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He CC, Song TC, Qi RQ, Gao XH. Integrated single-cell and spatial transcriptomics reveals heterogeneity of fibroblast and pivotal genes in psoriasis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17134. [PMID: 37816883 PMCID: PMC10564713 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44346-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis, which is one of the most common skin diseases, involves an array of complex immune constituents including T cells, dendritic cells and monocytes. Particularly, the cytokine IL17A, primarily generated by TH17 cells, assumes a crucial function in the etiology of psoriasis. In this study, a comprehensive investigation utilizing bulk RNA analysis, single-cell RNA sequencing, and spatial transcriptomics was employed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of psoriasis. Our study revealed that there is an overlap between the genes that are differentially expressed in psoriasis patients receiving three anti-IL17A monoclonal antibody drugs and the genes that are differentially expressed in lesion versus non-lesion samples in these patients. Further analysis using single-cell and spatial data from psoriasis samples confirmed the expression of hub genes that had low expressions in psoriasis tissue but were up-regulated after anti-IL17A treatments. These genes were found to be associated with the treatment effects of brodalumab and methotrexate, but not adalimumab, etanercept, and ustekinumab. Additionally, these genes were predominantly expressed in fibroblasts. In our study, fibroblasts were categorized into five clusters. Notably, hub genes exhibited predominant expression in cluster 3 fibroblasts, which were primarily engaged in the regulation of the extracellular matrix and were predominantly located in the reticular dermis. Subsequent analysis unveiled that cluster 3 fibroblasts also established communication with epithelial cells and monocytes via the ANGPTL-SDC4 ligand-receptor configuration, and their regulation was governed by the transcription factor TWIST1. Conversely, cluster 4 fibroblasts, responsible for vascular endothelial regulation, were predominantly distributed in the papillary dermis. Cluster 4 predominantly engaged in interactions with endothelial cells via MDK signals and was governed by the distinctive transcription factor, ERG. By means of an integrated analysis encompassing bulk transcriptomics, single-cell RNA sequencing, and spatial transcriptomics, we have discerned genes and clusters of fibroblasts that potentially contribute to the pathogenesis of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong-Cong He
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University and Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education, No.155 Nanjing Bei Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian-Cong Song
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui-Qun Qi
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University and Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education, No.155 Nanjing Bei Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing-Hua Gao
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University and Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education, No.155 Nanjing Bei Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Xu G, Xiao L, Guo P, Wang Y, Ke S, Lyu G, Ding X, Lu Q, Kaplan DL. Silk Nanofiber Scaffolds with Multiple Angiogenic Cues to Accelerate Wound Regeneration. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:5813-5823. [PMID: 37710361 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c01023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Niches with multiple physical and chemical cues can influence the fate of cells and tissues in vivo. Simulating the in vivo niche in the design of bioactive materials is a challenge, particularly to tune multiple cues simultaneously in the same system. Here, an assembly strategy was developed to regulate multiple cues in the same scaffold based on the use of two silk nanofiber components that respond differently during the fabrication processes. An aqueous solution containing the two components, amorphous silk nanofibers (ASNFs) and β-sheet-rich silk nanofibers (BSNFs), was sequentially treated with an electrical field and freeze-drying processes where the BSNFs oriented to the electrical field, while the ASNFs formed stable porous structures during the lyophilization process to impact the mechanical properties. Bioactive cargo, such as deferoxamine (DFO), was loaded on the BSNFs to enrich cell responses with the scaffolds. The in vitro results revealed that the loaded DFO and the anisotropic structures with improved mechanical properties resulted in better vascularization than those of the scaffolds without the anisotropic features. The multiple cues in the scaffolds provided angiogenic niches to accelerate wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Lianyungang 222061, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Radiation Protection, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kanda College of Nanjing Medical University, Lianyungang 222061, People's Republic of China
