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Patel D, Shetty S, Acha C, Pantoja IEM, Zhao A, George D, Gracias DH. Microinstrumentation for Brain Organoids. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2302456. [PMID: 38217546 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202302456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Brain organoids are three-dimensional aggregates of self-organized differentiated stem cells that mimic the structure and function of human brain regions. Organoids bridge the gaps between conventional drug screening models such as planar mammalian cell culture, animal studies, and clinical trials. They can revolutionize the fields of developmental biology, neuroscience, toxicology, and computer engineering. Conventional microinstrumentation for conventional cellular engineering, such as planar microfluidic chips; microelectrode arrays (MEAs); and optical, magnetic, and acoustic techniques, has limitations when applied to three-dimensional (3D) organoids, primarily due to their limits with inherently two-dimensional geometry and interfacing. Hence, there is an urgent need to develop new instrumentation compatible with live cell culture techniques and with scalable 3D formats relevant to organoids. This review discusses conventional planar approaches and emerging 3D microinstrumentation necessary for advanced organoid-machine interfaces. Specifically, this article surveys recently developed microinstrumentation, including 3D printed and curved microfluidics, 3D and fast-scan optical techniques, buckling and self-folding MEAs, 3D interfaces for electrochemical measurements, and 3D spatially controllable magnetic and acoustic technologies relevant to two-way information transfer with brain organoids. This article highlights key challenges that must be addressed for robust organoid culture and reliable 3D spatiotemporal information transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devan Patel
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Saniya Shetty
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Chris Acha
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Itzy E Morales Pantoja
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Alice Zhao
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Derosh George
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - David H Gracias
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Laboratory for Computational Sensing and Robotics (LCSR), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Center for MicroPhysiological Systems (MPS), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
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2
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Barabadi Z, Bahmani A, Jalalimonfared M, Ashrafizadeh M, Rashtbar M, Sharifi E, Tian H. Design and characterization of electroactive gelatin methacrylate hydrogel incorporated with gold nanoparticles empowered with parahydroxybenzaldehyde and curcumin for advanced tissue engineering applications. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2024; 35:45. [PMID: 39073649 PMCID: PMC11286724 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-024-06808-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Electroconductive polymers are the materials of interest for the fabrication of electro-conductive tissues. Metal ions through the redox systems offer polymers with electrical conductivity. In this study, we processed a gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) network with gold nanoparticles (GNPs) through a redox system with parahydroxybenzaldehyde (PHB) or curcumin to enhance its electrical conductivity. Induction of the redox system with both PHB and curcumin into the GelMA, introduced some new functional groups into the polymeric network, as it has been confirmed by H-NMR and FTIR. These new bonds resulted in higher electro-conductivity when GNPs were added to the polymer. Higher electroactivity was achieved by PHB compared to the curcumin-induced redox system, and the addition of GNPs without redox system induction showed the lowest electroactivity. MTT was used to evaluate the biocompatibility of the resultant polymers, and the PHB-treated hydrogels showed higher proliferative effects on the cells. The findings of this study suggest that the introduction of a redox system by PHB in the GelMA network along with GNPs can contribute to the electrochemical properties of the material. This electroactivity can be advantageous for tissue engineering of electro-conductive tissues like cardiac and nervous tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Barabadi
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Asrin Bahmani
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Marzieh Jalalimonfared
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Department of General Surgery, Institute of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive System Tumors, Carson International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
- International Association for Diagnosis and Treatment of Cancer, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, 250000, China
| | | | - Esmaeel Sharifi
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
- Cancer Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
| | - Haili Tian
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China.
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3
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Zhou H, Zhang S, Liu Z, Chi B, Li J, Wang Y. Untethered Microgrippers for Precision Medicine. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2305805. [PMID: 37941516 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202305805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Microgrippers, a branch of micro/nanorobots, refer to motile miniaturized machines that are of a size in the range of several to hundreds of micrometers. Compared with tethered grippers or other microscopic diagnostic and surgical equipment, untethered microgrippers play an indispensable role in biomedical applications because of their characteristics such as miniaturized size, dexterous shape tranformation, and controllable motion, which enables the microgrippers to enter hard-to-reach regions to execute specific medical tasks for disease diagnosis and treatment. To date, numerous medical microgrippers are developed, and their potential in cell manipulation, targeted drug delivery, biopsy, and minimally invasive surgery are explored. To achieve controlled locomotion and efficient target-oriented actions, the materials, size, microarchitecture, and morphology of microgrippers shall be deliberately designed. In this review, the authors summarizes the latest progress in untethered micrometer-scale grippers. The working mechanisms of shape-morphing and actuation methods for effective movement are first introduced. Then, the design principle and state-of-the-art fabrication techniques of microgrippers are discussed. Finally, their applications in the precise medicine are highlighted, followed by offering future perspectives for the development of untethered medical microgrippers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaijuan Zhou
- Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Shengchang Zhang
- School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zijian Liu
- School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Bowen Chi
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Jinhua Li
- School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yilong Wang
- School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
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4
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Leanza S, Wu S, Sun X, Qi HJ, Zhao RR. Active Materials for Functional Origami. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2302066. [PMID: 37120795 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202302066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, origami has been explored to aid in the design of engineering structures. These structures span multiple scales and have been demonstrated to be used toward various areas such as aerospace, metamaterial, biomedical, robotics, and architectural applications. Conventionally, origami or deployable structures have been actuated by hands, motors, or pneumatic actuators, which can result in heavy or bulky structures. On the other hand, active materials, which reconfigure in response to external stimulus, eliminate the need for external mechanical loads and bulky actuation systems. Thus, in recent years, active materials incorporated with deployable structures have shown promise for remote actuation of light weight, programmable origami. In this review, active materials such as shape memory polymers (SMPs) and alloys (SMAs), hydrogels, liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs), magnetic soft materials (MSMs), and covalent adaptable network (CAN) polymers, their actuation mechanisms, as well as how they have been utilized for active origami and where these structures are applicable is discussed. Additionally, the state-of-the-art fabrication methods to construct active origami are highlighted. The existing structural modeling strategies for origami, the constitutive models used to describe active materials, and the largest challenges and future directions for active origami research are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Leanza
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Shuai Wu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Xiaohao Sun
- The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - H Jerry Qi
