biplab Maji
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata Mohanpur 741246 West Bengal India
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34
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Long L, Wang W, Zhu Y, Luo W, Zhang Y, Chen J, Wei Y, Chen Z. Benzannulation with Et 3N as 1,3-Diene Variants. Org Lett 2023; 25:7775-7779. [PMID: 37874959 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
With triethylamine as a 1,3-diene variant, a simple and practical process for the synthesis of phthalimides has been developed from readily available maleimide. The transformation can be performed in the absence of a metal catalyst with high levels of functional group tolerance. Various phthalimide compounds were constructed in moderate to good yields under mild conditions. Mechanism research indicates that oxygen and acid also play crucial roles in this reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lipeng Long
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, PR China
| | - Wenjia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, PR China
| | - Yuping Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, PR China
| | - Wenjun Luo
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, PR China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, PR China
| | - Juxiu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, PR China
| | - Yuting Wei
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, PR China
| | - Zhengwang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, PR China
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35
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Xu J, Ge Z, Ding K, Wang X. Rh(II)/Pd(0) Dual-Catalyzed Regio-Divergent Three-Component Propargylic Substitution. JACS AU 2023; 3:2862-2872. [PMID: 37885573 PMCID: PMC10598837 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Regio-divergent propargylic substitution to generate functionally diverse products from identical starting materials remains a formidable challenge, probably due to the unpredictable regiochemical complexity. In practically, the synthesis of α-quaternary propargylic-substituted products is still much less developed, and preprepared nucleophiles are generally applied in this type of reaction with propargylic substrates, which limits the reaction efficiency and diversity of the obtained products. Herein, we disclose unprecedented three-component propargylic substitution of α-diazo esters with amines and propargylic carbonates under dirhodium/palladium dual catalysis. The key to the success of this multicomponent propargylic substitution is to avoid two-component side reactions through a tandem process of dirhodium(II)-catalyzed carbene insertion and palladium-catalyzed regiodivergent propargylic substitution. The judicious selection of a diphosphine (dppf) or monophosphine (tBuBrettphos) as the ligand is crucial for the reaction to generate different products in a switchable way, α-quaternary 1,3-dienyl or propargylated products, with high regio- and chemoselectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Science and
Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence
in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhaoliang Ge
- State
Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence
in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Kuiling Ding
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Science and
Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence
in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- Frontier
Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong
University, 800 Dongchuan
Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence
in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- School
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced
Study, University of Chinese Academy of
Sciences, 1 Sub-lane
Xiangshan, Hangzhou 310024, China
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36
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Alves TV, Fernández I. Understanding the reactivity and selectivity of Diels-Alder reactions involving furans. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:7767-7775. [PMID: 37698053 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01343j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
The reactivity and endo/exo selectivity of the Diels-Alder cycloaddition reactions involving furan and substituted furans as dienes have been computationally explored. In comparison to cyclopentadiene, it is found that furan is comparatively less reactive and also less endo-selective in the reaction with maleic anhydride as the dienophile. Despite that, both the reactivity and the selectivity can be successfully modified by the presence of substituents at either 2- or 3-positions of the heterocycle. In this sense, it is found that the presence of strong electron-donor groups significantly increases the reactivity of the system while the opposite is found in the presence of electron-withdrawing groups. The observed trends in both the reactivity and selectivity are analyzed quantitatively in detail by means of the activation strain model of reactivity in combination with the energy decomposition analysis methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Vinicius Alves
- Departamento de Físico-Química, Instituto de Química - Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, 40170-115, Bahia, Brazil.