| | - Liying Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Radiation Protection, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Guo
- Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Wound Repair Technology, Jiangnan University, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Radiation Protection, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiyu Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Radiation Protection, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Guozhong Lyu
- Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Wound Repair Technology, Jiangnan University, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangsheng Ding
- Department of Burns, The Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Lianyungang 222061, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Radiation Protection, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - David L Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
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Ding JY, Sun L, Zhu ZH, Wu XC, Xu XL, Xiang YW. Nano drug delivery systems: a promising approach to scar prevention and treatment. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:268. [PMID: 37568194 PMCID: PMC10416511 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-02037-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Scar formation is a common physiological process that occurs after injury, but in some cases, pathological scars can develop, leading to serious physiological and psychological effects. Unfortunately, there are currently no effective means to intervene in scar formation, and the structural features of scars and their unclear mechanisms make prevention and treatment even more challenging. However, the emergence of nanotechnology in drug delivery systems offers a promising avenue for the prevention and treatment of scars. Nanomaterials possess unique properties that make them well suited for addressing issues related to transdermal drug delivery, drug solubility, and controlled release. Herein, we summarize the recent progress made in the use of nanotechnology for the prevention and treatment of scars. We examine the mechanisms involved and the advantages offered by various types of nanomaterials. We also highlight the outstanding challenges and questions that need to be addressed to maximize the potential of nanotechnology in scar intervention. Overall, with further development, nanotechnology could significantly improve the prevention and treatment of pathological scars, providing a brighter outlook for those affected by this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ying Ding
- Center of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yueyang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Lu Sun
- Center of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yueyang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Zhi-Heng Zhu
- Center of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yueyang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xi-Chen Wu
- Center of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yueyang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xiao-Ling Xu
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, 310015, PR China.
| | - Yan-Wei Xiang
- Center of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yueyang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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4
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Woodley JP, Lambert DW, Asencio IO. Reduced Fibroblast Activation on Electrospun Polycaprolactone Scaffolds. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10030348. [PMID: 36978739 PMCID: PMC10045272 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10030348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In vivo, quiescent fibroblasts reside in three-dimensional connective tissues and are activated in response to tissue injury before proliferating rapidly and becoming migratory and contractile myofibroblasts. When deregulated, chronic activation drives fibrotic disease. Fibroblasts cultured on stiff 2D surfaces display a partially activated phenotype, whilst many 3D environments limit fibroblast activation. Cell mechanotransduction, spreading, polarity, and integrin expression are controlled by material mechanical properties and micro-architecture. Between 3D culture systems, these features are highly variable, and the challenge of controlling individual properties without altering others has led to an inconsistent picture of fibroblast behaviour. Electrospinning offers greater control of mechanical properties and microarchitecture making it a valuable model to study fibroblast activation behaviour in vitro. Here, we present a comprehensive characterisation of the activation traits of human oral fibroblasts grown on a microfibrous scaffold composed of electrospun polycaprolactone. After over 7 days in the culture, we observed a reduction in proliferation rates compared to cells cultured in 2D, with low KI67 expression and no evidence of cellular senescence. A-SMA mRNA levels fell, and the expression of ECM protein-coding genes also decreased. Electrospun fibrous scaffolds, therefore, represent a tuneable platform to investigate the mechanisms of fibroblast activation and their roles in fibrotic disease.