- The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Ruike Renee Zhao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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McCaskill JS, Karnaushenko D, Zhu M, Schmidt OG. Microelectronic Morphogenesis: Smart Materials with Electronics Assembling into Artificial Organisms. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2306344. [PMID: 37814374 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202306344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Microelectronic morphogenesis is the creation and maintenance of complex functional structures by microelectronic information within shape-changing materials. Only recently has in-built information technology begun to be used to reshape materials and their functions in three dimensions to form smart microdevices and microrobots. Electronic information that controls morphology is inheritable like its biological counterpart, genetic information, and is set to open new vistas of technology leading to artificial organisms when coupled with modular design and self-assembly that can make reversible microscopic electrical connections. Three core capabilities of cells in organisms, self-maintenance (homeostatic metabolism utilizing free energy), self-containment (distinguishing self from nonself), and self-reproduction (cell division with inherited properties), once well out of reach for technology, are now within the grasp of information-directed materials. Construction-aware electronics can be used to proof-read and initiate game-changing error correction in microelectronic self-assembly. Furthermore, noncontact communication and electronically supported learning enable one to implement guided self-assembly and enhance functionality. Here, the fundamental breakthroughs that have opened the pathway to this prospective path are reviewed, the extent and way in which the core properties of life can be addressed are analyzed, and the potential and indeed necessity of such technology for sustainable high technology in society is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S McCaskill
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- European Centre for Living Technology (ECLT), Ca' Bottacin, Dorsoduro 3911, Venice, 30123, Italy
| | - Daniil Karnaushenko
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Minshen Zhu
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Oliver G Schmidt
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- European Centre for Living Technology (ECLT), Ca' Bottacin, Dorsoduro 3911, Venice, 30123, Italy
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6
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Cassel de Camps C, Mok S, Ashby E, Li C, Lépine P, Durcan TM, Moraes C. Compressive molding of engineered tissues via thermoresponsive hydrogel devices. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:2057-2067. [PMID: 36916609 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00007a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Biofabrication of tissues requires sourcing appropriate combinations of cells, and then arranging those cells into a functionally-useful construct. Recently, organoids with diverse cell populations have shown great promise as building blocks from which to assemble more complex structures. However, organoids typically adopt spherical or uncontrolled morphologies, which intrinsically limit the tissue structures that can be produced using this bioassembly technique. Here, we develop microfabricated smart hydrogel platforms in thermoresponsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) to compressively mold microtissues such as spheroids or organoids into customized forms, on demand. These Compressive Hydrogel Molders (CHyMs) compact at cell culture temperatures to force loaded tissues into a new shape, and then expand to release the tissues for downstream applications. As a first demonstration, breast cancer spheroids were biaxially compacted in cylindrical cavities, and uniaxially compacted in rectangular ones. Spheroid shape changes persisted after the tissues were released from the CHyMs. We then demonstrate long-term molding of spherical brain organoids in ring-shaped CHyMs over one week. Fused bridges formed only when brain organoids were encased in Matrigel, and the resulting ring-shaped organoids expressed tissue markers that correspond with expected differentiation profiles. These results demonstrate that tissues differentiate appropriately even during long-term molding in a CHyM. This platform hence provides a new tool to shape pre-made tissues as desired, via temporary compression and release, allowing an exploration of alternative organoid geometries as building blocks for bioassembly applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephanie Mok
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montréal, H3A 0C5 QC, Canada
| | - Emily Ashby
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montréal, H3A 0C5 QC, Canada
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montréal, H3A 0C5 QC, Canada
| | - Paula Lépine
- Early Drug Discovery Unit (EDDU), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montréal, H3A 2B4 QC, Canada
| | - Thomas M Durcan
- Early Drug Discovery Unit (EDDU), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montréal, H3A 2B4 QC, Canada
| | - Christopher Moraes
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montréal, H3A 2B4 QC, Canada.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montréal, H3A 0C5 QC, Canada
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montréal, H3A 1A3 QC, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, H4A 3J1, QC, Canada
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7
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Zhang Z, Ou J, Li W, Amirfazli A. Folding characteristics of membranes in capillary origami. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 630:111-120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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8
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Emerging biomaterials and technologies to control stem cell fate and patterning in engineered 3D tissues and organoids. Biointerphases 2022; 17:060801. [DOI: 10.1116/6.0002034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to create complex three-dimensional cellular models that can effectively replicate the structure and function of human organs and tissues in vitro has the potential to revolutionize medicine. Such models could facilitate the interrogation of developmental and disease processes underpinning fundamental discovery science, vastly accelerate drug development and screening, or even be used to create tissues for implantation into the body. Realization of this potential, however, requires the recreation of complex biochemical, biophysical, and cellular patterns of 3D tissues and remains a key challenge in the field. Recent advances are being driven by improved knowledge of tissue morphogenesis and architecture and technological developments in bioengineering and materials science that can create the multidimensional and dynamic systems required to produce complex tissue microenvironments. In this article, we discuss challenges for in vitro models of tissues and organs and summarize the current state-of-the art in biomaterials and bioengineered systems that aim to address these challenges. This includes both top-down technologies, such as 3D photopatterning, magnetism, acoustic forces, and cell origami, as well as bottom-up patterning using 3D bioprinting, microfluidics, cell sheet technology, or composite scaffolds. We illustrate the varying ways that these can be applied to suit the needs of different tissues and applications by focussing on specific examples of patterning the bone-tendon interface, kidney organoids, and brain cancer models. Finally, we discuss the challenges and future prospects in applying materials science and bioengineering to develop high-quality 3D tissue structures for in vitro studies.
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9
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Kim J, Park H, Yoon C. Advances in Biodegradable Soft Robots. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14214574. [PMID: 36365570 PMCID: PMC9658808 DOI: 10.3390/polym14214574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodegradable soft robots have been proposed for a variety of intelligent applications in soft robotics, flexible electronics, and bionics. Biodegradability offers an extraordinary functional advantage to soft robots for operations accompanying smart shape transformation in response to external stimuli such as heat, pH, and light. This review primarily surveyed the current advanced scientific and engineering strategies for integrating biodegradable materials within stimuli-responsive soft robots. It also focused on the fabrication methodologies of multiscale biodegradable soft robots, and highlighted the role of biodegradable soft robots in enhancing the multifunctional properties of drug delivery capsules, biopsy tools, smart actuators, and sensors. Lastly, the current challenges and perspectives on the future development of intelligent soft robots for operation in real environments were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwon Kim
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea
| | - Harim Park
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea
| | - ChangKyu Yoon
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea
- Institute of Advanced Materials and Systems, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea
- Correspondence:
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10
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Son H, Park Y, Na Y, Yoon C. 4D Multiscale Origami Soft Robots: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14194235. [PMID: 36236182 PMCID: PMC9571758 DOI: 10.3390/polym14194235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Time-dependent shape-transferable soft robots are important for various intelligent applications in flexible electronics and bionics. Four-dimensional (4D) shape changes can offer versatile functional advantages during operations to soft robots that respond to external environmental stimuli, including heat, pH, light, electric, or pneumatic triggers. This review investigates the current advances in multiscale soft robots that can display 4D shape transformations. This review first focuses on material selection to demonstrate 4D origami-driven shape transformations. Second, this review investigates versatile fabrication strategies to form the 4D mechanical structures of soft robots. Third, this review surveys the folding, rolling, bending, and wrinkling mechanisms of soft robots during operation. Fourth, this review highlights the diverse applications of 4D origami-driven soft robots in actuators, sensors, and bionics. Finally, perspectives on future directions and challenges in the development of intelligent soft robots in real operational environments are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyegyo Son
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea
| | - Yunha Park
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea
| | - Youngjin Na
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea
- Correspondence: (Y.N.); (C.Y.)
| | - ChangKyu Yoon
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea
- Institute of Advanced Materials and Systems, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea
- Correspondence: (Y.N.); (C.Y.)