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departmento de Química Orgánica and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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37
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Singh S, Parammal A, Kumar M, X JS, Subramanian P. Iso-Pentadienyl Carbonate as a Five Carbon Synthon in Manganese(I)-Catalyzed Selective Linear 1,3-Dienylation. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301632. [PMID: 37518839 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Selective linear 1,3-dienylations are essential transformations, and numerous synthetic efforts have been documented. However, a general method enabling access to electron-rich, -poor, and biologically relevant dienyl molecules is in high demand. Hence, we report a straightforward method of manganese(I)-catalyzed C-H dienylation of arenes by using iso-pentadienyl carbonate as a five carbon synthon. This is a highly unprecedented report for selective linear 1,3-dienylation using manganese C-H activation catalysis. Our method facilitates the synthesis of varieties of dienes, including those suitable for normal or inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reactions, dienyl glycoconjugates, and unnatural amino acids. Extensive mechanistic studies, including isolation of C-H activated organo-manganese complex and isotopic analyses, have supported the proposed mechanism of this dienylation. The synthetic applicability of this method eased to deliver a 6/6/5-fused tricyclic nagilactone scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubham Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institution of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016 Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Athira Parammal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institution of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016 Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institution of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016 Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Joe Sam X
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institution of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016 Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Parthasarathi Subramanian
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institution of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016 Uttar Pradesh, India
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38
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Adjieufack AI, Ongagna JM, Essomba JS, Ewonkem MB, Oliva M, Safont VS, Andrés J. Exploring the Mechanism of the Intramolecular Diels-Alder Reaction of (2 E,4 Z,6 Z)-2(allyloxy)cycloocta-2,4,6-trien-1-one Using Bonding Evolution Theory. Molecules 2023; 28:6755. [PMID: 37836598 PMCID: PMC10574226 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28196755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present work, the bond breaking/forming events along the intramolecular Diels-Alder (IMDA) reaction of (2E,4Z,6Z)-2(allyloxy)cycloocta-2,4,6-trien-1-one have been revealed within bonding evolution theory (BET) at the density functional theory level, using the M05-2X functional with the cc-pVTZ basis set. Prior to achieving this task, the energy profiles and stationary points at the potential energy surface (PES) have been characterized. The analysis of the results finds that this rearrangement can proceed along three alternative reaction pathways (a-c). Paths a and b involve two steps, while path c is a one-step process. The first step in path b is kinetically favored, and leads to the formation of an intermediate step, Int-b. Further evolution from Int-b leads mainly to 3-b1. However, 2 is the thermodynamically preferred product and is obtained at high temperatures, in agreement with the experimental observations. Regarding the BET analysis along path b, the breaking/forming process is described by four structural stability domains (SSDs) during the first step, which can be summarized as follows: (1) the breaking of the C-O bond with the transfer of its population to the lone pair (V(O)), (2) the reorganization of the electron density with the creation of two V(C) basins, and (3) the formation of a new C-C single bond via the merger of the two previous V(C) basins. Finally, the conversion of Int-b (via TS2-b1) occurs via the reorganization of the electron density during the first stage (the creation of different pseudoradical centers on the carbon atoms as a result of the depopulation of the C-C double bond involved in the formation of new single bonds), while the last stage corresponds to the non-concerted formation of the two new C-C bonds via the disappearance of the population of the four pseudoradical centers formed in the previous stage. On the other hand, along path a, the first step displays three SSDs, associated with the depopulation of the V(C2,C3) and V(C6,C7) basins, the appearance of the new monosynaptic basins V(C2) and V(C7), and finally the merging of these new monosynaptic basins through the creation of the C2-C7 single bond. The second step is described by a series of five SSDs, that account for the reorganization of the electron density within Int-a via the creation of four pseudoradical centers on the C12, C13, C3 and C6 carbon atoms. The last two SSDs deal with the formation of two C-C bonds via the merging of the monosynaptic basins formed in the previous domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abel Idrice Adjieufack
- Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry (LCT), Namur Institute of Structured Matter (NISM), University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles, 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé P.O. Box 812, Cameroon;
- Computational Chemistry Laboratory, High Teacher Training College, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé P.O. Box 47, Cameroon
| | - Jean Moto Ongagna
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Douala, Douala P.O. Box 2701, Cameroon; (J.M.O.); (M.B.E.)
| | - Jean Serge Essomba
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé P.O. Box 812, Cameroon;
| | - Monique Bassomo Ewonkem
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Douala, Douala P.O. Box 2701, Cameroon; (J.M.O.); (M.B.E.)
| | - Mónica Oliva
- Analytical and Physical Chemistry Department, Jaume I University, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castelló, Spain; (M.O.); (V.S.S.)
| | - Vicent Sixte Safont
- Analytical and Physical Chemistry Department, Jaume I University, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castelló, Spain; (M.O.); (V.S.S.)
| | - Juan Andrés
- Analytical and Physical Chemistry Department, Jaume I University, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castelló, Spain; (M.O.); (V.S.S.)
