1
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Guo Z, Zhang J, Yang B, Li L, Liu X, Xu Y, Wu Y, Guo P, Sun T, Dai S, Liang H, Wang J, Zou Y, Xiong L, Huang J. Organic High-Temperature Synaptic Phototransistors for Energy-Efficient Neuromorphic Computing. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2310155. [PMID: 38100140 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202310155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Organic optoelectronic synaptic devices that can reliably operate in high-temperature environments (i.e., beyond 121°C) or remain stable after high-temperature treatments have significant potential in biomedical electronics and bionic robotic engineering. However, it is challenging to acquire this type of organic devices considering the thermal instability of conventional organic materials and the degradation of photoresponse mechanisms at high temperatures. Here, high-temperature synaptic phototransistors (HTSPs) based on thermally stable semiconductor polymer blends as the photosensitive layer are developed, successfully simulating fundamental optical-modulated synaptic characteristics at a wide operating temperature range from room temperature to 220°C. Robust optoelectronic performance can be observed in HTSPs even after experiencing 750 h of the double 85 testing due to the enhanced operational reliability. Using HTSPs, Morse-code optical decoding scheme and the visual object recognition capability are also verified at elevated temperatures. Furthermore, flexible HTSPs are fabricated, demonstrating an ultralow power consumption of 12.3 aJ per synaptic event at a low operating voltage of -0.05 mV. Overall, the conundrum of achieving reliable optical-modulated neuromorphic applications while balancing low power consumption can be effectively addressed. This research opens up a simple but effective avenue for the development of high-temperature and energy-efficient wearable optoelectronic devices in neuromorphic computing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Guo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, P. R. China
| | - Junyao Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, P. R. China
| | - Ben Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, P. R. China
| | - Li Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, P. R. China
| | - Xu Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, P. R. China
| | - Yutong Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, P. R. China
| | - Yue Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, P. R. China
| | - Pu Guo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, P. R. China
| | - Tongrui Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, P. R. China
| | - Shilei Dai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, P. R. China
| | - Haixia Liang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, P. R. China
| | - Jun Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, P. R. China
| | - Yidong Zou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, P. R. China
| | - Lize Xiong
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Brain Functional Modulation, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200434, P. R. China
| | - Jia Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, P. R. China
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Brain Functional Modulation, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200434, P. R. China
- National Key Laboratory of Autonomous Intelligent Unmanned Systems, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, P. R. China
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2
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Yang GG, Kim DH, Samal S, Choi J, Roh H, Cunin CE, Lee HM, Kim SO, Dincă M, Gumyusenge A. Polymer-Based Thermally Stable Chemiresistive Sensor for Real-Time Monitoring of NO 2 Gas Emission. ACS Sens 2023; 8:3687-3692. [PMID: 37721017 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c01530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
We present a thermally stable, mechanically compliant, and sensitive polymer-based NO2 gas sensor design. Interconnected nanoscale morphology driven from spinodal decomposition between conjugated polymers tethered with polar side chains and thermally stable matrix polymers offers judicious design of NO2-sensitive and thermally tolerant thin films. The resulting chemiresitive sensors exhibit stable NO2 sensing even at 170 °C over 6 h. Controlling the density of polar side chains along conjugated polymer backbone enables optimal design for coupling high NO2 sensitivity, selectivity, and thermal stability of polymer sensors. Lastly, thermally stable films are used to implement chemiresistive sensors onto flexible and heat-resistant substrates and demonstrate a reliable gas sensing response even after 500 bending cycles at 170 °C. Such unprecedented sensor performance as well as environmental stability are promising for real-time monitoring of gas emission from vehicles and industrial chemical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geon Gug Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Dong-Ha Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Sanket Samal
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jungwoo Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Heejung Roh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Camille E Cunin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Hyuck Mo Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Sang Ouk Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Mircea Dincă
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Aristide Gumyusenge
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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3
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Liu G, Lv Z, Batool S, Li MZ, Zhao P, Guo L, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Han ST. Biocompatible Material-Based Flexible Biosensors: From Materials Design to Wearable/Implantable Devices and Integrated Sensing Systems. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2207879. [PMID: 37009995 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202207879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Human beings have a greater need to pursue life and manage personal or family health in the context of the rapid growth of artificial intelligence, big data, the Internet of Things, and 5G/6G technologies. The application of micro biosensing devices is crucial in connecting technology and personalized medicine. Here, the progress and current status from biocompatible inorganic materials to organic materials and composites are reviewed and the material-to-device processing is described. Next, the operating principles of pressure, chemical, optical, and temperature sensors are dissected and the application of these flexible biosensors in wearable/implantable devices is discussed. Different biosensing systems acting in vivo and in vitro, including signal communication and energy supply are then illustrated. The potential of in-sensor computing for applications in sensing systems is also discussed. Finally, some essential needs for commercial translation are highlighted and future opportunities for flexible biosensors are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Liu
- Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics and College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Ziyu Lv
- Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics and College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Saima Batool
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | | | - Pengfei Zhao
- Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics and College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Liangchao Guo
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225127, P. R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Microelectronics, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, P. R. China
| | - Ye Zhou
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Su-Ting Han
- Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics and College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
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4
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Zhou Y, Li L, Han Z, Li Q, He J, Wang Q. Self-Healing Polymers for Electronics and Energy Devices. Chem Rev 2023; 123:558-612. [PMID: 36260027 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Polymers are extensively exploited as active materials in a variety of electronics and energy devices because of their tailorable electrical properties, mechanical flexibility, facile processability, and they are lightweight. The polymer devices integrated with self-healing ability offer enhanced reliability, durability, and sustainability. In this Review, we provide an update on the major advancements in the applications of self-healing polymers in the devices, including energy devices, electronic components, optoelectronics, and dielectrics. The differences in fundamental mechanisms and healing strategies between mechanical fracture and electrical breakdown of polymers are underlined. The key concepts of self-healing polymer devices for repairing mechanical integrity and restoring their functions and device performance in response to mechanical and electrical damage are outlined. The advantages and limitations of the current approaches to self-healing polymer devices are systematically summarized. Challenges and future research opportunities are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zhou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Li Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Zhubing Han