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11
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Ni X, Luan H, Kim JT, Rogge SI, Bai Y, Kwak JW, Liu S, Yang DS, Li S, Li S, Li Z, Zhang Y, Wu C, Ni X, Huang Y, Wang H, Rogers JA. Soft shape-programmable surfaces by fast electromagnetic actuation of liquid metal networks. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5576. [PMID: 36151092 PMCID: PMC9508113 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31092-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Low modulus materials that can shape-morph into different three-dimensional (3D) configurations in response to external stimuli have wide-ranging applications in flexible/stretchable electronics, surgical instruments, soft machines and soft robotics. This paper reports a shape-programmable system that exploits liquid metal microfluidic networks embedded in an elastomer matrix, with electromagnetic forms of actuation, to achieve a unique set of properties. Specifically, this materials structure is capable of fast, continuous morphing into a diverse set of continuous, complex 3D surfaces starting from a two-dimensional (2D) planar configuration, with fully reversible operation. Computational, multi-physics modeling methods and advanced 3D imaging techniques enable rapid, real-time transformations between target shapes. The liquid-solid phase transition of the liquid metal allows for shape fixation and reprogramming on demand. An unusual vibration insensitive, dynamic 3D display screen serves as an application example of this type of morphable surface. Low modulus materials that can change shape in response to external stimuli are promising for a wide range of applications. The authors here introduce a shape-reprogrammable construct, based on liquid metal microfluidic networks and electromagnetic actuation, that supports a unique collection of capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinchen Ni
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Haiwen Luan
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Jin-Tae Kim
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Sam I Rogge
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Yun Bai
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jean Won Kwak
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Shangliangzi Liu
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Da Som Yang
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Shuo Li
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Shupeng Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Zhengwei Li
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Yamin Zhang
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Changsheng Wu
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Xiaoyue Ni
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA. .,Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. .,Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Yonggang Huang
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA. .,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA. .,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA. .,Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
| | - Heling Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA. .,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA. .,Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
| | - John A Rogers
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA. .,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA. .,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA. .,Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA. .,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA. .,Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
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12
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Gao F, Yin J, Chen Y, Guo C, Hu H, Su J. Recent advances in aptamer-based targeted drug delivery systems for cancer therapy. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:972933. [PMID: 36051580 PMCID: PMC9424825 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.972933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The past decade has become an important strategy in precision medicine for the targeted therapy of many diseases, expecially various types of cancer. As a promising targeted element, nucleic acid aptamers are single-stranded functional oligonucleotides which have specific abilities to bind with various target molecules ranging from small molecules to entire organisms. They are often named ‘chemical antibody’ and have aroused extensive interest in diverse clinical studies on account of their advantages, such as considerable biostability, versatile chemical modification, low immunogenicity and quick tissue penetration. Thus, aptamer-embedded drug delivery systems offer an unprecedented opportunity in bioanalysis and biomedicine. In this short review, we endeavor to discuss the recent advances in aptamer-based targeted drug delivery platforms for cancer therapy. Some perspectives on the advantages, challenges and opportunities are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Gao
- Institude of Translation Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianhui Yin
- Institude of Translation Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Medical Supplies Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Changyong Guo
- Institude of Translation Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Honggang Hu
- Institude of Translation Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Jiacan Su, ; Honggang Hu,
| | - Jiacan Su
- Institude of Translation Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Jiacan Su, ; Honggang Hu,
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13
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Modeling Self-Rollable Elastomeric Films for Building Bioinspired Hierarchical 3D Structures. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158467. [PMID: 35955601 PMCID: PMC9369037 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, an innovative model is proposed as a design tool to predict both the inner and outer radii in rolled structures based on polydimethylsiloxane bilayers. The model represents an improvement of Timoshenko's formula taking into account the friction arising from contacts between layers arising from rolling by more than one turn, hence broadening its application field towards materials based on elastomeric bilayers capable of large deformations. The fabricated structures were also provided with surface topographical features that would make them potentially usable in different application scenarios, including cell/tissue engineering ones. The bilayer design parameters were varied, such as the initial strain (from 20 to 60%) and the bilayer thickness (from 373 to 93 µm). The model matched experimental data on the inner and outer radii nicely, especially when a high friction condition was implemented in the model, particularly reducing the error below 2% for the outer diameter while varying the strain. The model outperformed the current literature, where self-penetration is not excluded, and a single value of the radius of spontaneous rolling is used to describe multiple rolls. A complex 3D bioinspired hierarchical elastomeric microstructure made of seven spirals arranged like a hexagon inscribed in a circumference, similar to typical biological architectures (e.g., myofibrils within a sarcolemma), was also developed. In this case also, the model effectively predicted the spirals' features (error smaller than 18%), opening interesting application scenarios in the modeling and fabrication of bioinspired materials.