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Joshi A, Nuntapramote T, Brüggemann D. Self-Assembled Fibrinogen Scaffolds Support Cocultivation of Human Dermal Fibroblasts and HaCaT Keratinocytes. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:8650-8663. [PMID: 36910955 PMCID: PMC9996769 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembled fibrinogen scaffolds are highly attractive biomaterials to mimic native blood clots. To explore their potential for wound healing, we studied the interaction of cocultures of human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) and HaCaT keratinocytes with nanofibrous, planar, and physisorbed fibrinogen. Cell viability analysis indicated that the growth of HDFs and HaCaTs was supported by all fibrinogen topographies until 14 days, either in mono- or coculture. Using scanning electron microscopy and cytoskeletal staining, we observed that the native morphology of both cell types was preserved on all topographies. Expression of the marker proteins vimentin and cytokeratin-14 showed that the native phenotype of fibroblasts and undifferentiated keratinocytes, respectively, was maintained. HDFs displayed their characteristic wound healing phenotype, characterized by expression of fibronectin. Finally, to mimic the multilayered microenvironment of skin, we established successive cocultures of both cells, for which we found consistently high metabolic activities. SEM analysis revealed that HaCaTs arranged into a confluent top layer after 14 days, while fluorescent labeling confirmed the presence of both cells in the layered structure after 6 days. In conclusion, all fibrinogen topographies successfully supported the cocultivation of fibroblasts and keratinocytes, with fibrinogen nanofibers being particularly attractive for skin regeneration due to their biomimetic porous architecture and the technical possibility to be detached from an underlying substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arundhati Joshi
- Institute
for Biophysics, University of Bremen, Otto-Hahn-Allee 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Titinun Nuntapramote
- Institute
for Biophysics, University of Bremen, Otto-Hahn-Allee 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Dorothea Brüggemann
- Institute
for Biophysics, University of Bremen, Otto-Hahn-Allee 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- MAPEX
Center for Materials and Processes, University
of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
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6
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Talpan D, Salla S, Meusel L, Walter P, Kuo CC, Franzen J, Fuest M. Cytoprotective Effects of Human Platelet Lysate during the Xeno-Free Culture of Human Donor Corneas. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032882. [PMID: 36769200 PMCID: PMC9917909 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the suitability of 2% human platelet lysate medium (2%HPL) as a replacement for 2% fetal bovine serum medium (2%FBS) for the xeno-free organ culture of human donor corneas. A total of 32 corneas from 16 human donors were cultured in 2%FBS for 3 days (TP1), then evaluated using phase contrast microscopy (endothelial cell density (ECD) and cell morphology). Following an additional 25-day culture period (TP2) in either 2%FBS or 2%HPL, the pairs were again compared using microscopy; then stroma and Descemet membrane/endothelium (DmE) were processed for next generation sequencing (NGS). At TP2 the ECD was higher in the 2%HPL group (2179 ± 288 cells/mm2) compared to 2%FBS (2113 ± 331 cells/mm2; p = 0.03), and endothelial cell loss was lower (ECL HPL = -0.7% vs. FBS = -3.8%; p = 0.01). There were no significant differences in cell morphology between TP1 and 2, or between 2%HPL and 2%FBS. NGS showed the differential expression of 1644 genes in endothelial cells and 217 genes in stromal cells. It was found that 2%HPL led to the upregulation of cytoprotective, anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic genes (HMOX1, SERPINE1, ANGPTL4, LEFTY2, GADD45B, PLIN2, PTX3, GFRA1/2), and the downregulation of pro-inflammatory/apoptotic genes (e.g., CXCL14, SIK1B, PLK5, PPP2R3B, FABP5, MAL, GATA3). 2%HPL is a suitable xeno-free substitution for 2%FBS in human cornea organ culture, inducing less ECL and producing potentially beneficial alterations in gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Talpan
- Department of Ophthalmology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Sabine Salla
- Department of Ophthalmology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Cornea Bank Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Linus Meusel
- Department of Ophthalmology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Cornea Bank Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Peter Walter
- Department of Ophthalmology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Cornea Bank Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Chao-Chung Kuo
- Genomics Facility, Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Julia Franzen
- Genomics Facility, Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Matthias Fuest
- Department of Ophthalmology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Cornea Bank Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Correspondence:
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7