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Qi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Power System, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jinliang He
- State Key Laboratory of Power System, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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5
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Zhang N, Yang L, Li W, Zhu J, Chi K, Chang D, Qiao Y, Wang T, Zhao Y, Lu X, Liu Y. Alkyl-Substituted N,S-Embedded Heterocycloarenes with a Planar Aromatic Configuration for Hosting Fullerenes and Organic Field-Effect Transistors. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:21521-21529. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhang
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Longfei Yang
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Wenhao Li
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jiangyu Zhu
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Kai Chi
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Dongdong Chang
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yanjun Qiao
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Teng Wang
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xuefeng Lu
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yunqi Liu
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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6
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Zheng Y, Zhang S, Tok JBH, Bao Z. Molecular Design of Stretchable Polymer Semiconductors: Current Progress and Future Directions. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:4699-4715. [PMID: 35262336 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable polymer semiconductors have advanced rapidly in the past decade as materials required to realize conformable and soft skin-like electronics become available. Through rational molecular-level design, stretchable polymer semiconductor films are now able to retain their electrical functionalities even when subjected to repeated mechanical deformations. Furthermore, their charge-carrier mobilities are on par with the best flexible polymer semiconductors, with some even exceeding that of amorphous silicon. The key advancements are molecular-design concepts that allow multiple strain energy-dissipation mechanisms, while maintaining efficient charge-transport pathways over multiple length scales. In this perspective article, we review recent approaches to confer stretchability to polymer semiconductors while maintaining high charge carrier mobilities, with emphasis on the control of both polymer-chain dynamics and thin-film morphology. Additionally, we present molecular design considerations toward intrinsically elastic semiconductors that are needed for reliable device operation under reversible and repeated deformation. A general approach involving inducing polymer semiconductor nanoconfinement allows for incorporation of several other desired functionalities, such as biodegradability, self-healing, and photopatternability, while enhancing the charge transport. Lastly, we point out future directions, including advancing the fundamental understanding of morphology evolution and its correlation with the change of charge transport under strain, and needs for strain-resilient polymer semiconductors with high mobility retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Song Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jeffrey B-H Tok
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Zhenan Bao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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7
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Yu L, Pavlica E, Li R, Zhong Y, Silva C, Bratina G, Müller C, Amassian A, Stingelin N. Conjugated Polymer Mesocrystals with Structural and Optoelectronic Coherence and Anisotropy in Three Dimensions. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2103002. [PMID: 34676923 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202103002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Semiconducting mesocrystalline bulk polymer specimens that exhibit near-intrinsic properties using channel-die pressing are demonstrated. A predominant edge-on orientation is obtained for poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) throughout 2 mm-thick/wide samples. This persistent mesocrystalline arrangement at macroscopic scales allows reliable evaluation of the electronic charge-transport anisotropy along all three crystallographic axes, with high mobilities found along the π-stacking. Indeed, charge-carrier mobilities of up to 2.3 cm2 V-1 s-1 are measured along the π-stack, which are some of the highest mobilities reported for polymers at low charge-carrier densities (drop-cast films display mobilities of maximum ≈10-3 cm2 V-1 s-1 ). The structural coherence also leads to an unusually well-defined photoluminescence line-shape characteristic of an H-aggregate (measured from the surface perpendicular to the materials flow), rather than the typical HJ-aggregate feature usually found for P3HT. The approach is widely applicable: to electrical conductors and materials used in n-type devices, such as poly{[N,N'-bis(2-octyldodecyl)-naphthalene-1,4,5,8-bis(dicarboximide)-2,6-diyl]-alt-5,5'-(2,2'-bithiophene)} (N2200) where the mesocrystalline structure leads to high electron transport along the polymer backbones (≈1.3 cm2 V-1 s-1 ). This versatility and the broad applicability of channel-die pressing signifies its promise as a straightforward, readily scalable method to fabricate bulk semiconducting polymer structures at macroscopic scales with properties typically accessible only by the tedious growth of single crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyang Yu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Egon Pavlica
- Laboratory of Organic Matter Physics, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska 13, Nova Gorica, SI-5000, Slovenia
| | - Ruipeng Li
- NSLS II, Brookhaven National Lab, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Yufei Zhong
- Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Engineering, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo, 315100, P. R. China
| | - Carlos Silva
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0400, USA
| | - Gvido Bratina
- Laboratory of Organic Matter Physics, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska 13, Nova Gorica, SI-5000, Slovenia
| | - Christian Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, 41296, Sweden
| | - Aram Amassian
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Natalie Stingelin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0400, USA
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8
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Wu F, Liu Y, Zhang J, Duan S, Ji D, Yang H. Recent Advances in High-Mobility and High-Stretchability Organic Field-Effect Transistors: From Materials, Devices to Applications. SMALL METHODS 2021; 5:e2100676. [PMID: 34928035 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202100676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) are one of the essential building blocks for next-generation wearable electronics due to the high stretchability of OFET well matching with the large deformation of human skin. In recent years, some significant progress of stretchable OFETs have already been made via the strategies of stretchable molecular design and geometry engineering. However, the main opportunity and challenge of stretchable OFETs is still to simultaneously improve their stretchability and mobility. This review covers the recent advances in the research of stretchable OFETs with high mobility. First, the core stretchable materials are summarized, including organic semiconductors, electrodes, dielectrics, and substrates. Second, the materials and healing mechanism of self-healing OFET are summarized in detail. Subsequently, their different configurations and the potential applications are summarized. Finally, an outlook of future research directions and challenges in this area is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuming Wu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yixuan Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Shuming Duan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Deyang Ji
- Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin, 300072, China
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9
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Bai L, Han Y, Lin J, Xie L, Huang W. Intrinsically stretchable conjugated polymers for flexible optoelectronic devices. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2021; 66:2162-2164. [PMID: 36654105 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2021.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lubing Bai
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China; Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics and Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Yamin Han
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics and Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Jinyi Lin
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics and Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - Linghai Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China; Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics and Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China.