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14
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Wang L, Yan L, Liu S, Zhang H, Xiao J, Wang Z, Xiao W, Li B, Liao X. Conformational Transition-Driven Self-Folding Hydrogel Based on Silk Fibroin and Gelatin for Tissue Engineering Applications. Macromol Biosci 2022; 22:e2200189. [PMID: 35895675 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202200189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Self-folding is a rapidly evolving method for converting flat objects into three-dimensional structures. However, because there are few materials with suitable properties, application of self-folding in tissue engineering has been hindered greatly. Herein, a novel self-folding hydrogel using a conformational transition mechanism was developed by employing a photocrosslinkable silk fibroin and gelatin. It was hypothesized that differences in the amount of β-sheet formation between the upper and lower layers would supply additional folding stress and drive the self-folding behaviour of a bilayer patch, which could improve the mechanical properties and long-term stability of the self-folded structure. In this study, the impact of various proportions of β-sheets in composite hydrogels on their swelling, mechanics, and internal microstructures were investigated. Subsequently, the folding process parameters were optimized, and diffusion through the folded tubular structure was studied with a perfusion test. Finally, it was proven that the self-folding hydrogel system is cytocompatible and can be utilized to build a 3D coculture system of "endothelial cells-smooth muscle cells". These findings suggest that the self-folding hydrogel could be a promising candidate for applications in blood vessel tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nano/Micro Composite Materials and Devices, School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing, 401331, P. R. China
| | - Ling Yan
- Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Nano/Micro Biomedical Detection Technology, School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing, 401331, P. R. China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nano/Micro Composite Materials and Devices, School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing, 401331, P. R. China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Nano/Micro Biomedical Detection Technology, School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing, 401331, P. R. China
| | - Jing Xiao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nano/Micro Composite Materials and Devices, School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing, 401331, P. R. China
| | - Ziyin Wang
- Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Nano/Micro Biomedical Detection Technology, School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing, 401331, P. R. China
| | - Wenqian Xiao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nano/Micro Composite Materials and Devices, School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing, 401331, P. R. China
| | - Bo Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nano/Micro Composite Materials and Devices, School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing, 401331, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoling Liao
- Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Nano/Micro Biomedical Detection Technology, School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing, 401331, P. R. China
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15
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Ze Q, Wu S, Dai J, Leanza S, Ikeda G, Yang PC, Iaccarino G, Zhao RR. Spinning-enabled wireless amphibious origami millirobot. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3118. [PMID: 35701405 PMCID: PMC9198078 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30802-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Wireless millimeter-scale origami robots have recently been explored with great potential for biomedical applications. Existing millimeter-scale origami devices usually require separate geometrical components for locomotion and functions. Additionally, none of them can achieve both on-ground and in-water locomotion. Here we report a magnetically actuated amphibious origami millirobot that integrates capabilities of spinning-enabled multimodal locomotion, delivery of liquid medicine, and cargo transportation with wireless operation. This millirobot takes full advantage of the geometrical features and folding/unfolding capability of Kresling origami, a triangulated hollow cylinder, to fulfill multifunction: its geometrical features are exploited for generating omnidirectional locomotion in various working environments through rolling, flipping, and spinning-induced propulsion; the folding/unfolding is utilized as a pumping mechanism for controlled delivery of liquid medicine; furthermore, the spinning motion provides a sucking mechanism for targeted solid cargo transportation. We anticipate the amphibious origami millirobots can potentially serve as minimally invasive devices for biomedical diagnoses and treatments. Wireless millirobots are promising as minimally invasive biomedical devices. Here, the authors design a magnetically actuated amphibious millirobot that integrates spinning-enabled locomotion, targeted drug delivery, and cargo transportation by utilizing geometrical features and folding/unfolding capability of the Kresling origami.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiji Ze
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Shuai Wu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jize Dai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Sophie Leanza
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Gentaro Ikeda
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Phillip C Yang
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Gianluca Iaccarino
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Ruike Renee Zhao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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16
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Bachurin SS, Kletskii ME, Burov ON, Bibov MY, Dobaeva NM, Berezovskiy DP. Oligonucleotides-transformers for molecular biology and nanoengineering. Gene X 2022; 820:146277. [PMID: 35149154 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present review, numerous experimental and theoretical data describing the properties of non-canonical DNA structures (NSs) are analyzed. NSs (G-quadruplex, i-motif, hairpin, and triplex) play an important role in epigenetic processes (including the genetic variability of viruses), are prone to energetically low-cost conformational transformations and can very effectively be used in the design of nanoscale devices. Numerous experimental data have been analyzed in connection with the so-called oligonucleotides-transformers (nucleotide sequences that able to fold not only into one, but also into several NSs). These sequences were recently predicted by our calculations using automata and graph theories ("Dafna" algorithm). Possible applications of the oligonucleotides-transformers in nanoengineering and genetic editing of organisms are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav S Bachurin
- Rostov State Medical University, 29 Nakhichevanskiy Lane, Rostov-on-Don 344022, Russian Federation.
| | - Mikhail E Kletskii
- Chemical Department of Southern Federal University, 7 Zorge Str, Rostov-on-Don 344090, Russian Federation
| | - Oleg N Burov
- Chemical Department of Southern Federal University, 7 Zorge Str, Rostov-on-Don 344090, Russian Federation
| | - Mikhail Yu Bibov
- Rostov State Medical University, 29 Nakhichevanskiy Lane, Rostov-on-Don 344022, Russian Federation
| | - Natalya M Dobaeva
- Rostov State Medical University, 29 Nakhichevanskiy Lane, Rostov-on-Don 344022, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitriy P Berezovskiy
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), build. 4, 2 Bolshaya Pirogovskaya Str, Moscow 119435, Russian Federation
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17
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Experimental Characterization of a Stick-Slip Driving Micro Conveyance Device Consisting of Digital Actuators. ACTUATORS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/act11040112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Micro conveyance devices are important elements in high precision positioning systems, which play vital roles in many scientific and industrial fields and are widely needed in many applications. This work presents the modeling and experimental validation of a pre-designed and fabricated micro conveyance device. This micro conveyance device consists of eight elementary electromagnetic digital actuators and can realize a conveyance application based on a stick-slip driving principle. A dynamic model based on the prototype device was established for stick-slip displacement simulation. Four sub-models of the dynamic model regarding the calculation of actuation force and friction force within the device were built and integrated. Experiments focusing on the conveyance application were carried out to test the performance of the prototype device. It has been observed that the simulated results obtained using the dynamic model were in good agreement with the experiment results. The proposed device suggests an alternative to the micro conveyance system.