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Li J, Xiao L, Gao S, Huang H, Lei Q, Chen Y, Chen Z, Xue L, Yan F, Cai L. Radial Sponges Facilitate Wound Healing by Promoting Cell Migration and Angiogenesis. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2202737. [PMID: 36603134 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202202737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The topographic cues of wound dressings play important roles in regulating cellular behaviors, such as cellular migration and morphology, and are capable of providing a prolonged stimulus for promoting wound healing. However, 3D porous dressings that can guide wound healing from the periphery to the center are poorly studied. Herein, radial sponges with adjustable lamellar spacing and microridge spacing by ice templating are developed to facilitate wound healing. With denser lamellae and microridges, fibroblasts achieve a more orderly arrangement, a larger elongation, and a greater migration rate. Meanwhile, the elongated state enables human umbilical vein endothelial cells to vascularization. The faster healing rate and a higher degree of vascularization based on radial sponges are further demonstrated in full-thickness skin defects in rats. Taken together, radial sponges with the densest lamellae and microridges perform the best in guiding the wound from the periphery to the center of the repair environment. It is believed that the proposed structure here can be combined with various biochemical factors to provide dressings with functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Li
- Department of Spine Surgery and Musculoskeletal Tumor, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 168 Donghu Street, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, P. R. China
| | - Lingfei Xiao
- Department of Spine Surgery and Musculoskeletal Tumor, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 168 Donghu Street, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, P. R. China
| | - Shijie Gao
- Department of Spine Surgery and Musculoskeletal Tumor, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 168 Donghu Street, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, P. R. China
| | - Huayi Huang
- Department of Spine Surgery and Musculoskeletal Tumor, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 168 Donghu Street, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, P. R. China
| | - Qingjian Lei
- Department of Spine Surgery and Musculoskeletal Tumor, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 168 Donghu Street, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, P. R. China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery and Musculoskeletal Tumor, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 168 Donghu Street, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, P. R. China
| | - Zhe Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery and Musculoskeletal Tumor, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 168 Donghu Street, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, P. R. China
| | - Longjian Xue
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, The Institute of Technological Science, Wuhan University, South Donghu Road 8, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Feifei Yan
- Department of Spine Surgery and Musculoskeletal Tumor, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 168 Donghu Street, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, P. R. China
| | - Lin Cai
- Department of Spine Surgery and Musculoskeletal Tumor, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 168 Donghu Street, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, P. R. China
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8
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Mohd Razali NA, Lin WC. Accelerating the excisional wound closure by using the patterned microstructural nanofibrous mats/gentamicin-loaded hydrogel composite scaffold. Mater Today Bio 2022; 16:100347. [PMID: 35813981 PMCID: PMC9263994 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2022.100347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ideal artificial tissue scaffolds should provide an in vitro microenvironment comparable to native human skin tissue to direct cell functions, regulate tissue homeostasis, and promote tissue regeneration. A sandwich-like composite scaffold consisting of a hydrogel layer and two aligned nanofibre layers was fabricated and applied as a wound-healing dressing. Gentamicin was preloaded into the hydrogel middle layer and naturally released for antibacterial activity during the healing period. Nanofibrous layers embedded on the top and bottom surfaces of the hydrogel improved the tensile strength fivefold (1560 kPa and 465% strain) while serving as a diffusion barrier to reduce the gentamicin initial burst release (30%–15%). Inspired by the extracellular matrix (ECM), the surface of nanofibre top layer was patterned with triangular microarrays using micro-moulding approach to reflect the multidimensional structure of ECM. Biocompatibility of the scaffold is proven from cytotoxicity and haemolysis studies. Fibroblast cells revealed a highly elongated and consistent alignment modulated by the micropatterned fibrous layer and directed their migration towards the wound area. Excisional wounds treated with the scaffold promoted 97.49% wound closure with low inflammation and rapid re-epithelialization and angiogenesis. This scaffold, with its tailored functionality capable of accelerating wound healing, has high potential in tissue engineering applications.