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10
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Chortos A. Extrusion
3D
printing of conjugated polymers. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Chortos
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana USA
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11
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Zheng Y, Yu Z, Zhang S, Kong X, Michaels W, Wang W, Chen G, Liu D, Lai JC, Prine N, Zhang W, Nikzad S, Cooper CB, Zhong D, Mun J, Zhang Z, Kang J, Tok JBH, McCulloch I, Qin J, Gu X, Bao Z. A molecular design approach towards elastic and multifunctional polymer electronics. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5701. [PMID: 34588448 PMCID: PMC8481247 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25719-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Next-generation wearable electronics require enhanced mechanical robustness and device complexity. Besides previously reported softness and stretchability, desired merits for practical use include elasticity, solvent resistance, facile patternability and high charge carrier mobility. Here, we show a molecular design concept that simultaneously achieves all these targeted properties in both polymeric semiconductors and dielectrics, without compromising electrical performance. This is enabled by covalently-embedded in-situ rubber matrix (iRUM) formation through good mixing of iRUM precursors with polymer electronic materials, and finely-controlled composite film morphology built on azide crosslinking chemistry which leverages different reactivities with C-H and C=C bonds. The high covalent crosslinking density results in both superior elasticity and solvent resistance. When applied in stretchable transistors, the iRUM-semiconductor film retained its mobility after stretching to 100% strain, and exhibited record-high mobility retention of 1 cm2 V-1 s-1 after 1000 stretching-releasing cycles at 50% strain. The cycling life was stably extended to 5000 cycles, five times longer than all reported semiconductors. Furthermore, we fabricated elastic transistors via consecutively photo-patterning of the dielectric and semiconducting layers, demonstrating the potential of solution-processed multilayer device manufacturing. The iRUM represents a molecule-level design approach towards robust skin-inspired electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Zhiao Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Song Zhang
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesbury, MS, USA
| | - Xian Kong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Wesley Michaels
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Weichen Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Gan Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Deyu Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jian-Cheng Lai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nathaniel Prine
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesbury, MS, USA
| | - Weimin Zhang
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Kaust Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Shayla Nikzad
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Donglai Zhong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jaewan Mun
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Zhitao Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jiheong Kang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeffrey B-H Tok
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Iain McCulloch
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Kaust Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jian Qin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Xiaodan Gu
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesbury, MS, USA
| | - Zhenan Bao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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12
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Callaway CP, Bombile JH, Mask W, Ryno SM, Risko C. Thermomechanical enhancement of
DPP‐4T
through purposeful
π‐conjugation
disruption. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Connor P. Callaway
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Applied Energy Research University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky USA
| | - Joel H. Bombile
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Applied Energy Research University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky USA
| | - Walker Mask
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Applied Energy Research University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky USA
| | - Sean M. Ryno
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Applied Energy Research University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky USA
| | - Chad Risko
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Applied Energy Research University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky USA
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13
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Qian Z, Galuska LA, Ma G, McNutt WW, Zhang S, Mei J, Gu X. Backbone flexibility on conjugated polymer's crystallization behavior and thin film mechanical stability. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Qian
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering The University of Southern Mississippi Hattiesburg Mississippi USA
| | - Luke A. Galuska
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering The University of Southern Mississippi Hattiesburg Mississippi USA
| | - Guorong Ma
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering The University of Southern Mississippi Hattiesburg Mississippi USA
| | - William W. McNutt
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana USA
| | - Song Zhang
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering The University of Southern Mississippi Hattiesburg Mississippi USA
| | - Jianguo Mei
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana USA
| | - Xiaodan Gu
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering The University of Southern Mississippi Hattiesburg Mississippi USA
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14
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Cao Z, Leng M, Cao Y, Gu X, Fang L. How rigid are conjugated non‐ladder and ladder polymers? JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Cao
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering The University of Southern Mississippi Hattiesburg Mississippi USA
| | - Mingwan Leng
- Department of Chemistry Texas A&M University College Station Texas USA
| | - Yirui Cao
- Department of Chemistry Texas A&M University College Station Texas USA
| | - Xiaodan Gu
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering The University of Southern Mississippi Hattiesburg Mississippi USA
| | - Lei Fang
- Department of Chemistry Texas A&M University College Station Texas USA
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15
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Yu X, Li C, Gao C, Chen L, Zhang X, Zhang G, Zhang D. Enhancing the healing ability and charge transport thermal stability of a diketopyrrolopyrrole based conjugated polymer by incorporating coumarin groups in the side chains. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Organic Solids Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- School of Chemical Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Cheng Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Organic Solids Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Chenying Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Organic Solids Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- School of Chemical Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Liangliang Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Organic Solids Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- School of Chemical Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Xisha Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Organic Solids Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- School of Chemical Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Guanxin Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Organic Solids Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Deqing Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Organic Solids Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- School of Chemical Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
