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de Oliveira Neves AC, Galván I. Models for human porphyrias: Have animals in the wild been overlooked?: Some birds and mammals accumulate significant amounts of porphyrins in the body without showing the injurious symptoms observed in human porphyrias. Bioessays 2020; 42:e2000155. [PMID: 33155299 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202000155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Humans accumulate porphyrins in the body mostly during the course of porphyrias, diseases caused by defects in the enzymes of the heme biosynthesis pathway and that produce acute attacks, skin lesions and liver cancer. In contrast, some wild mammals and birds are adapted to accumulate porphyrins without injurious consequences. Here we propose viewing such physiological adaptations as potential solutions to human porphyrias, and suggest certain wild animals as models. Given the enzymatic activity and/or the patterns of porphyrin excretion and accumulation, the fox squirrel, the great bustard and the Eurasian eagle owl may constitute overlooked models for different porphyrias. The Harderian gland of rodents, where large amounts of porphyrins are synthesized, presents an underexplored potential for understanding the carcinogenic/toxic effect of porphyrin accumulation. Investigating how these animals avoid porphyrin pathogenicity may complement the use of laboratory models for porphyrias and provide new insights into the treatment of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ismael Galván
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Doñana Biological Station, CSIC, Sevilla, 41092, Spain
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2
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Greijdanus-van der Putten SWM, van Esch E, Kamerman J, Ballering LAP, van den Dobbelsteen DJ, T de Rijk EPC. Drug-Induced Protoporphyria in Beagle Dogs. Toxicol Pathol 2017; 33:720-5. [PMID: 16263697 DOI: 10.1080/01926230500351392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
As part of regulatory safety testing program, a 13-week oral toxicity study with a new antipsychotic drug candidate was performed in beagle dogs. During this study, dark red/brown feces were recorded in treated dogs and increases in liver parameters (alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin) were measured biochemically. At the end of the study, livers of high-dose (50 mg/kg) animals were (mottled) dark brown, sometimes with pale foci. Histopathological examination of these livers showed dark globular pigment deposits in the hepatocellular cytoplasm and within the bile canaliculi. Varying numbers of inflammatory cell infiltrates were additionally present in association with the deposits. These pigment deposits showed birefringency with characteristic “Maltese Cross”-like structures under polarized light. Electronmicroscopy revealed the typical, so-called “sunburst” pattern with radiating double-lined crystalline structures. These morphologic characteristics strongly indicated at the presence of porphyrins, which was definitely confirmed biochemically. Published reports of drug-induced hepatic porphyria in dogs are rare. The possible underlying mechanism in the dog and man is discussed.
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Parsons PJ. Measurement of erythrocyte protoporphyrin concentration by double extraction and spectrofluorometry. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN TOXICOLOGY 2001; Chapter 8:Unit 8.8. [PMID: 23045065 DOI: 10.1002/0471140856.tx0808s02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Quantification of the level of erythrocyte protoporphyrin can be used as a screening assay for lead exposure. In this method, porphyrins and heme compounds are extracted from whole blood using ethyl acetate, and porphyrins are then separated from heme by back-extraction with HCl solution. The extracted porphyrins are then quantified using a spectrofluorometer calibrated with protoporphyrin IX standard solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Parsons
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
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5
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OYAMA H, SUGITA Y, YONEYAMA Y, YOSHIKAYA H. Stoichiometry of heme synthesis by partially purified enzyme preparation from duck erythrocytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998; 47:413-4. [PMID: 13731821 DOI: 10.1016/0006-3002(61)90309-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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6
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Lane PR, Massey KL, Worobetz LJ, Jutras MN, Hull PR. Acute hereditary coproporphyria induced by the androgenic/anabolic steroid methandrostenolone (Dianabol). J Am Acad Dermatol 1994; 30:308-12. [PMID: 8294588 DOI: 10.1016/s0190-9622(94)70029-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Acute attacks of porphyria can be induced by certain drugs. We report a case of acute coproporphyria induced by methandrostenolone. This is the first report of acute porphyria induced by an androgenic, anabolic steroid.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Lane
- University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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7