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Benchaprathanphorn K, Sakulaue P, Siriwatwechakul W, Muangman P, Chinaroonchai K, Namviriyachote N, Viravaidya-Pasuwat K. Expansion of fibroblast cell sheets using a modified MEEK micrografting technique for wound healing applications. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18541. [PMID: 36329229 PMCID: PMC9633782 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21913-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell sheet engineering, a scaffold-free approach to fabricate functional tissue constructs from several cell monolayers, has shown promise in tissue regeneration and wound healing. Unfortunately, these cell sheets are often too small to provide sufficient wound area coverage. In this study, we describe a process to enlarge cell sheets using MEEK micrografting, a technique extensively used to expand skin autografts for large burn treatments. Human dermal fibroblast cell sheets were placed on MEEK's prefolded gauze without any use of adhesive, cut along the premarked lines and stretched out at various expansion ratios (1:3, 1:6 and 1:9), resulting in regular distribution of many square islands of fibroblasts at a much larger surface area. The cellular processes essential for wound healing, including reattachment, proliferation, and migration, of the fibroblasts on expanded MEEK gauze were superior to those on nylon dressing which served as a control. The optimal expansion ratio with the highest migration rate was 1:6, possibly due to the activation of chemical signals caused by mechanical stretching and an effective intercellular communication distance. Therefore, the combination of cell sheet engineering with the MEEK micrografting technique could provide high quality cells with a large coverage area, which would be particularly beneficial in wound care applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanokaon Benchaprathanphorn
- grid.412151.20000 0000 8921 9789Biological Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, 10140 Thailand
| | - Phongphot Sakulaue
- grid.412434.40000 0004 1937 1127School of Bio-Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology, Thammasat University, Khlong Luang, 12120 Pathumthani Thailand
| | - Wanwipa Siriwatwechakul
- grid.412434.40000 0004 1937 1127School of Bio-Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology, Thammasat University, Khlong Luang, 12120 Pathumthani Thailand
| | - Pornprom Muangman
- grid.416009.aTrauma Division, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700 Thailand
| | - Kusuma Chinaroonchai
- grid.416009.aTrauma Division, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700 Thailand
| | - Nantaporn Namviriyachote
- grid.416009.aTrauma Division, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700 Thailand
| | - Kwanchanok Viravaidya-Pasuwat
- grid.412151.20000 0000 8921 9789Biological Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, 10140 Thailand ,grid.412151.20000 0000 8921 9789Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, 10140 Thailand ,grid.412151.20000 0000 8921 9789Biological Engineering and Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, 126 Pracha Uthit Rd., Bang Mod, Thung Khru, Bangkok, 10140 Thailand
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10
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Mechanical performance and cyocompatibility of PU/PLCL nanofibrous electrospun scaffolds for skin regeneration. ENGINEERED REGENERATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.engreg.2022.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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11
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Tang XH, Gambardella J, Jankauskas S, Wang X, Santulli G, Gudas LJ, Levi R. A Retinoic Acid Receptor β 2 Agonist Improves Cardiac Function in a Heart Failure Model. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2021; 379:182-190. [PMID: 34389654 PMCID: PMC8626778 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.121.000806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that the selective retinoic acid receptor (RAR) β 2 agonist AC261066 reduces oxidative stress in an ex vivo murine model of ischemia/reperfusion. We hypothesized that by decreasing oxidative stress and consequent fibrogenesis, AC261066 could attenuate the development of contractile dysfunction in post-ischemic heart failure (HF). We tested this hypothesis in vivo using an established murine model of myocardial infarction (MI), obtained by permanent occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Treating mice with AC261066 in drinking water significantly attenuated the post-MI deterioration of echocardiographic indices of cardiac function, diminished remodeling, and reduced oxidative stress, as evidenced by a decrease in malondialdehyde level and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase expression in cardiomyocytes. The effects of AC261066 were also associated with a decrease in interstitial fibrosis, as shown by a marked reduction in collagen deposition and α-smooth muscle actin expression. In cardiac murine fibroblasts subjected to hypoxia, AC261066 reversed hypoxia-induced decreases in superoxide dismutase 2 and angiopoietin-like 4 transcriptional levels as well as the increase in NADPH oxidase 2 mRNA, demonstrating that the post-MI cardioprotective effects of AC261066 are associated with an action at the fibroblast level. Thus, AC261066 alleviates post-MI cardiac dysfunction by modulating a set of genes involved in the oxidant/antioxidant balance. These AC261066 responsive genes diminish interstitial fibrogenesis and remodeling. Since MI is a recognized major cause of HF, our data identify RARβ 2 as a potential pharmacological target in the treatment of HF. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: A previous report showed that the selective retinoic acid receptor (RAR) β 2 agonist AC261066 reduces oxidative stress in an ex vivo murine model of ischemia/reperfusion. This study shows that AC261066 attenuates the development of contractile dysfunction and maladaptive remodeling in post-ischemic heart failure (HF) by modulating a set of genes involved in oxidant/antioxidant balance. Since myocardial infarction is a recognized major cause of HF, these data identify RARβ 2 as a potential pharmacological target in the treatment of HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Han Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York (X.-H.T., L.J.G., R.L.); Departments of Medicine (Cardiology) and Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York (J.G., S.J., X.W., G.S.)