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16
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Rahmanudin A, Marcial‐Hernandez R, Zamhuri A, Walton AS, Tate DJ, Khan RU, Aphichatpanichakul S, Foster AB, Broll S, Turner ML. Organic Semiconductors Processed from Synthesis-to-Device in Water. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:2002010. [PMID: 33173736 PMCID: PMC7610335 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202002010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Organic semiconductors (OSCs) promise to deliver next-generation electronic and energy devices that are flexible, scalable and printable. Unfortunately, realizing this opportunity is hampered by increasing concerns about the use of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), particularly toxic halogenated solvents that are detrimental to the environment and human health. Here, a cradle-to-grave process is reported to achieve high performance p- and n-type OSC devices based on indacenodithiophene and diketopyrrolopyrrole semiconducting polymers that utilizes aqueous-processes, fewer steps, lower reaction temperatures, a significant reduction in VOCs (>99%) and avoids all halogenated solvents. The process involves an aqueous mini-emulsion polymerization that generates a surfactant-stabilized aqueous dispersion of OSC nanoparticles at sufficient concentration to permit direct aqueous processing into thin films for use in organic field-effect transistors. Promisingly, the performance of these devices is comparable to those prepared using conventional synthesis and processing procedures optimized for large amounts of VOCs and halogenated solvents. Ultimately, the holistic approach reported addresses the environmental issues and enables a viable guideline for the delivery of future OSC devices using only aqueous media for synthesis, purification and thin-film processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiman Rahmanudin
- Organic Materials Innovation CentreDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - Raymundo Marcial‐Hernandez
- Organic Materials Innovation CentreDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - Adibah Zamhuri
- Organic Materials Innovation CentreDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - Alex S. Walton
- Photon Science Institute and the Department of ChemistryAlan Turing BuildingUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PYUK
| | - Daniel J. Tate
- Organic Materials Innovation CentreDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - Raja U. Khan
- Organic Materials Innovation CentreDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - Suphaluk Aphichatpanichakul
- Organic Materials Innovation CentreDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - Andrew B. Foster
- Organic Materials Innovation CentreDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - Sebastian Broll
- Organic Materials Innovation CentreDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - Michael L. Turner
- Organic Materials Innovation CentreDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
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17
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Bai L, Han Y, Sun C, An X, Wei C, Liu W, Xu M, Sun L, Sun N, Yu M, Zhang H, Wei Q, Xu C, Yang Y, Qin T, Xie L, Lin J, Huang W. Unveiling the Effects of Interchain Hydrogen Bonds on Solution Gelation and Mechanical Properties of Diarylfluorene-Based Semiconductor Polymers. RESEARCH 2020; 2020:3405826. [PMID: 33083787 PMCID: PMC7545494 DOI: 10.34133/2020/3405826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The intrinsically rigid and limited strain of most conjugated polymers has encouraged us to optimize the extensible properties of conjugated polymers. Herein, learning from the hydrogen bonds in glucose, which were facilitated to the toughness enhancement of cellulose, we introduced interchain hydrogen bonds to polydiarylfluorene by amide-containing side chains. Through tuning the copolymerization ratio, we systematically investigated their influence on the hierarchical condensed structures, rheology behavior, tensile performances, and optoelectronic properties of conjugated polymers. Compared to the reference copolymers with a low ratio of amide units, copolymers with 30% and 40% amide units present a feature of the shear-thinning process that resembled the non-Newtonian fluid, which was enabled by the interchain dynamic hydrogen bonds. Besides, we developed a practical and universal method for measuring the intrinsic mechanical properties of conjugated polymers. We demonstrated the significant impact of hydrogen bonds in solution gelation, material crystallization, and thin film stretchability. Impressively, the breaking elongation for P4 was even up to ~30%, which confirmed the partially enhanced film ductility and toughness due to the increased amide groups. Furthermore, polymer light-emitting devices (PLEDs) based on these copolymers presented comparable performances and stable electroluminescence (EL). Thin films of these copolymers also exhibited random laser emission with the threshold as low as 0.52 μJ/cm2, suggesting the wide prospective application in the field of flexible optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubing Bai
- Center for Supramolecular Optoelectronics (CSO), Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Yamin Han
- Center for Supramolecular Optoelectronics (CSO), Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Chen Sun
- Center for Supramolecular Optoelectronics (CSO), Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Xiang An
- Center for Supramolecular Optoelectronics (CSO), Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Chuanxin Wei
- Center for Supramolecular Optoelectronics (CSO), Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Electronic Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Man Xu
- Center for Molecular Systems and Organic Devices (CMSOD), Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lili Sun
- Center for Supramolecular Optoelectronics (CSO), Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Ning Sun
- Center for Supramolecular Optoelectronics (CSO), Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Mengna Yu
- Center for Molecular Systems and Organic Devices (CMSOD), Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - He Zhang
- Center for Molecular Systems and Organic Devices (CMSOD), Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qi Wei
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Chunxiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Electronic Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Yingguo Yang
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF), Zhangjiang Lab, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 239 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201204, China
| | - Tianshi Qin
- Center for Supramolecular Optoelectronics (CSO), Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Linghai Xie
- Center for Molecular Systems and Organic Devices (CMSOD), Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China.,Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Jinyi Lin
- Center for Supramolecular Optoelectronics (CSO), Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China.,Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Center for Supramolecular Optoelectronics (CSO), Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China.,Center for Molecular Systems and Organic Devices (CMSOD), Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China.,Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