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18
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Taylor JM, Luan H, Lewis JA, Rogers JA, Nuzzo RG, Braun PV. Biomimetic and Biologically Compliant Soft Architectures via 3D and 4D Assembly Methods: A Perspective. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2108391. [PMID: 35233865 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202108391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Recent progress in soft material chemistry and enabling methods of 3D and 4D fabrication-emerging programmable material designs and associated assembly methods for the construction of complex functional structures-is highlighted. The underlying advances in this science allow the creation of soft material architectures with properties and shapes that programmably vary with time. The ability to control composition from the molecular to the macroscale is highlighted-most notably through examples that focus on biomimetic and biologically compliant soft materials. Such advances, when coupled with the ability to program material structure and properties across multiple scales via microfabrication, 3D printing, or other assembly techniques, give rise to responsive (4D) architectures. The challenges and prospects for progress in this emerging field in terms of its capacities for integrating chemistry, form, and function are described in the context of exemplary soft material systems demonstrating important but heretofore difficult-to-realize biomimetic and biologically compliant behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay M Taylor
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Materials Research Laboratory, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 104 South Goodwin Ave., Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Haiwen Luan
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Jennifer A Lewis
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - John A Rogers
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Departments of Materials Science and Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Neurological Surgery, Chemistry, Mechanical Engineering, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Ralph G Nuzzo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 600 S Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Surface and Corrosion Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Drottning Kristinasväg 51, Stockholm, 10044, Sweden
| | - Paul V Braun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Materials Research Laboratory, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 104 South Goodwin Ave., Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 600 S Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
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19
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Zhao H, Cheng X, Wu C, Liu TL, Zhao Q, Li S, Ni X, Yao S, Han M, Huang Y, Zhang Y, Rogers JA. Mechanically Guided Hierarchical Assembly of 3D Mesostructures. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2109416. [PMID: 35067974 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202109416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
3D, hierarchical micro/nanostructures formed with advanced functional materials are of growing interest due to their broad potential utility in electronics, robotics, battery technology, and biomedical engineering. Among various strategies in 3D micro/nanofabrication, a set of methods based on compressive buckling offers wide-ranging material compatibility, fabrication scalability, and precise process control. Previously reports on this type of approach rely on a single, planar prestretched elastomeric platform to transform thin-film precursors with 2D layouts into 3D architectures. The simple planar configuration of bonding sites between these precursors and their assembly substrates prevents the realization of certain types of complex 3D geometries. In this paper, a set of hierarchical assembly concepts is reported that leverage multiple layers of prestretched elastomeric substrates to induce not only compressive buckling of 2D precursors bonded to them but also of themselves, thereby creating 3D mesostructures mounted at multiple levels of 3D frameworks with complex, elaborate configurations. Control over strains used in these processes provides reversible access to multiple different 3D layouts in a given structure. Examples to demonstrate these ideas through both experimental and computational results span vertically aligned helices to closed 3D cages, selected for their relevance to 3D conformal bio-interfaces and multifunctional microsystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangbo Zhao
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Xu Cheng
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Changsheng Wu
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Tzu-Li Liu
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Qinai Zhao
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Shuo Li
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Xinchen Ni
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Shenglian Yao
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Mengdi Han
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yonggang Huang
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Yihui Zhang
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - John A Rogers
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
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20
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Zhao H, Liu R, Zhang H, Cao P, Liu Z, Li Y. Research Progress on the Flexibility of an Implantable Neural Microelectrode. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:386. [PMID: 35334680 PMCID: PMC8954487 DOI: 10.3390/mi13030386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Neural microelectrode is the important bridge of information exchange between the human body and machines. By recording and transmitting nerve signals with electrodes, people can control the external machines. At the same time, using electrodes to electrically stimulate nerve tissue, people with long-term brain diseases will be safely and reliably treated. Young's modulus of the traditional rigid electrode probe is not matched well with that of biological tissue, and tissue immune rejection is easy to generate, resulting in the electrode not being able to achieve long-term safety and reliable working. In recent years, the choice of flexible materials and design of electrode structures can achieve modulus matching between electrode and biological tissue, and tissue damage is decreased. This review discusses nerve microelectrodes based on flexible electrode materials and substrate materials. Simultaneously, different structural designs of neural microelectrodes are reviewed. However, flexible electrode probes are difficult to implant into the brain. Only with the aid of certain auxiliary devices, can the implant be safe and reliable. The implantation method of the nerve microelectrode is also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqing Zhao
- Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing 102600, China
| | - Ruping Liu
- Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing 102600, China
| | - Huiling Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing 102600, China
| | - Peng Cao
- Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing 102600, China
| | - Zilong Liu
- Division of Optics, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ye Li
- Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing 102600, China
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21
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Truong TA, Nguyen TK, Zhao H, Nguyen NK, Dinh T, Park Y, Nguyen T, Yamauchi Y, Nguyen NT, Phan HP. Engineering Stress in Thin Films: An Innovative Pathway Toward 3D Micro and Nanosystems. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2105748. [PMID: 34874620 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202105748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Transformation of conventional 2D platforms into unusual 3D configurations provides exciting opportunities for sensors, electronics, optical devices, and biological systems. Engineering material properties or controlling and modulating stresses in thin films to pop-up 3D structures out of standard planar surfaces has been a highly active research topic over the last decade. Implementation of 3D micro and nanoarchitectures enables unprecedented functionalities including multiplexed, monolithic mechanical sensors, vertical integration of electronics components, and recording of neuron activities in 3D organoids. This paper provides an overview on stress engineering approaches to developing 3D functional microsystems. The paper systematically presents the origin of stresses generated in thin films and methods to transform a 2D design into an out-of-plane configuration. Different types of 3D micro and nanostructures, along with their applications in several areas are discussed. The paper concludes with current technical challenges and potential approaches and applications of this fast-growing research direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh-An Truong
- Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia
| | - Tuan-Khoa Nguyen
- Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia
| | - Hangbo Zhao
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Nhat-Khuong Nguyen
- Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia
| | - Toan Dinh
- Centre for Future Materials, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, Queensland, 4305, Australia
| | - Yoonseok Park
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Thanh Nguyen
- Centre for Future Materials, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, Queensland, 4305, Australia
| | - Yusuke Yamauchi
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Nam-Trung Nguyen
- Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia
| | - Hoang-Phuong Phan
- Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia
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22
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Malekmohammadi S, Sedghi Aminabad N, Sabzi A, Zarebkohan A, Razavi M, Vosough M, Bodaghi M, Maleki H. Smart and Biomimetic 3D and 4D Printed Composite Hydrogels: Opportunities for Different Biomedical Applications. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1537. [PMID: 34829766 PMCID: PMC8615087 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, smart/stimuli-responsive hydrogels have drawn tremendous attention for their varied applications, mainly in the biomedical field. These hydrogels are derived from different natural and synthetic polymers but are also composite with various organic and nano-organic fillers. The basic functions of smart hydrogels rely on their ability to change behavior; functions include mechanical, swelling, shaping, hydrophilicity, and bioactivity in response to external stimuli such as temperature, pH, magnetic field, electromagnetic radiation, and biological molecules. Depending on the final applications, smart hydrogels can be processed in different geometries and modalities to meet the complicated situations in biological media, namely, injectable hydrogels (following the sol-gel transition), colloidal nano and microgels, and three dimensional (3D) printed gel constructs. In recent decades smart hydrogels have opened a new horizon for scientists to fabricate biomimetic customized biomaterials for tissue engineering, cancer therapy, wound dressing, soft robotic actuators, and controlled release of bioactive substances/drugs. Remarkably, 4D bioprinting, a newly emerged technology/concept, aims to rationally design 3D patterned biological matrices from synthesized hydrogel-based inks with the ability to change structure under stimuli. This technology has enlarged the applicability of engineered smart hydrogels and hydrogel composites in biomedical fields. This paper aims to review stimuli-responsive hydrogels according to the kinds of external changes and t recent applications in biomedical and 4D bioprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Malekmohammadi
- Department of Engineering, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK;
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran 1665659911, Iran;
- Nanomedicine Research Association (NRA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran 1419733151, Iran;
| | - Negar Sedghi Aminabad
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5166653431, Iran; (N.S.A.); (A.S.)