| | - Jessica Gambardella
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York (X.-H.T., L.J.G., R.L.); Departments of Medicine (Cardiology) and Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York (J.G., S.J., X.W., G.S.)
| | - Stanislovas Jankauskas
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York (X.-H.T., L.J.G., R.L.); Departments of Medicine (Cardiology) and Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York (J.G., S.J., X.W., G.S.)
| | - Xujun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York (X.-H.T., L.J.G., R.L.); Departments of Medicine (Cardiology) and Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York (J.G., S.J., X.W., G.S.)
| | - Gaetano Santulli
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York (X.-H.T., L.J.G., R.L.); Departments of Medicine (Cardiology) and Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York (J.G., S.J., X.W., G.S.)
| | - Lorraine J Gudas
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York (X.-H.T., L.J.G., R.L.); Departments of Medicine (Cardiology) and Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York (J.G., S.J., X.W., G.S.)
| | - Roberto Levi
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York (X.-H.T., L.J.G., R.L.); Departments of Medicine (Cardiology) and Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York (J.G., S.J., X.W., G.S.)
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12
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Sharma D, Saha S, Satapathy BK. Recent advances in polymer scaffolds for biomedical applications. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2021; 33:342-408. [PMID: 34606739 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2021.1989569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The review provides insights into current advancements in electrospinning-assisted manufacturing for optimally designing biomedical devices for their prospective applications in tissue engineering, wound healing, drug delivery, sensing, and enzyme immobilization, and others. Further, the evolution of electrospinning-based hybrid biomedical devices using a combined approach of 3 D printing and/or film casting/molding, to design dimensionally stable membranes/micro-nanofibrous assemblies/patches/porous surfaces, etc. is reported. The influence of various electrospinning parameters, polymeric material, testing environment, and other allied factors on the morphological and physico-mechanical properties of electrospun (nano-/micro-fibrous) mats (EMs) and fibrous assemblies have been compiled and critically discussed. The spectrum of operational research and statistical approaches that are now being adopted for efficient optimization of electrospinning process parameters so as to obtain the desired response (physical and structural attributes) has prospectively been looked into. Further, the present review summarizes some current limitations and future perspectives for modeling architecturally novel hybrid 3 D/selectively textured structural assemblies, such as biocompatible, non-toxic, and bioresorbable mats/scaffolds/membranes/patches with apt mechanical stability, as biological substrates for various regenerative and non-regenerative therapeutic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Sharma
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Sampa Saha
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Bhabani K Satapathy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
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13
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Woodley JP, Lambert DW, Asencio IO. Understanding Fibroblast Behavior in 3D Biomaterials. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2021; 28:569-578. [PMID: 34102862 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2021.0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Traditional monolayer culture fails to fully recapitulate the in vivo environment of connective tissue cells such as the fibroblast. When cultured on stiff two-dimensional (2D) plastic, fibroblasts become highly proliferative forming broad lamellipodia and stress fibers. Conversely, in different three-dimensional (3D) culture systems, fibroblasts have displayed a diverse array of features; from an "activated" phenotype like that observed in 2D cultures and by myofibroblasts, to a quiescent state that likely better represents in vivo fibroblasts at rest. Today, a plethora of microfabrication techniques have made 3D culture commonplace, for both tissue engineering purposes and in the study of basic biological interactions. However, establishing the in vivo mimetic credentials of different biomimetic materials is not always straightforward, particularly in the context of fibroblast responses. Fibroblast behavior is governed by the complex interplay of biological features such as integrin binding sites, material mechanical properties that influence cellular mechanotransduction, and microarchitectural features like pore and fiber size, as well as chemical cues. Furthermore, fibroblasts are a heterogeneous group of cells with specific phenotypic traits dependent on their tissue of origin. These features have made understanding the influence of biomaterials on fibroblast behavior a challenging task. In this study, we present a review of the strategies used to investigate fibroblast behavior with a focus on the material properties that influence fibroblast activation, a process that becomes pathological in fibrotic diseases and certain cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe P Woodley