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18
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Galuska LA, McNutt WW, Qian Z, Zhang S, Weller DW, Dhakal S, King ER, Morgan SE, Azoulay JD, Mei J, Gu X. Impact of Backbone Rigidity on the Thermomechanical Properties of Semiconducting Polymers with Conjugation Break Spacers. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luke A. Galuska
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - William W. McNutt
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Zhiyuan Qian
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Song Zhang
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Daniel W. Weller
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Sujata Dhakal
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Eric R. King
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Sarah E. Morgan
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Jason D. Azoulay
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Jianguo Mei
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Xiaodan Gu
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
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19
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Liu T, Xie D, Xu J, Pan C. Structure and Doping Optimization of IDT-Based Copolymers for Thermoelectrics. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1463. [PMID: 32629831 PMCID: PMC7407661 DOI: 10.3390/polym12071463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
π-conjugated backbones play a fundamental role in determining the thermoelectric (TE) properties of organic semiconductors. Understanding the relationship between the structure-property-function can help us screen valuable materials. In this study, we designed and synthesized a series of conjugated copolymers (P1, P2, and P3) based on an indacenodithiophene (IDT) building block. A copolymer (P3) with an alternating donor-acceptor (D-A) structure exhibits a narrower band gap and higher carrier mobility, which may be due to the D-A structure that helps reduce the charge carrier transport obstacles. In the end, its power factor reaches 4.91 μW m-1 K-2 at room temperature after doping, which is superior to those of non-D-A IDT-based copolymers (P1 and P2). These results indicate that moderate adjustment of the polymer backbone is an effective way to improve the TE properties of copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongchao Liu
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China;
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China;
| | - Dexun Xie
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China;
| | - Jinjia Xu
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Center for Implantable Devices, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
| | - Chengjun Pan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China;
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20
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Pei D, Wang Z, Peng Z, Zhang J, Deng Y, Han Y, Ye L, Geng Y. Impact of Molecular Weight on the Mechanical and Electrical Properties of a High-Mobility Diketopyrrolopyrrole-Based Conjugated Polymer. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Pei
- School of Materials Science & Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Zhongli Wang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Zhongxiang Peng
- School of Materials Science & Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Jidong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Yunfeng Deng
- School of Materials Science & Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Yang Han
- School of Materials Science & Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Long Ye
- School of Materials Science & Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Yanhou Geng
- School of Materials Science & Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, P. R. China
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21
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Chou LH, Na Y, Park CH, Park MS, Osaka I, Kim FS, Liu CL. Semiconducting small molecule/polymer blends for organic transistors. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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22
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Li F, Zhang Y, Zhao X, Chen Q, Li Y, You J. Graft ratio: Quantitative measurement and direct evidence for its blending sequence dependence during reactive compatibilization in PVDF/PLLA. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.121970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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23
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Yang JC, Mun J, Kwon SY, Park S, Bao Z, Park S. Electronic Skin: Recent Progress and Future Prospects for Skin-Attachable Devices for Health Monitoring, Robotics, and Prosthetics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1904765. [PMID: 31538370 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201904765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 464] [Impact Index Per Article: 92.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Recent progress in electronic skin or e-skin research is broadly reviewed, focusing on technologies needed in three main applications: skin-attachable electronics, robotics, and prosthetics. First, since e-skin will be exposed to prolonged stresses of various kinds and needs to be conformally adhered to irregularly shaped surfaces, materials with intrinsic stretchability and self-healing properties are of great importance. Second, tactile sensing capability such as the detection of pressure, strain, slip, force vector, and temperature are important for health monitoring in skin attachable devices, and to enable object manipulation and detection of surrounding environment for robotics and prosthetics. For skin attachable devices, chemical and electrophysiological sensing and wireless signal communication are of high significance to fully gauge the state of health of users and to ensure user comfort. For robotics and prosthetics, large-area integration on 3D surfaces in a facile and scalable manner is critical. Furthermore, new signal processing strategies using neuromorphic devices are needed to efficiently process tactile information in a parallel and low power manner. For prosthetics, neural interfacing electrodes are of high importance. These topics are discussed, focusing on progress, current challenges, and future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chang Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewan Mun
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-5025, USA
| | - Se Young Kwon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongjun Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhenan Bao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-5025, USA
| | - Steve Park
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S. Jordan
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of California, Merced Merced California 95343
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of California, Merced Merced California 95343
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25
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Hydrogen bonding induces unusual self-assembled structures from mixtures of two miscible disordered diblock copolymers. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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26
