1
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Wu Q, Müller M, Hammerschick T, Mitschang W, Kuhlenkamp R, Vetter W. Fast isolation of the environmentally relevant halogenated natural product MHC-1 by means of countercurrent chromatography. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 284:131310. [PMID: 34214928 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Environmentally relevant halogenated natural products (HNPs) are frequently similarly high concentrated in marine biota as major anthropogenic persistent organic pollutants (POPs). The lack of widely available reference standards, however, hampers the in-depth research of several HNPs. For instance, (1R,2S,4R,5R,1'E)-2-bromo-1-bromomethyl-1,4-dichloro-5-(2'-chloroethenyl)-5-methylcyclohexane (MHC-1), which is produced by species referred to the red seaweed Plocamium cartilagineum has not yet been synthesized due to its complex structure and stereochemistry. For this reason, we aimed to establish a method for fast isolation of mg-amounts of MHC-1 from its natural producer based on countercurrent chromatography (CCC). Five biphasic solvent systems were tested and finally, the solvent system acetonitrile/n-hexane/toluene (9:9:2, v/v/v) was selected for the separations due to its suitable partition coefficient of MHC-1 (KU/L = 0.52). n-Hexane extracts of dried P. cartilagineum were directly injected into the CCC system. Four subsequent CCC runs from three samples of Plocamium cartilagineum (two from Heligoland, Germany and one from Brittany, France) could be performed with high reproducibility. Together, the main fraction provided ~16 mg MHC-1 in a purity of >97% according to GC/FID, GC/ECNI-MS and NMR analysis. This amount could be used to prepare ~1600 quantitative standard solutions of MHC-1. The high MHC-1 content in the seaweed sample collected at Brittany indicated that this area was another hotspot of MHC-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wu
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry (170b), Garbenstraße 28, D-70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Marco Müller
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry (170b), Garbenstraße 28, D-70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Tim Hammerschick
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry (170b), Garbenstraße 28, D-70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Wilfried Mitschang
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry (170b), Garbenstraße 28, D-70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Walter Vetter
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry (170b), Garbenstraße 28, D-70599, Stuttgart, Germany.
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2
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Bulumulla C, Gunawardhana R, Gamage PL, Miller JT, Kularatne RN, Biewer MC, Stefan MC. Pyrrole-Containing Semiconducting Materials: Synthesis and Applications in Organic Photovoltaics and Organic Field-Effect Transistors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:32209-32232. [PMID: 32584535 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c07161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Organic semiconducting materials derived from π-electron-rich pyrroles have garnered attention in recent years for the development of organic semiconductors. Although pyrrole is the most electron-rich five-membered heteroaromatic ring, it has found few applications in organic photovoltaics and organic field-effect transistors due to synthetic challenges and instability. However, computational modeling assisted screening processes have indicated that relatively stable materials containing pyrrolic units can be synthesized without compromising their inherent electron-donating properties. In this work, we provide a complete, up-to-date review of pyrrole-containing semiconducting materials used for organic photovoltaics and organic field-effect transistors and highlight recent advances in the synthesis of these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandima Bulumulla
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Ruwan Gunawardhana
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Prabhath L Gamage
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Justin T Miller
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Ruvanthi N Kularatne
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Michael C Biewer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Mihaela C Stefan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
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3
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Vetter W, Kaserzon S, Gallen C, Knoll S, Gallen M, Hauler C, Mueller JF. Occurrence and concentrations of halogenated natural products derived from seven years of passive water sampling (2007-2013) at Normanby Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 137:81-90. [PMID: 30503491 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) based passive water samplers deployed at Normanby Island, Great Barrier Reef (Australia) from 2007 to 2013 were analyzed for halogenated natural products (HNPs). Altogether, 38 samples, typically deployed for 30 days, were studied. Five HNPs (Q1, 2'‑MeO-BDE 68, BC-10, 2,4‑dibromoanisole and 2,4,6‑tribromoanisole) were detected in all samples. Most samples (>90%) featured 2,2'‑diMeO-BB 80, 6‑MeO-BDE 47, 2',6‑diMeO-BDE 68 and 2,4‑dibromophenol. In addition, tetrabromo‑N‑methylpyrrole (TBMP) was detected in ~80% and Cl6-DBP in ~30% of the samples. Estimated time weighted maximum water concentrations were >150 pg Q1 and 60 pg 2'‑MeO-BDE 68 per L seawater. Typically, the concentrations were varying from year to year. Moreover, time weighted average water concentration estimates did not reveal consistent maximum trend levels within a given year. Additional screening analysis via GC/MS indicated the presence of several polyhalogenated 1'‑methyl‑1,2'‑bipyrroles (PMBPs), 1,1'‑dimethyl‑2,2'‑bipyrroles (PDBPs), and 1‑methylpyrroles (PMPs) along with four brominated N‑methylindoles and several other polyhalogenated compounds at Normanby Island.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Vetter
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry, Garbenstrasse 28, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany; Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall St. Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia.
| | - Sarit Kaserzon
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall St. Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Christie Gallen
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall St. Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Sarah Knoll
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry, Garbenstrasse 28, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Michael Gallen
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall St. Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Carolin Hauler
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry, Garbenstrasse 28, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall St. Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
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4
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Tri(pentaflurophenyl)borane-catalyzed reduction of cyclic imides with hydrosilanes: Synthesis of pyrrolidines. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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5
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Hauler C, Vetter W. Synthesis, structure elucidation, and determination of polyhalogenated N-methylpyrroles (PMPs) in blue mussels. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:26029-26039. [PMID: 28942571 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0229-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Polyhalogenated N-methylpyrroles (PMPs) are halogenated natural products (HNPs) recently detected in seagrass, blue mussels, and other marine organisms. In this study, we synthesized 2,3,4,5-tetrachloro-N-methylpyrrole (Cl4-MP), 2,3,4,5-tetrabrominated-N-methylpyrrole (Br4-MP, aka TBMP), and mixed tetrahalogenated (Cl and Br) N-methylpyrrole congeners. Use of one- and two-dimensional 1H and 13C NMR verified the structures of isolated/enriched 3,4-dibromo-2,5-dichloro-N-methylpyrrole (3,4-Br2-2,5-Cl2-MP), 2,3,4-tribromo-5-chloro-N-methylpyrrole (2,3,4-Br3-5-Cl-MP), and 3-bromo-2,4,5-trichloro-N-methylpyrrole (3-Br-2,4,5-Cl3-MP). GC/EI-MS and GC/ECNI-MS mass spectra of the five PMPs were studied with regard to fragmentation pattern and individual responses which were strongly affected by the presence (or absence) of Br in α-position(s). Quantitative solutions of the synthesized standards were used to determine the elution order of isomers and to quantify PMPs in selected blue mussel samples (Mytilus sp.) from the European Atlantic coast (Spain, France), the North Sea (the Netherlands, Germany) and Baltic Sea (Germany). PMPs were detected in all samples and the concentrations ranged between 0.6 and 52 μg/kg lipids with Br4-MP being the most abundant representative of this substance class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Hauler
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 28, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Walter Vetter
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 28, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany.