- Bioengineering and Health Technologies Group, The School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel W Lambert
- Integrated Bioscience Group, The School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Ilida Ortega Asencio
- Bioengineering and Health Technologies Group, The School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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14
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Abstract
The cultured meat market has been growing at an accelerated space since the first creation of cultured meat burger back in 2013. Substantial efforts have been made to reduce costs by eliminating serum in growth media and improving process efficiency by employing bioreactors. In parallel, efforts are also being made on scaffolding innovations to offer better cells proliferation, differentiation and tissue development. So far, scaffolds used in cultured meat research are predominantly collagen and gelatin, which are animal-derived. To align with cell-based meat vision i.e. environment conservation and animal welfare, plant-derived biomaterials for scaffolding are being intensively explored. This paper reviews and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of scaffold materials and potential scaffolding related to scale-up solution for the production of cultured meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Si Han Seah
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Satnam Singh
- Biomanufacturing Technology, Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lay Poh Tan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Deepak Choudhury
- Biomanufacturing Technology, Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
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15
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Liu M, Wang X, Li H, Xia C, Liu Z, Liu J, Yin A, Lou X, Wang H, Mo X, Wu J. Magnesium oxide-incorporated electrospun membranes inhibit bacterial infections and promote the healing process of infected wounds. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:3727-3744. [PMID: 33904568 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb00217a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial infections cause severe secondary damage to wounds and hinder wound healing processes. We prepared magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticle-incorporated nanofibrous membranes by electrospinning and investigated their potential for wound dressing and fighting bacterial infection. MgO-Incorporated membranes possessed good elasticity and flexibility similar to native skin tissue and were hydrophilic, ensuring comfortable contact with wound beds. The cytocompatibility of membranes was dependent on the amounts of incorporated MgO nanoparticles: lower amounts promoted while higher amounts suppressed the proliferation of fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and macrophages. The antibacterial capacity of membranes was proportional to the amounts of incorporated MgO nanoparticles and they inhibited more than 98% E. coli, 90% S. aureus, and 94% S. epidermidis. MgO nanoparticle-incorporated membranes effectively suppressed bacterial infection and significantly promoted the healing processes of infected full-thickness wounds in a rat model. Subcutaneous implantation demonstrated that the incorporation of MgO nanoparticles into electrospun membranes elevated their bioactivity as evidenced by considerable cell infiltration into their dense nanofiber configuration and enhanced the remodeling of implanted membranes. This study highlights the potential of MgO-incorporated electrospun membranes in preventing bacterial infections of wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Liu
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China.
| | - Haiyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China.
| | - Changlei Xia
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forestry Resources, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, P. R. China
| | - Zhengni Liu
- Department of Hernia and Abdominal Wall Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, TongJi University, 150 Ji Mo Road, Shanghai, 200120, P. R. China
| | - Jiajie Liu
- Department of Hernia and Abdominal Wall Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, TongJi University, 150 Ji Mo Road, Shanghai, 200120, P. R. China
| | - Anlin Yin
- College of Material and Textile Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314001, P. R. China
| | - Xiangxin Lou
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China.
| | - Hongsheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China.
| | - Xiumei Mo
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China.