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Guo L, Qin Y, Gu X, Zhu X, Zhou Q, Sun X. Spin Transport in Organic Molecules. Front Chem 2019; 7:428. [PMID: 31275920 PMCID: PMC6591472 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of the considerable advantages of functional molecules as well as supramolecules, such as the low cost, light weight, flexibility, and large area preparation via the solution method, molecular electronics has grown into an active and rapidly developing research field over the past few decades. Beyond those well-known advantages, a very long spin relaxation time of π-conjugated molecules, due to the weak spin-orbit coupling, facilitates a pioneering but fast-growing research field, known as molecular spintronics. Recently, a series of sustained progresses have been achieved with various π-conjugated molecular matrixes where spin transport is undoubtedly an important point for the spin physical process and multifunctional applications. Currently, most studies on spin transport are carried out with a molecule-based spin valve, which shows a typical geometry with a thin-film molecular layer sandwiched between two ferromagnetic electrodes. In such a device, the spin transport process has been demonstrated to have a close correlation with spin relaxation time and charge carrier mobility of π-conjugated molecules. In this review, the recent advances of spin transport in these two aspects have been systematically summarized. Particularly, spin transport in π-conjugated molecular materials, considered as promising for spintronics development, have also been highlighted, including molecular single crystal, cocrystal, solid solution as well as other highly ordered supramolecular structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, CAS (Chinese Academy of Sciences) Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing, China.,Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of New Energy and Materials, China University of Petroleum Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Qin
- Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, CAS (Chinese Academy of Sciences) Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing, China.,Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xianrong Gu
- Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, CAS (Chinese Academy of Sciences) Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing, China.,Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangwei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, CAS (Chinese Academy of Sciences) Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing, China.,Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiong Zhou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of New Energy and Materials, China University of Petroleum Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangnan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, CAS (Chinese Academy of Sciences) Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing, China.,Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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27
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Zhu C, Kalin AJ, Fang L. Covalent and Noncovalent Approaches to Rigid Coplanar π-Conjugated Molecules and Macromolecules. Acc Chem Res 2019; 52:1089-1100. [PMID: 30943015 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Molecular conformation and rigidity are essential factors in determining the properties of individual molecules, the associated supramolecular assemblies, and bulk materials. This correlation is particularly important for π-conjugated molecular and macromolecular systems. Within such an individual molecule, a coplanar conformation facilitates the delocalization of not only molecular orbitals but also charges, excitons, and spins, leading to synergistically ensembled properties of the entire conjugated system. A rigid backbone, meanwhile, imposes a high energy cost to disrupt such a favorable conformation, ensuring the robustness and persistence of coplanarity. From a supramolecular and material point of view, coplanarity and rigidity often promote strong intermolecular electronic coupling and reduce the energy barrier for the intermolecular transport of charges, excitons, and phonons, affording advanced materials properties in bulk. In this context, pursuing a rigid and coplanar molecular conformation often represents one of the primary objectives when designing and synthesizing conjugated molecules for electronic and optical applications. Two general bottom-up strategies-covalent annulation and noncovalent conformational control-are often employed to construct rigid coplanar π systems. These strategies have afforded various classes of such molecules and macromolecules, including so-called conjugated ladder polymers, graphene nanoribbons, polyacenes, and conformationally locked organic semiconductors. While pursuing these targets, however, one often confronts challenges associated with precise synthesis and limited solubility of the rigid coplanar systems, which could further impede their large-scale preparation, characterization, processing, and application. To address these issues, we developed and utilized a number of synthetic methods and molecular engineering approaches to construct and to process rigid coplanar conjugated molecules and macromolecules. Structure-property correlations of this unique class of organic materials were established, providing important chemical principles for molecular design and materials applications. In this Account, we first describe our efforts to synthesize rigid coplanar π systems fused by various types of bonds, including kinetically formed covalent bonds, thermodynamically formed covalent bonds, N→B coordinate bonds, and hydrogen bonds, in order of increasing dynamic character. The subsequent section discusses the characteristic properties of selected examples of these rigid coplanar π systems in comparison with control compounds that are not rigid and coplanar, particularly focusing on the optical, electronic, and electrochemical properties. For systems bridged with noncovalent interactions, active manipulation of the dynamic bonds can tune variable properties at the molecular or collective level. Intermolecular interactions, solid-state packing, and processing of several cases are then discussed to lay the foundation for future materials applications of rigid coplanar π conjugated compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congzhi Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 3255 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Alexander J. Kalin
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 3255 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Lei Fang
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 3255 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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28
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Gumyusenge A, Tran DT, Luo X, Pitch GM, Zhao Y, Jenkins KA, Dunn TJ, Ayzner AL, Savoie BM, Mei J. Semiconducting polymer blends that exhibit stable charge transport at high temperatures. Science 2019; 362:1131-1134. [PMID: 30523104 DOI: 10.1126/science.aau0759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Although high-temperature operation (i.e., beyond 150°C) is of great interest for many electronics applications, achieving stable carrier mobilities for organic semiconductors at elevated temperatures is fundamentally challenging. We report a general strategy to make thermally stable high-temperature semiconducting polymer blends, composed of interpenetrating semicrystalline conjugated polymers and high glass-transition temperature insulating matrices. When properly engineered, such polymer blends display a temperature-insensitive charge transport behavior with hole mobility exceeding 2.0 cm2/V·s across a wide temperature range from room temperature up to 220°C in thin-film transistors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristide Gumyusenge
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Dung T Tran
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Xuyi Luo
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Gregory M Pitch
- Department of Physical & Biological Sciences-Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Kaelon A Jenkins
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Tim J Dunn
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Alexander L Ayzner
- Department of Physical & Biological Sciences-Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Brett M Savoie
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA.