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Trofimov BA, Sagitova EF, Petrova OV, Sobenina LN, Ushakov IA, Vashchenko AV. Efficient switching from the 2,3′- to 2,2′-bipyrrole scaffold via the recyclization of 1-(benzoylmethylanilino)-3-imino-3 H -2-cyanopyrrolizines: Crucial effect of the DBU organic superbase. Tetrahedron Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.04.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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7
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Kumar A, Borgen M, Aluwihare LI, Fenical W. Ozone-Activated Halogenation of Mono- and Dimethylbipyrrole in Seawater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:589-595. [PMID: 27983826 PMCID: PMC6301015 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Polyhalogenated N-methylbipyrroles of two different structure classes have been detected worldwide in over 100 environmental samples including seawater, bird eggs, fish, dolphin blubber, and in the breast milk of humans that consume seafood. These molecules are concentrated in the fatty tissues in comparable abundance to some of the most important anthropogenic contaminants, such as the halogenated flame-retardants and pesticides. Although the origin of these compounds is still unknown, we present evidence that the production of these materials can involve the direct ozone activated seawater halogenation of N-methylbipyrrole precursors. This observation shows that environmental polyhalogenated bipyrroles can be produced via an abiotic process, and implies that the ozone activated halogenation of a variety of natural and anthropogenic seawater organics may be a significant process occurring in surface ocean waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdhesh Kumar
- Scripps Center for Oceans and Human Health, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Miles Borgen
- Scripps Center for Oceans and Human Health, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Geoscience Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Lihini I. Aluwihare
- Scripps Center for Oceans and Human Health, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Geoscience Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - William Fenical
- Scripps Center for Oceans and Human Health, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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8
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Synthesis of functionalized 2,2′- and 2,3′-bipyrroles via 3-imino-3H-pyrrolizine-2-carbonitriles. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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9
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Ding G, Li C, Shen Y, Lu B, Zhang Z, Xie X. Potassium Hydroxide-Catalyzed Chemoselective Reduction of Cyclic Imides with Hydrosilanes: Synthesis of ω-Hydroxylactams and Lactams. Adv Synth Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201501093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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10
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DeGroot DE, Franks DG, Higa T, Tanaka J, Hahn ME, Denison MS. Naturally occurring marine brominated indoles are aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligands/agonists. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:1176-85. [PMID: 26001051 PMCID: PMC4469569 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor that mediates the toxic and biological effects of structurally diverse chemicals, including the environmental contaminant 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). As part of a larger effort to identify the full spectrum of chemicals that can bind to and activate the AhR, we have examined the ability of several naturally occurring marine-derived brominated indoles and brominated (methylthio)indoles (collectively referred to as brominated indoles) to bind to the AhR and stimulate AhR-dependent gene expression. Incubation of mouse, rat, and guinea pig recombinant cell lines containing a stably transfected AhR-responsive luciferase reporter gene with eight brominated indoles revealed that all compounds stimulated luciferase reporter gene activity, although some species-specific differences were observed. All compounds induced significantly more luciferase activity when incubated with cells for 4 h as compared to 24 h, demonstrating that these compounds are transient activators of the AhR signaling pathway. Three of the brominated indoles induced CYP1A1 mRNA in human HepG2 cells in vitro and Cyp1a mRNA in zebrafish embryos in vivo. The identification of the brominated indoles as direct ligands and activators/agonists of the AhR was confirmed by their ability to compete with [(3)H]TCDD for binding to the AhR and to stimulate AhR transformation and DNA binding in vitro. Taken together, these results indicate that marine-derived brominated indoles are members of a new class of naturally occurring AhR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danica E. DeGroot
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA USA
| | - Diana G. Franks
- Department of Biology and the Woods Hole Center for Oceans and Human Health, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA USA
| | - Tatsuo Higa
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Marine Sciences, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, JAPAN
| | - Junichi Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Marine Sciences, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, JAPAN
| | - Mark E. Hahn
- Department of Biology and the Woods Hole Center for Oceans and Human Health, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA USA
| | - Michael S. Denison
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA USA
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11
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Ding G, Lu B, Li Y, Wan J, Zhang Z, Xie X. Zinc-Catalyzed Selective Reduction of Cyclic Imides with Hydrosilanes: Synthesis of ω-Hydroxylactams. Adv Synth Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201400961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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12
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Imbri D, Netz N, Kucukdisli M, Kammer LM, Jung P, Kretzschmann A, Opatz T. One-Pot Synthesis of Pyrrole-2-carboxylates and -carboxamides via an Electrocyclization/Oxidation Sequence. J Org Chem 2014; 79:11750-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jo5021823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Imbri
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Natalie Netz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Murat Kucukdisli
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Lisa Marie Kammer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Philipp Jung
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Annika Kretzschmann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Till Opatz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
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13
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Ghosh SK, Nagarajan R. NIS-mediated regioselective amidation of indole with quinazolinone and pyrimidone. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra02417f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A mild, metal-free condition was developed for the direct regioselective C2 amidation of indoles and pyrroles with quinazolinone and pyrimidone derivatives in intermolecular fashion, which led to novel indolyl/pyrrolyl quinazolinone and pyrimidone derivatives in moderate to good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Kr Ghosh
- School of Chemistry
- University of Hyderabad
- Hyderabad-500046, India
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14
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Widespread occurrence of polyhalogenated compounds in fat from kitchen hoods. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:7485-96. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7194-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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15
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Hauler C, Martin R, Knölker HJ, Gaus C, Mueller JF, Vetter W. Discovery and widespread occurrence of polyhalogenated 1,1'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyrroles (PDBPs) in marine biota. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2013; 178:329-35. [PMID: 23603470 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Polyhalogenated 1,1'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyrroles (PDBPs) are halogenated natural products (HNPs) previously shown to bioaccumulate in marine mammals and birds. Since their discovery in 1999, six hexahalogenated and a few lesser halogenated congeners have been identified in diverse marine mammal samples. Here we report the identification of 17 additional hexahalogenated PDBPs in the blubber extract of a humpback dolphin (Sousa chinensis) from Queensland, Australia. Thirteen of these new PDBPs were also detected in an Australian sea cucumber (Holothuria sp.). Additional samples were also tested positive on several new PDBPs, including an Australian venus tuskfish (Choerodon venustus) as well as a white whale (Delphinapterus leucas) and a sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) from the Northern Hemisphere. GC/ECNI-MS-SIM quantification of the molecular ions was carried out with the help of synthesized standards. The sum concentration of PDBPs was 1.1 mg/kg lipid in the humpback dolphin and 0.48 mg/kg lipid in the sea cucumber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Hauler