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Chassaing B, Bonini M, Counord J, Courtes C, Nguyen C, Creppy EE. Saturnism caused by hand-made plates: partial diagnosis by a computer-aided program. Hum Exp Toxicol 1991; 10:379-81. [PMID: 1683553 DOI: 10.1177/096032719101000513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A man, aged 41 years, suffering from anaemia and abdominal pains was admitted to the Department of Medicine. Over the previous 2 years he had had several periods in hospital for these symptoms. There was, apparently, no occupational or accidental exposure to toxic substances and a correct diagnosis of the condition had not been possible. The computer-aided program AIDEDIAG II was therefore used to attempt a diagnosis. This approach indicated possible saturnism which was confirmed by metabolic and lead analyses. The lead source was identified as the hand-made food-plates used by the patient for his meals.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Chassaing
- Hôpital de Sarlat, Service de Médecine Interne, France
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Nordmann Y, Amram D, Deybach JC, Phung LN, Lesbros D. Coexistent hereditary coproporphyria and congenital erythropoietic porphyria (Günther disease). J Inherit Metab Dis 1990; 13:687-91. [PMID: 2246853 DOI: 10.1007/bf01799568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We present data on one patient with an inheritance pattern for two porphyrias. From her mother she inherited the trait of hereditary coproporphyria; from both parents she inherited the trait of congenital erythropoietic porphyria (Günther disease). Enzyme studies confirmed this new type of dual porphyria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Nordmann
- Department of Biochemistry, Hospital Louis Mourier, Faculty of Medicine X. Bichat, University Paris 7, Colombes, France
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9
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Abstract
We studied the porphyrin metabolism of a 7-year-old Japanese boy with erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP) and his family members. Leukocyte ferrochelatase activity was markedly decreased in this patient, being approximately 12% of the mean value of normal controls (4 aged-matched healthy boys). In contrast, leukocyte delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) synthase activity was normal. The free protoporphyrin content of erythrocytes was greatly increased (4.3 mg/100 ml RBC), while erythrocyte ALA dehydratase and porphobilinogen (PBG) deaminase activities were 1.7- and 2.2-fold of respective control values. A survey of his family revealed that 12 of 19 members probably had manifest EPP or were EPP carriers. These results suggest that, in EPP, there might be an inherited impairement of ferrochelatase activity which gives rise to an elevation of erythroblast ALA dehydratase and PBG deaminase activities to compensate for a resultant decrease in heme production.
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Mazzetti MB, Tomio JM. Characterization of porphobilinogen deaminase from rat liver. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1988; 957:97-104. [PMID: 3179323 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(88)90161-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Porphobilinogen deaminase (porphobilinogen ammonia-lyase, EC 4.3.1.8) was isolated from rat liver. The final preparation was homogeneous according to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunodiffusion criteria. Electrophoresis of the native enzyme revealed a single band of activity which was distributed into three bands after incubation with porphobilinogen. When electrophoresed under denaturing condition it displayed a single polypeptide band with a molecular weight of 42,000 confirmed by exclusion chromatography and by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The enzyme showed a pH optimum of 7.5 both in 0.1 M sodium phosphate and 0.05 M Tris-HCl buffer, when assayed at 37 degrees C. An isoelectric point of 4.9 for the native purified protein was found. Hepatic porphobilinogen deaminase was remarkably heat-stable showing maximum activity at 55-60 degrees C with one break in the Arrhenius plot. The kinetic behaviour of the purified enzyme followed the typical Michaelis-Menten kinetics with values of Km = 17 microM and Vmax = 29.4 units power mg in 0.1 M phosphate buffer at 37 degrees C. The amino acid composition was determined, showing that the enzyme had a low content of sulphur-containing amino acids and a considerable number of acidic residues per mol of polypeptide chain. Reagents known to interact with sulphydryl groups have small effect on rat liver enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Mazzetti
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Guengerich FP. Covalent binding to apoprotein is a major fate of heme in a variety of reactions in which cytochrome P-450 is destroyed. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1986; 138:193-8. [PMID: 2874799 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(86)90265-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The heme in rat liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 was labeled with 14C or 3H and the microsomes were fractionated after in vitro incubations with a variety of agents known to destroy cytochrome P-450 heme. A major fraction of the heme label was irreversibly bound to apoprotein in all cases, including incubations with fluroxene, 1-octene, vinyl bromide, trichloroethylene, vinyl chloride, parathion, cumene hydroperoxide, NaN3, or iron-ADP complex. Label was also extensively bound to apoprotein when purified and reconstituted cytochrome P-450 was incubated with NADPH and vinyl chloride. This process appears to be widespread and involved to a significant extent in the cytochrome P-450 heme destruction observed with many compounds.