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39
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Kariya T, Hasegawa H, Udagawa T, Inada Y, Nishiyama K, Tsuji M, Hirayama T, Suzutani T, Kato N, Nagano S, Nagasawa H. Elucidation of the stereocontrol mechanisms of the chemical and biosynthetic intramolecular Diels-Alder cycloaddition for the formation of bioactive decalins. RSC Adv 2023; 13:27828-27838. [PMID: 37731829 PMCID: PMC10508222 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra04406h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction (IMDA) is a powerful method for regioselective and stereoselective construction of functionalised decalin skeletons, and the recent discovery of enzymes that catalyse IMDA cycloaddition in biosynthesis has generated considerable interest. This study focused on the role of the absolute configuration of the C-6 carbon of the substrate polyene in the stereocontrol of the IMDA reaction catalysed by Fsa2 and Phm7, which construct different enantiomeric decalin skeletons. Their enantiomeric precursor polyenes were synthesised and subjected to enzymatic or thermal IMDA reactions to isolate various diastereomeric decalines and determine their absolute configuration. Furthermore, density functional theory calculations were performed to elucidate the stereocontrol mechanism underlying the formation of decalin. The results showed that Fsa2 exhibits the same equisetin-type stereoselectivity for enantiomeric substrates regardless of the 6-methyl group configuration of the substrate, while Phm7 shows two types of stereoselectivity depending on the configuration of the 6-methyl group. We also found a unique stereochemistry-activity relationship in antibacterial activity for decalin diastereomers, including new derivatives. This study provides new insights into the stereoselectivity of DAase, which is important in the synthesis of natural product skeletons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Kariya
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi Gifu 501-1196 Japan
| | - Hayato Hasegawa
- Department of Engineering, Graduate School of Sustainability Science, Tottori University 4-101 Koyama-cho Minami Tottori 680-8552 Japan
| | - Taro Udagawa
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University 1-1 Yanagido Gifu 501-1193 Japan
| | - Yusaku Inada
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi Gifu 501-1196 Japan
| | - Kyoko Nishiyama
- Department of Microbiology, Fukushima Medical University 1 Hikarigaoka Fukushima 960-1295 Japan
| | - Mieko Tsuji
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi Gifu 501-1196 Japan
| | - Tasuku Hirayama
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi Gifu 501-1196 Japan
| | - Tatsuo Suzutani
- Department of Microbiology, Fukushima Medical University 1 Hikarigaoka Fukushima 960-1295 Japan
| | - Naoki Kato
- Faculty of Agriculture, Setsunan University 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata Osaka 573-0101 Japan
| | - Shingo Nagano
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University 4-101 Koyama-cho Minami Tottori 680-8552 Japan
- Center for Research on Green Sustainable Chemistry, Tottori University 4-101 Koyama-cho Minami Tottori 680-8552 Japan
| | - Hideko Nagasawa
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi Gifu 501-1196 Japan
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40
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Kaplan JA, Blum SA. Iodination-Group-Transfer Reactions to Generate Trisubstituted Iodoalkenes with Regio- and Stereochemical Control. J Org Chem 2023; 88:13236-13247. [PMID: 37656489 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
The regio- and stereodefined synthesis of trisubstituted alkenes remains a significant synthetic challenge. Herein, a method is developed for producing regio- and stereodefined trisubstituted iodoalkenes by diverting intermediates from an iodination-electrophilic-cyclization mechanism. Specifically, cyclized sulfonium ion-pair intermediates are diverted to alkenes by ring-opening with nucleophilic iodide. Alternatively, scavenging of the iodide by AgOTf prevents ring-opening, enabling isolation of the sulfonium ion-pair intermediate. Isolation of the ion pair enables access to complementary reactivity, including ring-opening by alternative nucleophiles (i.e., amines), yielding trisubstituted acyclic alkenes and an example acyclic tetrasubstituted alkene. X-ray crystallographic determination of reaction intermediates and products confirms that the initial electrophilic-cyclization step sets the stereo- and regiochemistry of the product. The products serve as synthetic building blocks by readily participating in downstream functionalization reactions, including oxidation, palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling, and nucleophilic displacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Kaplan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Suzanne A Blum
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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41
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Sinha S, Das A, Giri S. Insights into the catalytic activity of boron-doped thiazoles in the Diels-Alder reaction. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:23708-23716. [PMID: 37614158 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp02441e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
The role of boron-doped thiazoles as a Lewis acid catalyst in [4+2] cycloaddition reaction between 1,3-butadiene and acrolein has been addressed. Three different organic heterocycles were designed to study their catalytic activity. It has been observed that these heterocycles efficiently work as catalysts than the well-known Lewis acid BF3. All the reactions follow the normal electron demand process and are exothermic. Different conceptual DFT-based reactivity descriptors and electronic structure principles such as maximum hardness and minimum electrophilicity lend additional support to the feasibility of the reaction mechanism. The reaction force (RF), reaction electronic flux (REF), and its different components exhibit a detailed electronic activity throughout the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapan Sinha
- School of Applied Science and Humanities, Haldia Institute of Technology, Haldia, 721657, India.
- Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, Haringhata, 741249, India
| | - Abhishek Das
- School of Applied Science and Humanities, Haldia Institute of Technology, Haldia, 721657, India.
| | - Santanab Giri
- School of Applied Science and Humanities, Haldia Institute of Technology, Haldia, 721657, India.
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42
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Smith LB, Armstrong RJ, Hou J, Smith E, Sze M, Sterling AJ, Smith A, Duarte F, Donohoe TJ. Redox Reorganization: Aluminium Promoted 1,5-Hydride Shifts Allow the Controlled Synthesis of Multisubstituted Cyclohexenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202307424. [PMID: 37358307 PMCID: PMC10953022 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202307424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
An efficient synthesis of cyclohexenes has been achieved from easily accessible tetrahydropyrans via a tandem 1,5-hydride shift-aldol condensation. We discovered that readily available aluminium reagents, e.g. Al2 O3 or Al(Ot Bu)3 are essential for this process, promoting the 1,5-hydride shift with complete regio- and enantiospecificity (in stark contrast to results obtained under basic conditions). The mild conditions, coupled with multiple methods available to access the tetrahydropyran starting materials makes this a versatile method with exceptional functional group tolerance. A wide range of cyclohexenes (>40 examples) have been prepared, many in enantiopure form, showing our ability to selectively install a substituent at each position around the newly forged cyclohexene ring. Experimental and computational studies revealed that aluminium serves a dual role in facilitating the hydride shift, activating both the alkoxide nucleophile and the electrophilic carbonyl group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis B. Smith
- Chemistry Research LaboratoryUniversity of OxfordOX1 3TAOxfordUK
| | - Roly J. Armstrong
- Chemistry Research LaboratoryUniversity of OxfordOX1 3TAOxfordUK
- School of Natural and Environmental SciencesNewcastle UniversityNE1 7RUNewcastle Upon TyneUK
| | - Jingyan Hou
- Chemistry Research LaboratoryUniversity of OxfordOX1 3TAOxfordUK
| | - Edward Smith
- Chemistry Research LaboratoryUniversity of OxfordOX1 3TAOxfordUK
| | - Ming Sze
- Chemistry Research LaboratoryUniversity of OxfordOX1 3TAOxfordUK
| | | | - Alex Smith
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research CentreRG42 6EYBracknellBerkshireUK
| | - Fernanda Duarte
- Chemistry Research LaboratoryUniversity of OxfordOX1 3TAOxfordUK
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43
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Schwinger DP, Pickl T, Bach T. Photochemical Isomerization of Cyclohept-1-ene-1-carbaldehyde: Strain-Release Cycloadditions and Ene Reactions. J Org Chem 2023; 88:12844-12852. [PMID: 37578442 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Cyclohept-1-ene-1-carbaldehyde undergoes photoinduced E → Z isomerization at λ = 350 nm. The ring strain facilitates Diels-Alder cycloaddiions with 1,3-dienes, [3 + 2] cycloadditions with 1,3-dipoles, and ene reactions with olefins. Products are trans-fused at the cycloheptane core and were obtained in yields of up to 82%. Single crystal X-ray analyses corroborated the constitution and relative configuration of key products. With BF3 as a Lewis acid and 2,3-dimethylbuta-1,3-diene, cyclohept-1-ene-1-carbaldehyde reacted in the dark and rearranged stereoselectively to a tricyclic ketone (87%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Schwinger
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Thomas Pickl
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Thorsten Bach
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
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44
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Heo JM, Park J, Kim JM. Retro Diels-Alder-triggered self-assembly of a polymerizable macrocyclic diacetylene. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:6302-6306. [PMID: 37490038 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00953j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
A new triggered self-assembly method, which utilizes retro Diels-Alder (rDA)-promoted self-assembly of a macrocyclic diacetylene, was developed. The steric bulk present in a Diels-Alder (DA) adduct was released by a thermally promoted rDA reaction, resulting in the generation of a linear diacetylene that readily self-assembles to form a supramolecular polymer. The maleimide-containing blue-colored polydiacetylene, which was generated by UV irradiation, was utilized as a thiol specific colorimetric sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Moo Heo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea.