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry, Garbenstraße 28, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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16
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Fujii Y, Ito Y, Harada KH, Hitomi T, Koizumi A, Haraguchi K. Regional variation and possible sources of brominated contaminants in breast milk from Japan. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2012; 162:269-274. [PMID: 22243874 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Revised: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This study focuses on the regional trends and possible sources of brominated organic contaminants accumulated in breast milk from mothers in southeastern (Okinawa) and northwestern (Hokkaido) areas of Japan. For persistent brominated flame retardants, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs; major components, BDE-47 and BDE-153) were distributed at higher levels in mothers from Okinawa (mean, 2.1 ng/g lipid), while hexabromobenzene (HeBB) and its metabolite 1,2,4,5-tetrabromobenzene were more abundantly detected in mothers from Hokkaido (0.86 and 2.6 ng/g lipid), suggesting that there are regional differences in their exposure in Japan. We also detected naturally produced brominated compounds, one of which was identified as 2'-methoxy-2,3',4,5'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (2'-MeO-BDE68) at higher levels in mothers from Okinawa (0.39 ng/g lipid), while the other was identified as 3,3',4,4'-tetrabromo-5,5'-dichloro-2,2'-dimethyl-1,1'-bipyrrole in mothers from Hokkaido (0.45 ng/g lipid). The regional variation may be caused by source differences, i.e. southern seafood for MeO-PBDEs and northern biota for halogenated bipyrroles in the Japanese coastal water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Fujii
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Yoshida, Kyoto, Japan
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17
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Pangallo KC, Reddy CM, Poyton M, Bolotin J, Hofstetter TB. δ¹⁵N enrichment suggests possible source for halogenated 1'-methyl-1,2'-bipyrroles (MBPs). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:2064-2070. [PMID: 22268675 DOI: 10.1021/es203143c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Polyhalogenated 1'-methyl-1,2'-bipyrroles are natural products that biomagnify into upper trophic levels of marine food webs. Here we demonstrate that they are unusually enriched in (15)N (δ(15)N from +19.3‰ to +28.1‰) relative to other biosynthetic organic compounds measured to date and the mammals from which the compounds were isolated. We argue the (15)N enrichment likely stems from enriched precursors and/or fractionation during biosynthesis and is not from MBP degradation. We also consider possible sources of MBPs in light of these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin C Pangallo
- Department of Chemistry, Colgate University, Hamilton, New York 13346, United States.
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18
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Rosenfelder N, Lehnert K, Kaffarnik S, Torres JPM, Vianna M, Vetter W. Thorough analysis of polyhalogenated compounds in ray liver samples off the coast of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 19:379-389. [PMID: 21833632 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-011-0569-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Five liver samples of two different ray species (Gymnura altavela and Zapteryx brevirostris) off the coast of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, were analyzed for their pollution with anthropogenic and naturally occurring organohalogen compounds. MATERIAL AND METHODS The samples were extracted with accelerated solvent extraction, and after a clean-up procedure, organohalogen compounds were separated by a modified group separation on activated silica. Subsequent analyses were done by targeted and non-targeted gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in the electron capture negative ion mode. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION "Classic" organohalogen compounds such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and technical 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-di(4-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT) were detected and quantified. PCBs generally exceeded the parts per million level and represented up to 90% of the total contamination of the ray livers. High concentrations were also detected for p,p'-DDE. Non-targeted full scan investigations lead to the detection of an abundant trichlorinated compound which was identified as a new DDT metabolite in biota. Different PBDE congeners and several halogenated natural products were quantified as well. In addition, polychlorinated terphenyls were identified and analyzed in the two species. Moreover, both ray species showed different fatty acid patterns and stable carbon isotope signatures. CONCLUSIONS The two ray species showed high concentrations of organohalogen compounds in their liver tissue. Varied δ (13)C values by up to 3.1‰ indicated that the two ray species were living in different habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Rosenfelder
- Institute of Food Chemistry (170b), University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr.28, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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Alkorta I, Elguero J, Roussel C, Vanthuyne N, Piras P. Atropisomerism and Axial Chirality in Heteroaromatic Compounds. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-396530-1.00001-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Abstract
Once considered to be isolation artifacts or chemical "mistakes" of nature, the number of naturally occurring organohalogen compounds has grown from a dozen in 1954 to >5000 today. Of these, at least 25% are halogenated alkaloids. This is not surprising since nitrogen-containing pyrroles, indoles, carbolines, tryptamines, tyrosines, and tyramines are excellent platforms for biohalogenation, particularly in the marine environment where both chloride and bromide are plentiful for biooxidation and subsequent incorporation into these electron-rich substrates. This review presents the occurrence of all halogenated alkaloids, with the exception of marine bromotyrosines where coverage begins where it left off in volume 61 of The Alkaloids. Whereas the biological activity of these extraordinary compounds is briefly cited for some examples, a future volume of The Alkaloids will present full coverage of this topic and will also include selected syntheses of halogenated alkaloids. Natural organohalogens of all types, especially marine and terrestrial halogenated alkaloids, comprise a rapidly expanding class of natural products, in many cases expressing powerful biological activity. This enormous proliferation has several origins: (1) a revitalization of natural product research in a search for new drugs, (2) improved compound characterization methods (multidimensional NMR, high-resolution mass spectrometry), (3) specific enzyme-based and other biological assays, (4) sophisticated collection methods (SCUBA and remote submersibles for deep ocean marine collections), (5) new separation and purification techniques (HPLC and countercurrent separation), (6) a greater appreciation of traditional folk medicine and ethobotany, and (7) marine bacteria and fungi as novel sources of natural products. Halogenated alkaloids are truly omnipresent in the environment. Indeed, one compound, Q1 (234), is ubiquitous in the marine food web and is found in the Inuit from their diet of whale blubber. Given the fact that of the 500,000 estimated marine organisms--which are the source of most halogenated alkaloids--only a small percentage have been investigated for their chemical content, it is certain that myriad new halogenated alkaloids are awaiting discovery. For example, it is estimated that nearly 4000 species of bryozoans have not been examined for their chemical content. The few species that have been studied contain some extraordinary halogenated alkaloids, such as hinckdentine A (610) and the chartellines (611-613). Of the estimated 1.5 million species of fungi, secondary metabolites have been characterized from only 5000 species. The future seems bright for the collector of halogenated alkaloids!
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon W Gribble
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA.