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13
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Bishop DF, Desnick RJ. Porphobilinogen synthase: a specific and sensitive coupled-enzyme assay. Methods Enzymol 1986; 123:339-45. [PMID: 3702728 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(86)23040-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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14
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Sagen E, Romslo I. Determination of porphyrins by high performance liquid chromatography: fluorescence detection compared to absorbance detection. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1985; 45:309-14. [PMID: 4012215 DOI: 10.3109/00365518509161012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A comparison is made between determination of porphyrin methyl esters by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with absorbance detection and with fluorimetric detection. Detection limits with absorbance detection vary from 0.8 pmol for 2-COOH-porphyrins to 5 pmol for 8-COOH-porphyrins. With fluorometric detection the corresponding figures are 0.04 pmol and 0.4 pmol. Fluorimetric detection also has a better reproducibility, and it is more specific than absorbance detection. The use of HPLC with fluorimetric detection thus permits rapid, highly efficient and specific quantitative detection and identification of porphyrins in complex biological samples.
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15
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Winkelman JW. Quantitative studies of tetraphenylporphinesulfonate and hematoporphyrin derivative distribution in animal tumor systems. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1985; 193:91-6. [PMID: 2937273 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4613-2165-1_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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16
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Simionatto CS, Anderson KE, Sassa S, Drummond GS, Kappas A. Fluorometric measurement of tin-protoporphyrin in biological samples. Anal Biochem 1984; 141:213-9. [PMID: 6496929 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(84)90448-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Sn-protoporphyrin is a potent competitive inhibitor of heme oxygenase, can suppress neonatal and other forms of hyperbilirubinemia in laboratory animals, and represents a potential new approach to the treatment of neonatal jaundice in humans. In order to study the disposition of Sn-protoporphyrin in vivo we have developed a sensitive fluorometric method for the quantitation of this metalloporphyrin in biological samples. The method is sensitive to concentrations as low as 0.01 nmol/ml, and is specific for Sn-protoporphyrin even in the presence of other porphyrins such as protoporphyrin.
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17
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Abstract
Protoporphyrinogen oxidase activity and ferrochelatase activity were measured in leucocytes from patients with porphyria variegata. The mean activity of protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) in porphyria variegata (PV) was about 50% of normal (P less than 0.05). The mean activity of ferrochelatase with 59Fe2+ sulphate and protoporphyrin as substrates (in the presence of ascorbic acid) was reduced by 40% (P less than 0.009). The mean activity of ferrochelatase with 59Fe3+ chloride and protoporphyrin as substrates (in the presence of reduced glutathione) was increased by 65% (P less than 0.005). Both are statistically highly significant. The findings are interpreted as follows: (a) The occurrence of a low level of protoporphyrinogen oxidase in PV is confirmed. (b) The findings indicate a concurrent structural change in ferrochelatase (this may be structurally related to (a) but no evidence of this is at present available).
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18
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Abstract
Protoporphyrinogen oxidase activity and ferrochelatase activity have been measured in blood lymphocytes from patients with prophyria variegata, and from some members of the family of one patient; the mean activity of protoporphyrinogen oxidase from patients was about 50% of that in lymphocytes from normal subjects; similar results were obtained from asymptomatic carriers in two generations of the patient's family. This finding confirms that a protoporphyrinogen oxidase decreased activity reflects the primary genetic defect in Porphyria Variegata. Data of ferrochelatase activity have been found usually in the normal range and these results are discussed.
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19
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Bishop DF, Devey KR, McBride L, Desnick RJ. Rapid determination of delta-aminolevulinate synthase activity by a specific fluorometric coupled enzyme assay. Anal Biochem 1981; 113:68-78. [PMID: 7270890 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(81)90045-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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20
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Turnbull JD, Omaye ST. Synthesis of cytochrome P-450 heme in ascorbic acid-deficient guinea pigs. Biochem Pharmacol 1980; 29:1255-60. [PMID: 7397009 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(80)90282-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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21
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Zelt DT, Owen JA, Marks GS. Second derivative-high-performance liquid chromatographic-fluorometric detection of porphyrins in chick embryo liver cell culture medium. J Chromatogr A 1980; 189:209-16. [PMID: 7380937 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)81520-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A high-performance liquid chromatographic system is described which is suitable for the separation and quantitative determination of a mixture of porphyrin esters in nanogram quantities from the culture medium used for maintenance of a monolayer culture of chick embryo liver cells. The desired sensitivity was obtained by coupling a high-performance liquid chromatograph with a second derivative-fluorometric detection system. The most effective method for preparation of the porphyrin methyl esters prior to chromatography was found to be lyophilization of the culture medium prior to esterification with 5% sulphuric acid in methanol.