| | - Amin Sabzi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5166653431, Iran; (N.S.A.); (A.S.)
| | - Amir Zarebkohan
- Nanomedicine Research Association (NRA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran 1419733151, Iran;
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5166653431, Iran; (N.S.A.); (A.S.)
| | - Mehdi Razavi
- Biionix Cluster, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA;
| | - Massoud Vosough
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran 1665659911, Iran;
| | - Mahdi Bodaghi
- Department of Engineering, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK;
| | - Hajar Maleki
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Cologne, 50939 Cologne, Germany
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23
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Baruffaldi D, Palmara G, Pirri C, Frascella F. 3D Cell Culture: Recent Development in Materials with Tunable Stiffness. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:2233-2250. [PMID: 35014348 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that three-dimensional cell culture systems simulate physiological conditions better than traditional 2D systems. Although extracellular matrix components strongly modulate cell behavior, several studies underlined the importance of mechanosensing in the control of different cell functions such as growth, proliferation, differentiation, and migration. Human tissues are characterized by different degrees of stiffness, and various pathologies (e.g., tumor or fibrosis) cause changes in the mechanical properties through the alteration of the extracellular matrix structure. Additionally, these modifications have an impact on disease progression and on therapy response. Hence, the development of platforms whose stiffness could be modulated may improve our knowledge of cell behavior under different mechanical stress stimuli. In this review, we have analyzed the mechanical diversity of healthy and diseased tissues, and we have summarized recently developed materials with a wide range of stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Désirée Baruffaldi
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Turin 10129, Italy.,PolitoBIOMed Lab, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Turin 10129, Italy
| | - Gianluca Palmara
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Turin 10129, Italy.,PolitoBIOMed Lab, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Turin 10129, Italy
| | - Candido Pirri
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Turin 10129, Italy.,PolitoBIOMed Lab, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Turin 10129, Italy.,Center for Sustainable Futures@Polito, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Livorno 60, Turin 10144, Italy
| | - Francesca Frascella
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Turin 10129, Italy.,PolitoBIOMed Lab, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Turin 10129, Italy
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24
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Xie S, Ai L, Cui C, Fu T, Cheng X, Qu F, Tan W. Functional Aptamer-Embedded Nanomaterials for Diagnostics and Therapeutics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:9542-9560. [PMID: 33595277 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c19562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the past decades, various nanomaterials with unique properties have been explored for bioapplications. Meanwhile, aptamers, generated from the systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment technology, are becoming an indispensable element in the design of functional nanomaterials because of their small size, high stability, and convenient modification, especially endowing nanomaterials with recognition capability to specific targets. Therefore, the incorporation of aptamers into nanomaterials offers an unprecedented opportunity in the research fields of diagnostics and therapeutics. Here, we focus on recent advances in aptamer-embedded nanomaterials for bioapplications. First, we briefly introduce the properties of nanomaterials that can be functionalized with aptamers. Then, the applications of aptamer-embedded nanomaterials in cellular analysis, imaging, targeted drug delivery, gene editing, and cancer diagnosis/therapy are discussed. Finally, we provide some perspectives on the challenges and opportunities that have arisen from this promising area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitao Xie
- The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lili Ai
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Cui
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Ting Fu
- The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiangdong Cheng
- The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fengli Qu
- The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, Zhejiang, China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical, Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, P. R. China
| | - Weihong Tan
- The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, Zhejiang, China
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, Hunan, P. R. China
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
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25
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Ahmed A, Gauntlett OC, Camci-Unal G. Origami-Inspired Approaches for Biomedical Applications. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:46-54. [PMID: 33458458 PMCID: PMC7807481 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c05275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Modern day biomedical applications require progressions that combine advanced technology with the conformability of naturally occurring, complex biosystems. These advancements yield conformational interactions between the biomedical devices and the biological organisms' structures. Biomedical applications that adapt origami-inspired approaches have accrued aspired advances. Along with application-specific advantages, the most pertinent advances provided by origami-inspired strategies include voluminous structures with the ability to conform to biosystems, shape-shifting from two-dimensional (2D) to three-dimensional (3D) structures, and biocompatibility. Throughout this paper, the exploration of new studies, primarily within the past decade, with origami-based applications of biomedical devices, including their theories, experimental results, and plans for future testing are reviewed. This mini-review contains examples that aid the advancement of biomedical applications and hold promising future discoveries. The origami-inspired applications discussed within this paper are tissue scaffolds, drug delivery approaches, stents and catheters, implants, microfluidic devices, biosensors, and origami usage in surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdor
Rahman Ahmed
- Honors
College, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Olivia C. Gauntlett
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts
Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
| | - Gulden Camci-Unal
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts
Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
- Department
of Surgery, University of Massachusetts
Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, United States
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26
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Chu H, Yang W, Sun L, Cai S, Yang R, Liang W, Yu H, Liu L. 4D Printing: A Review on Recent Progresses. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E796. [PMID: 32842588 PMCID: PMC7570144 DOI: 10.3390/mi11090796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Since the late 1980s, additive manufacturing (AM), commonly known as three-dimensional (3D) printing, has been gradually popularized. However, the microstructures fabricated using 3D printing is static. To overcome this challenge, four-dimensional (4D) printing which defined as fabricating a complex spontaneous structure that changes with time respond in an intended manner to external stimuli. 4D printing originates in 3D printing, but beyond 3D printing. Although 4D printing is mainly based on 3D printing and become an branch of additive manufacturing, the fabricated objects are no longer static and can be transformed into complex structures by changing the size, shape, property and functionality under external stimuli, which makes 3D printing alive. Herein, recent major progresses in 4D printing are reviewed, including AM technologies for 4D printing, stimulation method, materials and applications. In addition, the current challenges and future prospects of 4D printing were highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghui Chu
- School of Electromechanical and Automotive Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China; (H.C.); (L.S.); (R.Y.)
| | - Wenguang Yang
- School of Electromechanical and Automotive Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China; (H.C.); (L.S.); (R.Y.)
| | - Lujing Sun
- School of Electromechanical and Automotive Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China; (H.C.); (L.S.); (R.Y.)
| | - Shuxiang Cai
- School of Electromechanical and Automotive Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China; (H.C.); (L.S.); (R.Y.)
| | - Rendi Yang
- School of Electromechanical and Automotive Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China; (H.C.); (L.S.); (R.Y.)
| | - Wenfeng Liang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110016, China;
| | - Haibo Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China; (H.Y.); (L.L.)
| | - Lianqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China; (H.Y.); (L.L.)