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Gaul S, Bendig P, Olbrich D, Rosenfelder N, Ruff P, Gaus C, Mueller JF, Vetter W. Identification of the natural product 2,3,4,5-tetrabromo-1-methylpyrrole in Pacific biota, passive samplers and seagrass from Queensland, Australia. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2011; 62:2463-2468. [PMID: 21925687 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2011] [Revised: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Halogenated natural products (HNPs) are frequently detected in marine organisms. High HNP concentrations have previously been found in marine mammals from the Great Barrier Reef, Australia, including in the blubber of herbivorous dugongs (Dugong dugon). To identify the source of HNPs we initially focused on the analysis of Australian seagrass (Halophila ovalis) which serves as the principal food source for dugongs. GC/MS analysis of the seagrass indicated the presence of several organobromine compounds. One compound was identified as 2,3,4,5-tetrabromo-1-methylpyrrole (TBMP) by synthesis. Subsequent analysis of semipermeable membrane devices demonstrated that the photo-sensitive TBMP is widespread in the Great Barrier Reef (Queensland, Australia). The detection of larger TBMP concentrations in fish fillets from Chile and traces in mussels from New Zealand indicated that this potential HNP may be distributed throughout the Southern Pacific Ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Gaul
- Universität Hohenheim, Institut für Lebensmittelchemie (170b), Garbenstr. 28, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
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Rare direct imidation of aromatic metallacycle by reaction of CpCo(dithiolene) complex with N-halosuccinimide. J Organomet Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2010.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Dambacher WB, Rosenfelder N, Conrad J, Vetter W. Generation and analysis of mixed chlorinated/brominated homologs of the halogenated natural product heptachloro-1'-methyl-1,2'-bipyrrole. CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 83:948-954. [PMID: 21402396 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The 2,3,3',4,4',5,5'-heptachloro-1'-methyl-1,2'-bipyrrole (Q1, MBP-79) and further halogenated 1'-methyl-1,2'-bipyrroles (MBPs) are a class of marine natural products repeatedly detected in seafood and marine mammals from all over the world. Only Q1 is currently commercially available as reference standard and the full synthesis of mixed brominated-chlorinated compound is rather complicated. For this reason, synthetic Q1 (240 mg) was transferred into bromine-containing MBPs by UV-irradiation in the presence of bromine. Bromine, which rapidly vanished from the solutions, was renewed during the reaction in order to generate higher amounts of Br-containing MBPs. A total of ∼150 mg Q1 was transferred after ∼10 min irradiation with high amounts of Br(2) to give 30.5mg BrCl(6)-MBPs along with lower proportions of Br(2)Cl(5)-, Br(3)Cl(4)-, Br(4)Cl(3)- and traces of Br(5)Cl(2)-MBPs. Longer UV-irradiation in the presence of Br(2) even allowed for the detection of Br(6)Cl-MBPs and traces of Br(7)-MBP. However, this reaction also provided some unknown by-products. A sample stored in the dark and later in in-door light (no UV irradiation) also eliminated Q1 after 76 d in favour of heptahalogenated MBPs with up to three bromine substituents. The irradiation products were separated on silica, and fractions containing only Q1 and BrCl(6)-MBPs were then further fractionated by non-aqueous RP-HPLC. A pure isolate of the major BrCl(6)-MBP (∼1.5mg) was characterized by GC/MS and (13)C NMR to be 2-bromo-3,3',4,4',5,5'-hexachloro-1-methyl-1,2'-bipyrrole (Br-MBP-75). Partial GC enantioseparation of the axially chiral Br-MBP-75 was achieved on a β-PMCD column. A full enantioseparation was managed by enantioselective HPLC using a NUCLEOCEL DELTA S column. Low amounts of pure BrCl(6)-MBP enantiomers could be trapped.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolf Benjamin Dambacher
- Institute of Food Chemistry (170b), University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 28, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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Rosenfelder N, Van Zee NJ, Mueller JF, Gaus C, Vetter W. Gas Chromatography/Electron Ionization-Mass Spectrometry-Selected Ion Monitoring Screening Method for a Thorough Investigation of Polyhalogenated Compounds in Passive Sampler Extracts with Quadrupole Systems. Anal Chem 2010; 82:9835-42. [DOI: 10.1021/ac102134x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Rosenfelder
- Institute of Food Chemistry (170b), University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 28, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States, and National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (EnTox), The University of Queensland, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains 4108, Australia
| | - Nathan J. Van Zee
- Institute of Food Chemistry (170b), University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 28, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States, and National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (EnTox), The University of Queensland, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains 4108, Australia
| | - Jochen F. Mueller
- Institute of Food Chemistry (170b), University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 28, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States, and National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (EnTox), The University of Queensland, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains 4108, Australia
| | - Caroline Gaus
- Institute of Food Chemistry (170b), University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 28, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States, and National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (EnTox), The University of Queensland, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains 4108, Australia
| | - Walter Vetter
- Institute of Food Chemistry (170b), University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 28, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States, and National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (EnTox), The University of Queensland, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains 4108, Australia
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Hughes CC, Kauffman CA, Jensen PR, Fenical W. Structures, reactivities, and antibiotic properties of the marinopyrroles A-F. J Org Chem 2010; 75:3240-50. [PMID: 20405892 DOI: 10.1021/jo1002054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cultivation of actinomycete strain CNQ-418, retrieved from a deep ocean sediment sample off the coast of La Jolla, CA, has provided marinopyrroles A-F. Sharing just 98% 16S rRNA gene sequence identity with S. sannurensis, the strain likely represents a new Streptomyces species. The metabolites contain an unusual 1,3'-bipyrrole core decorated with several chlorine and bromine substituents and possess marked antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The congested N,C-biaryl bond establishes an axis of chirality that, for marinopyrroles A-E, is configurationally stable at room temperature. Moreover, the natural products are fashioned strictly in the M-configuration. The Paal-Knorr condensation was adapted for the synthesis of the 1,3'-bipyrrole core. Halogenation of this material with N-bromosuccinimide cleanly furnished the 4,4',5,5'-tetrahalogenated core that characterizes this class of marine-derived metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chambers C Hughes
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0204, USA
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Robles-Machín R, López-Pérez A, González-Esguevillas M, Adrio J, Carretero J. Pyrrole and Oligopyrrole Synthesis by 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition of Azomethine Ylides with Sulfonyl Dipolarophiles. Chemistry 2010; 16:9864-73. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201000742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Pangallo KC, Reddy CM. Marine natural products, the halogenated 1'-methyl-1,2'-bipyrroles, biomagnify in a northwestern Atlantic food web. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:5741-7. [PMID: 20583784 DOI: 10.1021/es101039d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Halogenated 1'-methyl-1,2'-bipyrroles (MBPs) are putative marine natural products that accumulate in marine mammal blubber in similar concentrations and patterns to biomagnifying organic pollutants. Here we measure concentrations of MBPs and 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (CB-153) in 40 samples composed of eight fish species, two squid species, and six species of marine mammals. To determine their trophic positions and to further investigate influence of prey preference, we also measured the stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic compositions of all samples. Our results show that lipid-normalized MBP concentrations increase with increasing trophic level; therefore, MBPs qualify as another class of biomagnifying marine natural products. The presence of MBPs in pinniped prey and absence in pinniped blubber suggests that these mammals share dietary exposure to MBPs with odontocetes but have an enhanced ability to metabolize these natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin C Pangallo
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 76 Lipman Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA.