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Jaeyoung Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea.
| | - Jong-Man Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea.
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
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45
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Ushimaru R, Abe I. Back-to-back cycloadditions in nature. Nat Chem 2023:10.1038/s41557-023-01282-2. [PMID: 37488376 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01282-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Richiro Ushimaru
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Ikuro Abe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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46
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Zorn K, Back CR, Barringer R, Chadimová V, Manzo‐Ruiz M, Mbatha SZ, Mobarec J, Williams SE, van der Kamp MW, Race PR, Willis CL, Hayes MA. Interrogation of an Enzyme Library Reveals the Catalytic Plasticity of Naturally Evolved [4+2] Cyclases. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202300382. [PMID: 37305956 PMCID: PMC10946715 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Stereoselective carbon-carbon bond forming reactions are quintessential transformations in organic synthesis. One example is the Diels-Alder reaction, a [4+2] cycloaddition between a conjugated diene and a dienophile to form cyclohexenes. The development of biocatalysts for this reaction is paramount for unlocking sustainable routes to a plethora of important molecules. To obtain a comprehensive understanding of naturally evolved [4+2] cyclases, and to identify hitherto uncharacterised biocatalysts for this reaction, we constructed a library comprising forty-five enzymes with reported or predicted [4+2] cycloaddition activity. Thirty-one library members were successfully produced in recombinant form. In vitro assays employing a synthetic substrate incorporating a diene and a dienophile revealed broad-ranging cycloaddition activity amongst these polypeptides. The hypothetical protein Cyc15 was found to catalyse an intramolecular cycloaddition to generate a novel spirotetronate. The crystal structure of this enzyme, along with docking studies, establishes the basis for stereoselectivity in Cyc15, as compared to other spirotetronate cyclases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Zorn
- Compound Synthesis and Management, Discovery SciencesBiopharmaceuticals R&DAstraZenecaPepparedsleden 1431 83MölndalSweden
| | | | - Rob Barringer
- School of BiochemistryUniversity of BristolBristolBS8 1TDUK
| | - Veronika Chadimová
- Compound Synthesis and Management, Discovery SciencesBiopharmaceuticals R&DAstraZenecaPepparedsleden 1431 83MölndalSweden
| | | | | | - Juan‐Carlos Mobarec
- Mechanistic and Structural BiologyBiopharmaceuticals R&DAstraZenecaCambridgeCB21 6GHUK
| | | | | | - Paul R. Race
- School of BiochemistryUniversity of BristolBristolBS8 1TDUK
| | | | - Martin A. Hayes
- Compound Synthesis and Management, Discovery SciencesBiopharmaceuticals R&DAstraZenecaPepparedsleden 1431 83MölndalSweden
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47
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Kermani MM, Li H, Ottochian A, Crescenzi O, Janesko BG, Scalmani G, Frisch MJ, Ciofini I, Adamo C, Truhlar DG. Barrier Heights for Diels-Alder Transition States Leading to Pentacyclic Adducts: A Benchmark Study of Crowded, Strained Transition States of Large Molecules. J Phys Chem Lett 2023:6522-6531. [PMID: 37449565 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c01309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Theoretical characterization of reactions of complex molecules depends on providing consistent accuracy for the relative energies of intermediates and transition states. Here we employ the DLPNO-CCSD(T) method with core-valence correlation, large basis sets, and extrapolation to the CBS limit to provide benchmark values for Diels-Alder transition states leading to competitive strained pentacyclic adducts. We then used those benchmarks to test a diverse set of wave function and density functional methods for the absolute and relative barrier heights of these transition states. Our results show that only a few of the tested density functionals can predict the absolute barrier heights satisfactorily, although relative barrier heights are more accurate. The most accurate functionals tested are ωB97M-V, M11plus, ωB97X-V, PBE-D3(0), M11, and MN15 with MUDs from best estimates less than 3.0 kcal. These findings can guide selection of density functionals for future studies of crowded, strained transition states of large molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Mansoori Kermani
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Hanwei Li
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL Research University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Alistar Ottochian
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL Research University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Orlando Crescenzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cinthia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Benjamin G Janesko