| | - Jinglei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China. and Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhi Zao Ju Road, Shanghai, 200011, P. R. China
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16
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Nanofiber Configuration of Electrospun Scaffolds Dictating Cell Behaviors and Cell-scaffold Interactions. Chem Res Chin Univ 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-021-1024-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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17
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Wang Z, Cui W. Two Sides of Electrospun Fiber in Promoting and Inhibiting Biomedical Processes. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202000096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases Ruijin Hospital Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine 197 Ruijin 2nd Road Shanghai 200025 P. R. China
| | - Wenguo Cui
- Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases Ruijin Hospital Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine 197 Ruijin 2nd Road Shanghai 200025 P. R. China
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18
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Nanodecoration of electrospun polymeric fibers with nanostructured silver coatings by ionized jet deposition for antibacterial tissues. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 113:110998. [PMID: 32487406 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.110998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Silver-based nanomaterials are used as antibacterial agents in a number of applications, including wound dressing, where electrospun materials can effectively promote wound healing and tissue regeneration thanks to their biomimicry, flexibility and breathability. Incorporation of such nanomaterials in electrospun nonwovens is highly challenging if aiming at maximizing stability and antibacterial efficacy and minimizing silver detachment, without neglecting process straightforwardness and scalability. In this work nanostructured silver coatings were deposited by Ionized Jet Deposition (IJD) on Polylactic acid, a medical grade polyester-urethane and Polyamide 6,6 nanofibers. The resulting materials were thoroughly characterized to gain an in-depth view of coating morphology and substrate resistance to the low-temperature deposition process used. Morphology of silver coatings with well-cohesive grains having dimensions from a few tens to a few hundreds of nanometers was analyzed by SEM, TEM and AFM. TGA, DSC, FTIR and GPC showed that the polymers well withstand the deposition process with negligible effects on their properties, the only exception being the polylactic acid that resulted more susceptible to degradation. Finally, the efficacy against S. aureus and E. coli bacterial strains was demonstrated, indicating that electrospun fibers decorated with nanostructured silver by IJD represent a breakthrough solution in the field of antibacterial devices.
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Li Y, Xiao Z, Zhou Y, Zheng S, An Y, Huang W, He H, Yang Y, Li S, Chen Y, Xiao J, Wu J. Controlling the Multiscale Network Structure of Fibers To Stimulate Wound Matrix Rebuilding by Fibroblast Differentiation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:28377-28386. [PMID: 31251577 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b06439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) plays the role of a double-edged sword for controlling the differentiation of fibroblasts toward contractile myofibroblasts in the wound healing process. However, the exact structure-function relationship between ECM morphology and fibroblast behaviors still remains unclear. To better understand this relationship, herein, we designed and prepared a series of biocompatible polycaprolactone (PCL)-based fibers with different fiber diameters (nano vs micro) and different alignments (random vs aligned) using a simple electrospinning process, with a particular attention to the morphological effect of PCL fiber scaffolds on guiding fibroblast behaviors. Microfibers with the larger fiber diameters induce less cell spreading, adhesion, differentiation, and migration because of their lower surface tension. In contrast, nanofibers will retain fibroblast cells with typical spindle shapes and promote the expression of focal adhesion proteins through the integrin pathway. Furthermore, nanofibers upregulate the expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), transforming growth factor, and vimentin filaments, indicating that the size change of the PCL fiber matrix from micrometers to nanometers indeed alters fibroblast differentiation to activate more α-SMA-expressed contractile myofibroblasts. Such a fiber size-dependent fibroblast behavior is largely attributed to the enhanced surface tension from the dressing matrix, which helps to promote the conversion of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts via either tissue regeneration or fibrosis. Therefore, this work further indicated that the rearrangement of collagen from nano-tropocollagen to micro-collagen bundles during the wound healing process can reverse fibroblasts to myofibroblasts from motivated to demise. This finding allows us to achieve the structural-based design of a new fibrous matrix for promoting wound healing and tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , Zhejiang 325035 , P. R. China
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , Zhejiang 325200 , P. R. China
| | - Zecong Xiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , Zhejiang 325035 , P. R. China
| | - Yajiao Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , Zhejiang 325035 , P. R. China
| | - Sen Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , Zhejiang 325035 , P. R. China
| | - Ying An
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , Zhejiang 325035 , P. R. China
| | - Wen Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , Zhejiang 325035 , P. R. China
| | - Huacheng He
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering , Wenzhou University , Wenzhou , Zhejiang 325027 , P. R. China
| | - Yao Yang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering , Wenzhou University , Wenzhou , Zhejiang 325027 , P. R. China
| | - Shengyu Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering , Wenzhou University , Wenzhou , Zhejiang 325027 , P. R. China
| | - Yanxin Chen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering , Wenzhou University , Wenzhou , Zhejiang 325027 , P. R. China
| | - Jian Xiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , Zhejiang 325035 , P. R. China
| | - Jiang Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , Zhejiang 325035 , P. R. China
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