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Haraguchi K, Kato Y, Atobe K, Okada S, Endo T, Matsubara F, Oguma T. Negative APCI-LC/MS/MS method for determination of natural persistent halogenated products in marine biota. Anal Chem 2009; 80:9748-55. [PMID: 19012416 DOI: 10.1021/ac801824f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and selective method utilizing high performance liquid chromatography coupled to negative atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry (APCI-LC/MS/MS) was developed to enable analysis of selected natural persistent organohalogens accumulated in marine biota. The analytes were three methoxylated tetrabromodiphenyl ethers (6-MeO-BDE47, 2'-MeO-BDE68, and 2',6-diMeO-BDE68), a dimethoxylated tetrabromobiphenyl (2,2'-diMeO-BB80), and two halogenated methyl bipyrroles (Cl(7)-MBP and Br(4)Cl(2)-DBP). These products were well resolved on a 150 mm reversed-phase column with methanol as the mobile phase. The fragmentation pathways of the Cl(7)-MBP and Br(4)Cl(2)-DBP produced characteristic multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) transitions. Determination was performed in the MRM mode using phenoxide ion [M-Br+O](-) and product Br(-) ions for MeO-BDE analogues, or the precursor [M-Cl+O](-) to Br(-) ion for Br(4)Cl(2)-DBP, and to C(4)NCl(4)(-) ion for Cl(7)-MBP. The APCI-LC/MS/MS method is acceptable for calibration of the linearity and repeatability of all products studied in the low ng/g (lipid weight) level and with similar sensitivity to the electron ionization (EI)-GC/MS method. The proposed method was applied for quantification of natural organohalogens accumulated in melon-headed whale (Peponocephala electra) blubber (N = 15) in the Asia-Pacific Ocean. The concentration was positively correlated between different groups of compounds except for 2'-MeO-BDE68. The use of the analytical method based on negative ion APCI-LC/MS/MS would provide a new way for rapid monitoring of halogenated natural products from marine biota, such as sponges or algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Haraguchi
- Daiichi College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 22-1 Tamagawa-cho, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8511, Japan.
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Gaul S, Vetter W. Production of mixed halogenated congeners of the natural product heptachloro-1′-methyl-1,2′-bipyrrole (Q1) by photolysis in the presence of bromine. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:6433-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2009] [Revised: 07/10/2009] [Accepted: 07/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Vetter W, Haase-Aschoff P, Rosenfelder N, Komarova T, Mueller JF. Determination of halogenated natural products in passive samplers deployed along the Great Barrier Reef, Queensland/Australia. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2009; 43:6131-7. [PMID: 19746703 DOI: 10.1021/es900928m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Halogenated natural products (HNPs) have been increasingly reported to occur in marine wild life from all oceans. Several HNPs, such as 2,3,3',4,4',5,5'-heptachloro-1'-methyl-1,2'-bipyrrole (1) and 4,6-dibromo-2-(2',4'-dibromo)phenoxyanisole (2'-MeO-BDE 68 or BC-2), were detected at particularly high concentrations in dolphins from Queensland/Australia. About half of the coastline of Queensland (approximately 2500 km) is covered by the Great Barrier Reef, a rich ecosystem hosting a huge variety of species, many of which are known to produce natural compounds. In this study, semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) were deployed as passive samplers for about 30 days at 12 marine and 2 nonmarine sites (i.e., rivers) along the Great Barrier Reef as part of a routine monitoring program during November 2007 and May 2008. Q1 and 2'-MeO-BDE 68 were detected at the marine sites with frequencies of about 65% but not in any sample from the two rivers. Further HNPs (2,4,6-tribromophenol, TBP; 2,4,6-tribromoanisole, TBA; 2,2'-dimethoxy-3,3'5,5'-tetrabromobiphenyl, 2,2'-diMeO-BB 80 or BC-1; 3,5-dibromo-2-(2',4'-dibromo)phenoxyanisole, 6-MeO-BDE 47 or BC-3; and 3,5-dibromo-2-(3',5'-dibromo,2'-methoxy)phenoxyanisole, 2',6-diMeO-BDE 68 or BC-11) were detected as well with frequencies of 18-97% in the marine samples, but no polybrominated flame retardants were detected. The highest amount of a single HNP, 2.3 microg/SPMD, was determined for TBP, which had a frequency of detection of only 46%. The maximum (average) amount in the SPMDs from marine sites was 44 ng (12 ng) for (1 and 115 ng (20 ng) for 2'-MeO-BDE 68. A first order kinetic model was used to estimate concentrations of the HNPs in the water phase. Based on the depuration of performance reference compounds obtained at one of the sites, we assumed a sampling rate of 16 L/day. We used this sampling rate to estimate that the highest and average available concentrations of Q1 in the water during the deployment of the SPMD were 97 and 25 pg/L, respectively. The estimated maximum water concentrations of 2'-MeO-BDE 68, 2,2'-diMeO-BB 80, 6-MeO-BDE 47, and 2',6-diMeO-BDE 68 were on average 2-5.5 fold higher than that of Q1. The results confirm that the HNPs are produced throughout the Great Barrier Reef, which appears to be a significant source of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Vetter
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry, Garbenstrasse 28, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
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Hoh E, Lehotay SJ, Pangallo KC, Mastovska K, Ngo HL, Reddy CM, Vetter W. Simultaneous quantitation of multiple classes of organohalogen compounds in fish oils with direct sample introduction comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography and time-of-flight mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:2653-2660. [PMID: 19265383 DOI: 10.1021/jf900462p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We successfully optimized an analytical method using gel permeation chromatography followed by direct sample introduction comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry to quantify multiple groups of targeted persistent organic pollutants and halogenated natural products (HNPs) simultaneously in fish oil samples. This new method has a wider analytical scope than the traditional approach to use multiple methods to cover each class of compounds. Our analysis revealed that the relatively more volatile and lighter organic compounds, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides, and other smaller organohalogen compounds, were still present in two brands of "PCB-free" cod liver oils, albeit at much lower levels than in an untreated commercial sample. Moreover, the less volatile organic compounds, such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers and brominated HNPs, were detected at similar levels in all three cod liver oils. This suggests that the commercial molecular distillation treatment used for removal of organic/inorganic toxic contaminants is only effective for the lighter organic contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunha Hoh
- Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038, USA.