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76129, United States
| | | | | | - Ilaria Ciofini
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL Research University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Carlo Adamo
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL Research University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, F-75005 Paris, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, 103 Boulevard Saint Michel, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Donald G Truhlar
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
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48
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Dresler E, Wróblewska A, Jasiński R. Understanding the Molecular Mechanism of Thermal and LA-Catalysed Diels-Alder Reactions between Cyclopentadiene and Isopropyl 3-Nitroprop-2-Enate. Molecules 2023; 28:5289. [PMID: 37513163 PMCID: PMC10386420 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanism of the Diels-Alder reaction with the participation of cyclopentadiene and isopropyl 3-nitroprop-2-enate was examined based on wb97xd/6-311+G(d) (PCM) quantum chemical calculations. It was found that the type of mechanism for the conversion of addends depends significantly on the reaction conditions. In less-polar environments, a one-step polar mechanism is realised. In more polar solvents, the formation of "extended"-type zwitterionic intermediates is possible. In contrast, in the presence of an LA-type catalyst, the one-step mechanisms are replaced by respective stepwise mechanisms with zwitterionic or heterocyclic intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Dresler
- Łukasiewicz Research Network-Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis "Blachownia", Energetyków 9, 47-225 Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Poland
| | - Aneta Wróblewska
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
| | - Radomir Jasiński
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
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49
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Niwa K, Ohashi M, Xie K, Chiang CY, Jamieson CS, Sato M, Watanabe K, Liu F, Houk K, Tang Y. Biosynthesis of Polycyclic Natural Products from Conjugated Polyenes via Tandem Isomerization and Pericyclic Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:13520-13525. [PMID: 37310230 PMCID: PMC10871872 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c02380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We report biosynthetic pathways that can synthesize and transform conjugated octaenes and nonaenes to complex natural products. The biosynthesis of (-)-PF1018 involves an enzyme PfB that can control the regio-, stereo-, and periselectivity of multiple reactions starting from a conjugated octaene. Using PfB as a lead, we discovered a homologous enzyme, BruB, that facilitates diene isomerization, tandem 8π-6π-electrocyclization, and a 1,2-divinylcyclobutane Cope rearrangement to generate a new-to-nature compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanji Niwa
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Masao Ohashi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kaili Xie
- College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Chen-Yu Chiang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Cooper S. Jamieson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Michio Sato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - K.N. Houk
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yi Tang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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50
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Yoshida Y, Takeuchi H, Nakagawa K, Fujii T, Arichi N, Oishi S, Ohno H, Inuki S. Construction of a Bicyclo[2.2.2]octene Skeleton via a Visible-Light-Mediated Radical Cascade Reaction of Amino Acid Derivatives with N-(2-Phenyl)benzoyl Groups. Org Lett 2023. [PMID: 37366566 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c01586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Bridged polycyclic ring systems constitute the core structures of numerous natural products and biologically active molecules. We found that simple biphenyl substrates derived from amino acids participate in a radical cascade reaction under visible light irradiation in the presence of [Ir{dF(CF3)ppy}2(dtbpy)]PF6 to enable the direct construction of bicyclo[2.2.2]octene structures. Isotopic labeling experiments suggested that intramolecular hydrogen atom transfer is involved in the cascade processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Yoshida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Haruka Takeuchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kohei Nakagawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Toshiki Fujii
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Norihito Arichi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shinya Oishi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Ohno
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Inuki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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