| | - Jianguo Mei
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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29
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Melenbrink EL, Hilby KM, Alkhadra MA, Samal S, Lipomi DJ, Thompson BC. Influence of Systematic Incorporation of Conjugation-Break Spacers into Semi-Random Polymers on Mechanical and Electronic Properties. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:32426-32434. [PMID: 30180546 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b10608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
An extensive family of semi-random polymers was prepared via Stille polycondensation with varying contents of alkyl spacers incorporated into the polymer backbone to serve as a break in conjugation. This family was investigated to determine the effect of alkyl spacer length and percent incorporation on the optical, electronic, and mechanical properties. The optical bandgap was found to steadily increase from 1.53 to 1.70 eV as the amount of spacer was increased from 10 mol percent to 40 mol percent while the length of the spacer had little to no effect. In space charge limited current (SCLC) carrier mobility measurements, hole mobility was found to decrease as the amount of spacer increased but was found to steadily increase as the length of the spacer was increased from 6 to 10 carbons. Mechanical properties were observed by film-on-elastomer and film-on-water measurements, with low elastic moduli and high ductility attributed both to the break in conjugation as well as the semi-random structure of the polymer backbone. Measurements of the mechanical properties using the buckling method revealed elastic moduli between 0.14 and 1.3 GPa, and several polymers, when bonded to an elastomeric substrate, could be stretched beyond 80% strain. These polymers were further tested as free-standing films by obtaining a pull test on the surface of water, where we obtained tensile moduli between 0.13 and 0.75 GPa. These results indicate that semi-random polymers with conjugation-break spacers are promising candidates for further study in flexible electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth L Melenbrink
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California 90089-1661 , United States
| | - Kristan M Hilby
- Department of NanoEngineering , University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive , Mail Code 0448, La Jolla , California 92093-0448 , United States
| | - Mohammad A Alkhadra
- Department of NanoEngineering , University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive , Mail Code 0448, La Jolla , California 92093-0448 , United States
| | - Sanket Samal
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California 90089-1661 , United States
| | - Darren J Lipomi
- Department of NanoEngineering , University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive , Mail Code 0448, La Jolla , California 92093-0448 , United States
| | - Barry C Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California 90089-1661 , United States
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30
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Wang GJN, Molina-Lopez F, Zhang H, Xu J, Wu HC, Lopez J, Shaw L, Mun J, Zhang Q, Wang S, Ehrlich A, Bao Z. Nonhalogenated Solvent Processable and Printable High-Performance Polymer Semiconductor Enabled by Isomeric Nonconjugated Flexible Linkers. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b00971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ging-Ji Nathan Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5025, United States
| | - Francisco Molina-Lopez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5025, United States
| | - Hongyi Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5025, United States
| | - Jie Xu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5025, United States
| | - Hung-Chin Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5025, United States
| | - Jeffrey Lopez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5025, United States
| | - Leo Shaw
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5025, United States
| | - Jaewan Mun
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5025, United States
| | - Qiuhong Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5025, United States
| | - Sihong Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5025, United States
| | - Anatol Ehrlich
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5025, United States
| | - Zhenan Bao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5025, United States
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31
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Truong TNB, Savagatrup S, Jeon I, Swager TM. Modular Synthesis of Polymers Containing 2,5-di(thiophenyl)-N-arylpyrrole. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE. PART A, POLYMER CHEMISTRY 2018; 56:1133-1139. [PMID: 30344367 PMCID: PMC6192053 DOI: 10.1002/pola.28990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A modular facile route has been developed to synthesize functionalized 2,5-di(thiophen-2-yl)-1-H-arylpyrroles from readily available starting materials. These units are compatible with various polymerization conditions and are versatile building blocks for conjugated polymers. The polymers show high thermal stability and solubility in a number of solvents. Characterization of the polymers reveals a correlation between molecular packing, controllable by polymer design, and charge carrier mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tran N. B. Truong
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Suchol Savagatrup
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Intak Jeon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Timothy M. Swager
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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32
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Rahmanudin A, Yao L, Jeanbourquin XA, Liu Y, Sekar A, Ripaud E, Sivula K. Melt-processing of small molecule organic photovoltaics via bulk heterojunction compatibilization. GREEN CHEMISTRY : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL AND GREEN CHEMISTRY RESOURCE : GC 2018; 20:2218-2224. [PMID: 29904283 PMCID: PMC5961453 DOI: 10.1039/c8gc00335a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Melt-processing of organic semiconductors (OSCs) is a promising environmentally-friendly technique that can alleviate dependence on toxic chlorinated solvents. While melt-processed single-component OSC devices (e.g. field-effect-transistors) have been demonstrated, multi-component bulk heterojunctions (BHJs) for organic photovoltaics (OPVs) remain a challenge. Herein, we demonstrate a strategy that affords tunable BHJ phase segregation and domain sizes from a single-phase homogeneous melt by employing strongly-crystalline small-molecule OSCs together with a customized molecular compatibilizing (MCP) additive. An optimized photoactive BHJ with 50 wt% MCP achieved a device power conversion efficiency of ca. 1% after melting the active layer at 240 °C (15 min, followed by slow cooling) before deposition of the top electrode. BHJ morphology characterization using atomic force and Kelvin probe microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and photo-luminescence measurements further demonstrate the trade-off between free charge generation and transport with respect to MCP loading in the BHJ. In addition, a functional OPV was also obtained from the melt-processing of dispersed micron-sized solid BHJ particles into a smooth and homogeneous thin-film by using the MCP approach. These results demonstrate that molecular compatibilization is a key prerequisite for further developments towards true solvent-free melt-processed BHJ OPV systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiman Rahmanudin
- Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Optoelectronic Nanomaterials , Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , Station 6 , CH-1015 , Switzerland .
| | - Liang Yao
- Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Optoelectronic Nanomaterials , Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , Station 6 , CH-1015 , Switzerland .
| | - Xavier A Jeanbourquin
- Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Optoelectronic Nanomaterials , Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , Station 6 , CH-1015 , Switzerland .
| | - Yongpeng Liu
- Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Optoelectronic Nanomaterials , Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , Station 6 , CH-1015 , Switzerland .
| | - Arvindh Sekar
- Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Optoelectronic Nanomaterials , Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , Station 6 , CH-1015 , Switzerland .
| | - Emilie Ripaud
- Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Optoelectronic Nanomaterials , Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , Station 6 , CH-1015 , Switzerland .
| | - Kevin Sivula
- Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Optoelectronic Nanomaterials , Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , Station 6 , CH-1015 , Switzerland .