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Haraguchi K, Hisamichi Y, Endo T. Accumulation and mother-to-calf transfer of anthropogenic and natural organohalogens in killer whales (Orcinus orca) stranded on the Pacific coast of Japan. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2009; 407:2853-2859. [PMID: 19201449 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2008] [Revised: 12/25/2008] [Accepted: 01/05/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Blubber samples were analyzed for anthropogenic and natural persistent organohalogens in nine killer whales (Orcinus orca) stranded on the northern coast of Japan in 2005. Anthropogenic organohalogens were dominated by DDTs (40-240 microg/g lipid weight (lw)), PCBs (19-68 microg/g lw), and chlordanes (trans-nonachlor, 15-80 microg/g lw). Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were detected at a range of 0.22-0.64 microg/g lw (BDE-47, 42-74% of SigmaPBDE). For natural organohalogens, mixed halogenated dimethylbipyrroles (Br4Cl2-DBP, 6.4-26 microg/g lw), heptachlorinated methylbipyrrole (Cl7-MBP, 0.5-1.9 microg/g lw), two methoxylated tetrabromodiphenyl ethers (6-MeO-BDE47, 0.11-0.58 microg/g lw; 2'-MeO-BDE68, 0.02-0.06 microg/g lw), and dimethoxylated tetrabromobiphenyl (2,2'-diMeO-BB80, 0.06-0.20 microg/g lw) were present. These concentrations in the blubber were higher in calves than in lactating females, indicating that large quantities of the persistent organohalogens transferred from the mother to the calf through lactation. The mother-to-calf transfer ratios of PCBs and PBDEs were significantly decreased with increasing number of halogen substituents, suggesting that higher halogenated congeners are less transferable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Haraguchi
- Daiichi College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 22-1 Tamagawa-cho, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8511 Japan.
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Haraguchi K, Hisamichi Y, Kotaki Y, Kato Y, Endo T. Halogenated bipyrroles and methoxylated tetrabromodiphenyl ethers in tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvier) from the southern coast of Japan. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2009; 43:2288-2294. [PMID: 19452876 DOI: 10.1021/es802999k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Naturally produced halogenated bipyrroles (HBPs) and methoxylated tetraBDEs (MeO-tetraBDEs) are lipophilic and persistent, and therefore may bioaccumulate with higher trophic levels. In this study, the livers of tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvier) collected from the southern coast of Japan were investigated for size-related bioaccumulation of natural HBPs and MeO-tetraBDEs in comparison with anthropogenic PCBs and PBDEs. Heptachloro-1'-methyl-1,2'-bipyrrole (Cl7-MBP) and hexahalogenated 1,1'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyrrole (Br4Cl2-DBP) were present at similar concentration ranges (4-4400 ng/g lipid) in the liver and increased with increasing body length. Two MeO-tetraBDEs, 6-methoxy-2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether(6-MeO-BDE47), and 2'-methoxy-2,3',4,5'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (2'-MeO-BDE68) were present at 4- to 6-fold higher concentrations (88 and 58 ng/g lipid, respectively) than BDE-47. In mature tiger sharks, 2,2'-dimethoxy-3,3',5,5'-tetrabromobiphenyl (2,2'-diMeO-BB80) was present at a median concentration of 330 ng/g lipid. Concentrations of 6-MeO-BDE47 were positively correlated to body length (P < 0.01), but no such correlation was observed for 2'-MeO-BDE68 and 2,2'-diMeO-BB80. The concentration ratios (patterns) of PBDE-like natural products in tiger sharks were largely different from that found in other species, such as the bull shark (Carcharhinus leucas), the silvertip shark (Carcharhinus albimarginatus), and the sandbar shark (Carcharhinus plumbeus). The present study suggests thatthe concentrations of natural HBPs in the liver are size (age)-dependent whereas MeO-tetraBDEs have species-specific biomagnification potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Haraguchi
- Daiichi College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka 815-8511, Japan.
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Pangallo KC, Reddy CM. Distribution patterns suggest biomagnification of halogenated 1'-methyl-1,2'-bipyrroles (MBPs). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2009; 43:122-127. [PMID: 19209594 DOI: 10.1021/es8026049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The halogenated 1'-methyl-1,2'-bipyrroles (MBPs) are a suite of marine natural products that have been detected in marine mammals worldwide. Although their concentrations are similar to persistent organic pollutants that biomagnify, such as 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (CB-153), it is notyet clearthat these natural products also biomagnify. Here we analyze MBPs and CB-153 isolated from the blubber and liver of marine mammals stranded on the eastern coast of Massachusetts. Four odontocete species (Delphinus delphis, Lagenorhynchus acutus, Phocoena phocoena, and Globicephala melas) and two pinniped species (Halichoerus grypus and Phoca groenlandica) were sampled. MBPs were present in all odontocetes, but not detected in pinnipeds; CB-153 was detected in every species. MBP patterns indicative of biomagnification were found, including age-dependent concentration increases and reduced concentrations in adult females. Also explored were the similarities and differences with CB-153, the effects of nutritional state on contaminant distribution, and the maternal transfer of blubber-based organic contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin C Pangallo
- MIT/WHOI Joint Program in Oceanography/Applied Ocean Science and Engineering, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 360 Woods Hole Rd., Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA.
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Fu L, Gribble GW. A SHORT SYNTHESIS OF THE NATURALLY OCCURRING 2,3,3′,4,4′,5,5′-HEPTACHLORO- (“Q1”) AND HEPTABROMO-1′-METHYL-1,2′-BIPYRROLES. ORG PREP PROCED INT 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/00304940809458121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Pangallo K, Nelson RK, Teuten EL, Pedler BE, Reddy CM. Expanding the range of halogenated 1'-methyl-1,2'-bipyrroles (MBPs) using GC/ECNI-MS and GCxGC/TOF-MS. CHEMOSPHERE 2008; 71:1557-1565. [PMID: 18191175 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2007] [Revised: 11/15/2007] [Accepted: 11/18/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Halogenated 1'methyl-1,2'-bipyrroles (MBPs) have been identified worldwide in marine mammals. Here we present the tentative identification of previously undetected MBP congeners in Delpinus delphis blubber using gas chromatography/electron capture negative ion mass spectrometry (GC/ECNI-MS) and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography/time of flight mass spectrometry (GCxGC/TOF-MS). This is the first report of 26 congeners. The presence of numerous partially halogenated congeners suggests that they are either biosynthesized concomitantly with their perhalogenated counterparts or that their dehalogenation products can also bioaccumulate. The newly found compounds fit the geographic trend that has been previously noted. That is, samples from the Atlantic Ocean are dominated by the more brominated congeners while those from the Pacific are dominated by the more chlorinated congeners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Pangallo
- MIT/WHOI Joint Program in Oceanography/Applied Ocean Science and Engineering, USA.