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22
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Kreimer-Birnbaum M, Bonkowsky HL, Bottomley SS. Experience with the red cell uroporphyrinogen synthase (URO-S) assay in kindreds with acute intermittent porphyria (AIP). THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1980; 12:807-10. [PMID: 7450137 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(80)90167-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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23
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Petryka Z, Watson C. Separation and spectrodensitometric quantitation of porphyrin esters on thin-layer chromatograms. J Chromatogr A 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)80665-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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24
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Christensen NG, Romslo I. Stool porphyrins determined by high pressure liquid chromatography and by fractional hydrochloric acid--ether extraction. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1979; 39:223-7. [PMID: 523971 DOI: 10.1080/00365517909106097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
When stool copro- and protoporphyrin were quantitated by spectrophotometry, after fractional hydrochloric acid-ether extraction, up to 30% of the protoporphyrins were recovered in the coproporphyrin extract. In disorders with elevated stool protoporphyrin excretion (e.g. erythropoietic protoporphyria), this method therefore may give falsely elevated coproporphyrin values. When the stool porphyrins were determined by high pressure liquid chromatography there was no carry-over of protoporphyrin to coproporphyrin. The recoveries were 82 and 87%, and the coefficients of variation 5.6 and 3.1% for proto- and coproporphyrin, respectively. Moreover, in specimens containing a more complex mixture of porphyrins, a complete separation of the C2-C8 porphyrins and porphyrin isomers was obtained in a single run. High pressure liquid chromatography should therefore be considered the method of choice to obtain a quantitative profile of stool porphyrins in the routine laboratory.
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Abstract
Lead is probably the oldest and most widely distributed environmental intoxicant, but unlike many of the synthetic agents which cause the greatest concern in industrial societies today, it occurs naturally at low levels in the environment and was present during evolutionary times. Galena (PbS), the most important lead-bearing mineral, is abundant and it is readily smelted. The metal is easily shaped and does not corrode and its compounds have found innumerable uses, particularly as pigments. This explains, in brief, why lead has had great economic importance since ancient times and why lead disease has plagued civilized societies for thousands of years and continues to be a serious concern to health authorities today. (Grandjean, 1975; Eisinger, 1977).
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Grandchamp B, Nordmann Y. Decreased lymphocyte coproporphyrinogen III oxidase activity in hereditary coproporphyria. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1977; 74:1089-95. [PMID: 843348 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(77)91630-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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27
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Jones KG, Sweeney GD. Measurement of urine porphyrins and porphyrinogens. BIOCHEMICAL MEDICINE 1976; 15:223-32. [PMID: 11785 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2944(76)90052-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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28
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A comparative study of porphyrin synthesis by whole blood and haemolysates from different mammalian species. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1976. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(76)90189-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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29
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Săsărman A, Chartrand P, Proschek R, Desrochers M, Tardif D, Lapointe C. Uroporphyrin-accumulating mutant of Escherichia coli K-12. J Bacteriol 1975; 124:1205-12. [PMID: 1104578 PMCID: PMC236028 DOI: 10.1128/jb.124.3.1205-1212.1975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
An uroporphyrin III-accumulating mutant of Escherichia coli K-12 was isolated by neomycin. The mutant, designated SASQ85, was catalase deficient and formed dwarf colonies on usual media. Comparative extraction by cyclohexanone and ethyl acetate showed the superiority of the former for the extraction of the uroporphyrin accumulated by the mutant. Cell-free extracts of SASQ85 were able to convert 5-aminolevulinic acid and porphobilinogen to uroporphyrinogen, but not to copro- or protoporphyrinogen. Under the same conditions cell-free extracts of the parent strain converted 5-aminolevulinic to uroporphyringen, coproporphyrinogen, and protoporphyrinogen. The conversion of porphobilinogen to uroporphyrinogen by cell-free extracts of the mutant was inhibited 98 and 95%, respectively, by p-chloromercuribenzoate and p-chloromercuriphenyl-sulfonate, indicating the presence of uroporphyrinogen synthetase activity in the extracts. Spontaneous transformation of porphobilinogen to uroporphyrin was not detectable under the experimental conditions used [4 h at 37 C in tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane-potassium phosphate buffer, pH 8.2]. The results indicate a deficient uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase activity of SASQ85 which is thus the first uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase-deficient mutant isolated in E. coli K-12. Mapping of the corresponding locus by P1-mediated transduction revealed the frequent joint transduction of hemE and thiA markers (frequency of co-transduction, 41 to 44%). The results of the genetic analysis suggest the gene order rif, hemE, thiA, metA; however, they do not totally exclude the gene order rif, thiA, hemE, metA.