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27
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Lim S, Luan H, Zhao S, Lee Y, Zhang Y, Huang Y, Rogers JA, Ahn JH. Assembly of Foldable 3D Microstructures Using Graphene Hinges. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2001303. [PMID: 32462694 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202001303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Origami/kirigami-inspired 3D assembly approaches have recently attracted attention for a variety of applications, such as advanced optoelectronic devices and biomedical sensors. The results reported here describe an approach to construct classes of multiple foldable 3D microstructures that involve deformations that typical conductive materials, such as conventional metal films, cannot tolerate. Atomically thin graphene sheets serve as folding hinges during a process of 2D to 3D conversion via a deterministic buckling process. The exceptional mechanical properties of graphene enable the controlled, geometric transformation of a 2D precursor bonded at selective sites on a prestretched elastomer into folded 3D microstructures, in a reversible manner without adverse effects on the electrical properties. Experimental and computational investigations of the folding mechanisms for such types of 3D objects reveal the underlying physics and the dependence of the process on the thickness of the graphene/supporting films that define the hinges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungyun Lim
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Haiwen Luan
- Departments of Mechanical Engineering, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Shiwei Zhao
- Departments of Mechanical Engineering, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- School of Aeronautic Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Yongjun Lee
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Yihui Zhang
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yonggang Huang
- Departments of Mechanical Engineering, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - John A Rogers
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Departments of Materials Science and Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Neurological Surgery, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Jong-Hyun Ahn
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
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28
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Karnaushenko D, Kang T, Bandari VK, Zhu F, Schmidt OG. 3D Self-Assembled Microelectronic Devices: Concepts, Materials, Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1902994. [PMID: 31512308 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201902994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Modern microelectronic systems and their components are essentially 3D devices that have become smaller and lighter in order to improve performance and reduce costs. To maintain this trend, novel materials and technologies are required that provide more structural freedom in 3D over conventional microelectronics, as well as easier parallel fabrication routes while maintaining compatability with existing manufacturing methods. Self-assembly of initially planar membranes into complex 3D architectures offers a wealth of opportunities to accommodate thin-film microelectronic functionalities in devices and systems possessing improved performance and higher integration density. Existing work in this field, with a focus on components constructed from 3D self-assembly, is reviewed, and an outlook on their application potential in tomorrow's microelectronics world is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniil Karnaushenko
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Dresden, 01069, Germany
| | - Tong Kang
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Dresden, 01069, Germany
| | - Vineeth K Bandari
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Dresden, 01069, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, 09107, Germany
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Rosenbergstraße 6, TU Chemnitz, Chemnitz, 09126, Germany
| | - Feng Zhu
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Dresden, 01069, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, 09107, Germany
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Rosenbergstraße 6, TU Chemnitz, Chemnitz, 09126, Germany
| | - Oliver G Schmidt
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Dresden, 01069, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, 09107, Germany
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Rosenbergstraße 6, TU Chemnitz, Chemnitz, 09126, Germany
- School of Science, TU Dresden, Dresden, 01062, Germany
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29
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Guo H, Zhang Q, Liu W, Nie Z. Light-Mediated Shape Transformation of a Self-Rolling Nanocomposite Hydrogel Tube. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:13521-13528. [PMID: 32096403 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b23195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Self-rolling of a planar hydrogel sheet represents an advanced approach for fabricating a tubular construct, which is of significant interest in biomedicine. However, the self-rolling tube is usually lacking in remote controllability and requires a relatively tedious fabrication procedure. Herein, we present an easy and controllable approach for fabricating self-rolling tubes that can respond to both magnetic field and light. With the introduction of magnetic nanorods in a hydrogel precursor, a strain gradient is created across the thickness of the formed hydrogel sheet during the photopolymerization process. After the removal of the strain constraint, the nanocomposite sheet rolls up spontaneously. The self-rolling scenario of the sheet can be tuned by varying the sheet geometry and the magnetic nanorod concentration in the hydrogel precursor. The nanocomposite hydrogel tube translates in the presence of a magnetic field and produces heat upon a near-infrared (NIR) light illumination by virtue of the magnetic and photo-thermal properties of the magnetic nanorods. The self-rolling tube either opens up or expands its diameter under NIR light irradiation depending on the number of rolls in the tube. With the use of a thermo-responsive hydrogel material, we demonstrate the magnetically guided motion of the chemical-bearing nanocomposite hydrogel tube and its controlled chemical release through its light-mediated deformation. The approach reported herein is expected to be applicable to other self-rolling polymer-based dry materials, and the nanocomposite hydrogel tube presented in this work may find potential applications in soft robot and controlled release of drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Guo
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park 20742, Maryland, United States
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park 20742, Maryland, United States
| | - Wei Liu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, P. R. China
| | - Zhihong Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park 20742, Maryland, United States
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30
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Park JK, Nan K, Luan H, Zheng N, Zhao S, Zhang H, Cheng X, Wang H, Li K, Xie T, Huang Y, Zhang Y, Kim S, Rogers JA. Remotely Triggered Assembly of 3D Mesostructures Through Shape-Memory Effects. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1905715. [PMID: 31721341 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201905715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
3D structures that incorporate high-performance electronic materials and allow for remote, on-demand 3D shape reconfiguration are of interest for applications that range from ingestible medical devices and microrobotics to tunable optoelectronics. Here, materials and design approaches are introduced for assembly of such systems via controlled mechanical buckling of 2D precursors built on shape-memory polymer (SMP) substrates. The temporary shape fixing and recovery of SMPs, governed by thermomechanical loading, provide deterministic control over the assembly and reconfiguration processes, including a range of mechanical manipulations facilitated by the elastic and highly stretchable properties of the materials. Experimental demonstrations include 3D mesostructures of various geometries and length scales, as well as 3D aquatic platforms that can change trajectories and release small objects on demand. The results create many opportunities for advanced, programmable 3D microsystem technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Kyu Park
- Department of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Kewang Nan
- Department of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Haiwen Luan
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Ning Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Shiwei Zhao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- School of Aeronautic Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Hang Zhang
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Xu Cheng
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Heling Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Kan Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1PZ, UK
| | - Tao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Yonggang Huang
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Yihui Zhang
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Seok Kim
- Department of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - John A Rogers
- Departments of Materials Science and Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Neurological Surgery, Chemistry, Mechanical Engineering, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Simpson Querrey Institute and Feinberg Medical School, Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
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31
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Pahapale GJ, Gao S, Romer LH, Gracias DH. Hierarchically Curved Gelatin for 3D Biomimetic Cell Culture. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2019; 2:6004-6011. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b00916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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32
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Konishi S, Oya F. Morphological Transformation between Flat and Tube Structures by Coordinated Motions of Soft Pneumatic Microactuators. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14483. [PMID: 31597950 PMCID: PMC6785533 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50670-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Microactuators are the most distinctive and challenging microdevices among micro electromechanical systems (MEMS) relative to microsensors or electronic circuits. Soft and flexible microactuators have been achieved by introducing polymers as structural materials in addition to conventional materials. Expanding the application of MEMS to the biomedical field requires particular features, such as softness and small devices. It is important to address small and fragile biological objects while satisfying the demand for minimally invasive medicine. Both MEMS and biomedical applications require three-dimensional microstructures for higher-order functions. In general, microactuators are limited to simple motions such as bending. Our group has developed an openable artificial small intestinal tract system. An array of pneumatic balloon actuators (PBAs) transforms a flat structure into a tube structure representing the small intestine. Coordination of the bending motions of the PBAs enables the formation of a three-dimensional tube structure. Each PBA is 400 μm × 1800 μm × 100 μm. The diameter of the tube structure is 1 mm. Additional higher-order functions of the artificial small intestine, such as peristaltic motion, are currently of interest for us. This paper describes the morphological transformation of a soft microstructure and further potential possibilities of coordinated motions of soft microactuators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Konishi
- Ritsumeikan University, College of Science and Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kusatsu, 525-8577, Japan.