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Gaul S, Vetter W. Photolytic dehalogenation of the marine halogenated natural product Q1. CHEMOSPHERE 2008; 70:1721-9. [PMID: 17825357 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2007] [Revised: 07/11/2007] [Accepted: 07/13/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The marine halogenated natural product 2,3,3',4,4',5,5'-heptachloro-1'-methyl-1,2'-bipyrrole (Q1) has been detected in high-trophic level biota throughout the world. In this study we UV-irradiated Q1 in order to produce hexahalogenated 1'-methylbipyrroles (Cl(6)-MBPs). Q1 was transformed with half-lives of <5 min. Already after 5 min, all of the five existing Cl(6)-MBPs (H1-H5) were detected in the irradiated sample. Only one Cl(6)-MBP (2,3,3',4',5,5'-hexachloro-1'-methyl-1,2'-bipyrrole (MBP-77, H2) has been previously described in the literature. H5 was identified as 2,3,3',4,4',5'-hexachloro-1'-methyl-1,2'-bipyrrole (MBP-75) by a specific fragment ion detected by GC/ECNI-MS. Fractionations of the irradiation mixture by reversed-phase HPLC followed by (1)H NMR analysis led to the structure of H4, i.e. 2,3,3',4,4',5-hexachloro-1'-methyl-1,2'-bipyrrole (MBP-74). H1 and H3 showed virtually identical (1)H NMR data. Therefore, it could not determined which of either isomers is 2,3,3',4,5,5'-hexachloro-1'-methyl-1,2'-bipyrrole (MBP-76) and which is 2,3,4,4',5,5'-hexachloro-1'-methyl-1,2'-bipyrrole (MBP-78). In addition, two pentachloro-MBPs (P1 and P3) could be traced back to MBP-62 and MBP-69. Cl(6)-MBPs were analyzed in whale blubber from Australia and skua adipose tissue from Antarctica. The marine mammals contained all Cl(6)-MBPs except for the most abundant in the irradiation experiment. The concentrations of the Cl(6)-MBPs amounted to 0.04-1.76% of the concentration of Q1. The highest concentrations of Cl(6)-MBP isomers in the biota samples were found for MBP-76, MBP-77, and MBP-78. These congeners appeared to be the most lipophilic ones owing to the highest retention time in RP-HPLC. Nevertheless, it remained unclear whether the Cl(6)-MBPs were actual halogenated natural products or environmental metabolites of Q1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Gaul
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 28, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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40
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Hughes CC, Prieto-Davo A, Jensen PR, Fenical W. The marinopyrroles, antibiotics of an unprecedented structure class from a marine Streptomyces sp. Org Lett 2008; 10:629-31. [PMID: 18205372 DOI: 10.1021/ol702952n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cultivation of an obligate marine Streptomyces strain has furnished the marinopyrroles A and B, densely halogenated, axially chiral metabolites that contain an uncommon bispyrrole structure. X-ray analysis of marinopyrrole B showed that the natural product exists as an atropo-enantiomer with the M-configuration. Though configurationally stable at room temperature, M-(-)-marinopyrrole A can be racemized at elevated temperatures to yield the non-natural P-(+)-atropo-enantiomer. The marinopyrroles possess potent antibiotic activities against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chambers C Hughes
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0204, USA
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41
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Fu L, Gribble GW. Reductive acylation of 2- and 3-nitropyrroles—efficient syntheses of pyrrolylamides and pyrrolylimides. Tetrahedron Lett 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2007.10.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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42
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Improved quality control in gas chromatography interfaced to stable isotope ratio mass spectrometry by application of derivative chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 590:49-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2006] [Revised: 02/13/2007] [Accepted: 03/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Melcher J, Janussen D, Garson MJ, Hiebl J, Vetter W. Polybrominated hexahydroxanthene derivatives (PBHDs) and other halogenated natural products from the Mediterranean sponge Scalarispongia scalaris in marine biota. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2007; 52:512-8. [PMID: 17354038 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-006-0141-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2006] [Accepted: 11/14/2006] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Structures of polybrominated hexahydroxanthene derivatives (PBHDs) previously detected in commercial fish from the Mediterranean Sea and mussels from New Zealand were assigned to 2,7-dibromo-4a-bromomethyl-1,1-dimethyl-2,3,4,4a,9,9a-hexahydro-1H-xanthene (TriBHD) and 2,5,7-tribromo-4a-bromomethyl-1,1-dimethyl-2,3,4,4a,9,9a-hexahydro-1H-xanthene (TetraBHD) by comparing their gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) features with isolates from an Australian sponge of the Cacospongia genus. Because of the geographic distance between the Mediterranean Sea in Europe (origin of the fish) and Australia (origin of the sponge), a closely related sponge, Scalarispongia scalaris, was collected in the Mediterranean Sea and analyzed for PBHDs and other halogenated compounds. The Mediterranean sponge contained the PBHDs at 37 mg/kg dry weight. Using quantitative standards for the first time, the PBHD concentrations in fish and mussel samples published earlier were re-examined. Concentrations of up to 1 mg/kg TriBHD and 0.5 mg/kg TetraBHD were determined in the lipids. No correlation with 2,2', 4,4', 5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB 153) or p,p'-DDE was found, which is in agreement with other marine halogenated natural products detected in the fish samples. Besides the PBHDs, further unknown halogenated compounds were detected in the Mediterranean sponge, some of which were also detected in commercial fish. GC/electron ionization-MS analysis showed that a major mixed-halogenated compound in the sponge had a molecular ion at m/z 480 and contained three bromines, three chlorines, and 9-10 carbons. No corresponding structure has been described for this feature in the scientific literature. This sponge secondary metabolite and potential novel halogenated natural product was also detected in commercial fish. Another prominent mixed halogenated compound detected both in sponge and fish was the dibromotrichloro monoterpene MHC-1 (C(10)H(13)Br(2)Cl(3)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Melcher
- Institut für Lebensmittelchemie (170b), Universität Hohenheim, Garbenstr 28, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany
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Vetter W, Gaul S, Olbrich D, Gaus C. Monobromo and higher brominated congeners of the marine halogenated natural product 2,3,3',4,4',5,5'-heptachloro-1'-methyl-1,2'-bipyrrole (Q1). CHEMOSPHERE 2007; 66:2011-8. [PMID: 16959292 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2006] [Revised: 07/18/2006] [Accepted: 07/18/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The marine halogenated natural product 2,3,3',4,4',5,5'-heptachloro-1'-methyl-1,2'-bipyrrole (Q1) is widely distributed in the environment. In this study, we screened samples which have previously been found to contain remarkably high residues of Q1 (blubber of marine mammals from Australia, samples from Antarctica, human milk from the Faroe Island) for the additional presence of mixed chlorinated and brominated congeners. Using GC/ECNI-MS, all samples tested were positive and many contained four out of five possible bromohexachloro congeners (BrCl6-MBPs), five out of 14 possible dibromopentachloro congeners (Br2Cl5-MBPs), five of 21 possible tribromotetrachloro-congeners (Br3Cl4-MBPs), as well as several higher brominated congeners. About 20 heptahalo congeners of Q1 are described for the first time in the scientific literature. Isomers eluted within about one minute, respectively. Hence it is possible, that the peak clusters identified may be composed of more, co-eluting congeners. Similarities in the GC/ECNI-MS mass spectra with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were addressed. We also suggest an acronym system similar to that in use for polychlorinated biphenyls that may simplify the use of this substance class in scientific papers. In the samples from Australia, BrCl6-MBPs and Br2Cl5-MBPs amounted for 7-27.5% and 0.4-4.2% of Q1, respectively whereas Br3Cl4-MBPs and higher brominated MBPs were found in the range of <1% of Q1 or less.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Vetter