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33
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Conjugation break spacers and flexible linkers as tools to engineer the properties of semiconducting polymers. Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-018-0069-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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34
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Gumyusenge A, Zhao X, Zhao Y, Mei J. Attaining Melt Processing of Complementary Semiconducting Polymer Blends at 130 °C via Side-Chain Engineering. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:4904-4909. [PMID: 29338181 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b19847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Complementary semiconducting polymer blends (c-SPBs) have been proposed and tested to achieve melt-processed high-performance organic field-effect transistors (OFETs). Prior to this study, melt processing requires temperatures as high as 180 °C. To implement this technique into low-cost and large-area thin-film manufacturing for flexible organic electronics, semiconducting materials meltable at temperatures tolerable by ubiquitous plastic substrates are still needed. We report here the design and melt processing of a c-SPB consisting of a matrix polymer (DPP-C5) and its fully conjugated analogue. By utilizing a siloxane-terminated alkyl chain and a branched alkyl chain as solubilizing groups, the matrix polymer DPP-C5 presents a melting temperature of 115 °C. The resulting c-SPB containing as low as 5% of the fully conjugated polymer could be melt-processed at 130 °C. The obtained OFET devices exhibit hole mobility approaching 1.0 cm2/(V s), threshold voltages below 5 V, and ION/IOFF around 105. This combination of efficient charge-carrier transport and considerably low processing temperatures bode well for melt processing of semiconducting polymer-based organic electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristide Gumyusenge
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Xikang Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jianguo Mei
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University , 1205 W State Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
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35
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Xiao WJ, Wang J, Li HJ, Liang L, Xiang X, Chen XQ, Li J, Lu Z, Li WS. Interconnecting semiconducting molecules with non-conjugated soft linkers: a way to improve film formation quality without sacrifice in charge mobility. RSC Adv 2018; 8:23546-23554. [PMID: 35540294 PMCID: PMC9081699 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra04405h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
For small molecular semiconductors, interconnecting their molecules with non-conjugated soft linkers has been demonstrated to be a good way for improving their film formation quality while keeping their mobility intact for OFETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jing Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Jiandong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Hong-Jiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Long Liang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Xuan Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Xue-Qiang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Jingjing Li
- Engineering Research Center of Zhengzhou for High Performance Organic Functional Materials
- Zhengzhou Institute of Technology
- Zhengzhou 450044
- China
| | - Zhengquan Lu
- Engineering Research Center of Zhengzhou for High Performance Organic Functional Materials
- Zhengzhou Institute of Technology
- Zhengzhou 450044
- China
| | - Wei-Shi Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
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36
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Zhao X, Xue G, Qu G, Singhania V, Zhao Y, Butrouna K, Gumyusenge A, Diao Y, Graham KR, Li H, Mei J. Complementary Semiconducting Polymer Blends: Influence of Side Chains of Matrix Polymers. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Guobiao Xue
- MOE
Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization, State
Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Department of Polymer Science
and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Ge Qu
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | | | | | - Kamal Butrouna
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | | | - Ying Diao
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Kenneth R. Graham
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Hanying Li
- MOE
Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization, State
Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Department of Polymer Science
and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
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37
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Xue G, Zhao X, Qu G, Xu T, Gumyusenge A, Zhang Z, Zhao Y, Diao Y, Li H, Mei J. Symmetry Breaking in Side Chains Leading to Mixed Orientations and Improved Charge Transport in Isoindigo-alt-Bithiophene Based Polymer Thin Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:25426-25433. [PMID: 28704039 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b07624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The selection of side chains is important in design of conjugated polymers. It not only affects their intrinsic physical properties, but also has an impact on thin film morphologies. Recent reports suggested that a face-on/edge-on bimodal orientation observed in polymer thin films may be responsible for a three-dimensional (3D) charge transport and leads to dramatically improved mobility in donor-acceptor based conjugated polymers. To achieve a bimodal orientation in thin films has been seldom explored from the aspect of molecular design. Here, we demonstrate a design strategy involving the use of asymmetric side chains that enables an isoindigo-based polymer to adopt a distinct bimodal orientation, confirmed by the grazing incidence X-ray diffraction. As a result, the polymer presents an average high mobility of 3.8 ± 0.7 cm2 V-1 s-1 with a maximum value of 5.1 cm2 V-1 s-1, in comparison with 0.47 and 0.51 cm2 V-1 s-1 obtained from the two reference polymers. This study exemplifies a new strategy to develop the next generation polymers through understanding the property-structure relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guobiao Xue
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization, State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Xikang Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Ge Qu
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Tianbai Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- College of Information Science & Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Aristide Gumyusenge
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Zhuorui Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Ying Diao
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Hanying Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization, State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Jianguo Mei
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University , 1205 West State Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
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38
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Enhanced performance of field-effect transistors based on C60 single crystals with conjugated polyelectrolyte. Sci China Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-016-9018-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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