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30
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Viljoen D, Becker D, S K. Porphyrin synthesis and movement across human and rabbit red cell membrane with delta aminolaevulinic acid as substrate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(75)90320-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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31
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Vilter RW, Bozian RC, Hess EV, Zellner DC, Petering HG. Manifestations of copper deficiency in a patient with systemic sclerosis on intravenous hyperalimentation. N Engl J Med 1974; 291:188-91. [PMID: 4209571 DOI: 10.1056/nejm197407252910407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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32
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Meyer UA, Strand LJ, Doss M, Rees AC, Marver HS. Intermittent acute porphyria--demonstration of a genetic defect in porphobilinogen metabolism. N Engl J Med 1972; 286:1277-82. [PMID: 5024458 DOI: 10.1056/nejm197206152862401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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33
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Melki G. [Results obtained with infrared spectrography on some porphyrins between 4000 and 400 cm-1]. Biochimie 1971; 53:875-85. [PMID: 5148874 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9084(71)80151-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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34
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Hutton JJ, Gross SR. Chemical induction of hepatic porphyria in inbred strains of mice. Arch Biochem Biophys 1970; 141:284-92. [PMID: 5480116 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(70)90134-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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35
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36
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Mathews-Roth MM, Pathak MA, Fitzpatrick TB, Harber LC, Kass EH. Beta-carotene as a photoprotective agent in erythropoietic protoporphyria. N Engl J Med 1970; 282:1231-4. [PMID: 5442632 DOI: 10.1056/nejm197005282822204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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37
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38
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Porphyrins, Porphobilinogen, and Aminolevulinic acid in Urine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1970. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-609106-9.50012-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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39
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Magnus IA, Roe DA, Bhutani LK. Factors affecting the induction of porphyria in the laboratory rat. Biochemical and photobiological studies using diethyl 1,4-dihydro-2,4,6-trimethyl-pyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate (DDC) as a porphyrogenic agent. J Invest Dermatol 1969; 53:400-13. [PMID: 5361572 DOI: 10.1038/jid.1969.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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40
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Rothstein G, Lee R, Cartwright GE. Sideroblastic anemia with dermal photosensitivity and greatly increased erythrocyte protoporphyrin. N Engl J Med 1969; 280:587-90. [PMID: 5764826 DOI: 10.1056/nejm196903132801104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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42
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Yamamoto T, Fujii M, Inuki T, Wakisaka G. The incorporation of delta aminolaevulinic acid and glycine into faecal stercobilin and coproporphyrin in man. Br J Haematol 1969; 16:197-208. [PMID: 5795210 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1969.tb00394.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Zail SS, Krawitz P, Viljoen E, Kramer S. The anaemia of erythropoietic porphyria. II. Studies of some red-cell intermediates. Br J Haematol 1967; 13:60-7. [PMID: 6018214 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1967.tb08694.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Kramer S, Viljoen E, Meyer AM, Metz J. The anaemia of erythropoietic prophyria with the description of the disease in an elderly patient. Br J Haematol 1965; 11:666-75. [PMID: 5856665 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1965.tb00115.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Pathak M, Burnett J. The Intracellular Localization of Porphyrins**From the Research Laboratories of the Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston 14, Massachusetts. J Invest Dermatol 1964. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.1964.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Pathak M, Burnett J. The Porphyrin Content of Skin**From the Research Laboratories of the Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School at the Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston 14, Massachusetts. J Invest Dermatol 1964. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.1964.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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TSCHUDY DP, WELLAND FH, COLLINS A, HUNTER G. THE EFFECT OF CARBOHYDRATE FEEDING ON THE INDUCTION OF DELTA-AMINOLEVULINIC ACID SYNTHETASE. Metabolism 1964; 13:396-406. [PMID: 14169218 DOI: 10.1016/0026-0495(64)90113-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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WELLAND FH, HELLMAN ES, GADDIS EM, COLLINS G, HUNTER GW, TSCHUDY DP. FACTORS AFFECTING THE EXCRETION OF PORPHYRIN PRECURSORS BY PATIENTS WITH ACUTE INTERMITTENT PORPHYRIA. I. THE EFFECT OF DIET. Metabolism 1964; 13:232-50. [PMID: 14127691 DOI: 10.1016/0026-0495(64)90103-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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