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry, Garbenstr. 28, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
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45
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Teuten EL, Saint-Louis R, Pedler BE, Xu L, Pelletier E, Reddy CM. Expanding the range of brominated Q1 analogues. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2006; 52:578-82. [PMID: 16603203 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2006.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2005] [Accepted: 02/15/2006] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Teuten
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Wood Hole, MA 02543, USA
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46
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Vetter W. Marine halogenated natural products of environmental relevance. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2006; 188:1-57. [PMID: 17016915 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-32964-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
A wide range and steadily increasing number of halogenated natural products (HNPs) is detected in marine organisms that are not the natural source of these compounds but which have accumulated these HNPs in a similar way as known to occur with anthropogenic halogenated pollutants such as PCBs and DDT. The HNPs have aromatic, aliphatic, and heterocyclic spines and are brominated, chlorinated, or mixed halogenated (Cl and Br). The exact isomer structures of HNPs are often closely related to the anthropogenic POPs, and for some compounds both natural and anthropogenic sources are likely to exist. Some of the HNPs are nonpolar, persistent, and can thus be found even in marine mammals and birds of prey. The most important HNPs detected in top predators are halogenated 1,1'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyrroles (HDBPs), the heptachloro-1'-methyl-1,2'-bipyrrole Q1, the tetrabromophenoxyanisole isomers 6-MeO-BDE 47 and 2'-MeO-BDE 68, and related compounds. Each of these compounds has been detected in higher trophic biota with concentrations exceeding 1 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Vetter
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry (170b), Garbenstr. 28, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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47
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Vetter W, Gleixner G. Compound-specific stable carbon isotope ratios (delta13C values) of the halogenated natural product 2,3,3',4,4',5,5'-heptachloro-1'-methyl-1,2'-bipyrrole (Q1). RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2006; 20:3018-22. [PMID: 16969768 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Compound-specific isotope analysis using gas chromatography interfaced to isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/IRMS) was applied for the determination of delta13C values of the marine halogenated natural product 2,3,3',4,4',5,5'-heptachloro-1'-methyl-1,2'-bipyrrole (Q1). The delta13C value of a lab-made Q1 standard (-34.20 +/- 0.27 per thousand) was depleted in 13C by more than 11 per thousand relative to the residues of Q1 in dolphin blubber from Australia and skua liver from Antarctica. This clarified that the synthesized Q1 was not the source for Q1 in the biota samples. However, two Australian marine mammals showed a large variation in the delta13C value, which, in our experience, was implausible. Since the GC/IRMS system was connected to a conventional ion trap mass spectrometer by a post-column splitter, we were able to closely inspect the peak purity of Q1 in the respective samples. While the mass spectra of Q1 did not indicate any impurity, a fronting peak of PCB 101 was identified in one sample. This interference falsified the delta13C value of the respective sample. Once this sample was excluded, we found that the delta13C values of the remaining samples, i.e. liver of Antarctic brown skua (-21.47 +/- 1.47 per thousand) and blubber of Australian melon-headed whale (-22.80 +/- 0.33 per thousand), were in the same order. The standard deviation for Q1 was larger in the skua samples than in the standard and the whale blubber sample. This was due to lower amounts of skua sample available. It remained unclear if the Q1 residues originate from the same producer and location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Vetter
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry, Garbenstr. 28, D-70593 Stuttgart, Germany.
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48
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Ly HV, Parvez M, Roesler R. An Unusual Ligand in Copper Chemistry: Coordination Oligomers and Polymers Containing the [{CpMo(CO)2}2(μ,η2-Sb2)] Cluster. Inorg Chem 2005; 45:345-51. [PMID: 16390075 DOI: 10.1021/ic051406l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The coordination behavior of [[CpMo(CO)(2)}(2)(mu,eta(2)-Sb(2))] (1; Cp = cyclopentadiene) toward Cu(I) was investigated. Its reaction with CuX (X = Br, Cl, and I) produced oligomers or polymers of the general formula [[CpMo(CO)(2)](2)(mu,eta(2)-Sb(2))(mu-CuX)](n). While 2 (X = Cl, n = 2) and 3 (X = Br, n = 2) proved to be halogen-bridged dimers in both solution and solid state, the molecules of 4 (X = I, n = infinity) self-assembled in the crystal forming a linear polymer with a Cu-I skeleton supported by Sb-Cu bonds. The reaction of 1 with Cu[GaCl(4)] resulted in the formation of the ionic complex [[CpMo(CO)(2)](2)(mu,eta(2)-Sb(2))](4)Cu(2)[GaCl(4)](2) (5). Its dication contains four [[CpMo(CO)(2)](2)(mu,eta(2)-Sb(2))] ligands arranged around a Cu-Cu dumbbell. All new compounds were characterized using IR, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, (1)H NMR, elemental analysis, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The ligand was oxidized by both silver(I) and copper(II), and a cyclovoltammetric study revealed that 1 suffered irreversible reduction and oxidation in a dichloromethane solution at -2.04 and 0.10 V, respectively, versus ferrocene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanh V Ly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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49
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Miluykov V, Kataev A, Sinyashin O, Lönnecke P, Hey-Hawkins E. Reaction of NaP5 with Half-Sandwich Complexes of Nickel: The First Example of an Ni-Promoted Transformation of the P5- Anion. Organometallics 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/om050078u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vasily Miluykov
- A. E. Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov Street 8, Kazan 420088, Russian Federation, and Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Johannisallee 29, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alexandr Kataev
- A. E. Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov Street 8, Kazan 420088, Russian Federation, and Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Johannisallee 29, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Oleg Sinyashin
- A. E. Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov Street 8, Kazan 420088, Russian Federation, and Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Johannisallee 29, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter Lönnecke
- A. E. Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov Street 8, Kazan 420088, Russian Federation, and Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Johannisallee 29, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Evamarie Hey-Hawkins
- A. E. Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov Street 8, Kazan 420088, Russian Federation, and Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Johannisallee 29, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
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50
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Ogura K, Matsumoto S, Kobayashi T. Novel 1,1’,5,5’-Tetraaryl-2,2’-bipyrroles: Their Synthesis and Physical Properties. HETEROCYCLES 2005. [DOI: 10.3987/com-05-s(k)27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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