- Ritsumeikan University, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kusatsu, 525-8577, Japan.
| | - Fumitaka Oya
- Ritsumeikan University, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kusatsu, 525-8577, Japan
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33
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Gabler F, Karnaushenko DD, Karnaushenko D, Schmidt OG. Magnetic origami creates high performance micro devices. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3013. [PMID: 31285441 PMCID: PMC6614421 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10947-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Self-assembly of two-dimensional patterned nanomembranes into three-dimensional micro-architectures has been considered a powerful approach for parallel and scalable manufacturing of the next generation of micro-electronic devices. However, the formation pathway towards the final geometry into which two-dimensional nanomembranes can transform depends on many available degrees of freedom and is plagued by structural inaccuracies. Especially for high-aspect-ratio nanomembranes, the potential energy landscape gives way to a manifold of complex pathways towards misassembly. Therefore, the self-assembly yield and device quality remain low and cannot compete with state-of-the art technologies. Here we present an alternative approach for the assembly of high-aspect-ratio nanomembranes into microelectronic devices with unprecedented control by remotely programming their assembly behavior under the influence of external magnetic fields. This form of magnetic Origami creates micro energy storage devices with excellent performance and high yield unleashing the full potential of magnetic field assisted assembly for on-chip manufacturing processes. Despite the potential of self-assembly strategies for fabricating 3D micro-electronic devices, technological limitations prohibit widespread industrial adoption. Here, the authors report the magnetic field-assisted Origami-based assembly of high-performance devices with high yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Gabler
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany.,Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, TU Chemnitz, 09107, Chemnitz, Germany
| | | | - Daniil Karnaushenko
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Oliver G Schmidt
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany. .,Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, TU Chemnitz, 09107, Chemnitz, Germany. .,Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), TU Chemnitz, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany. .,Nanophysics, Faculty of Physics, TU Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany.
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34
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Buckling and twisting of advanced materials into morphable 3D mesostructures. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:13239-13248. [PMID: 31217291 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1901193116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently developed methods in mechanically guided assembly provide deterministic access to wide-ranging classes of complex, 3D structures in high-performance functional materials, with characteristic length scales that can range from nanometers to centimeters. These processes exploit stress relaxation in prestretched elastomeric platforms to affect transformation of 2D precursors into 3D shapes by in- and out-of-plane translational displacements. This paper introduces a scheme for introducing local twisting deformations into this process, thereby providing access to 3D mesostructures that have strong, local levels of chirality and other previously inaccessible geometrical features. Here, elastomeric assembly platforms segmented into interconnected, rotatable units generate in-plane torques imposed through bonding sites at engineered locations across the 2D precursors during the process of stress relaxation. Nearly 2 dozen examples illustrate the ideas through a diverse variety of 3D structures, including those with designs inspired by the ancient arts of origami/kirigami and with layouts that can morph into different shapes. A mechanically tunable, multilayered chiral 3D metamaterial configured for operation in the terahertz regime serves as an application example guided by finite-element analysis and electromagnetic modeling.
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35
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Nelson TG, Zimmerman TK, Magleby SP, Lang RJ, Howell LL. Developable mechanisms on developable surfaces. Sci Robot 2019; 4:4/27/eaau5171. [DOI: 10.1126/scirobotics.aau5171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The trend toward smaller mechanism footprints and volumes, while maintaining the ability to perform complex tasks, presents the opportunity for exploration of hypercompact mechanical systems integrated with curved surfaces. Developable surfaces are shapes that a flat sheet can take without tearing or stretching, and they represent a wide range of manufactured surfaces. This work introduces “developable mechanisms” as devices that emerge from or conform to developable surfaces. They are made possible by aligning hinge axes with developable surface ruling lines to enable mobility. Because rigid-link motion depends on the relative orientation of hinge axes and not link geometry, links can take the shape of the corresponding developable surface. Mechanisms are classified by their associated surface type, and these relationships are defined and demonstrated by example. Developable mechanisms show promise for meeting unfilled needs using systems not previously envisioned.
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36
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Palza H, Zapata PA, Angulo-Pineda C. Electroactive Smart Polymers for Biomedical Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E277. [PMID: 30654487 PMCID: PMC6357059 DOI: 10.3390/ma12020277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The flexibility in polymer properties has allowed the development of a broad range of materials with electroactivity, such as intrinsically conductive conjugated polymers, percolated conductive composites, and ionic conductive hydrogels. These smart electroactive polymers can be designed to respond rationally under an electric stimulus, triggering outstanding properties suitable for biomedical applications. This review presents a general overview of the potential applications of these electroactive smart polymers in the field of tissue engineering and biomaterials. In particular, details about the ability of these electroactive polymers to: (1) stimulate cells in the context of tissue engineering by providing electrical current; (2) mimic muscles by converting electric energy into mechanical energy through an electromechanical response; (3) deliver drugs by changing their internal configuration under an electrical stimulus; and (4) have antimicrobial behavior due to the conduction of electricity, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humberto Palza
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Biotecnología y Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Chile, 8370456 Santiago, Chile.
- Millenium Nuclei in Soft Smart Mechanical Metamaterials, Universidad de Chile, 8370456 Santiago, Chile.
| | - Paula Andrea Zapata
- Grupo de Polímeros, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, 8350709 Santiago, Chile.
| | - Carolina Angulo-Pineda
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Biotecnología y Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Chile, 8370456 Santiago, Chile.
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